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Column Base Plates Prof Thomas Murray PDF
Column Base Plates Prof Thomas Murray PDF
- DESIGN TO ERECTION –
Tom Murray
Emeritus Professor
Virginia Tech
Blacksburg, VA
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Column Base Plates
2
Types of Column Base Plates
Base Plates with Small Moments Base Plates with Large Moments
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AISC Design Guide 1
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AISC Specification
PERTINENT SECTIONS AND TABLES
Chapter J Design of Connections
Table J3.2 Nominal Strength of
Fasteners and Threaded Parts
J8. Column Basses and Bearing on
Concrete
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Types of Column Base Plates
TOPICS
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Base Plate and Anchor Rod
Materials and Details
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Base Plate Material, Fabrication and Finishing
Base Plate Material
• Typical A36
• 1/8” (3mm) increments to 1-1/4 in (32 mm) then ½ in. (6 mm)
• Minimum thickness ½ in. (13 mm), typical ¾ in. (20 mm)
Fabrication and Finishing
• Plate is thermally cut
• Holes drilled or thermally cut
• Specification Section M2.2 has requirements for thermal cutting
• Finishing: Specification Section M2.8
< 2 in. (50 mm) milling not generally required
2 – 4 in.(50 – 100 mm) straightened by pressing or milling
> 4 in. (100 mm) milling required
Only mill where column bears
• Bottom surface with grout need not be milled
• Top surface not milled if complete-joint-penetration (CJP) welds
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Base Plate Material, Fabrication and Finishing
Base Plate Welding
• Fillet welds preferred up to ¾ in. (20 mm) then groove welds
• Avoid all around symbol
• Weld for wide-flange columns subject to axial compression
Weld on one side of column flanges
to avoid rotating the section:
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Anchor Rod Materials and Details
Anchor Rod Holes and Washers
• Oversize holes required because of placement tolerances.
• Recommended hole and washer sizes are in Design Guide 1
(Table 2-3) and AISC 14th Ed. Manual (Table 14-2).
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Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSEA)
OSEA Safety Standards for Steel Erection (2008)
• Minimum of four anchor rods.
• Base plate to resist eccentric gravity load of 300 lb (1,300 N) 18
in. (450 mm) from extrem outer face of column in each direction.
• 300 lb (1,300) represents weight of iron worker with tools.
• Exception: Post-type columns weighing less than 300 lb.
18 in.
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Column Base Plates
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
• Base Plate Bending Strength
• Concrete Crushing
• Concrete Anchorage for Tension Forces
• Shear Resistance
• Anchor Rod Tension Design
• Anchor Rod Shear Design
• Anchor Rod Embedment
• Constructability
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Base Plates for
Axial Compression
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Design for Axial Compression
Column Base Plate Design Limit States
• Base Plate Bending
• Concrete Crushing
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Design for Axial Compression
Column Base Plate Bending
2 f pu ( m ' 2 )
Substituting: t p , min =
0 .9 F y
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Design for Axial Compression
Column Base Plate Bending
• Lightly Loaded Base Plate
• Required concrete bearing area is less than bfdc.
bf
Bearing Area
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Design for Axial Compression
Column Base Plate Bending
• Lightly Loaded Base Plate
2 X
λ = ≤ 1 .0
1+ 1-X
1
n′ = db f
4 2f pu l 2
4db f Pu t p ,min =
X= 0.9Fy
(d + b )2 φPp
f
Reference: Thornton, W.A., Design of Base Plates for Wide Flange
Columns – A Concatenation of Methods, AISC Engineering Journal,
21
Fourth Quarter, 1990.
Design for Axial Compression
HSS Sections
• Bend lines.
0.95h
0.95d 0.80d
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Design for Axial Compression
Concrete Crushing
Specification Section J8. Column Bases and Bearing on Concrete
φc = 0.65
(a) On the full area of a concrete support
Pp = 0.85fc′A1 (J8-1)
(b) On less than the full area of a concrete support
(J8-2)
where Pp = 0.85fc′ A1 A 2 / A1 ≤ 1.7fc′ A1
fc’ = specified compressive strength of concrete, ksi (Mpa)
A1 = area of steel bearing on concrete, in.2
A2 = area of the portion of the supporting surface that is
geometrically similar to and concentric with the
loaded area, in.2
18”
24”
o o
18”
24”
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Design for Axial Compression -- Example
Concrete Crushing
A1 = 18 x 18 = 324 in2 (Plan area of base plate)
A2 = (24)(24) = 576 in2 (Plan area of concrete pedestal)
A2/A1 = 576/324 = 1.78 < 4
A2
φPp = φ 0.85 f c′ A 1 o o
A1
18”
24”
= 0.65 (0.85 × 3.0 ) (324 ) 1.78
o o
= 716 k > 250 k OK
18”
24”
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Design for Axial Compression -- Example
Plate Bending
n = 5.82 in. m = 4.38 in.
7.96”
n ′ = (1 / 4 ) db f
= (1 / 4 ) 9 .73 x 7 .96 4.38”
= 2 .20 in .
9.73” 9.24” 18”
4db f Pu
X= 4.38”
(d + b ) φPp
2
f
4x9.73x7.96 250
= 5.82 6.37 5.82
2 716
= 0.333
(9.73 + 7.96 ) 18”
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Design for Axial Compression -- Example
Plate Bending
n = 5.82 in. m = 4.38 in.
7.96”
n ′ = (1 / 4 ) db f
= (1 / 4 ) 9 .73 x 7 .96 4.38”
= 2 .20 in .
9.73” 9.24” 18”
4db f Pu
X= 4.38”
(d + b ) φPp
2
f
4x9.73x7.96 250
= 5.82 6.37 5.82
2 716
= 0.333
(9.73 + 7.96 ) 18”
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Design for Axial Compression -- Example
Plate Bending
2 X 2 0 . 333
λ = =
1+ 1-X 1 + 1 - 0 . 333 7.96”
= 0 . 635 ≤ 1 . 0
λ n ' = 0 . 635 x 2 . 20 = 1 . 40 in . 4.38”
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Design for Axial Compression -- Example
Plate Bending
4.38”
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Design for Axial Compression
Variation of φPn with Base Plate Thickness with Increasing Axial Force
φPn
m or n
c
c BN = bfd
Required tp
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Design for Axial Compression
Was the base plate too strong?
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Base Plates for
Axial Tension
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Design for Tensile (Uplift) Forces
Connection Limit States
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Design for Tensile (Uplift) Forces
Anchor Rod Tensile Strength
• Tensile Strength
φTn = φ FntAb
where φ = 0.75
Fnt = 0.75Fu
Fu = specified minimum tensile strength of anchor rod
= 58 ksi (300 MPa) for Gr 36
= 75 ksi (400 MPa) for Gr 55
= 125 ksi (650 MPa) for Gr 125
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Design for Tensile (Uplift) Forces
Ex. Determine the design strength,φTn, for the limit state
of anchor rod tension rupture. 4 - ¾ in. (20 mm)
diameter, Grade 36 anchor rods
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Design for Tensile (Uplift) Forces
Concrete Pullout Strength
• Provisions in ACI 318-08, Section D5.3
• Design pullout strength of headed anchor
rod or anchor rod with nut:
φNp = φ ψ4Abrg8f’c
where φ = 0.70
ψ4 = 1.4 for no cracking, 1.0 if cracking exists
Abrg = net bearing area of the anchor rod head or nut, in2
f’c = specified compression strength of concrete, psi
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Design for Tensile (Uplift) Forces
Concrete Pullout Strength
• AISC Design Guide 1 Table for Strengths with Heavy Hex Nuts
g2
g1
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Design for Tensile (Uplift) Forces
Base Plate Bending Strength
• Other possible bend lines.
Critical
Section
Critical bf + 1 in.
Section
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Design for Axial Compression and Moment
Connection Limit States
• Concrete Crushing
• Anchor Rod Tensile Strength
O
• Concrete Pull-out Strength
• Concrete Anchorage Tensile Strength
• Base Plate Bending Strength
Cases
• T = 0 (Relatively small moment)
• T > 0 (Relatively large moment)
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Design for Axial Compression and Moment
Limit for T = 0
∑Fy = 0 with T=0 Base Plate is B by N in plan.
Pr = qY = fpBY
∑Mo = 0
Pre = qY2/2 – PrN/2
Then
e = N/2 – Y/2 of if fp < fp,max
with
fp ,max = 0.65x0.85fc′ A 2 / A1 ≤ 0.65x 1.7fc′
then
ecrit = N/2 –Pr/(2Bfp,max)
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Design for Axial Compression and Moment
Ex. 1. Determine required plate thickness and anchor rod diameter.
Given: Pu = 376 kips Mu = 940 in-kips W12x96 A992
N = 19 in. B = 19 in. A2/A1 = 1 < 4 bf = 12.2 in. d = 12.7 in.
fc’ = 4.0 ksi Fy = 36 ksi f = 8 in.
Solution:
fp ,max = 0.65x0.85fc′ A 2 / A1
= 0.65x0.85x4.0 1.0 = 2.21 ksi
2f pu n 2 2 x1.41x 4.62 2
tp = = = 1.36 in .
0.9Fy 0.9 x 36
Use PL 1½ x 19 x 1ft 7 in. A36
4 – ¾ in. Anchor Rods x 12 in. F1554 Gr 36
w/ heavy hex nuts at bottom. 46
Design for Axial Compression and Moment
Ex. 2. Determine required plate thickness and anchor rod diameter.
Given: Pu = 376 kips Mu = 2500 in-kips W12x96 A992
N = 19 in. B = 19 in. A2/A1 = 1 < 4 bf = 12.2 in. d = 12.7 in.
fc’ = 4.0 ksi Fy = 36 ksi f = 8 in.
Solution:
fp ,max = 0.65x0.85fc′ A 2 / A1
= 0.65x0.85x4.0 1.0 = 2.21 ksi
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Design for Axial Compression and Moment
Ex. 2. Determine required plate thickness and anchor rod diameter.
Given: Pu = 376 kips Mu = 2500 in-kips W12x96 A992
N = 19 in. B = 19 in. A2/A1 = 1 < 4 bf = 12.2 in. d = 12.7 in.
fc’ = 4.0 ksi Fy = 36 ksi f = 8 in.
Solution Continued:
2f pu m 2 2 x1.82 x 4.62 2
tp = = = 1.54 in .
0.9Fy 0.9 x 36
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Design for Axial Compression and Moment
Ex. 2. Determine required plate thickness and anchor rod diameter.
Given: Pu = 376 kips Mu = 2500 in-kips W12x96 A992
N = 19 in. B = 19 in. A2/A1 = 1 < 4 bf = 12.2 in. d = 12.7 in.
fc’ = 4.0 ksi Fy = 36 ksi f = 8 in.
Solution Continued:
T = fp,max BY – Pu
= 2.21x19.0x10.9 – 376 = 80.4 kips
Try 2 – Anchor Rods each Side
Required plate thickness:
X = f – 0.95d/2 = 8.0 -0.95x12.7/2
= 1.96 in.
x
w = bf + 1.0 = 12.2 + 1.0 = 13.0 in. f
4T x 4 x 80 .4 x1.96
t p ,min = = = 1.22 in .
0.9Fy w 0.9 x 36 x13 .0
Use PL 1½ x 19 x 1ft 7 in. A36 50
Design for Axial Compression and Moment
Ex. 2. Determine required plate thickness and anchor rod diameter.
Given: Pu = 376 kips Mu = 2500 in-kips W12x96 A992
N = 19 in. B = 19 in. A2/A1 = 1 < 4 bf = 12.2 in. d = 12.7 in.
fc’ = 4.0 ksi Fy = 36 ksi f = 8 in.
Solution Continued:
Trod = 80.4/2 = 40.2 kips per anchor rod
Try 1 -1/4 in. diameter
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Shear Anchorage
of Base Plates
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Shear Anchorage of Base Plates
Transferring Shear Forces (ACI 318-08 and ACI 349-06)
• Friction between base plate and grout or concrete surface.
φVn = φμPu < φ0.2fc’Ac or φ800Ac
where φ = 0.75
μ = coefficient of friction = 0.4
Pu = factored compressive axial force
Ac = plan area of base plate, BN
• Bearing of the column and base plate and/or shear lug against
concrete.
φPu,brg = 0.55fc’Abrg
where Abrg = vertical bearing area
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Shear Anchorage of Base Plates
Transferring Shear Forces (ACI 318-08 and ACI 349-06)
• Shear strength of the anchor rods.
Not recommended because of oversize holes in base plate.
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Column Erection
Procedures
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Column Erection Procedures
Anchor rods are positioned and placed in the concrete before it
cures. Plastic caps are placed over the anchor bolts to protect
laborers.
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Column Erection Procedures
Concrete block-outs may be made so that the base plate and
anchor bolts are recessed below floor level for safety and
aesthetics.
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Column Erection Procedures
Slotted holes are allow for difference in standard field tolerances
between concrete and steel.
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Column Erection Procedures
The column is leveled by adjusting the anchor bolt nuts below the
plate. Grout will be placed under and around the base plate to
transfer axial forces to the concrete below.
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Column Erection Procedures
Grout will be placed under and around the base plate to transfer
axial forces to the concrete below. At least it should be.
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Result of Poor
Anchor Rod Placement
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Anchor Rod Placement
Anchor rods in the wrong location.
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Anchor Rod Placement
Anchor rods in the wrong location.
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Anchor Rod Placement
Anchor rods in the wrong location.
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Anchor Rod Placement
Anchor rods too short.
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Anchor Rod Placement
Anchor rods too long.
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Anchor Rod Placement
Shop rework fo column and base plate.
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Anchor Rod Placement
Anchor rods
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Poor Anchor Rod Placement
Anchor bolts run over by a crane.
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Poor Anchor Rod Placement
Anchor bolts run over by something.
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Our next IMCA Manual, due to come out shortly, will state in the Code
of Standard Practice, that in addition to the requirement that the
contractor responsible for placing the anchors in site, present a drawing
showing the as-placed location of the anchors, that the supplier of the
structure provide the necessary templates for this purpose. They are to be
so designed as to insure the correct position, both vertically (including
the length of the anchor extending above the concrete surface) and
horizontally, show the location of the building axis relative to the anchor
group and leave permanent marks of the axis in the concrete surface. The
price of the templates is recommended to be the average price of the steel
structure. (We save so much on the cost of erection that we would be glad to
give the templates away free, but don't tell my clients.)
We have been using this method over the past 5 years in all
of our jobs. We are delighted in not having had a single problem in placing
the columns, the structures are all self-plumbing, the bolts all easily
inserted and the time for erection greatly shortened. On a job we are now
doing, from the date our bid was accepted, it took 7 weeks to design,
fabricate, erect the steel structure and install 20,000 sq. ft. of decking,
with shear anchors hand welded, for a three story school building, working
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one 11 hr shift both at the shop and the site. A second similar 30,000
sq. ft. building will be finished this week, 8 weeks after the first one.
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