1 ‫דף נוסחאות למבחן סופי בתרמו‬

Gas Constant: R = 0.0821 Lּatm/molּK = 8.31 J/molּK = 1.99 cal/molּK

Ideal Gas Laws:

Boyle's Law, Charles' & Gay-Lussac's Law, Avogadro's Law )‫(טוב לדעת את שלושת החוקים האלה‬

Equations of State of Non-Ideal Gases: )‫אידיאלי תינתן בתוך השאלה‬-‫(כל משוואת מצב לגז לא‬
Compressibility Factor: Z ≡ PV/RT
First Law Equations:
dU = đq + đw; đw = –pexdV (Pin  pex, if reversible); đqV = dU; đqP = dH
Energy and Related Properties for any pure substance:
U = U(T,V)  dU = (U/T)VdT + (U/V)TdV
CV  (U/T)V, CV = n CV
Internal-Pressure Coefficient:   (U/V)T = T(P/T)V – P
Enthalpy and Related Properties for any pure substance:
H ≡ U + PV
H = H(T,P)  dH = (H/T)PdT + (H/P)TdP
CP  (H/T)P, CP = n CP
T  (H/P)T = V(1 – T) = –CP (same as below)
Expansion Coefficient:   V–1(V/T)P
Compression Coefficient:   –V–1(V/P)T
CP – CV = (P + )V = (2/)TV = R (for an ideal gas)
Chemical Reaction: Hrxn = Urxn + RT(n)g
o
Kirchhoff Equation: d(∆Hrxn )/dT = ∆CPo (rxn)
Molecular Energies of an Ideal Gas:
Basic Unit of Energy per Independent Motion ("Principle of Equipartition of Energy"):
E = ½RT.
Degrees of Freedom:
Translation: Kinetic Energy = 3
Rotation: Kinetic Energy = 3 (or 2, if linear)
Vibration: Kinetic Energy, Internal Potential Energy = 3N – 6 (or 3N – 5, if linear)
Mathematical Relationships:
Test for Exactness for dz = Mdx + Ndy:
If (M/y)x = (N/x)y, then dz is an exact differential and z is a state function.
Inversion Rule: (x/y)z = 1/(y/x)z
Chain Rule: If z=z(x,y) and x=x(y,f), then z=z(y,f), and (z/f)y = (z/x)y(x/f)y
Euler's Cycle Rule: (x/y)z(y/z)x(z/x)y = –1

Joule-Thomson Coefficient, , and Related Properties:

  (T/P)H
T  (H/P)T = V(1 – T) = –CP (same as above)
(H/T)V = CP(1 – /)
(U/T)P = CV + V
(P/T)V = /

Efficiency of Processes:
𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = w𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 /w𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = w𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 /w𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒