Climate

Under the K�ppen climate classification system, Surabaya features a tropical wet
and dry climate (Aw), with distinct wet and dry seasons. The city's wet season runs
from November through June, while the dry season covers the remaining five months.
Unlike a number of cities and regions with a tropical wet and dry climate, average
high and low temperatures are very consistent throughout the course of the year,
with an average high temperature of around 31�C and average low temperatures around
26�C.

Climate data for Surabaya

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high �C (�F) 31.8
(89.2) 31.5
(88.7) 31.6
(88.9) 31.4
(88.5) 31.6
(88.9) 31.2
(88.2) 31.3
(88.3) 30.1
(86.2) 32.7
(90.9) 33.4
(92.1) 33.1
(91.6) 31.9
(89.4) 31.8
(89.2)
Average low �C (�F) 24.1
(75.4) 24.2
(75.6) 24.0
(75.2) 24.8
(76.6) 24.1
(75.4) 23.5
(74.3) 23.0
(73.4) 22.5
(72.5) 22.9
(73.2) 23.7
(74.7) 24.1
(75.4) 23.8
(74.8) 23.7
(74.7)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 327
(12.87) 275
(10.83) 283
(11.14) 181
(7.13) 159
(6.26) 101
(3.98) 22
(0.87) 15
(0.59) 17
(0.67) 47
(1.85) 105
(4.13) 219
(8.62) 1,751
(68.94)
Average rainy days 17 18 19 15 13 11 7 3 4 5
12 23 147
Source: World Meteorological Organization[20]
Wind Speed and Humidity data for Surabaya
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Maximum Wind Speed (km/h) 23 16 16 26 27 29 40 34 34
 35 29 21 27.5
Average Wind Speed (km/h) 13.39 12.10 13.30 14.37 20.26 16.87 22.71 22.16 22.8
22.35 18.6 13.55 17.71
Minimum Wind Speed (km/h) 8 10 10 10 3 5 11 11 14
10 11 10 9.42
Maximum Humidity (%) 86 75 83 92 96 77 67 69 64 73
65 79 77.17
Average Humidity (%) 66.61 69.1 66.3 67.23 64.87 60.27 60.84 57.87 54.53 56.06
56.13 63.03 61.9
Minimum Humidity (%) 44 60 59 58 53 47 52 47 46 42
46 53 50.58
Source:[2][permanent dead link]
Government
The city has its own local government and legislative body. The mayor and members
of representatives are locally elected by popular vote for a five-year term. The
city government enjoys greater decentralization of affairs than the provincial
body, such as the provision of public schools, public health facilities, and public
transportation. Current mayor of the city is Tri Rismaharini, who is the first
female mayor in Surabaya, and has led Surabaya to achieve multiple regional,
national and international awards since her first term as Surabaya Mayor in 2010.
In 2012 Surabaya was awarded the �ASEAN Environmentally Sustainable City Award�.
Besides Mayor and Deputy Mayor, there is Surabaya Municipal People's Representative
Council, which is a legislative body of 50 council members directly elected by the
people in legislative elections every five years.

Surabaya is divided into 31 kecamatan (districts),[21][22] and 161 urban villages.

The districts are grouped into five areas: Central, North, South, East, and West.
The districts are:

Karang Pilang (72,469)

Jambangan (46,430)
Gayungan (42,717)
Wonocolo (80,276)
Tenggilis Mejoyo (72,467)
Gunung Anyar (62,120)
Rungkut (121,084)
Sukolilo (119,873)
Mulyorejo (94,728)
Gubeng (128,127)
Wonokromo (133,211)
Dukuh Pakis (64,249)
Wiyung (67,987)
Lakarsantri (51,195)
Sambikerep (61,101)
Tandes (103,084)
Sukomanunggal (100,612)
Sawahan (170,605)
Tegalsari (85,606)
Genteng (46,548)
Tambaksari (204,805)
Kenjeran (163,438)
Bulak, Surabya (37,214)
Simokerto (79,319)
Semampir (151,429)
Pabean Cantian (69,423)
Bubutan (84,465)
Krembangan (106,664)
Asemrowo (42,704)
Benowo, Surabya (54,133)
Pakal, Surabaya (47,404)
Demographics
Surabaya is the second-most populous city in Indonesia, with 3,457,409 recorded in
the chartered city limits (kota) in the 2015 census.[23] With the extended
metropolitan development area called Gerbangkertosusila (derived from Gresik-
Bangkalan-Mojokerto-Surabaya-Sidoarjo-Lamongan) adding more than 12 million
inhabitants in several cities and around 50 districts spread over noncontiguous
urban areas including Gresik, Sidoarjo, Mojokerto, and Pasuruan regencies. Though
central government of Indonesia recognizes only the metropolitan area (Surabaya,
Gresik, and Sidarjo) as Greater Surabaya (Zona Surabaya Raya) with a population of
8,319,229 (2015), making Surabaya now the second-largest metropolitan area in
Indonesia. The city is highly urbanized, with industries centralized in the city,
and contains slums. As the main education center, the city is also home for
students from around Indonesia.

Surabaya is an old city that has expanded over time, and its population continues
to grow at roughly 2.2% per year. In recent years, more people have moved to
Surabaya from nearby suburbs and villages in East Java.

Ethnicity

Kya-Kya or Kembang Jepun, the city's Chinatown

Ethnic Javanese people are the majority in Surabaya, with Chinese Indonesians,
Indian Indonesians, and ethnic Madurese being significant minorities in the city.
Surabaya also has ethnic populations from other parts of Indonesia: Sundanese,
Minang, Batak, Banjar, Balinese, and Bugis.

Language
Most citizens speak a dialect of Indonesian/Javanese called Suroboyoan, a
subdialect of the Arekan dialect. A stereotype of this dialect concerns equality
and directness in speech. The use of register is less strict than the Central Java
dialect. The Suroboyoan dialect is a mixture of both Bahasa Indonesia and Javanese,
also with some significant influence from foreign languages such as Madurese, etc.,
which has formed a special dialect known as Suroboyoan. The Suroboyoan dialect is
actively promoted in local media, such as in local TV shows, radio, newspapers, and
traditional dramas called Ludruk.

Religion

Al-Akbar National Mosque

Although around 65% of citizens in Surabaya adhere to Sunni Islam, other major
religions include Christianity (Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, and Orthodox), of
whom the majority are Roman Catholics. The influence of Hinduism is strong in basic
Surabayan culture, but only a minority of the population adheres to Hinduism mostly
among the ethnic Indian minority. Also, a significant population of Chinese
Indonesians adhere to Buddhism and Confucianism, and a small community of Dutch
Jews follow Judaism.

The city had an influential role as a major Islamic center in Java during the Wali
Sanga era. The prominent and honored Islamic figure in Surabaya was Sunan Ampel
(Raden Rahmat). His tomb is a sacred religious site in the city and is visited by
Surabayans and pilgrims from different parts of Indonesia. The largest Muslim
organization in Indonesia, Nahdlatul Ulama, was established in Surabaya on 26
January 1926. Al-Akbar Mosque is the largest mosque in Surabaya.

Tian Ti Pagoda
Christianity as a whole in Surabaya is mainly practised by Chinese Indonesians, as
well as native Javanese, Bataks, and Ambonese who attend either a Roman Catholic or
Protestant church. A minority of Javanese practice at the Gereja Kejawen, a branch
of native Christianity. Around 15 churches are in Surabaya; they vary in size.
Gereja Katolik Kelahiran Santa Perawan Maria (The Church of The Nativity of Blessed
Virgin Mary), also known as Gereja Kepanjen, was built in 1815 as the first church
in Surabaya and is one of the oldest churches in Indonesia. The main Orthodox
Church in Indonesia, St Nikolas Church, is also based in Surabaya. The Orthodox
Christian Center Surabaya was opened on 15 October 2008.[24]

Once the major religion in Surabaya and across the archipelago during the Majapahit
era, Hinduism played a major role on traditional Surabayan culture. Small Hindu
communities still exist, most commonly in the eastern sections of the city.
Surabaya was the location of the only synagogue in Java, but it rarely obtained a
minyan (quorum). The synagogue was demolished in 2013 by unidentified persons while
the city council was in the process of registering it as a heritage site.[25] In
the years prior to its demolition, it had been the site of a number of anti-Israel
protests.[26] A Jewish cemetery exists in the city.[27][28]

Economy
Since the early 1900s, Surabaya has been one of the most important and busiest
trading city ports in Asia. Principal exports from the port include sugar, tobacco,
and coffee. Its rich history as a trading port has led to a strong financial
infrastructure with modern economic institutions such as banks, insurance, and
sound export-import companies. The economy is influenced by the recent growth in
foreign industries and the completion of the Suramadu Bridge. The high potential
and economic activities make the city an attractive destination to foreign
investors. The city is home to a large shipyard and numerous specialized naval
schools.

Business
As the provincial capital, Surabaya has a number of offices and business centers;
as a metropolitan city, it became the center of economic, financial, and business
activities in East Java and beyond. Also, Surabaya is the second-largest port city
in Indonesia after Jakarta. As a trading center, Surabaya is not only a trade
center for East Java, but also facilitates areas in Central Java, Kalimantan, and
Eastern Indonesia. Surabaya's strategic location in almost in the center of
Indonesia and just south of Asia makes it one of the important hubs for trading
activities in Southeast Asia. It is currently in the process of building high-rise
skyscrapers, including apartments, condominiums, and hotels, to attract foreign
capital. Surabaya and the surrounding area are undergoing the most rapidly growing
and the most advanced economic developmentin Indonesia. The city is also one of the
most important cities in supporting Indonesia's economy.

Most of the population is engaged in services, industry, and trade. Surabaya is a

fast growing trading center. Major industries include shipbuilding, heavy
equipment, food processing and agriculture, electronics, home furnishings, and
handicrafts. Many major multinational companies are based in Surabaya, such as PT
Sampoerna Tbk, Maspion, Wing's Group, Unilever Indonesia, Pakuwon Group, Jawa Pos
Group, and PT PAL Indonesia.

Business districts
The area between Jalan Basuki Rachmat, Jalan Embong Malang, and Jalan Bubutan has
grown as a business center and has turned into one of the main business and trade
activities areas in Surabaya. Some of the important buildings in this area include
Wisma BRI Surabaya, Hotel Bumi Surabaya, Wisma Dharmala Surabaya, The Peak
Residence, Sheraton Hotel, etc.

Another cluster around Jalan Mayjend Sungkono, Jalan Adityawarman, Jalan HR

Muhammad, and Jalan Bukit Darmo has grown as a new business center of the city.
This area has now grown as one of the most rapidly growing commercial and business
centers in East Java, with high-rise buildings. Some of the tallest buildings in
Surabaya located in this area, such as Adhiwangsa Apartment, Waterplace Residence,
Puri Matahari, Beverly Park Apartment, The Via & The Vue Apartment, Ciputra World
Hotel, Puncak Permai Apartment, Rich Palace Hotel, and so forth.

Retail
Surabaya has plenty of shopping centers like other major cities of Indonesia,
ranging from traditional markets to most modern shopping malls. Outlets of local
and international brands have presence in modern shopping malls. There were about
100 hectares/one million square meters of retail space in Surabaya by the end of
2016.[29] There are many dedicated markets for electronic goods, gadgets and
computer hardware.

Plaza Tunjungan
Some important shopping malls of the city are:

BG Junction
Ciputra World Surabaya
City of Tomorrow
East Coast Center and Food Festival
Galaxy Mall
Grand City
HI-Tech Mall
ITC Surabaya
Jembatan Merah Plaza
Lenmarc
Marvell City
Pakuwon Trade Center
Pakuwon Mall
Pasar Atom Mall
Tunjungan Plaza
Surabaya Town Square
World Trade Center Surabaya.
Infrastructure
Architecture
See also: List of tallest buildings in Surabaya

Cheng Hoo (Zheng He) Mosque, Surabaya

Majapahit Hotel building is a cultural heritage of Surabaya

Architecture in Surabaya is a mixture of colonial, Asian, Javanese, modern, and
post-modern influences. There are still many colonial era relics still standing
today, such as Hotel Majapahit and Surabaya Post Office. As a relatively old city
in Indonesia and Southeast Asia, most colonial buildings in Surabaya were built
around the 17th century to early 20th century. These buildings have influence of
Dutch / European style in the Middle Ages. Before the Second World War, there were
many shop houses in the old part of the city, mostly of two storey. These shop
houses have influence of European and Chinese traditions. Although some have been
dismantled for new construction, there are still many old buildings that are
preserved as cultural heritage and city icons, which are around the area of Kembang
Jepun Street, Karet Street, Gula Street, Slompretan Street, and Rajawali Street.

After independence of Indonesia, the center of Surabaya's architectural development

was concentrated only in the area of Jembatan Merah, and its surroundings. In the
late 1990s and early 2000s, modern and post-modern style buildings were
increasingly emerging in Surabaya. Along with the economic development, such
buildings continue to grow in Surabaya until now. In the era of 2010s, Surabaya has
become a region for high-rise buildings in East Java, such as The Peak Residence
and One Icon Residence (200 meters).