1907 P\p-hcnbnse Hcp Zn\w; I¬°-Øb - v°S- p-Øp≈ Hcp

{Kma-Ønse I¿j-I\ - m-bn-cp∂ KmwKp-ens‚ aI-fpsS hnhm-l-am-bn-cp∂p A∂v.

ap‰-sØm-cp-°nb sNdp-]-¥-en¬ [mcmfw AXn-Yn-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-sc-
sb√mw a[p-c] - e
- l
- m-cß- ƒ \¬In-bm-Wv KmwKpepw _‘p-°fpw kzoI-cn-®-Xv.
F∂m¬ Ah-bn¬ ]©-kmc tN¿Øn-cp-∂n-√! ]Icw i¿°-cb - m-bn-cp∂p
D]-tbm-Kn-®X
- v. CtX∏‰n At\z-jn-®h - t- cmSv KmwKp¬ A`n-am-\t- ØmsS ]d™p:
""\ΩpsS Zpcn-X-߃s°√mw Imc-W-°m¿ {_n´o-jp-Im-c-mWv. Ah-cpsS
D¬∏-∂-߃ _ln-jvI-cn-°m≥ \Ωƒ Xocp-am-\n-®n-cp-∂t- √m. AXn-\m-emWv
{_n´o-jv D¬∏-∂a- mb ]©-kmc ths≠∂v h®Xpw
\ΩpsS D¬∏-∂a- mb i¿°c D]-tbm-Kn-®Xpw''.

F¥m-bn-cn°pw {_n´ojv D¬∏-∂-߃ _ln-jvI-cn-°m≥ P\-ßsf t{]cn-∏n-®Xv? {_n´ojv

`cWw C¥y-bnse hnhn[ hn`mKw P\-ßsf Fß-s\-bmWv _m[n-®Xv? Ah¿ Fß-s\-
bm-bn-cp∂p {_n´ojv `c-W-tØmSv {]Xn-I-cn-®Xv? \ap°v ]cn-tim-[n°mw.
I®-h-S-Øn-\p- h∂ {_n´o-jp-Im¿ C¥y-bnse \m´p-cm-Py-ßsf Iog-S°n A[n-Imcw ssIb-
S-°n-b-Xns\-°p-dn®v ap≥ ¢mkn¬ N¿®sNbvXXv Hm¿°p-a-t√m. ssk\nIi‡nbn-eq-sSbpw
\b-X-{¥-Øn-eqsS-bp-amWv {_n´o-jp-Im¿ \m´p-cm-Py-ßsf Iog-S-°n-bXv. 1757 se πmkn-
bp≤w apX¬ 1857 se H∂mw kzmX-{¥y-k-acw hsc-bp≈ \qdp-h¿j-°m-e-b-f-hnemWv
C¥y≥ D]-`q-J-fi-Øns‚ hen-sbmcp `mKw {]tZ-i-߃ {_n´o-jp-Im-cpsS `c-W-Øn\p
Iogn-em-bXv (`q]Sw \nco-£n-°pI). C¥y≥ D]-`q-J-fi-Øns‚ GI-tZiw 63% {_n´ojp-
Im-cpsS t\cn-´p≈ \nb-{¥-W-Øn≥ Iogn-em-bncp-∂p. tijn-°p∂ {]tZ-i-ßfn¬ `qcn-`m-
Khpw {_n´o-jp-ImcpsS \nb-{¥-W-Øn-ep≈ \m´p-cm-Pm-°-∑m-cm-Wp `cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.
Ãm≥tU¿Uv
X kmaqlyimkv {XwI I
kmaqlyimkv{Xw {_n´ojv Nqj-Whpw sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏p-Ifpw

Ad_n°S¬

{_n´ojv \b-ßf- psS {]Xym-Lm-Xß

- ƒ
{_n´ojv ]m¿e-sa‚n¬ AwK-am-bn-cp∂
""{_n´ojv B[n-]X - y-Øn-\p-ap-ºv _wKmƒ {]tZiw hneyw ^p≈¿´≥ {_n´ojv A[o-\-X-bn-
cmPy-Øns‚ [m\y-°e - h
- d- bpw Ing-°≥ \mSp-I- emb _wKm-fns‚ Ahÿsb°p-dn®v
fnse hym]m-cw, [\w, hymh-km-bn-tIm-¬∏m-Z\w 1784 ¬ \¬In-b hnh-c-WamWv ChnsS
F∂n-hb - p-sS tI{μ-hp-am-bn-cp∂p.... F∂m¬ tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. _wKm-fnt‚Xv am{X-
Npcp-ßnb ImewsIm≠v Cu cmPy-Øns‚ an° am-bn-cp-∂n-√, {_n´ojv B[n-]-Xy-Øn\p
`mK-ßfpw acp-`q-an-bmbn amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ]mS- Iognembn-cp∂ Hmtcm {]tZ-iØ - n-s‚bpw
ß-fn¬ Irjn \S-°p-t∂-bn√. ^e-`q-bn-jvT-amb Ahÿ kam-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. C¥y-bn¬
Irjnbn-S-߃ Ip‰n-°m-Sp-I-fm-bnØo¿∂n-cn- {_n´o-jp-Im¿ kzoI-cn® \b-߃ kaq-
°p∂p.... I¿j-I¿ sIm≈-b-Sn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p....'' l- Ø nse hnhn[ hn`mKw P\- ß - s f
Fß-s\-bmWv _m[n-®-sX∂v ]cn-tim-
[n-°mw.
{_n´ojv B[n-]X - y-Øns‚ Zpcn-Xw BZyw A\p-`h
- n-®hcn¬ {][m\ hn`mKw
I¿j-I-cm-bn-cp∂p. {_n´o-jp-Im¿ \S-∏m-°nb `q\n-IpXn\b-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p
I¿j-I-cpsS \s´s√mSn-®-Xv. ]c-am-h[n hcp-am-\-ap-≠m°pI F∂-Xm-bn-
cp∂p \nIpXn\b-Øns‚ e£yw. {_n´ojv `c-W-Øn\p Iogn-ep≈ hnhn[

56
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv

{_n´ojv Nqj-Whpw sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏p-Ifpw kmaqlyimkv{Xw I X

{]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ hyXykvX \nIpXnk{º-Zm-b-ß-fmWv \S-∏m-°n-b-Xv. NphsS

sImSp-Ø ]´n-Ib
- n¬\n∂v {_n´ojv `q\n-IpXnk{º-Zm-bß
- ƒ ]cn-Nb
- s
- ∏Smw.

`q\nIpXn \S∏m-°nb
hyhÿ {][m\ {]tZ-i-߃
$ imizX-`q-\n-IpXn $ _wKmƒ, _nlm¿,Hdok
hyhÿ {]tZ-i-߃
$ db´vhmcn hyhÿ $ Z£n-tW-¥y≥
{]tZ-i-߃
$ al¬hmcn hyhÿ $ hS-°p-]Sn-™m-d≥ C¥y

imizX-`q-\n-IpXnhyh-ÿ-bpsS khn-ti-j-
X-Iƒ: imizX`q-\n-IpXn hyhÿ AYhm
$ imizX`q\n-IpXnhyh-ÿbn¬ Hcp skao-μmcnk{º-Zmbw
{]tZ-isØ \nIpXn ]ncn-s®-Sp-Øncp- tIm¨hm-enkv {]`p Kh¿W¿ P\-d-em-bn-cp∂
∂Xv skao-μm¿ Bbn-cp-∂p. ImeØv \S-∏n-em-°nb imizX-`q-\n-IpXnhyhÿ
skao-μmcnk{º-Zm-b-sa∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂p. Cu
$ \nIpXn ]ncn-hn\[n-Im-c-ap-≠m-bn-
k{º-Zm-b-Øn¬ skao-μm¿amcm-bn-cp∂p I¿j-I-
cp∂ {]tZ- i - s Ø apgp- h ≥ `qan-
cn¬\n∂p \nIpXn ]ncn-®X - v. ]ncn-s®-Sp-°p∂ \nIp-
bpsSbpw DS- a - ÿ ≥ skao- μ m¿
Xn-bpsS ]Xn-s\m-∂n¬ H∂v Ah¿°v IΩo-j\ - mbn
Bbn-cp-∂p.
e`n-®n-cp-∂p. imizX`q\nIpXnhyhÿ cq]-s∏-Sp-
$ skao-μm¿am¿ `qhp-S-a-Ifm-b-tXmsS Øp∂-Xn¬ {][m\ ]¶p-hl - n® DtZym-Kÿ - \- m- b
- n-
bYm¿Y I¿j-I¿ IpSn-bm-≥amcmbn cp∂p tPm¨ tjm¿. Im¿jnI D¬∏m-Z\ - Ø
- ns‚
amdn. 45% Iº-\n°pw 15% skao-μm¿am¿°pw 40% am{Xw
$ hnf-hns‚ 60% hsc I¿j-I¿ \nIp- I¿j-I¿°pw e`n-°psa∂v At±lw IW-°m-°n.
Xn-bmbn \¬I-W-am-bn-cp∂p.
$ hnfhv tami-am-bmepw \nIpXn \¬I-W-am-bn-cp-∂p.
$ \n›nX Xob-Xn-bn¬ \nIpXn ]W-ambn \¬I-Wa - m-bn-cp∂p (ap≥Im-
e-ß-fn¬ D¬∏-∂-ß-fmWv I¿j-I¿ \nIpXnbmbn \¬In-bn-cp-
∂Xv).
Z£n-tW-¥ybn¬ \S-∏n-em-°nb db´vhmcn hyh-ÿ-bn¬ I¿j-I-cn¬
(db´v) \n∂v t\cn´v \nIpXn ]ncn-°p-∂ coXn-bm-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. `qan-
bpsS DS-a-ÿm-h-Imiw I¿j-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Aan-X-amb \nIpXn
\nc°v I¿j-Isc Zcn-{Z-cm-°n. am{X-a√ \nIpXn\nc-°v CS-bv°nsS h¿[n-
∏n-®n-cp-∂p. al¬hmcn hyh-ÿb- n-em-Is´, {Kma-Øe
- h
- ∑
- m-cm-bn-cp∂p \nIpXn
]ncn-s®-Sp-Ø-Xv. Cu hyh-ÿbnepw \nIpXn\nc°v Aan-X-am-bn-cp∂p.
{KmasØ (al¬) Hcp bqWn-‰mbn IW-°m-°n-bm-bn-cp∂p \nIpXn ]ncn-
s®-Sp-Øn-cp-∂-Xv.

57
Ãm≥tU¿Uv
X kmaqlyimkv {XwI I
kmaqlyimkv{Xw {_n´ojv Nqj-Whpw sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏p-Ifpw

imizX`q-\n-IpXn, db´vhmcn, al¬hmcn F∂o \nIpXnhyh-ÿI

- f
- psS
{]tXy-IX
- I
- ƒ Is≠Øn Ub{Kw ]q¿Øn-bm-°pI.

skao-μm¿am¿ I¿j-Ic - n¬\n∂v

\nIpXn ]ncn®p. t\cn´v \nIpXn

imizX-`q-\n-IpXnhyhÿ
]ncn®p.

dbv´vhmcn hyhÿ
al¬
hmcn
hyhÿ

Aan-Xa - mb
\nIp-Xn-\n-c°v

{_n´o-jp-Im¿ \S-∏n-em-°nb \nIpXn\b-߃ Im¿jn-I-cw-KØv h≥{]-Xym-

Lm-X-ß-fp-≠m-°n. Db¿∂ \nIp-Xn \n›nX Xob-Xn-bn¬ ]W-ambn ASbv-
°m≥ Ign-bmsXh∂ I¿j-I¿°p ]e-t∏mgpw sIm≈-∏-en-i-°m-cn¬ \n∂v
]Ww ISw hmtß≠nh∂p. Irjn-bnSw ]W-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv Ah¿ ISw-
hm-ßn-bXv. Db¿∂ ]eni\nc-°m-bn-cp∂p I¿j-I-cn¬\n∂v CuSm-°n-b-
Xv. AXn-\m¬ IShpw ]en-ibpw AS-bv°m≥ Ign-bmsXh∂ I¿j-I-cpsS
`qan sIm≈-∏en-i-°m¿ ssIb-S-°n.

{_n´ojv \nIpXn\b-߃ Fß-s\-bmWv I¿j-Isc sIm≈-∏en-

i-°m-cpsS Nqj-W-Øn-te°v X≈n-hn-´Xv? hni-Z-am-°p-I.

Irjn-bpsS hmWn-Py-h¬°-cWw
{_n´ojv \nIpXn\b-߃ C¥y-bnse I¿j-Isc Zcn-{Z-cm-°n-b-sX-ß-s\-
sb∂v I≠- t √m. C¥y- b nse I¿j- I ¿ ]c- º - c m- K Xambn
IrjnsNbvXncp∂Xv Xs‚ IpSpw-_-Øns‚bpw {Kma-Øn-s‚bpw Bh-iy-
Øn-\p-th-≠nbmbn-cp∂p. F∂m¬ {_n´ojv `c-WI
- m-eØv I¿j-I¿ hn]Wn
e£y-am°n Irjn sNøm≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-cmbn. `£y-hn-f-Iƒ°p ]Icw
\mWy-hn-f-Iƒ h≥tXm-Xn¬ IrjnsNbvXp. Cu am‰-sØ-bmWv A°m-
eØv Irjn-bpsS hmWn-Py-h¬°-cWw F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv.

58
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv

{_n´ojv Nqj-Whpw sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏p-Ifpw kmaqlyimkv{Xw I X

{_n´ojv `c-W-Øn-\p-Io-gn¬ \nIpXn\nc°v IqSp-X-embncp∂-t√m. am{X-

a√, \nIpXn ]W-ambn, \n›-bn-°-s∏´ Xob-Xn-bn¬Øs∂ \¬I-W-am-
bn-cp-∂p. Cu kml-Ncyw t\cn-Sm≥ th≠n-bm-bn-cp∂p I¿j-I¿ hn]-Wn-
bn¬ IqSp-X¬ hne e`n-°p∂ D¬∏∂-߃ IrjnsNbvXXv. bqtdm-]y≥
cmPy-߃°m-h-iy-amb D¬∏∂-߃°m-bn-cp∂p hn]-Wn-bn¬ Db¿∂- hne
e`n-®-Xv. Aßs\ C¥y≥ Irjn-bn-S-ß-ƒ bqtdm-∏n-\mbn IrjnsNøm≥
XpS-ßn. A°m-eØv hym]-Ia - mbn IrjnsNbvX hnf-Iƒ Fs¥-√m-am-sW∂v
]´n-I-bn¬\n∂v Is≠-Øq.

hnf {]tZiw
$ \oew $ _wKmƒ, _nlm¿
$ ]cpØn $ alm-cm-jv{S, ]©m_v
$ Icnºv $ DØ¿{]-tZiv
$ tXbne $ B mw, tIcfw
$ NWw $ _wKmƒ
$ tKmXºv $ ]©m_v

{_n´ojv \b-ßfpw Irjn-bpsS hmWn-P y-h¬°-cW

- hpw F∂ hnj-bØ
- n¬
¢mkn¬ Hcp N¿® kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I.

Aim-¥-amb \oewIrjn-bn-S-߃
\oe-Øn\v A°m-eØv hn]-Wn-bn¬ Db¿∂ hne
e`n-®n-cp∂p. XpWn-Iƒ°v \ndw \¬Im-\m-bn-cp∂p
\oew D]-t bm- Kn- ® n- c p-∂ - Xv . C∂- sØ- t ∏mse
Ir{Xna®mb-߃- A-∂n-√m-bn-cp-∂p.
]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Cw•-≠n-ep-≠mb hyh-
kmbhnπhw XpWn\n¿amW-cw-KØv henb IpXn-
®p-Nm´w Xs∂-bp-≠m-°n. AtXmsS \oe-Øns‚ \oew-Irjn
hnf-sh-Sp∏v
Bh-iy-w h¿[n-®p. 1780˛¬ {_n´≥ Cd-°p-aXn
sNbvX \oe-Øns‚ 30% am{X-am-bn-cp∂p C¥y-bn¬
\n∂p-≈Xv. F∂m¬ 1810 Bb-t∏m-tg°pw CXv 95% Bbn Db¿∂p.
C¥y-bn¬ \oew-Irjn hym]-Ia - m-t°-≠Xv {_n´ojv hyh-km-bn-If
- psS Bh-
iy-am-bn-cp-∂p. I¿j-I¿°v h≥XpI ap≥Iq-dmbn \¬In Ah-sc-s°m≠v
\oewIrjn sNøn-®p. Db¿∂ `q\n-IpXn ASbv-°m≥ Ign-bmsX hnj-an®
I¿j-I¿ {_n´o-jp-Im-cpsS {]tem-`-\-Øn\p hgßn \oew hym]-I-ambn
IrjnsNbvXp. {_n´o-jp-Im-cn¬\n∂v ]Ww ap≥Iq-dmbn ssI∏-‰nb Hmtcm

59
Ãm≥tU¿Uv
X kmaqlyimkv {XwI I
kmaqlyimkv{Xw {_n´ojv Nqj-Whpw sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏p-Ifpw

I¿j-I\pw Xs‚ Irjn-bn-S-Øns‚ \n›nX `mKØv

\oewIrjn sNø-Wsa∂m-bn-cp-∂p \n_-‘\. am{X-
a√, Xs‚ Irjn-bn-S-Øns‚ G‰hpw ^e-`q-bn-jvTamb
`mK-Øm-bn-cp∂p \oew Irjn-bn-d-t°≠nbn-cp∂Xv.
AXn-\m¬ `£y-[m\y߃ IrjnsNøp∂ ÿe-
߃ \oewIrjn-°mbn am‰nhbvt°≠nh∂p. hnf-sh-
\oew
Sp∏v Ime-Øm-Is´, {_n´ojv GP‚p-am-cpsS CS-s]-
tiJ-cn-°p∂p S¬ ImcWw \oe-Øn\v Ipd™ hne am{Xta e`n-®p-
≈q. ]n¬°m-eØv Ir{Xn-a-®m-b-ß-fpsS Is≠-Ø-
temsS XpWn-Iƒ°v \ndw \¬Im≥ \oew Bh-iy-an-
√m-Xm-bn. CtXmsS Irjn-`q-an-bpsS `qcn-`m-Khpw \oew-
Ir-jn°v am‰n-h® I¿j-Is‚ Ahÿ IqSp-X¬ Zpcn-
X-Ønem-bn.
\n߃ Hcp ]{X- { ]- h ¿Ø- I - \ m- s W∂v
k¶¬∏n-°pI. ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m≠nse
\oewI¿j-Is‚ Ahÿ kw_-‘n®v Hcp
]{Xdnt∏m¿´v Xbm-dm-°pI.
\oew-^m-IvSdn

\oewI¿j-I-cpsS Iem]w
""C¥y≥ I¿j-IcpsS c‡w ]pc-fmsX
Hcp \p≈v \oew-t]mepw bqtdm-]y≥
Itºm-f-ØnseØn-bn-´n√!''
Un.Pn. sS≠p¬°¿
{_n´o-jp-Im-cs‚ sIWn-bn¬s∏´v \oew-Irjn sNtø≠nh∂ I¿jIs‚
ssZ\yw shfn-hm-°p-∂-Xm-Wv Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb Un.Pn. sS≠p¬°-dpsS Cu
hm°p-Iƒ.
Ah-km-\n-°mØ Zpcn-X-ßfpw Nqj-Whpw I¿j-Isc Iem-]-Øn\v t{]cn-
∏n-®p. 1859 ¬ _wKm-fn¬ I¿j-I¿ kwL-Sn-®v \oewIrjn Dt]-£n-°p-I-
bm-sW∂v {]Jym]n®p. Aºpw hn√pw hmfpw Ip¥-hp-ambn Ah¿ \oew-
^mIvS-dn-Iƒ B{I-an-®p. \nc-h[n kv{XoIfpw Iem-]-Øn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-bn.
{_n´o-jp-Im-sc ]n¥p-W-®-h-scbpw Ah¿°p-th≠n tPmen sNbvX-h-scbpw
Iem-]-Im-cnI-ƒ _ln-jvI-cn-®p. {Kma-ß-fn¬ {_n´o-jp-Im¿s°-Xnsc Bcw-
`n® Iem-]-sØ-∏‰n Adn™v I¬°-Ø-bn¬\n∂v \nc-h[n hnZym-k-º-
∂¿ Iem-]-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-seØn I¿j-I¿°v ]n¥pW \¬In.

60
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv

{_n´ojv Nqj-Whpw sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏p-Ifpw kmaqlyimkv{Xw I X

CtX-Øp-S¿∂v \oewI¿j-I-cpsS {]iv\-߃ ]Tn-°m≥ {_n´ojv `c-Wm-

[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Hcp IΩo-js\ \nb-an-®p. em`-I-c-a-√mØ-Xn-\m¬ \oew-Irjn
Ah-km-\n-∏n-°-W-sa∂v IΩo-j≥ \n¿tZ-in®p.

\oewI¿j-I-cpsS Iem-]-Øn\n-S-bm-°nb kml-N-cy-߃

hne-bncp-Øp-I.

I¿jIIem-]-߃ tIc-f-Ønepw
{_n´ojv A[o-\X - b
- n-embncp∂ ae-_m-dpw Iem-]ß
- ƒ°v It\men {]`p
km£yw hln-®p. P∑n-amcpsSbpw {_n´o-jp-ImcpsSbpw
Nqj-Whpw ASn-®-a¿Ø-ep-amWv Iem-]-Øn-te°p \bn- am∏n- f Iem]- I m- e Øv A∂sØ
tImgn-t°mSv Pn√m aPnkv-t{S‰mbn-
®-Xv. P∑n-am-sc-bmWv `qhpS-a-I-fmbn {_n´o-jp-Im-¿ IW-
cp∂ It\men{]`p- h ns\ tImgn-
°m-°n-b-Xv. {_n´o-jp-Im-cpsS ]n¥pW-tbm-sS P∑n-am¿
t°mSv shÃv l n√n- e p≈ At±- l -
\S-Ønb IpSn-sbm-gn-∏n-°-e-S-°-ap≈ t{Zml-\-S-]-Sn- Øns‚ hk-Xn-bn¬ h®v Iem-]I - m-
Iƒs°-Xn-cm-bm-Wv Iem]w \S-∂-Xv. `qhp-S-a-I-fm-bn-cp∂ cn-Iƒ sIme-s∏-Sp-Øn.
P∑n-am-cn¬\n∂p ÿew ]m´-Øn-s\-SpØv IrjnsNbvX-
]m´-°p-Sn-bm-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p sXt° ae-_m-dnse I¿j-I¿. Chcn¬ `qcn-`m-
Khpw am∏n-f-am-cm-bn-cp-∂p (ae-_m-dnse apkvenw-IfmWv am∏n-f-am¿ F∂-
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv). AXp-sIm≠v ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠n-ep-≠mb Cu Iem-]-
߃ am∏nfIem-]-߃ F∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
Ccp-]-Øn-c-t≠mfw Iem-]-߃ ae-_m-dn-ep-≠m-bn. Cu Iem-]-ßsf ASn-
®-a¿Øm≥ th≠n ae-_m¿ kvs]jy¬ t]meokv (Fw.F-kv.]n)F∂
t]cn¬ Hcp {]tXyI hn`mKw t]meokv tk\sb cq]o-I-cn-®p. XpS¿®-
bmb Iem-]-ßsf∏‰n ]Tn-°m≥ {_n´ojv Kh¨sa‚ v hneyw temK≥
IΩo-js\ \nb-an-®p. {_n´o-jp-ImcpsS sX‰mb \nIpXn\b-amWv Iem-]-
Øn\p Imc-W-sa∂v IΩo-j≥ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®p.

ImSp-Iƒ Iem-]-`q-an-bm-hp∂p
_wKmƒ, Qm¿J-fiv, _nlm¿ kwÿm-\ß - f- n-embn ]c-∂p-In-S-
°p∂ cmPva-l¬ Ip∂p-I-fpsS Xmgvh-c-bn¬ Pohn-®p-h∂
tKm{XP\-Xb- m-bn-cp∂p k¥mƒam¿. h\-hn-`h - ß- ƒ tiJ-cn®pw
IrjnsNbvXpw {]IrXn-tbmSv CWßnPohn-®p-t]m-∂h - ¿.
Icp-Øcpw A[zm-\-ioecpw X\-Xmb kwkvIm-c-ap-≈-h-cp-
ambncp∂p Ah¿. {_n´ojv B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-°s- ∏-´t- XmsS
k¥mƒ P\-Xb - psS Pohn-XØ
- ns‚ Xmfw \jvSa- m-bn. k¥mƒ Iem]Øn\v t\XrXzw \¬Inb
kn±p-hn-s\bpw Im\p-hn-s\bpw
skao- μ m¿amcpw sIm≈- ∏ en- i - ° mcpw Ah- c psS `qan BZ-cn-®p-sIm≠v C¥ym Kh¨sa‚ v
ssIbS- ° n. sdbn¬th \n¿am- W - Ø n- \ p- t h≠n k¥mƒ ]pd-Øn-d-°nb Ãmºv.

61
Ãm≥tU¿Uv
X kmaqlyimkv {XwI I
kmaqlyimkv{Xw {_n´ojv Nqj-Whpw sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏p-Ifpw

P\-Xsb ASn-aI - s- f-t∏mse {_n´ojv DtZym-Kÿ - ¿ tPmen sNøn®p. PohnXw KXn-

ap´nb k¥mƒ P\X t\Xm-°∑ - m-cmb kn±p-hn-s‚bpw Im\p-hn-s‚bpw t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬
Bbp-[s- a-Sp-Øp. cmPval - ¬ Ip∂p-Iƒ {_n´ojv Nqj-I¿s°-Xn-cmb t]mcm-´t- h-Zn-
bm-bn... tKm{X-P\- X- b
- psS t]mcm-´-ho-cy-Øn\p ap∂n¬ {_n´o-jp-Im¿ ]I®p \n∂p.
F∂m¬ Zo¿L-Imew ]nSn-®p-\n¬°m≥ k¥mƒ P\-Xbv°v Ign-™n-√. Bbn-c° - -
W-°n\v k¥mfpIƒ t]mcm-´Ø - n¬ acn-®p-ho-Wp.
1855 ¬ {_n´o-jp-Im¿s°Xnsc k¥mƒ P\X \S-Ønb sNdp-Øp-\n¬]ns‚
hnh-c-W-amWv apI-fn¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≈-Xv.
tKm{X-P-\-Xbpw {_n´ojv `c-W-Øns‚ Zpcn-X-߃ A\p-`-hn-®n-cp-∂p. h\-
hn-`-h-߃ tiJ-cn-°¬, I∂p-Imenhf¿Ø¬, ]p\w-Ir-jn, th´-bm-S¬
F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p tKm{X-P-\-X-bpsS Pohn-tXm-]m-[n-Iƒ.
{_n´o-jp-Im¿ \S-∏m-°nb h\-\n-b-a-߃ tKm{X-Po-hn-
X-sØ Zpcn-X-a-b-am-°n. h\-ßsf kwc-£n-X-{]-tZ-i-
ß-fmbn {]Jym-]n-®-tXmsS h\-Øn-te-°p≈ {]th-
i\w \ntj-[n-®p. {_n´o-jp-Im¿°m-h-iyamb ac-߃
e`y-amb h\-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p kwc-£nXh\-ambn {]Jym-
]n-®-Xv. I∏¬\n¿amWw, sdbn¬∏mX \n¿am-Ww XpS-
ßnb Bh-iy-߃°mbn h\-ß-fn¬\n∂v {_n´o-jp-
Im¿ ac-߃ [mcm-f-ambn apdn-®n-cp-∂p. tXm´whyh-km-
b-߃ Bcw-`n-°m≥ th≠nbpw h\-߃ hym]-I-ambn
k¥mƒ {Kmaw
\in-∏n-®p. tKm{X-P-\X tiJ-cn-®n-cp∂ h\-hn-`-h-ß-
Nn{X-Im-cs‚ fpsS ta¬ {_n´o-jp-Im¿ Db¿∂ \nIp-Xn Npa-Øn. Cu
`mh-\b
- n¬ kml-N-cy-Øn-em-Wv hnhn[ tKm{X-hn-`m-K-߃ {_n´o-jp-Im¿s°-Xnsc
Iem]w \S-Øn-bXv.
Ipdn-Ny-I-em]w
{_n´o-jp-Im-cpsS Nqj-W-Øn-s\-Xnsc \S∂ as‰mcp tKm{X-I-em-]-amWv
hb-\m-´nse Ipdn-Ny-I-em-]w. hb-\m-´nse tKm{X-P-\-X-bmb Ipdn-Nycpw
Ipdp-{ºcpamWp Iem]w \S-Øn-b-Xv. 1812 ¬ \S∂ Iem-]-Øns‚ Imc-
W-߃ Fs¥-√m-am-bn-cp∂p?
$ {_n´o-jp-Im¿ AanX-\n-IpXn Npa-Øn-bXv.
$ \nIpXn ]W-ambn AS-bv°m≥ \n¿_-‘n-®Xv.
$ \nIpXn AS-bv°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-h-cpsS Irjn`qan {_n´o-jp-Im¿
]nSns®-Sp-Ø-Xv.
Iem]w \S-∂Xv IpdnNy t\Xm-hmb cma≥\ºn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-em-bn-
cp∂p. tKm{X-P-\-Xbv°v ]pdsa a‰p hn`m-K-ßfpw Iem-]-Øn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-
fm-bn. Iem]w ASn-®-a¿Ønb {_n´o-jp-Im¿ cma\ºnsb ]nSn-IqSn h[n-
®p. Xe-t»-cn-bnse A∂sØ k_v Ie-IvS-¿ Sn.F-®v. t__¿ Iem-
]sØ∏‰n Cßs\ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn: ""Hcp-amkw IqSn ]nSn-®p-\n¬°m≥ Iem-

62
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv

{_n´ojv Nqj-Whpw sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏p-Ifpw kmaqlyimkv{Xw I X

]-Im-cn-Iƒ°v Ign-bp-am-bncp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ cmPyw Ah-cpsS \nb-{¥-W-Øn-

em-tbt\''.
]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠n¬ k¥mƒ-˛-Ip-dnNy Iem-]-߃°p-]p-dsa \nc-h[n
tKm{X-I-em-]-߃ C¥y-bpsS hnhn[ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \S-∂p. Ah-bn¬
{][m-\-s∏-´h Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.
$ ]lm-cnb Iem]w $ `o¬ Iem]w
$ tImƒ Iem]w $ ap≠ Iem]w
$ Jmkn Iem]w
C¥y-bnse tKm{X-I-em-]-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb sI.kp-tcjv knMv
]d™ hm°p-Iƒ {i≤n-°q: ""I¿j-I-cpƒs∏-sS-bp≈ GXv P\-hn-`m-K-ß-
sf-°mfpw Xo{hhpw \nc-¥-chpw B{I-a-tWm-’p-I-hp-amb {_n´ojv hncp≤
ka-c-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p \nc-£-c-cmb tKm{X-P-\X \S-Øn-b-Xv.''
hb-\m-´nse tKm{X-Ie
- m]sØ ASn-ÿm-\a- m°n Hcp kvIn‰v Ah-Xc
- n-
∏n-°m-\p≈ Xnc-°Y Xbm-dm-°p-I.

]c-º-cm-KX hyh-km-b-ß-fpsS XI¿®

""C¥y-bpsS hmWn-Py-Nc- n-{X-Øn¬ CXp-t]m-semcp
ZpcnXw ImWm-\n-√. ]cpØns\bvØp-Im-cpsS
F√p-Iƒ C¥y≥ ka-Xe - ß- sf shfp-∏n-°p-∂p.''
hneyw s_‚nIv {]`p (1834˛-35)
HcpImeØv temI-saßpw {]i-kvX-ambncp∂ C¥y≥ XpWn-hyh-km-b-
Øns‚ XI¿® kw_-‘n®v C¥y-bnse Kh¿W¿ P\-d-em-bn-cp∂ hneyw
s_‚nIv {]`p \S-Ønb \nco-£-W-amWv apI-fn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
{_n´ojv \b-߃ C¥y≥ Im¿jn-I-cw-KsØ am{X-a-√, Ic-Iuiehyh-
km-b-sØbpw ]q¿W-ambpw \in-∏n-®p. Cu \mi-Øns‚ Imc-W-߃ ]cn-
tim-[n-°mw.
b{¥-\n¿anX {_n´ojv XpWn-Ø-c-߃ h≥tXm-Xn¬ C¥y-bn-te°v Cd-
°p-aXn sNbvX-Xm-Wv C¥y≥ XpWn-hyh-km-b-Øns‚ \mi-Øn\p≈
{][m\ Imc-Ww.

C¥y-bn-te°p sIm≠p-h∂ {_n´-\n-te°p Ib‰n

h¿jw ]cp-Øn-ØpWn Ab® XpWn-Øc- ß- ƒ
(hmc-°W
- °
- )v * (hmc-°W-°)v *
1814 818208 1266608
1821 19138726 534495
1828 42822077 422504
1835 51777277 306066
*(Hcp hmc = 91.44 sk.ao)

63
Ãm≥tU¿Uv
X kmaqlyimkv {XwI I
kmaqlyimkv{Xw {_n´ojv Nqj-Whpw sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏p-Ifpw

{_n´-\n¬\n∂p sIm≠p-h∂ b{¥-\n¿an-X-amb XpWn-

Iƒ°v hne- Ip-d-hm-b-Xn-\m¬ C¥y-bn¬ Ffp-∏-Øn¬
hn‰-gn-™p.
sdbn¬th hym]-I-am-bXpw C¥y≥ XpWn--hy-h-km-b-
Øns‚ XI¿®bv°v Imc-W-am-bn. C¥y-bnse Xpd-apJ
\K-c-ß-fn-se-Øp∂ XpWn-Ø-c-߃ hnZqc {Kma-ß-fn-
te°v FØn-°m\pw {Kma-ß-fnse ]cpØn tiJ-cn®v
Xpd-ap-J-ß-fn-eqsS {_n´-\n-se-Øn-°m\pw sdbn¬th-
{_n´ojv ImesØ bpsS hym]\w {_n´o-jp-Imsc klm-bn-®p. CtXmsS
Xoh≠n {Kma- ß - f nse hn]- W nbpw C¥y≥ s\bv Ø p- I m¿°v \jv S - a m- b n.
sdbn¬th-bpsS BK-a\w C¥y≥ kºZvhyh-ÿ-bn-ep-≠m°nb BLm-
XsØ∏‰n Ata-cn-°≥ k©m-cn-bmb Un.F®v. _p°m-\≥ Cßs\ \nco-
£n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn: ""kzbw]cym-]vX-amb C¥y≥ kºZvhyh-ÿ-bpsS ]S-
®-´-Isf Dcp°psdbn-en-\m¬ Iodn-ap-dn-°-p-Ibpw c‡w Du‰n-°p-Sn-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp.''
{_n´-\n-te°v Ib-‰p-aXnsNbvXn-cp∂ C¥y≥ XpWn-Ø-c-ß-fp-sS-ta¬
{_n´ojv Kh¨sa‚ v Npa-Ønb Db¿∂ \nIp-Xn ImcWw Ah-bpsS hne
h¿[n-®p. AtXmsS {_n´ojvhn]Wn C¥y≥ XpWn-Ø-c-߃°v \jvS-
ambn.
{_n´ojv DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS Nqj-Whpw ]oU\hpw ImcWw [mcmfw sXmgn-
em-fn-Iƒ s\bvØptPmen Dt]-£n-®p. Ipd™ hnebv°v D¬∏-∂-߃
ssIam-dm-\pw Ipd™ Iqen°v tPmensNøm\pw Ah¿ sXmgn-em-fn-Isf
\n¿_-‘n-®p. CXp ImcWw ]ecpw a‰p tPmen-Iƒ tXSn-t∏m-bn.

s\bvØp-Im-cpsS ZpcnXw
sXmgn¬thX\ Icm-dp-If - n¬ ]mh-s∏´ s\bvØp-Im-cpsS kΩXw Ah¿ tXSn-
bn-cp-∂n-√. Iº-\n-bpsS Kpa-kvX∑
- m¿ X߃°n-jvSa - p≈ hyh-ÿI - f
- n¬ Ah-
sc-s°m≠v H∏p-hbv]n®p Ah¿ \¬Ip∂ ]Ww kzoI-cn-°m≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-
®m¬ B XpI s\bvØp-Im-cpsS Ac-∏´- b - n¬ sI´n-bt- ijw Ahsc Nm´p-
hm-dp-sIm≠v ASn-t®m-Sn-°p-ambn-cp-∂p.
Iº-\n-bpsS IW-°p-]p-kvX-I-ß-fn¬ cPn-ÿ sNø-s∏´ s\bvØp-Imsc
a‰m¿s°-¶nepw th≠n tPmensNøp-∂X - n¬\n∂p hne-°n-bn-cp-∂p. Iº\nKpa-
kvX∑ - m¿°-√msX a‰m¿s°-¶nepw Ah¿ D¬∏-∂ß - ƒ hn¬°p-∂Xv XS-bm≥
th≠n {]tXyIw Imh¬°msc \nb-an-®n-cp-∂p. s\bvØp-Im¿ A{]-Imcw
sNøp-∂p-sh∂v tXm∂n-bm¬ s\bvØv ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂X - n\p apºp Xs∂
XpWn Xdn-If - n¬ \n∂v apdn®p \o°n-bn-cp-∂p.
hneyw t_mƒ´vkv (]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠nse {_n´ojv DtZym-K-ÿ≥)

64
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv

{_n´ojv Nqj-Whpw sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏p-Ifpw kmaqlyimkv{Xw I X

C¥y≥ XpWn-hy-hk
- m-bØ
- ns‚ XI¿®bpsS Imc-Wß
- ƒ Is≠Øn
Ub{Kw ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.
C¥y≥ XpWn-hy-h-km-b-
Øns‚ XI¿®

Akw-kvIrX
hkvXp-°fpsS
Ib-‰paXn
XpWnhyh-km-b-Øns‚ XI¿®-bpsS BZy {]Xn-^-e\w I≠Xv \K-c-
ß-fn-em-bn-cp-∂p. aq¿jn-Zm-_mZpw [m°bpw t]mep≈ XpWn-Øc \n¿amW-
tI{μ-߃ P\-hm-k-c-ln-X-am-hp-Ibpw B tPmen-bn-te¿s∏´ncp-∂h¿ {Kma-
ß-fn-seØn Irjn-∏-Wn-bn-te°p Xncn-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXv Irjnsb
B{ibn-®p Pohn-°p-∂-h-cpsS FÆ-Øn¬ h¿[\-hp-≠m-°n. Im¿jn-I-ta-
J-e-bn¬ G¿s∏-´-h-cpsS FÆ-Ønse h¿[-\hv ImcWw Irjn-`qan sNdnb
Xp≠p-I-fmbn amdn. D¬∏m-Z\apc-Sn-∏m-bn-cp∂p CXns‚ {]Xy-£-amb ^ew.
{Kma-ß-fnse Ic-Iuiehyh-km-b-ß-fpsS ÿnXnbpw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp-
∂n√. ]´nI {i≤n-°q.

{KmaoW XI¿®-bpsS ImcWw

hyh-kmb߃
$ a¨]m{X\n¿amWw $ Aepan-\nbw ]m{X-ßfpsS Cd-°p-aXn.
$ XpI¬∏Wn $ Akw-kvIrXhkvXp-hmb XpIens‚ bqtdm-∏n-
te°p≈ Ib-‰p-aXn.
$ ac-∏Wn $ teml-\n¿anXb{¥-ß-fpsS D]-tbmKw.
Im¿jnItaJ- e - b p- s Sbpw Ic- I u- i ehyh- k m- b - Ø ns‚bpw XI¿®
£maßfn-te°pw ]´n-Wn-ac - W
- Ø
- n-te-°p-amWv C¥ysb X≈n-hn-´X - v. e£-
°-W-°n-\m-fp-Iƒ Cu £ma-Øm¬ ac-W-a-S™p.
B[p-\nIhyh-km-b-ß-fpsS Bcw-`hpw sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS
Ah-ÿbpw
]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠n¬ {_n´ojv hyh-km-bn-Iƒ C¥y-bn¬ B[p-\nI
hyh-km-b-߃ Bcw-`n-®p. F∂m¬ Ch-bpsS FÆw hfsc ]cn-an-X-am-bn-
cp-∂p. tXm´w hyh-km-bß-fm-bn-cp∂p BZyw ÿm]n-®Xv. ]n∂oSv XpWn,
NWw, Ccp-ºp-cp-°v, t]∏¿ XpS-ßnb hyh-km-b-ßfpw Bcw-`n-®p. CØcw
hyh-km-b-ß-fnse sXmgn-em-fn-Ifpw Nqj-W-Øn-\n-c-bm-bn. Ah-cpsS
Ahÿ hfsc timN-\o-b-am-bn-cp-∂p.

65
Ãm≥tU¿Uv
X kmaqlyimkv {XwI I
kmaqlyimkv{Xw {_n´ojv Nqj-Whpw sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏p-Ifpw

{_n´ojv B[n-]-Xy-Im- $ aWn-°q-dp-I-tfmfw \o≠ tPmen-k-abw.

esØ sXmgn-emfnPohnXw $ Ipd™ Iqen.
""hb-dp \ndsb Blm-c-an-√m-sX, $ A\m-tcm-Ky-I-c-amb Xma-k-ku-I-cy-߃.
shfn- ® - t am ip≤- h m- b pthm F∂nh-bmbn-cp∂p sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS {][m\ {]iv\-߃.
sh≈tam C√mØ sN‰-∏p-c-I-fn¬ A°m-eØv C¥y-bn¬ kwL-SnX sXmgn-emfn{]ÿm-\-
arK-Xp-ey-cmbn \c-In-°p∂ C¥y≥ ߃ C√m-bn-cp-∂p. F¶nepw NqjWw kln-°m≥ Ign-
hyh-km-b-sØm-gn-em-fn hymh-km- bmsX sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ {]t£m-`-߃ \S-Øn. t_mws_-
bnI apX- e m- f n- Ø - Ø ns‚ temI- bnse XpWn-an¬ sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-sSbpw I¬°-´-bnse
Øn¬ G‰- h p- a - [ nIw NqjWw NW-an¬ sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-sSbpw kacw CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-
sNøs∏´-hc - n¬ Hcm-fmWv.''
ßfm-Wv.
P¿K≥ IpkvbmkvIn (P¿a≥
kmº-ØnINcn-{X-Im-c≥) {_n´ojv kmº-ØnINqj-W-Øns‚ Zpc-¥-^ew A\p-`-
hn-t°≠nh∂ hnhn[ P\-hn-`m-Kß - s- f-bpw Ah¿ \S-Ønb
C¥y-bnse hyXykvX {]t£m-`-ß-sf-bpw- Ip-dn-®mWv \mw CXphsc N¿® sNbvX-Xv. Cu {]t£m-
P\-hn-`m-Kß
- f - psS
{_n´ojv `c-WØ - n-s\-Xn- `-ßs- fm∂pw AXXv {]tZ-iß- ƒ°-∏p-dt- Ø°v hf¿∂n-√. IqSmsX Chbv°v
cmb sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏p- kwL-SnX kz`m-hhpw Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚
IfpsS hm¿Ø-Ifpw
Nn{X-ßfpw tiJ-cn®v c≠mw ]Ip-Xn-bn¬ Nqjn-Xc - mb hyXykvX P\-hn-`m-Kß - ƒ Hcp-an-®p-tN¿∂p-
UnPn-‰¬ amK-kn≥ sIm≠v {_n´ojv `c-W-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn kwL-SnX Iem-]-Øn\v XpS°w
Xbm-dm-°p-I.
Ipdn-®p.
"{_n´ojv \b-߃ ImcWw hnhn[ P\-hn-`m-Kß
- ƒ t\cn´ {]iv\ß
- ƒ'
F∂ hnj-bØ - n¬ Hcp teJ\w Xbm-dm-°p-I.

1857 se H∂mw kzmX-{¥y-ka- cw

1857 sabv 11, ]pe¿Imew.
hen-sbm-cm-chw tI´mWv U¬ln-bnse P\-߃ DW¿∂-Xv. aod-‰n¬ \n∂p bap\m\Zn
I
- S- ∂v Bbp-[ß- f- p-ambn Bbn-c-°W - °
- n\v Iem-]-Im-cn-Iƒ U¬ln-bn-se-Øp-I-bm-Wv.
Ah-cn¬ in]m-bn-am¿ F∂-dn-bs- ∏-Sp∂ C¥y°m-cmb ]´m-f° - mcpw km[m-cW
- °
- mcpw D≠m-
bn-cp-∂p. Xte∂v cm{Xn aod-‰n¬ Ah¿ {_n´ojv DtZym-Kÿ - sc h[n-°p-Ibpw {_n´ojv
ÿm]-\ß - ƒ°v Xobn-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
U¬ln-bn-se-Ønb Iem-]I - m-cn-Iƒ apKƒ N{I-h¿Øn _l-Zq¿jm c≠m-as\ C¥y-bpsS
N{I-h¿Øn-bmbn {]Jym-]n-®p. A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX Iem]w DØ-tc-¥y-bnse a‰p `mK-
ß-fn-te°pw hym]n-®p.
H∂mw C¥y≥ kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-sa∂v Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ hnti-jn-∏n-°p∂
1857 se Iem-]Ø - ns‚ hnhcWamWv apI-fn¬ \¬Inbncn°p-∂Xv. aod-‰nse
in]m-bn-am-cm-bn-cp∂p Cu Iem-]-Øn\v XpS°w Ipdn-®-Xv. F¥m-bn-cp∂p
Ahsc Iem-]-Øn-te°v \bn-®-Xv? Xp—-amb iº-fhpw {_n´ojv DtZym-K-
ÿ-∑m-cn¬\n∂p t\cn´ Ah-tl-f\-hp-am-bn-cp∂p in]m-bn-am-cpsS Akw-
Xr-]vXn°v Imc-Ww. ssk\n-I¿°v ]pXp-Xmbn \¬Inb F≥^o¬Uv
tXm°p-I-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Xnc-I-fn¬ ]ip-hn-s‚bpw ]∂n-bp-sSbpw
sImgp-∏mWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂s- X∂ {]NmcWw Ahsc {]tIm-]n-∏n-®p. lnμp-
awK¬]msfi °fpw apkvenwIfp-amb ssk\n-I-cpsS aX-hn-Im-csØ {hW-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-

66
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv

{_n´ojv Nqj-Whpw sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏p-Ifpw kmaqlyimkv{Xw I X

CXv. ]pXnb Xnc-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ hnk-Ω-Xn® in]m-bn-amsc {_n´ojv

ta[m-hn-Iƒ in£n-®p. _wKm-fnse _mc-Iv]q-cn¬ awK¬]msfi F∂
ssk\n-I≥ ]pXnb Xnc D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ \n¿_-‘n® {_n´ojv DtZym-K-
ÿ-\p-t\sc shSn-bp-Xn¿Øp. XpS¿∂v Ad-Ãn-emb awK¬]m-sfisb hnNm-
cW sNbvXv Xq°n-s°m∂p.
cmPm-°-∑m¿, I¿j-I¿, Ic-Iu-iesØmgn-em-fn-Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ C¥y≥
kaq-l-Ønse hnhn[ hn`m-K-߃ Iem-]-Øn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-bn. {_n´ojv H∂mw kzmX-{¥y-ka- c- -
Øn\v t\XrXzw
`cWw cmPm-°-∑m-scbpw {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-®ncp∂p. ZØ-h-Imi\ntcm- hln-®-h-cpsS
[\ \nbaØn\p-]p-dsa Zp¿`-c-W°p‰w Btcm-]n®pw {_n´o-jp-Im¿ \m´p- s{]mss^¬ Xbm-dm°n
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I.
cm-Py-ßsf ]nSn-®-S°-n. CXv cmPm-°-∑msc Iem]w \bn-°m≥ t{]cn-∏n®p.

1857 se Iem-]Ø - ns‚ hnhn[ Imc-Wß - ƒ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ kqN\IfpsS

ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ N¿®sNøq.
$ I¿j-Ic - p-sS Zpcn-Xß
- ƒ
$ Ic-Iu-iesØmgn-em-fn-If - psS Zmcn{Zyw
$ cmPm-°∑ - m-cpsS {]iv\ß
- ƒ $ in]m-bn-am-cpsS Zpcn-Xß
- ƒ

cmPm-°-∑m¿°pw in]m-bn-am¿°p-sam∏w km[m-c-W-°mcpw

Iem-]-Øn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-bn. {_n´o-jp-Imscbpw sIm≈-
∏-en-i-°m-scbpw B{I-an-®v ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-tc-J-Ifpw IW-
°p-]p-kvX-I-ßfpw Ah¿ Xobn-´p. km[m-c-W-°m-cmb
I¿j-I-cp-sSbpw Ic-Iu-iesØmgn-em-fn-I-fp-sSbpw ]¶m-
fn-Ø-am-bn-cp∂p Iem-]-Øns‚ {][m\ {]tXy-I-X-. Ah[v
F∂ \m´p-cm-Py-Øn¬ Iem-]-Øn¬ sIm√-s∏´ H∂-c- _l-Zq¿jm Xm¥n-bm- tXm∏n
e£w t]cn¬ Hcp-e-£-tØm-fw-t]¿ km[m-c-W-P-\-ß- c≠m-a≥
fm-bn-cp-∂p.
lnμp ˛ apkvenw sFIy-am-bn-cp∂p Iem-]-Øns‚ bYm¿Y
i‡n. ssk\n-I-cp-sSbpw P\-ß-fp-sSbpw t\Xm-°-fp-sS-
bp- a n- S - b n¬ ]cn- ] q¿W kl- I - c Ww \ne- \ n- ∂ n- c p- ∂ p.
U¬ln ]nSn-s®-SpØ Iem-]-Im-cn-Iƒ _l-Zq¿jm c≠m-
a-s\- N{I-h¿Øn-bmbn {]Jym-]n-®p. Iem-]-Øns‚ {][m\
tI{μ-ß-sfbpw t\XrXzw sImSp-Ø-h-scbpw Xmsg sImSp- _oKw l{kØv al¬
dmWn e£vao`mbn
Øn´p≈ ]´n-I-bn¬ \n∂p ]cn-N-b-s∏-Smw.
Iem-]-ÿew t\Xm-°-∑m¿
$ U¬ln $ _l-Zq¿jm c≠m-a≥
$ Qm≥kn $ dmWn e£vao`mbn
$ eJv\u $ _oKw l{kØv al¬
$ Im¨]q¿ $ \m\m-km-tl_v,
Xm¥n-bm-tXm∏n
\m\m-km-tl_v
$ ss^km-_mZv $ auehn Al-ΩZp≈

67
Ãm≥tU¿Uv
X kmaqlyimkv {XwI I
kmaqlyimkv{Xw {_n´ojv Nqj-Whpw sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏p-Ifpw

{_n´o-jp-Im-cpsS i‡-amb ssk\nI_e-Øn-\p-ap-∂n¬ ]nSn-

®p-\n¬°m≥ Iem-]-Im-cn-Iƒ°v Ign-™n-√. Iem-]sØ
{_n´o-jp-Im¿ ]q¿W-ambpw ASn-®-a¿Øn. ]cm-P-b-s∏-´p-sh-
¶nepw {_n´ojv B[n-]-Xy-Øn¬\n∂v hnap-‡-am-Im-\p≈
C¥y≥ P\-X-bpsS BZysØ al-Ømb ka-c-am-bn-cp∂p
AXv. 1857 se Iem]w C¥y-bnse {_n´ojv `c-W-Ønepw
\b-Ønepw henb am‰-ß-fp-≠m-°n. C¥y-bpsS `cWw
Cw•ojv CuÃv C¥ym Iº-\n-bn¬\n∂v {_n´ojv ]m¿e-sa-
‚ v Gs‰-Sp-Øp. {_n´ojv kmº-ØnINqj-W-Øns‚ G‰hpw
_wKmƒ £ma-Øn¬ Xo{h-amb L´w 1857 \v tij-am-bn-cp-∂p. A°m-esØ
Zpcn-X-a-\p-`-hn-®-h-cpsS Nn{Xw ]´nWnac-W-߃ C°mcyw icn-h-bv°p-∂p-≠v. ]sØm-
ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ c≠mw-]-Ip-Xn-bn-ep-≠mb Ccp-]-Øn-\mev h≥£ma-
ß-fn¬ c≠p tImSn-tbmfw t]¿ acn-®p.

NqjWw Xncn-®-dn-bp∂p
{_n´o-jp-Im¿ \S-Ønb kmº-Øn-I-Nq-jWw C¥y-bnse hnhn[ hn`mKw
P\-߃°nS-bn¬ ISpØ {_n´ojvhncp≤ at\m-`mhw D≠m-°n-. Cu at\m-
`m-h-am-Wv ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠n¬ C¥y≥ tZio-b-X-bpsS cq]-s∏-S-en-
te°p \bn® {][m\ LS-Iw. PmXn-˛-a-X-˛-h¿K˛{]m-tZ-inI hyXym-k-ß-
fn-√msX Hcp cmPysØ P\-߃°n-S-bn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ sFIy t_m[-
amWv tZio-bX. Cßs\ hf¿∂p-h∂ tZio-b-X-bpsS Hcp kwL-SnXcq]-
am- b ncp∂p C¥y≥ \mj- W ¬ tIm¨{K- k v . 1885 Unkw- _ - d n¬
t_mws_bn¬ sh®mWv C¥y≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨{Kkv cq]o-I-cn-®Xv.
C¥y-bpsS hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ \ns∂-Ønb 72 {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ cq]o-I-c-W-
k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øp. 1885 apX¬ 1947 ¬ kzmX{¥yw e`n-°p-∂-Xp-
hsc C¥y-bnse {_n´ojv hncp≤ ka-c-߃°v t\Xr-Xz-]-c-amb ]¶p
ZmZm`mbv \hvt- dmPn hln-®Xv C¥y≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨{K-km-bn-cp-∂p.
{_n´ojv kmº-ØnINqj-WsØ°p-dn®pw AXns‚ ^e-ambn P\-߃
A\p-`-hn-°p∂ Zmcn-{Zy-sØ-°p-dn®pw tIm¨{K- ns‚ BZy-Ime t\Xm-°-
ƒ°p ]q¿Wt_m[yap≠m-bn-cp-∂p. {_n´-\nse hyh-km-bn-Iƒ°v D¬∏-
∂-߃ hn‰-gn-°m-\pw Akw-kvIrXhkvXp-°ƒ tiJ-cn-°m-\p-ap≈ CS-
ambn C¥ysb am‰m-\p≈ {ia-ßsf Ah¿ Xpd∂p ImWn-®p. D∏p-t]m-
ep≈ -AhiyhkvXp-°-fpsS \n¿am-Whpw hn]-W-\hpw k¿°m¿ \nb-{¥-
W-Øn-em-°n-bXv P\-Po-hnXw Zp -l-am-°n-sb∂v Ah¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®p.
C°m-cy-Øn¬ {][m-\- ]¶p hln-®Xv ZmZm-`mbv \hv-tdmPn Bbn-cp-∂p.
{_n´ojv Ime-L-´-Øn¬ C¥y≥ kºZvhyh-ÿ-bn-ep-≠mb XI¿®sb
At±lw Xs‚ ]T-\-ß-fn-eqsS shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn. IrXy-amb ÿnXnhnh-c-
°-W-°p-Iƒ tiJ-cn®v ]T\w \S-Ønb At±lw C¥y-bn¬\n∂v h¿jw-
tXmdpw h≥XpI {_n´-\n-te°v Hgp-Ip-∂p-s≠∂pw kº-Øns‚ Cu Hgp-

68
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv

{_n´ojv Nqj-Whpw sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏p-Ifpw kmaqlyimkv{Xw I X

°mWv C¥y-bnse Zmcn-{Zy-Øn-s‚bpw ]´n-Wn-bp-sSbpw Imc-W-sa∂pw hni-

Zo-I-cn®p. "tNm¿®m-kn-≤m¥w' F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Cu \nK-a-\-߃ At±lw
Xs‚ "t]mh¿´n B‚ v A¨{_n-´ojv dqƒ C≥ C¥y' (Poverty and UnBritish
Rule in India) F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn-¬ {]Xn-]mZn®p. C¥y≥ kºØv {_n´-
\n-te°v tNm¿∂Xv Fß-s\-bm-bn-cp∂p?
$ C¥y-bn¬\n∂p≈ Akw-kvIrXhkvXp-°-fpsS Ib-‰p-a-Xn.
$ C¥y- b nse {_n´ojv DtZym- K - ÿ ¿°v \¬Ip∂ iº- f hpw -
s]≥j\pw.
$ C¥y-bn¬ {_n´ojv D¬∏-∂-߃ hn‰-gn-°p-I-- hgn Ah¿°v e`n®
em`w. ctajvN{μ ZØv
$ C¥y-bn¬\n∂p ]ncn-s®-Sp-°p∂ \nIp-Xn.
{_n´ojv kmº-ØnI\b-߃ C¥ysb Fßs\ Zcn-{Z-am-°p-∂p-sh-∂Xv
kw_-‘n®v km[m-c-W-°m-c\v Ah-t_m-[-ap-≠m-°p-∂-Xn¬ ZmZm-`mbv
\hvtdmPn, ctajvN{μ ZØv, tKm]meIrjvW tKmJ-se XpS-ßnb BZy-
Ime t\Xm-°-∑m-cpsS ]¶v hne-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. X߃ A\p-`-hn-°p∂ Zmcn-
{Zyhpw Nqj-W-ßfpw {_n´o-jp-Im-cpsS krjvSn-bm-sW∂p≈ Xncn-®-dn-hv
P\-ßfn¬ {_n´ojv hncp≤ at\m-`mhw i‡-am°n. CØ-c-Øn¬ hf¿∂p-
h∂ C¥y≥ tZio-b-Xsb Nne Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ kmº-Øn-I-tZ-io-bX tKm]m-eI
- rjvW
tKmJse
F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p.

tNm¿®mkn≤m¥w kw_-‘n®v Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I.

kztZin{]ÿm\w- ˛ ]pXn-b-Xcw sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏p-Iƒ

kmº-ØnIt®m¿® XS-bm≥ {_n´ojv D¬∏-∂-߃ _ln-jvI-cn-°-W-
sa∂pw ]Icw C¥y≥ D¬∏-∂-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm≠v C¥y≥ hyh-
km-b-ßsf i‡n-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂pw BZy-Ime tZiobt\Xm-°-∑m¿
Blzm\w sNbvXp. 1905 ¬ {_n´o-jp-Im¿ _wKm-fns\ hn`-Pn- tZio-b-{]ÿm\Øns‚
®Xn-s\-Xnsc Bcw-`n® ka-c-Øns‚ {][m-\-coXn {_n´ojv \gvkdn
D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS _ln-jvI-c-Whpw Xt±-iobhkvXp-°-fpsS
C¥y≥ tZiob{]ÿm- \ - Ø ns‚
D]-tbm-Kambn-cp-∂p. hntZ-ih
- k
- vXp-°ƒ tiJcn®v ]c-ky-ambn BZy-Ime t\Xm-°-fn¬ `qcn-`m-Kw-
IØn-°pI F∂Xv Cu ka-c-Øns‚ {][m\ coXn-bm-bn-cp∂p. t]cpw _wKm-fn-If - mbncp∂p. AXn-
kztZin-hkvXp-°-fpsS D]-tbm-Khpw hntZihkvXp-°-fpsS \m¬ _wKm-fns\ C¥y≥ tZiob
_ln-jvI-c-Whpw C¥y≥ hyh-km-b-߃°p ]pXp-Po-h≥ {]ÿm- \ - Ø ns‚ \gv k dn F∂v
\¬In. \nc- h [n XpWnan√p- I ƒ, tkm∏v ^mIv S - d n- I ƒ, hnti-jn-∏n-®ncp-∂p. XpS¿∂v C¥y≥
Xos∏´n°º-\n-Iƒ, tZiob_m¶p-Iƒ, C≥jp-d≥kv Iº-\n- tZiob-{]ÿm-\sØ Zp¿_-es - ∏-Sp-
Iƒ F∂nh Bcw-`n-®p. _wKm-fnse _wKmfn sIan-°¬ Øm-\mbn 1905 ¬ Igvk¨ {]`p
tÃm¿, alm-cm-jv{S-bnse Sm‰m Ccp-ºp-cp°v Iº\n, Xan-gv\m- _wKm-fns\ hn`-Pn-®p.

69
Ãm≥tU¿Uv
X kmaqlyimkv {XwI I
kmaqlyimkv{Xw {_n´ojv Nqj-Whpw sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏p-Ifpw

´nse kztZin Ãow \mhn- t K- j ≥ Iº\n

I∏-tem-´nb Xan-g≥
F∂n-hbv°v XpS-°-an-´Xv kztZinka-c-Im-e-
Xangv\m´n¬ kztZin{]t£m-`Ø - n\v Øm-Wv. C¥y-bn-te-°p≈ {_n´ojv D¬∏∂-
t\XrXzw sImSpØ hn.-H. NnZw-_- ß-fpsS Cd-°p-a-Xn-bn¬ A°m-eØv henb
cw- ] n≈ XqØp°pSn Bÿm- \ - Ipd-hp-≠m-bn.
am°n 1906 ¬ kztZin Ãow \mhn- kv{XoIƒ, sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ, hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ
tK-j≥ Iº\n Bcw`n®p. AXn-\m¬ F∂n-h-cpsS ]¶m-fn-Ø-am-bn-cp∂p Cu ka-c-
At±-lsØ I∏-tem-´nb Xan-g≥ Øns‚ {][m\ khn-ti-jX. hntZ-i-h-kv{X-
F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p. {]mtZ-inI I®-hS- ° - m-cn¬ ߃ Ae- ° p- I - b n- s √∂v Ae- ° p- I mcpw
\n∂p ]ncn-s®-SpØ 6 e£w cq] apX¬ap-S° - n- hntZihkvXp-°ƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v ]qP \S-Øn-
bm-Wv Cu Iº\n XpS-ßn-bX - v.
s√∂v ]ptcm-ln-X-∑mcpw {]Xn-⁄-sb-Sp-Øp.
hntZ-iØv \n∂p≈ hf-Ifpw ]m{X-ßfpw
_ln-jvI-cn-®p-sIm≠v kv{XoIfpw kvIqfp-Iƒ _ln-jvI-cn-®p-sIm≠v
hnZym¿Yn-Ifpw ka-c-Øns‚ `mK-am-bn.
kztZ-in-{]-ÿm-\-tØmsS C¥y≥ tZiobX IqSp-X¬
i‡n-s∏-´p. BZy-Ime t\Xm-°-∑m-cn¬ \n∂pw `n∂-
ambn _me- K w- K m- [ - c - X n- e - I v ,
emem- e-Pv]Xv dmbv, _n]n≥N{μ-
]m¬ F∂n-h¿ {_n´ojv `cWw
Ah-km-\n-∏n-t°≠Xns‚ Bh-
iy-IX Du∂n-∏-d-™p. Ah¿
em¬-˛-]m¬-˛-_m¬ F∂-dn-b-s∏-
´p. ""sa®-s∏´ hntZ-i-`-c-W-sØ-
°mƒ \√Xv Xt±-io-b-cpsS sa®-
_me-Kw-Km-[c XneIv emem ePv]Xv dmbv _n]n≥ N{μ-]m¬ a- √ mØ `c- W - a mWv '' F∂
_meKwKm- [ c Xne- I ns‚
C¥y≥ Akz-ÿ-XbpsS ]n-Xmhv {]Jym- ] \w tZiob{]ÿm- \-Øn\v Bthiw
]I¿∂p.
{_n´ojv ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-I\pw Ncn-{X-Im-c\ - p-amb C¥y- b psS kºØv sIm≈- b - S n- ° p- I bpw
hme‚- b n≥ jntdmƒ _me- K w- K m- [ c Xne- C¥ysb Zmcn- { Zy- Ø n- t e°v X≈n- h n- S p- I bpw
Ins\°pdn-s®-gp-Xnb ]pkvX-I-amWv "C¥y≥ sNbvX {_n´ojv \b-߃s°-Xn-cmb {]Xn-tj-
Akz-ÿX - psS ]nXmhv' (Father of Indian Un-
- b
[-߃ Hcp kwL-Sn-X-cq]w {]m]n-®-sX-ß-s\-
rest). "kzmX{¥yw Fs‚ P∑m-h-Im-i-amWv,
sb∂v I≠-t√m. CØcw {]Xn-tj-[-ß-fmWv
Rm\Xv t\SpI Xs∂ sNøpw' F∂v {]Jym-
C¥y≥ tZio-b-X-bmbn ]cn-W-an-®-Xv. {_n´ojv
]n® Xne-Iv {_n´ojv `c-WØ- n\v \nc-¥cw Akz-
hncp≤ ka-c-ß-fnse aq¿®-tb-dnb Bbp-[-am-
ÿX krjvSn-®p. At±-lsØ P\-߃ "temI-
am\y' F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-®p. bn-cp∂p hntZihkvXp-°f - psS _ln-jvIc - W
- hpw
kztZ-in-\n¿anX hkvXp-°-fpsS D]-tbm-Khpw.
]n¬°m-eØv Km‘nPn Cu ka-csØ IqSp-X¬ i‡hpw P\-Io-b-hp-amb
H∂m°n am‰n.

70
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv

{_n´ojv Nqj-Whpw sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏p-Ifpw kmaqlyimkv{Xw I X

{_n´ojv Nqj-Whpw
sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏p-Ifpw
"{_n´o-jp-Im-cpsS kmº-ØnINqjWw C¥y≥ tZio-Xb - psS Bhn¿`m- F∂ hnj-b-Øn¬ Hcp
tªmKv Xbm-dm-°p-I.
h-Øn\v Imc-Wa- m-bs - X-ßs\?' Cu hnj-bØ
- n¬ skan-\m¿ kwL-
Sn-∏n-°pI.

{_n´ojv Nqj-Whpw sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏p-Ifpw

`q\n-IpXn XpWn-Øc BZy-Ime

hyh-ÿI- ƒ hyh-km-b-Øns‚ 1857 se Iem]w tZio-b-t\-Xm-°ƒ
XI¿® tNm¿®m kn≤m¥w

immizX-`q-\n-IpXn
hyhÿ {KmaoWhyh-km-b-ß-
fpsS XI¿® Imc-W-߃ kztZ-in-{]-ÿm\w
db´vhmcnhyhÿ

al¬hmcnhyhÿ

\oew Iem]w
hyh-kmbsØmgn-em-fn-
am∏nf Iem-]ß
- ƒ I-fpsS Zmcn{Zyw tZio-bX
- b
- psS hf¿®
k¥mƒ Iem]w
IpdnNy Iem]w

$ {_n´ojv \nIpXn\b-߃ I¿j-Isc Zmcn-{Zy-Øn-te°p \bn-®-sX-

ß-s\-sb∂v hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p.
$ {_n´ojv `q\n-IpXn\b-߃ Irjn-bpsS hmWn-Py-h¬°-c-W-Øn-
te°v \bn-®-sX-ß-s\sb∂v Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.
$ {_n´ojv \b-߃ tKm{X-P\ - X
- b
- psS Pohn-XØ
- n-ep-≠m-°nb {]Xym-
Lm-X-߃ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ Ic-Iu-iehyh-km-bß - f
- psS XI¿®-bpsS Imc-Wß - ƒ hni-Ie- \w
sNøp-∂p.
$ tNm¿®mkn≤m¥w hni-Ie - \w sNbvXv AXv C¥y-°m-cn¬ {_n´ojv
hncp≤ hnImcw hf¿Øn-b-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ kztZin{]ÿm-\-Øn-s‚ {]m[m\yw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.
$ 1857 se Iem-]-Øns‚ Imc-W-߃ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.
$ kztZin{]ÿm-\- ImesØ sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏p-Iƒ hni-I-e\w
sNøp∂p.

71
Ãm≥tU¿Uv
X kmaqlyimkv {XwI I
kmaqlyimkv{Xw {_n´ojv Nqj-Whpw sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏p-Ifpw

$ {_n´ojv Ime-L-´-Øn¬ C¥y≥ Im¿jn-I-cwKw XI-cm-\p≈ {][m-

\-Im-cWw \nIpXn\b-am-bn-cp-∂p. imizX`q\nIpXn k{º-Zm-b-
Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Cu {]kvXm-h\ ]cn-
tim-[n-°p-I.
$ tImfw "F' bnep-≈-h-bv°v tbmPn-°p-∂h tImfw "_n' bn¬ \n∂p
Is≠Øn Fgp-Xp-I.
F _n
$ k¥mƒ Iem]w $ ae-_m¿
$ am∏nfIem-]-߃ $ ZmZm-_mbv \h-vtdmPn
$ Ipdn-Ny-I-em]w $ cmPva-l¬ Ip∂p-Iƒ
$ tNm¿®mkn≤m¥w $ hb-\mSv
$ {_n´ojv Ime-L´- Ø - n¬ Irjn-bpsS hmWn-Py-h¬°-cW - Ø
- n-te°p
\bn® kml-Ncyw F¥m-bn-cp∂p?
$ \oew Iem-]-Øns‚ Imc-W-߃ hni-I-e\w sNøpI.
$ {_n´ojv Nqj- W - Ø n- s \- X n- c mb tKm{X- P - \ - X - b psS sNdp- Ø p-
\n¬∏mWv Ipdn-Ny-I-em-]w. IpdnNyP\-Xsb Iem-]-Øn-te°p
\bn® kml-Ncy߃ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.
$ C¥y-≥ XpWn-Øchyh-km-b-ß-fpsS XI¿®-bpsS Imc-W-߃
Fs¥m-s°-bm-bn-cp-∂p?
$ C¥y-bnse £ma-߃ {_n´ojv `c-W-Øns‚ krjvSn-bm-sW∂v
\n߃ Icp-Xp-∂pt≠m? F¥p-sIm≠v?
$ C¥y-bn-se km[m-c-W-°m-cn¬ tZio-b-t_m[w {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬
ZmZm-`mbv \h-vtdm-Pn-bpsS tNm¿®mkn≤m¥w hln® ]¶p hne-bn-
cp-ØpI.
$ 1857 se Iem-]-Øns‚ hnhn[ Imc-W-߃ hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.
$ C¥y-bn¬ \n∂pw {_n´-\n-te-°p≈ kº-Øns‚ tNm¿®bpsS
hnhn[ t{kmX- p-Iƒ GsXm-s°-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
$ kztZ-i-nk-acw Hcp _lp-P-\-k-a-c-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v \n߃ Icp-
Xp-∂pt≠m? F¥p-sIm≠v?

$ C¥y-bpsS hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ \S∂ I¿jI, tKm{X Iem-]-ß-

fpsS hm¿Ø- I fpw Nn{X- ß fpw tiJ- c n®v Hcp hm¿Øm- N n{X
B¬_w Xbm-dm-°p-I.
$ 1857 se H∂mw C¥y≥ kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-tI-{μ-ßsfbpw t\XrXzw
\¬In-b-h-scbpw Dƒs∏-SpØn Hcp ]Xn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I.

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