BRITISH STANDARD BS 6100-6.

1:
1984
Incorporating
Amendment No. 1

Glossary of

Building and civil

engineering terms —
Part 6: Concrete and plaster —

Section 6.1 Binders

UDC 001.4:[624+69]
BS 6100-6.1:1984

This British Standard, having

been prepared under the direction
of the Basic Data and Performance
Criteria for Civil Engineering and
Building Structures Standards
Committee, was published under
the authority of the Board of BSI
and comes into effect on
29 February 1984

© BSI 01-1999 Amendments issued since publication

The Committees responsible for Amd. No. Date of issue Comments

this British Standard are shown
in Part 0 7263 August 1992 Indicated by a sideline in the margin
The following BSI references
relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference BDB/3
Draft for comment 81/14785 DC

ISBN 0 580 13718 X

 BS 6100-6.1:1984

Contents

Page
Foreword ii
610 1 Base terms 1
610 2 Hydraulic binders 1
610 21 Active hydraulic binders 1
610 22 Latent hydraulic binders 2
610 23 Blended hydraulic binders 3
610 3 Other binders 3
610 31 Lime 3
610 32 Gypsum 4
610 33 Polymer 5
Index 6

© BSI 01-1999 i
BS 6100-6.1:1984

Foreword

This Section of Part 6 of this British Standard has been prepared under the
direction of the Basic Data and Performance Criteria for Civil Engineering and
Building Structures Standards Committee. This Section supersedes BS 4627
“Glossary of terms relating to types of cement, their properties and components”,
which is withdrawn. Terms concerning materials in BS 4049 “Glossary of terms
applicable to internal plastering, external rendering and floor screeding” are also
included in this Section but BS 4049 will not be withdrawn until Section 6.6 of
this standard is published. However, the superseded terms are deleted by
amendment. Note has been taken of the work in progress by Technical Committee
TC 51 of the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) on cement
technology. Any terms and definitions appearing in a relevant European
Standard, when published, and accepted by the United Kingdom, will be
substituted for their equivalents in this British Standard.
A general introduction to and explanation of this glossary is given in Part 0 of this
standard which itemizes the Parts, Sections and Subsections into which this
glossary is divided and provides a general alphabetical index of all the terms in
the Sections and Subsections already published. Those using individual Sections
and Subsections of this glossary are urged to consult Part 0 when doing so.
The other Sections of this Part are as follows:
6.2 Concrete
6.3 Aggregates
6.4 Admixtures
6.5 Formwork
6.6 Products, applications and operations
Terms are listed alphabetically in the index and are referred to by numbers which
are found against the term in the body of the Section. There they are arranged in
a classified order each term having an individual number consisting of seven
digits in two parts, the first of three digits, the second of four. The first three
digits represent the number of the Part, Section and Subsection (in this case, the
third digit is 0 as there is no division into Subsections). The fourth digit
represents the group of terms, the fifth digit represents the subgroup of terms and
the last two digits represent the place within the subgroup.
Deprecated terms are given below the preferred term with their status indicated,
e.g. “deprecated”. These terms are not individually numbered but are included in
the index with a reference to the preferred term. Terms of more than one word,
e.g. “bedding compound” are written in a direct style, not as “compound, bedding”.
The inverted term is included in the index with a reference to the direct term.
It has been considered necessary to repeat in this Section certain terms from
Section 1.0 “General”. Where this occurs, the definitions of such terms are
preceded by an asterisk (*).
Italicized words indicate terms that are defined elsewhere in this Section.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii,
pages 1 to 7 and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on
the inside front cover.

ii © BSI 01-1999
 BS 6100-6.1:1984

610 1 Base terms

No. Term Definition

610 1001 binder Material used for the purpose of holding solid particles
cementitious material together in a coherent mass.
deprecated
610 1002 hydraulic binder Binder that sets and hardens by chemical interaction with
water and is capable of doing so under water.
610 1003 active hydraulic binder Hydraulic binder that acts without the addition of an
activator such as lime.
610 1004 latent hydraulic binder Hydraulic binder that acts by the addition of an activator,
usually lime and water.
610 1005 blended hydraulic binder Mixture of active hydraulic binder and latent hydraulic
binder.
610 1006 clinker Solid material formed in high temperature processes by
total or partial fusion.
610 1007 hydraulic cement a
Active hydraulic binder formed by grinding clinker.
NOTE Within the building and civil engineering industries the term
“cement” is frequently used as a shortened equivalent for hydraulic cement.
610 1008 Portland cement Active hydraulic binder based on ground Portland cement
clinker.
NOTE Generic term for the various forms of Portland cement.
610 1009 high alumina cement Active hydraulic binder obtained by grinding high alumina
cement clinker.
610 1010 gypsum Calcuim sulphate in its fully hydrated phase
(CaSO4.2H2 O).
NOTE It is used for the production of binders.
610 1011 lime Quicklime, hydrated lime, lime putty or slaked lime.
610 1012 deleted
a
Repeated from Section 1.0.

610 2 Hydraulic binders

610 21 Active hydraulic binders
610 2101 Portland cement clinker
Portland clinker deprecated
610 2102 high alumina cement
clinker
high alumina clinker
deprecated
610 2103 rapid-hardening
Portland cement
610 2104 extra rapid-hardening
Portland cement
610 2105 quick-setting Portland
cement
Clinker formed from a predetermined homogeneous mixture
of materials comprising lime, silica, a small proportion of
alumina and generally iron oxide.
Clinker formed from a predetermined mixture of materials
consisting principally of alumina and oxides, hydroxides or
carbonates of calcium with smaller proportions of iron
oxides, silica and other oxides.
Portland cement that, after setting, hardens more rapidly in
the early stages than ordinary Portland cement.
Portland cement, with or without additives, that hardens
more rapidly than rapid-hardening Portland cement. Setting
may or may not be accelerated.
Portland cement with a setting time substantially less than
that of ordinary Portland cement.

© BSI 01-1999 1
BS 6100-6.1:1984

No. Term Definition

610 2106 expanding cement Active hydraulic binder containing a constituent that
imparts to it the property of expansion during setting and
initial hardening.
610 2107 low heat Portland cement Portland cement with a heat of hydration substantially less
than that of ordinary Portland cement.
610 2108 sulphate-resisting Portland cement that produces an end product having higher
Portland cement resistance to attack by sulphates than one produced from
ordinary Portland cement.
610 2109 hydrophobic cement Portland cement that has been ground with water repellent
water repellent cement material, so that each particle is protected by a film of that
deprecated material, from hydration and deterioration during transport
and storage.
610 2110 oil well cement Active hydraulic binder, usually based on selected Portland
cement clinker with or without retarders or other additives,
producing satisfactory pumping and rheological properties
and adequate strength development at elevated
temperatures.
610 2111 ordinary Portland cement Portland cement formed by grinding together Portland
cement clinker and calcium sulphate or its hydrates,
sometimes with the addition of water.
610 2112 fillerized cement Ordinary Portland cement to which inert material has been
added during manufacture.
610 2113 white Portland cement Portland cement made from selected iron-free raw materials.
610 2114 coloured Portland cement Ordinary Portland cement or white Portland cement to
which a pigment has been added during manufacture.
610 2115 hot cement Active hydraulic binder that at the time of use possesses
some of the heat generated during manufacture.
610 22 Latent hydraulic binders
610 2201 blastfurnace slag Clinker produced in a molten state simultaneously with pig
iron in the reduction of iron ore in a blastfurnace and
composed chiefly of calcium, magnesium and
alumino-silicates. The nature of the eventual solid is
determined by the way in which the molten slag is cooled.
610 2202 granulated blastfurnace Blastfurnace slag that has been rapidly cooled to form
slag granules of a shattered vitreous structure.
610 2203 ground granulated Fine powder resulting from drying and grinding granulated
blastfurnace slag blastfurnace slag.
610 2204 pozzolana Latent hydraulic binder, naturally occurring or
manufactured, that contains siliceous or siliceous and
aluminous materials.
610 2205 pulverized-fuel ash Solid material extracted by electrostatic and mechanical
means from flue gases of furnaces fired with pulverized
bituminous coal.

2 © BSI 01-1999
 BS 6100-6.1:1984

610 23 Blended hydraulic binders

No. Term Definition

610 2301 blended hydraulic cement Blended hydraulic binder comprising a homogeneous
mixture of ordinary Portland cement and ground latent
hydraulic binder in specified proportions.
610 2302 Portland Blended hydraulic binder formed by grinding together, or
blastfurnace cement by mixing after grinding, specified proportions of
granulated blastfurnace slag, Portland cement clinker and
calcium sulphate or its hydrates sometimes with the
addition of water.
610 2303 low heat Portland Portland blastfurnace cement with a heat of hydration
blastfurnace cement substantially less than that of Portland cement.
610 2304 blastfurnace slag cement Blended hydraulic binder with a ground granulated
cement containing blastfurnace blastfurnace slag content higher than that of Portland
slag deprecated blastfurnace cement and a lower proportion of ground
Portland cement clinker.
610 2305 supersulphated cement Blastfurnace slag cement with a specified proportion of
sulphate.
610 2306 Portland pozzolana cement Blended hydraulic binder comprising a homogeneous
mixture of ordinary Portland cement and ground
pozzolana in specified proportions.
610 2307 Portland pulverized-fuel Portland pozzolana cement in which the pozzolana is
ash cement pulverized-fuel ash.
610 2308 pozzolanic cement Blended hydraulic binder comprising a homogeneous
mixture of ordinary Portland cement clinker and ground
pozzolana in specified proportions, when the pozzolana
has passed a pozzolanicity test.
610 2309 pozzolanicity Ability of a material to combine with calcium hydroxide at
ambient temperatures and in the presence of water in
order to produce compounds having the properties of an
active hydraulic binder.
610 2310 pozzolanicity test Test for assessing pozzolanicity of a material, i.e. one
based on its combination with calcium hydroxide.

610 3 Other binders

610 31 Lime
610 3101 limestone Sedimentary rock that consists predominantly of calcium
carbonate.
610 3102 chalk Very fine grained cretaceous limestone, usually white.
610 3103 calcareous material Material containing significant amounts of calcium
carbonate.
610 3104 quicklime Product obtained when calcareous material is heated at a
burnt lime deprecated temperature high enough to drive off the carbon dioxide.
610 3105 dolomitic lime Quicklime of high magnesium oxide content.
610 3106 grey lime Quicklime made from grey chalk usually having
semi-hydraulic properties.
610 3107 magnesian lime Quicklime containing more than 5 % of magnesium oxide.
610 3108 hydraulic lime Quicklime containing sufficient soluble silica, aluminates
etc. to enable it to hydrate and set in the presence of water.

© BSI 01-1999 3
BS 6100-6.1:1984

No. Term Definition

610 3109 semi-hydraulic lime Quicklime similar to hydraulic lime but containing less
soluble silica, aluminates etc.
NOTE The minimum amount of soluble silica is 6 %.
610 3110 high calcium lime Quicklime of high calcium oxide content, containing less
mountain lime deprecated than 5 % of magnesium oxide and having no hydraulic
properties.
610 3111 lump lime Quicklime in lump form.
610 3112 chalk lime Quicklime produced from chalk.
610 3113 hydrated lime Fine white dry powder, produced by mixing together
lime hydrate deprecated quicklime and water in controlled quantities, removing
gritty material from the resulting product and drying it. The
main constituent is calcium hydroxide.
610 3114 hydrated high calcium Fine white dry powder, produced by drying the by-product
by-product lime when calcium carbide is hydrated with water to produce
carbide hydrate deprecated acetylene gas. The main constituent is calcium hydroxide.
610 3115 hydrated dolomitic lime Hydrated lime obtained from dolomitic lime.
610 3116 hydrated magnesian lime Hydrated lime obtained from magnesian lime.
610 3117 hydrated grey lime Hydrated lime obtained from grey lime.
610 3118 hydrated semi-hydraulic Hydrated lime obtained from semi-hydraulic lime that has
lime retained its binding properties.
610 3119 slaked lime Product formed when quicklime is mixed with an excess of
water.
610 3120 lime putty Slaked lime produced under controlled conditions to give a
paste-like consistency. Can also be produced by mixing
together hydrated lime and water in suitable proportions.
610 3121 improved lime putty Lime putty that has been allowed to stand to improve its
physical properties.
610 3122 matured lime putty Improved lime putty that has been allowed to mature by
standing in a covered container.
610 3123 water burnt lime Slaked lime containing hard gritty particles caused by
localized high temperatures due to incomplete mixing of
quicklime with water.
610 3124 fat lime Lime putty with good physical properties.
610 3125 lean lime Lime putty with poor physical properties.
610 32 Gypsum and anhydrite
610 3201 calcium sulphate Gypsum that has been dehydrated.
610 3202 anhydrite Calcium sulphate in its anhydrous phase (CaSO4).
anhydrous calcium
sulphate non-preferred
610 3203 deleted
610 3204 calcium sulphate Calcium sulphate in its partially hydrated phase
hemihydrate (CaSO4.½H2O), produced by heating gypsum.

4 © BSI 01-1999
 BS 6100-6.1:1984

No. Term Definition

610 3205 deleted

610 3206 deleted
610 3207 retarded calcium Calcium sulphate hemihydrate to which a set retarder has
sulphate hemihydrate been added.
610 3208 deleted
610 3209 natural gypsum Gypsum that occurs in natural deposits.
610 3210 by-product gypsum Gypsum that is produced as a by-product of a chemical
process.
610 3211 desulpho gypsum By-product gypsum from a sulphur removal process, usually
the cleaning of flue gas from fossil fuel combustion.
610 3212 natural anhydrite Anhydrite that occurs in natural deposits.
610 3213 synthetic anhydrite Anhydrite that is produced from gypsum or as a
by-product of a chemical process.
610 3214 phospho gypsum By-product gypsum from the manufacture of phosphoric
acid.
610 3215 titano gypsum By-product gypsum from the manufacture of titanium
dioxide.

610 33 Polymer
610 3301 polymer binder Binder that acts as a result of polymerization of a
monomeric system.

© BSI 01-1999 5
BS 6100-6.1:1984
Index
active hydraulic binder 610 1003
anhydrite 610 3202
anhydrite, natural 610 3212
anhydrite, synthetic 610 3213
anhydrous calcium sulphate 610 3202
ash, pulverized-fuel 610 2205
binder 610 1001
binder, active hydraulic 610 1003
binder, blended hydraulic 610 1005
binder, hydraulic 610 1002
binder, latent hydraulic 610 1004
binder, polymer 610 3301
blastfurnace cement, low heat
Portland 610 2303
blastfurnace cement,
Portland 610 2302
blastfurnace slag 610 2201
blastfurnace slag, cement
containing 610 2304
blastfurnace slag,
granulated 610 2202
blastfurnace slag, ground
granulated 610 2203
blastfurnace slag cement 610 2304
blended hydraulic binder 610 1005
blended hydraulic cement 610 2301
burnt lime 610 3104
burnt lime, water 610 3123
by-product gypsum 610 3210
by-product lime, hydrated high
calcium 610 3114
calcareous material 610 3103
calcium sulphate 610 3201
calcium sulphate, anhydrous 610 3202
calcium sulphate
hemihydrate 610 3204
calcium sulphate hemihydrate,
retarded 610 3207
carbide hydrate 610 3114
cement, blastfurnace slag 610 2304
cement, blended hydraulic 610 2301
cement, coloured Portland 610 2114
cement, expanding 610 2106
cement, extra rapid-hardening
Portland 610 2104
cement, fillerized 610 2112
cement, high alumina 610 1009
cement, hot 610 2115
cement, hydraulic 610 1007
cement, hydrophobic 610 2109
cement, low heat Portland 610 2107
cement, low heat Portland
blastfurnace 610 2303
cement, oil well 610 2110
cement, ordinary Portland 610 2111
6 © BSI 01-1999
cement, Portland 610 1008
cement, Portland
blastfurnace 610 2302
cement, Portland pozzolana 610 2306
cement, Portland pulverized-fuel
ash 610 2307
cement, pozzolanic 610 2308
cement, quick-setting
Portland 610 2105
cement, rapid-hardening
Portland 610 2103
cement, sulphate-resisting
Portland 610 2108
cement, supersulphated 610 2305
cement, water repellent 610 2109
cement, white Portland 610 2113
cement clinker, high
alumina 610 2102
cement clinker, Portland 610 2101
cement containing blastfurnace
slag 610 2304
cementitious material 610 1001
chalk 610 3102
chalk lime 610 3112
clinker 610 1006
clinker, high alumina 610 2102
clinker, high alumina
cement 610 2102
clinker, Portland 610 2101
clinker, Portland cement 610 2101
coloured Portland cement 610 2114
desulpho gypsum 610 3211
dolomitic lime 610 3105
dolomitic lime, hydrated 610 3115
expanding cement 610 2106
extra rapid-hardening Portland
cement 610 2104
fat lime 610 3124
fillerized cement 610 2112
granulated blastfurnace slag 610 2202
granulated blastfurnace slag,
ground 610 2203
grey lime 610 3106
grey lime, hydrated 610 3117
ground granulated blastfurnace
slag 610 2203
gypsum 610 1010
gypsum, by-product 610 3210
gypsum, desulpho 610 3211
gypsum, natural 610 3209
gypsum, phospho 610 3214
gypsum, titano 610 3215
hemihydrate, calcium
sulphate 610 3204
hemihydrate, retarded calcium
sulphate 610 3207
high alumina cement 610 1009
high alumina cement clinker 610 2102
high alumina clinker 610 2102
high calcium by-product lime,
hydrated 610 3114
high calcium lime 610 3110
hot cement 610 2115
hydrate, carbide 610 3114
hydrate, lime 610 3113
hydrated dolomitic lime 610 3115
hydrated grey lime 610 3117
hydrated high calcium by-product
lime 610 3114
hydrated lime 610 3113
hydrated magnesian lime 610 3116
hydrated semi-hydraulic
lime 610 3118
hydraulic binder 610 1002
hydraulic binder, active 610 1003
hydraulic binder, blended 610 1005
hydraulic binder, latent 610 1004
hydraulic cement 610 1007
hydraulic cement, blended 610 2301
hydraulic lime 610 3108
hydrophobic cement 610 2109
improved lime putty 610 3121
latent hydraulic binder 610 1004
lean lime 610 3125
lime 610 1011
lime, burnt 610 3104
lime, chalk 610 3112
lime, dolomitic 610 3105
lime, fat 610 3124
lime, grey 610 3106
lime, high calcium 610 3110
lime, hydrated 610 3113
lime, hydrated dolomitic 610 3115
lime, hydrated grey 610 3117
lime, hydrated high calcium
by-product 610 3114
lime, hydrated magnesian 610 3116
lime, hydrated
semi-hydraulic 610 3118
lime, hydraulic 610 3108
lime, lean 610 3125
lime, lump 610 3111
lime, magnesian 610 3107
lime, mountain 610 3110
lime, semi-hydraulic 610 3109
lime, slaked 610 3119
lime, water burnt 610 3123
lime hydrate 610 3113
 BS 6100-6.1:1984

lime putty 610 3120 rapid-hardening

lime putty, improved 610 3121 Portland cement 610 2103
lime putty, matured 610 3122 retarded calcium sulphate
hemihydrate 610 3207
limestone 610 3101
low heat Portland blastfurnace semi-hydraulic lime 610 3109
cement 610 2303
semi-hydraulic lime,
low heat Portland cement 610 2107 hydrated 610 3118
lump lime 610 3111 slag, blastfurnace 610 2201
slag, blastfurnace cement
magnesian lime 610 3107 containing 610 2304
magnesian lime, hydrated 610 3116 slag, granulated
material, calcareous 610 3103 blastfurnace 610 2202
material, cementitious 610 1001 slag, ground granulated
matured lime putty 610 3122 blastfurnace 610 2203
mountain lime 610 3110 slag cement, blastfurnace 610 2304
slaked lime 610 3119
natural anhydrite 610 3212 sulphate anhydrous calcium 610 3202
natural gypsum 610 3209 sulphate, calcium 610 3201
sulphate hemihydrate,
oil well cement 610 2110
calcium 610 3204
ordinary Portland cement 610 2111
sulphate hemihydrate, retarded
calcium 610 3207
phospho gypsum 610 3214
sulphate-resisting Portland
polymer binder 610 3301 cement 610 2108
Portland blastfurnace supersulphated cement 610 2305
cement 610 2302
synthetic anhydrite 610 3213
Portland blastfurnace cement, low
heat 610 2303
test, pozzolanicity 610 2310
Portland cement 610 1008
titano gypsum 610 3215
Portland cement, coloured 610 2114
Portland cement, extra water burnt lime 610 3123
rapid-hardening 610 2104 water repellent cement 610 2109
Portland cement, low heat 610 2107 white Portland cement 610 2113
Portland cement, ordinary 610 2111
Portland cement,
quick-setting 610 2105
Portland cement,
rapid-hardening 610 2103
Portland cement,
sulphate-resisting 610 2108
Portland cement, white 610 2113
Portland cement clinker 610 2101
Portland clinker 610 2101
Portland pozzolana cement 610 2306
Portland pulverized-fuel ash
cement 610 2307
pozzolana 610 2204
pozzolana cement, Portland 610 2306
pozzolanic cement 610 2308
pozzolanicity 610 2309
pozzolanicity test 610 2310
pulverized-fuel ash 610 2205
putty, improved lime 610 3121
putty, lime 610 3120
putty, matured lime 610 3122

quick-setting Portland
cement 610 2105
quicklime 610 3104

© BSI 01-1999 7
 `
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
` &7- MW XLI MRHITIRHIRX REXMSREP FSH] VIWTSRWMFPI JSV TVITEVMRK &VMXMWL 7XERHEVHW -X
`
` TVIWIRXW XLI 9/ ZMI[ SR WXERHEVHW MR )YVSTI ERH EX XLI MRXIVREXMSREP PIZIP -X MW
` MRGSVTSVEXIH F] 6S]EP 'LEVXIV
`
`
`
`
`
` &VMXMWL 7XERHEVHW EVI YTHEXIH F] EQIRHQIRX SV VIZMWMSR 9WIVW SJ &VMXMWL 7XERHEVHW
`
` WLSYPH QEOI WYVI XLEX XLI] TSWWIWW XLI PEXIWX EQIRHQIRXW SV IHMXMSRW
`
`
` -X MW XLI GSRWXERX EMQ SJ &7- XS MQTVSZI XLI UYEPMX] SJ SYV TVSHYGXW ERH WIVZMGIW ;I
`
` [SYPH FI KVEXIJYP MJ ER]SRI JMRHMRK ER MREGGYVEG] SV EQFMKYMX] [LMPI YWMRK XLMW
` &VMXMWL 7XERHEVH [SYPH MRJSVQ XLI 7IGVIXEV] SJ XLI XIGLRMGEP GSQQMXXII VIWTSRWMFPI
`
` XLI MHIRXMX] SJ [LMGL GER FI JSYRH SR XLI MRWMHI JVSRX GSZIV 8IP   
`
` *E\   
`
`
` &7- SJJIVW QIQFIVW ER MRHMZMHYEP YTHEXMRK WIVZMGI GEPPIH 4097 [LMGL IRWYVIW XLEX
`
` WYFWGVMFIVW EYXSQEXMGEPP] VIGIMZI XLI PEXIWX IHMXMSRW SJ WXERHEVHW
`
`
`
`
` 3VHIVW JSV EPP &7- MRXIVREXMSREP ERH JSVIMKR WXERHEVHW TYFPMGEXMSRW WLSYPH FI
`
` EHHVIWWIH XS 'YWXSQIV 7IVZMGIW 8IP    *E\   
`
`
` -R VIWTSRWI XS SVHIVW JSV MRXIVREXMSREP WXERHEVHW MX MW &7- TSPMG] XS WYTTP] XLI &7-
`
` MQTPIQIRXEXMSR SJ XLSWI XLEX LEZI FIIR TYFPMWLIH EW &VMXMWL 7XERHEVHW YRPIWW
`
` SXLIV[MWI VIUYIWXIH
`
`
`
`
` &7- TVSZMHIW E [MHI VERKI SJ MRJSVQEXMSR SR REXMSREP )YVSTIER ERH MRXIVREXMSREP
`
` WXERHEVHW XLVSYKL MXW 0MFVEV] ERH MXW 8IGLRMGEP ,IPT XS )\TSVXIVW 7IVZMGI :EVMSYW
`
` &7- IPIGXVSRMG MRJSVQEXMSR WIVZMGIW EVI EPWS EZEMPEFPI [LMGL KMZI HIXEMPW SR EPP MXW
`
` TVSHYGXW ERH WIVZMGIW 'SRXEGX XLI -RJSVQEXMSR 'IRXVI 8IP   
`
` *E\   
`
`
` 7YFWGVMFMRK QIQFIVW SJ &7- EVI OITX YT XS HEXI [MXL WXERHEVHW HIZIPSTQIRXW ERH
` VIGIMZI WYFWXERXMEP HMWGSYRXW SR XLI TYVGLEWI TVMGI SJ WXERHEVHW *SV HIXEMPW SJ
`
` XLIWI ERH SXLIV FIRIJMXW GSRXEGX 1IQFIVWLMT %HQMRMWXVEXMSR 8IP   
`
` *E\   
`
`
`
`
`
` 'ST]VMKLX WYFWMWXW MR EPP &7- TYFPMGEXMSRW &7- EPWS LSPHW XLI GST]VMKLX MR XLI 9/ SJ
`
` XLI TYFPMGEXMSRW SJ XLI MRXIVREXMSREP WXERHEVHM^EXMSR FSHMIW )\GITX EW TIVQMXXIH
` YRHIV XLI 'ST]VMKLX (IWMKRW ERH 4EXIRXW %GX  RS I\XVEGX QE] FI VITVSHYGIH
`
` WXSVIH MR E VIXVMIZEP W]WXIQ SV XVERWQMXXIH MR ER] JSVQ SV F] ER] QIERW • IPIGXVSRMG
`
` TLSXSGST]MRK VIGSVHMRK SV SXLIV[MWI • [MXLSYX TVMSV [VMXXIR TIVQMWWMSR JVSQ &7-
`
`
` 8LMW HSIW RSX TVIGPYHI XLI JVII YWI MR XLI GSYVWI SJ MQTPIQIRXMRK XLI WXERHEVH SJ
`
` RIGIWWEV] HIXEMPW WYGL EW W]QFSPW ERH WM^I X]TI SV KVEHI HIWMKREXMSRW -J XLIWI
`
` HIXEMPW EVI XS FI YWIH JSV ER] SXLIV TYVTSWI XLER MQTPIQIRXEXMSR XLIR XLI TVMSV
` [VMXXIR TIVQMWWMSR SJ &7- QYWX FI SFXEMRIH
`
`
` -J TIVQMWWMSR MW KVERXIH XLI XIVQW QE] MRGPYHI VS]EPX] TE]QIRXW SV E PMGIRWMRK
`
` EKVIIQIRX (IXEMPW ERH EHZMGI GER FI SFXEMRIH JVSQ XLI 'ST]VMKLX 1EREKIV
`
` 8IP   
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
&7- `
`
 'LMW[MGO ,MKL 6SEH `
`
0SRHSR `
`
; %0 `
`
`
`
`
`
`