Mae eel el ear} | Electrical Machines - Il =f Technical Publications Pune”= Electrical Machines - Il ISBN 9788184316070 All rights reserved with Technical Publications. No port of this book should be reproduced in any form, Electronic, Mecharical, Photocopy or ary information storage ond retrieval system without prior permission in writing, from Technical Publications, Pune. Published by : ‘Technical Publications Pune” #1, Amit Residency, 412, Shaniwar Peth, Pune - 411 030, India. Printer = Aer DT Printers Sino. 10/3 Sinhiged Road, Pine - 411 041 A aeTable of Contents 1.2 General Construction of Rotating Machines ... 1.3 Synchronous Machines. 4.3.4 Working Principle . 1.4 Three Phase Winding in A.C. Machines 4.4.1 Winding Terminologies . 1.4.2 Types of Three Phase Windings “ 1.4.2.4 Single Layer and Double Layer Winding . . 1.4.2.2 Ful Pitch and Short Pitch Winding... . 1.4.2.3 Concentrated and Distributed Winding... . . 1.5 E.M.F. Equation of an Alternator. 4.5.4 Pitch Factor or Coil Span Factor (Ke) . 1.5.2 Distribution Factor (Ke) 1.5.2.1 Derivation of Distribution Facior . . 4.53 Gonaralizd Exprossion for EMF. Equation of an Alternator. 1.54 Line Value of Induced E.M. 1.6 Harmonics... 1.6.2 Harmonics Minimization 1.7 Effect of Harmonic Components on an Induced e.m.f. 1.7.1 Effect of Harmonic Components on Pitch Factor 1.7.2 Effect of Harmonic Components on Distribution Factor 1.7.3 Total ¢.m{. Generated due to Harmonic Components. 1.8 M.M.F. of Distributed A.C. Windings 1.8.1 MME. Space Wave of a Single Coil . 1.8.2 MMF. Space Wave of One Phase of Distributed Winding 1.9 Rotating Magnetic Field atatomnatiel pproadh) 4.9.1 Speed of Rotating Magnetic Field . 1.9.2 Direction of Rotating Magnetic Field. . 1.9.3 Peak Value of Rotating Magnetic Field .1.10 Flux and M.M.F. Phasors in Synchronous Machines... 1.11 Rotating Magnetic Field (Vector Approach) Examples with Solutions Ge "Three Phase Induction Motors [Characteristics and Analysis] _ 2.1 Introduction .. 2.2 Concept of Slip Rings and Brush Assembly... 2.3.2 Rotor. : 23.2.4 Squinel CageRotor. 6... 23.22 Slip Ring Rotor or Wound Rotor... .. 2.3.2.3 Comparison of Squirrel Cage and Wound Rotor . . 2.4 Working Principle 2.4.1 CanN=Ns?.. 2.5 Slip of Induction Motor. 2.6 Types of Induction Motor .. 2.7 Effect of Slip on Rotor Parameters .. 2.7.1 Effect on Rotor Frequency ....... - 2.7.2 Effect on Magnitude of Rotor Induced E.M-F. 2.7.3 Effect on Rotor Resistance and Reactance . 2.7.4 Effect on Rotor Power Factor 2.7.5 Effect on Rotor Current. . 2.8 Induction Motor as a Transformer 2.10 Condition for Maximum Torque 2.10.1 Magnitude of Maximum Torque 2.11 Torque-slip Characteristics . 2.11.1 Full Load Torque ........ 2.11.2 Generating and Braking Region 2.12 Torque Ratios 2.12.4 Full Load and Maximum Torque Ri 2.12.2 Starting Torque and Maximum Torque Ratio . 2.13 Speed-torque Characteristics .....2.14 Effect of Change in Rotor Resistance on Torque . 2.15 Losses in Induction Motor.....c:csccsss0 2.16 Power Flow Diagram for an Induction Motor... 2.17 Relationship between P,, P., and P,, ...... 2.17.1 Derivation ofk in Torque Equation 2.18 Efficiency of an Induction Motor.. 2.19 Equivalent Circuit of Induction Motor 2.19.1 Approximate Equivalent Circuit... 2.19.2 Power Equations from Equivalent Circuit 2.19.3 Maximum Power Output . 2.19.4 Maximum Torque. . 2.49.5 Synchronous Watt. 2.20 Phasor Diagram of Induction Motor 2.21 Effect of Harmonics on Performance of 3 Phase Induction Motor....2 - 62 2.21.2 Cogging 2.22 Special Rotor Constructions 2.22.1 Deep Bar Rotor Construction . 2.22.2 Double Cage Rotor Constructior 2.22.3 Comparison of Single Cage and Double Cage Motors. 2.23 Applications... 2.24 Induction Generator 2.24.1 Circle Diagram of Induction Generator. 2.24.2 Comparison of Induction Generator and Synchronous Generator . 2.24.3 Advantages. . .. 2.24.4 Disadvantages 2.24.5 Applications ... 2.25 Induction Regulator Examples with Solutions. Review Questions 3.1 Introduction... 3.2 Circle Diagram for a Series R- L Circuit. 3.3 Circle Diagram of a 3 Phase Induction Motor...3.4 Obtaining Data to Plot Circle Diagram. 3.5 No Load Test .. 3.5.1 Separating No Load Losses 3.6 Blocked Rotor Test.. 3.7 Construction of the Circle Diagram... 3.7.1 Predicting Performance from Circle Diagram 3.7.2 Maximum Quantities... 3.7.3 Full Load Condition . . . . see 3.8 Load Test on Three Phase Induction Motor. -14 Examples with Solutions..... Review Questions 3 - 30 Chapter 4" Starting and juction Motor (4-1) to (4. 4.1 Introduction ..... 4.2 Necessity of Starter 4.2.1 Types of Starters. . 4.3 Stator Resistance Starter 4.3.1 Relation between Ts: and Tr. . 4.4 Autotransformer Starter 4.4.1 Relation between Ts and Tri. 4.5 Star - Delta Starter 4.5.1 Ratio of Ts to Tru. . 4.6 Rotor Resistance Starter. 4.8.1 Calculation of Steps of Rotor Resistance Starter 4.7 Direct On Line Starter (D.O.L.) ... 4.8 Speed Control of Three Phase Induction Motor.. 4.9 Supply Frequency Control or V/f Control 4.10 Supply Voltage Control 4.11 Controlling Number of Poles 4.11.1 Consequent Poles Method . . 4.14.2 Multiple Stator Winding Method 4.11.3 Pole Amplitude Modulation Method. 4.12 Adding Rheostats in Stator Circuit 4.13 Adding External Resistance in Rotor Circui 4.14 Cascade Control .... 4.15 Injecting Slip-Frequency E.M.F. into Rotor Circuit 4.15.1 Kramer System . Te4.15.2 Scherbius System . . 4.16 Electric Braking of an n Induction Motor . 4.16.1 Dynamic or Rheostatic Braking. . = 4.16.2 Plugging 4.16.3 D.C. Dynamic Brakinc 4.16.4 Regenerative Braking Examples with Solutions .. 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Construction of Single Phase Induction Motors .. 5.3 Working Principle... 5.4 Double Revolving Field Theory. 5.4.1 Torque-Speed Characteristics. 5.5 Cross Field Theory..... 5.6 Types of Single Phase Induction Motors .... 5.7 Split Phase Induction Motor... 5.10 Equivalent Circuit of Single Phase Induction Motor 5.10.1 Without Core Loss 5.10.2 With Core Loss 5.11 Conducting Tests on Single Phase Induction Moto! 5.11.1 No Load Test... 5.11.2 Blocked Rotor Test . Examples with Solutions .. Review Questions... 6.1 Introduction .... 6.2 Difference between D.C. Generator and Alternato: 6.2.1 Concept of Slip Rings and Brush Assembly... 6.3 Advantages of Rotating Field Over Rotating Amature..6.4 Construction... 6.6.1 Salient Pole Type. 6.6.2 Smooth Cylindrical Type. 6.6.3 Difference between Salient and Cylindrical Type of Rotor. 6.7 Excitation System ..... 6.7.1 Brushless Excitation System . 6.8 Methods of Ventilation 6.9 Working Principle .. 6.8.1 Mechanical and Electrical Angle. 6.3.2 Frequency of Induced E.MF.. 6.9.3 Synchronous Speed (N,). . 6.10 Equation of Induced E.M.! 6.11 Introduction to Armature Flux.. 6.12 Parameters of Armature Winding. 6.13 Armature Resistance... 6.14 Armature Leakage Reactance 6.15 Armature Reaction. 6.15.1 Unity Power Factor Load. 6.15.2 Zero Lagging Power Factor Load ... 6.15.3 Zero Leading Power Factor Load . 6.15.4 Armature Reaction Reactance (Xs). . . 6.16 Concept of Synchronous Reactance and Impedance. 6.17 Equivalent Circuit of an Alternator ..... 6.18 Voltage Equation of an Alternator... 6.13 Phasor Diagram of a Loaded Alternator 6.19.1 Lagging Power Factor Load 6.19.2 Leading Power Factor Load 6.19.3 Unity Power Factor Load. . . 6.20 Voltage Regulation of an Alternator 6.21 kVA Rating of an Alternator... 6.22 Methods of Determining the Regulation... 6.23 Voltage Regulation by Direct Loading 6.24 Synchronous Impedance Method or E.M.F. Method6.24.1 Open Circuit Test. 0.02... ..ceeccec sec eeeenseeeeeenenetesneneeeer esses 6.24.2 Short Circuit Test. 6.24.3 Determination of Zs from 0.C.C. and S.C.C.. 6.24.4 Regulation Calculations, 6.24.5 Advantages and Limitations of Synchronous Impedance Method. 6.25 M.M.F. Method of Determining Regulation ... 6.26 Potier's Triangle Method or Zero Power Factor (ZPF) Method.. 6.26.1 Open Circuit Test .. 6.26.2 Zero Power Factor Tesi. 6.26.3 Use of Potier Reaciance to Determine Regulation 6.26.4 Assumptions used in Potier Method . . 6.27 ASA Modification of M.M.F. Method Examples with Solutions. Review Questions 7.1 Introduction .. 7.1.1 Necessary Conditions for Synchronization 7.2 Synchronization of Single Phase Alternators . 7.2.1 Lamps Dark Method. 7.2.2 Lamps Bright Method 7.3 Synchronization of Three Phase Alternators 7.4 Synchronization by Synchroscope.... 7.5 Synchronizing Current 7.6 Theory of Cylindrical Rotor Machines 7.7 Operating Characteristics 7.8 Power Angle Characteristics. 7.9 Operation at Constant Load with Variable Excitation. 7.10 Operation at Constant Excitation with Variable Loa 7.11 Synchronizing Power .. 7.11.1 Expression for Synchroni 7.11.2 Synchronizing Torque (Tsv) 7.11.3 Effect of Load on Synchronizing Power 7.12 Blondel's Two Reaction Theory (Theory of Salient Pole Machine).. 7 - 21 7.42.1 Direct and Quadrature Axis Synchronous Reactances . . 7-23 7.42.2 Detail Analysis of Phasor Diagram............. 7-25