Technology & TrainingTraining to Reduce Unscheduled Events Training to Reduce Unscheduled Events was compiled by the Amoco EPTG Drilling Technology Teams © 1994, 1995, 1996 Amoco Production Company Third EditionThe materials were prepared by Amoco Production Company. Neither Amoco Production Company, employees of Amoco Production Company, nor any person acting on behaif of either: a. Makes any warranty or representation, express or implied with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information, contained in these materials, or that the use of any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report may not infringe third party rights: or b. Assumes any liability with respect to the use of, or for any and all damages resulting from the use of, any information, apparatus, method, or process in these materials.TABLE OF CONTENTS Te si Se + TEAM BUILDING PRINCIPLES i BASIC GEOLOGY .. + CASING PROGRAM DRILLING FLUIDS... sccssnnensnnen |__¢ HYDRAULICS PLANNING... sins PLANNING | HOLE PACK-OFF / BRIDGE ..... DIFFERENTIAL STICKING WELLBORE GEOMETRY |_#_ STUCK PIPE FREEING wsnnnninnnn LOST CIRCULATION MECHANISMS .. SEEPAGE LOSS SOLUTIONS .. PARTIAL LOSS SOLUTIONS TOTAL LOSS SOLUTIONS i PILL SPOTTING GUIDELINES + IMPACT OF UNSCHEDULED RIG REPAIR .. *_ INTERGRATING PMP WITH WELL PLAN |___+ _ DRILLING SYSTEM EMERGENCY PROCEDURES: «TOOL FAILURE CAUSES .. + FACTORS INFLUENCING TOOL SELECTION scence + RIG-SITE TOOL SELECTION / INSPECTION CHECK LIST... 72 Oo ap DRL STRING FAILURE DRILL PIPE FAILURE PREVENTION PLANNING ... © DRILL PIPE TUBE FATIGUE FAILURE ... i * BHA CONNECTION FATIGUE FAILURE 7 + BHA CONNECTION STRESS RELIEF /BSR........ oes 7B © DRILL CREWFIVE SECOND CHECKS oc ccccecnnnne 78 ¢ DRILL STRING CARE / HANDLING PRACTICES .. 80) eesTABLE OF CONTENTS BASIC JAR OPERATIONS. e PUMP OPEN FORCE scraetaniorapayarcas | COCKING / TRIPPING THE JAR ...... 83 DRILLING ACCELERATOR .... 86 JAR RULES / PLACEMENT GUIDELINES . PRIMARY WELL CONTROL SWAB / SURGE PRESSURE .. . 92 SECONDARY WELL CONTROL 95, KICK DETECTION TEAM .. 97 TERTIARY WELL CONTROL —- at OBI KICK DETECTION / GAS BEHAVIOR 18 WELL CONTROL KILL SHEET 47 WELL CONTROL REPORT FORN ... (CEMENTING CONSIDERATIONS . STANDARD EQUIPMENT. 2 EQUIPMENT / WELLBORE PREPARATIONS ... soe 122 CASING PRE JOB CHECKLIST .....o.ccscscsnsnsnseinininnnne 125) RUNNING CASING GUIDELINES .. . 126 CEMENTING PRE JOB CHECKLIST «0... sacacnass FBP * TROUBLE SHOOTING CEMENTING PROBLEMS 000.0. 130 | WHY DRILL HORIZONTAL WELLS. 131 HORIZONTAL WELL PROFILES... 132 HORIZONTAL DRILLING BHA 133 HORIZONTAL WELL PLANNING .. 194 HORIZONTAL WELL CONTROL KILL SHEET woscccncninnnn 186 | DRILLER HANDOVER NOTES SHAKER HANDOVER NOTES .... TIGHT HOLE / STUCK PIPE REPORT FORM. LOST CIRCULATION REPORT FORM .... EQUIPMENT SELECTION / INSPECTION FORM. DOWN HOLE TOOL FAILURE REPORT FORM DRILL STRING FAILURE REPORT FORM ..TEAM BUILDING PRINCIPLES f WHAT ARE TEAMS '* Two er more people working together © Work teams have a commen goal + Tem members develop “earned trust’ through accountabilty © Teams are soit motivated © Teams are performance motivated MULTIFUNCTIONAL, "TEAMS REQUIRE A MIXTURE OF SKILLS © Technical expertise © Functional experience © Problem solving capabitty © Decision making skits © Interpersonal skis = PROBLE! HOW DO TEAMS SOLVE PROBLEMS: © Denne me proviem | © Identify primary couse(s) © Develop alternative soluten(s) © Implement action pian. © _Evauate ine ettacivaness of the plan WORKING STYLES COMMAND Decision is mace by leader © CONSULTATIVE Decision is mace by leader wih team inout | * CONSENSUS Decision is made as a team © DELEGATION Decision is delegated down the chain of command WHAT TEAMS DO © IMPROVE WORK QUALITY - More exporise/shils are avaiable | © FLEXIBLE -Respond quickly to change: © CREATIVE - Continously improve work processes © DEVELOP AND IMPLEMENT ACTION PLANS - Better communications * REDUCE PROJECT COST Page 1WELL PLAN BASIC GEOLOGY ‘The study ofthe earth's composition structure and history [An extonsive deprescion inthe earth's eurtace [An estimated 90% cf ie worlds ariings oceurs in offshore and inland bate A laterally contirucus sequence of sediments thats recognizably distinct ‘and mappable Land mass elevated above sea level is weathered and broken down to small ragments Castes) Mecharicaly by water, wind and temperature CCherically by soluble mineras dissolving int the watar Rock fragments (sand, sit, clay) and dissoved chemical compounds (silcates, calcite, iron, etc) are transpored to the basin by gravity, flowing water ard wind The fragments aro ewopt ito the basin where they cattle to the fcer of the basin and form water saturated bede of sand ang cy ‘The walt cf earn successwve secimert layer (overburden) compacts the sediments below Compaction squeezes tne water out cf te secmenis and ‘ack tothe sea, ‘As the wator ie squoozod out the disolvad chemical compounds loft behing| the frogmonts togetho to forn sedimentary rock _GULF OF MEXICO. PERMIAN BASIN TRINIDAD. ‘Sale, sandstene, imestoneicclorte generaly ake up aboLt 99% of sedentary reek, al othorrooks total eniy 3. 1%WELL PLAN BASIC GEOLOGY 4 miccon (rm) Rocks formed rom an accumulation of con wae flay mineral and eit 220 pares ‘SHALE Less than Amerons Less than Rocks formad trom an accumiation of Amirone clay minerals and eateta (calcium carbonate) Aen mirers. Rocks formed from an accumulation of mineral grans (quart). SILTSTONE — Sist G0 microns Sandstone compressive stench ++ 9000 Fs SANDSTONE Sst mae ‘Gieserthan Rocke formed from an accumulation of primarily CONGLOMERATE Cal ‘2mm ‘granule, pebble end boulder size particles Rocks formes from large deposits of primary LIMESTONE | Ls ‘atte (calelm carbonate) and dolomite (calcium magnesia) DOLOMITE Dol chanical CHALK Chk Rocks =| Comoressive strengths: Limestone, +- 20,000 pst Colonie, +- 24,000 psi; Cher, + 69,009 pt weer | )ae Chalk, + 8000 psi Gypsum & Recks composed of minerals that precipitated Arnyerte | {rem golution during the evaporation of water Compreceive strength: Arhyerts4/- 8000 pst SALT | BASEMENT Rock formed fom the coaing ef matton magma VoLcANIcs ‘A lecture inthe rock caused by naturel forces FAULT resulting in falure end asplacemert of the formation along the feult plene on igus hydrocarbon (5.0 te 7-1 pa) cas Gaseous hyocarbon (23 pps average) | waTer | Water (6310 117 pps) Page 3BASIC GEOLOGY WELL PLAN “The percent of void per 100% volume Sedimentary rocks (hale, sandetono, imestone) value of poroaty ‘TYPICAL POROSITY RECUCTION BY. ‘SEDIMENT COMPACTION AND CEMENTATION o 8 DEPTH (10007 POROSITY % “The ablity of @ rock to low fluids measured in units of darcies ‘Ar02% that porous does not nlcate that's permeatie (3, shale with 10% porosity may exhibt only moro permeatity Sete 10" darcy) ‘TYPICAL PERMEABILITY REDUCTION BY SEDIMENT COMPACTION AND CEMENTATION DEPTH (1000) PERMEABILITY (Darces) Page 4WELL PLAN BASIC GEOLOGY ‘A folce imposed to he rock matite measured n pounds a force per square inch of area (pst) Natural sources of rock sress onghate ftom overburden stess, tectonic stress ‘and formation fd pressure “The stress produced by the combined weight of he rocks and formation fics ‘overiaying 2 depth of intrest ‘TYPICAL OVERBURDEN STRESS VERSUS DEPTH DEPTH (1000) ‘Generates bythe force of gravity, tne overburden exerts a verica! siess to he formations. A resulting value of honzonta stress ie ceveloped cepending on rock stifness (as rock sbifness increases. horizontal ese dacreases) “The stress produced by lateral (side fo side) forces in the formation ‘Tectonic stresses are usually very high in mountainous regions. “Tectoni sveseed shale ganeraly produeat an oval shaped wellbore Page §BASIC GEOLOGY WELL PLAN Formation fracture srength s deine by the overburden stress, cementation, fornation pressure ‘and he etrangth ofthe rock type. The flowing comparestne roabve svangih of he erent ‘rook typos (alletes factors considered equal) ‘SANDSTONE SHALE LIMESTONE: (Ot he tree primary rock types, Sandstone generaty exits the lowest compressive and tensile srength "© Generally occur in te ehatlower daptn(< 10,000") « Soft and plable due to high water content SOFT — © Fractur and inaction proscure opproxmately cme (Ductile) * Pitie texure stows fractures to “heat” quickly ' Asscciatec wit ewabbig, los eteulaton, hole ‘wash-out hole packoft ‘© Generally occurs in deeper dopth (10,000 +) HARD Hard and tre ue to low wat content (Brittle) + Fracture pressure higher than njection pressure nite texture prevents tracture trom “healing” '* Associated wih hole pack-offbrage SHALE = General occur nthe shalower dep 5600) = Hign poresy 23% +) UNCON. Hn pemoabity (2 eros +) sot Associated with lost circulation, hole wash-out, SANDSTONE hol paket ‘General occurs in mi io dep depths 4000"*) CON. ___|* Porosity range (26% - 1%) SOLIDATED '» Peimeabiiy ange 2 dares - 10 mliarcles) * Associated wih eforntal sticking, underguage hoe * Lew compressive sirerath * ig potest 40%) SOFT Pesmeabty range (2 eres - 10 mitdarcies) LIMESTONE!) (Chalk) © wi dissovein resh water macs DOLOMITE \sscisied ith ole wash-out, mud cortainaon HARD Han compressive sreng, usualy racked (Britis) Hah porosty 20-40%), Hoh permeadity «Associated wth pack offrdge, los crculator, cereal siceng a Page 6WELL PLAN BASIC GEOLOGY SEES The pressure of he native Muds (water, cl gas) within the pore spaces afte rock Fermation pressure equal te full clumn (surface to dopth of interest) ef formation water NORMAL FORMATION PRESSURE VERSUS DEPTH ‘Normal foomation pressure is caculatec: Normal FP = 468 X Verlical Depth, Unless better information is known, 485 psift isa safe world-wide average Formation pressure greater tan the normal pressure expected forthe depth of ierest ‘When pomeabity dope to rear mvs, foraton fice become wapped n Ma pore spaces. Ay rhe compacton Drosioe Nghe herve (Abnorral) formation gressre AGNORMAL /SUBNORMAL FORMATION PRESSURE VERSUS DEPTH tho gh possure pee cis equoszed out of he shale o the ajacert rravcre (andstone, mettona,e) = Formation prossure less then the norm prossure expected forthe dapth of interest, {Lower-than-normal formation pressure may exist in offshore basins due to ‘production depletion. however, notualy oceuring subnormal pressure fare. In inland bases, rave subnormal pressure is @ common occurrence verge tra itn of er pomeabi PageTBASIC GEOLOGY WELL PLAN FREER ‘The bed of sedimants in which the oll anc gas was produced (shale, limestone). Compaction squeezes the oll and gas fo the reservoir rock (primary migration) ‘The permeable formation which receives and stores the oil and gas volume of primary migration ‘The elevation in veservoir rock to which the oll ard gas accumulates (secondary migraton) ‘Taps fared as a esi of ping, aig acl faulog of oreaon The lightest uid, gas rises 10 the top ofthe tap. The next heaviest uid, of, accumulates below he gas and then the water ‘Traps formed by the displacoment ofthe reservoir rock along a stross crack wiigh positions tho face of the down-dip soction against impormeable rock Traps formed by a permeable reservoir rock grading to a non-permeable rock or he termination ofa rasorvorr rock SANDSTONE PINCH OUTWELL PLAN CASING PROGRAM SYSTEM FUNCTIONS ‘SECTIONS: FUNCTIONS: Drive or Structural + FROVOEHYORAILE Casing IntecRTY + crn ‘Surface Casing + PROTECT THE WELLBORE * ig Feat Ps + rbkes Intermediate Casing * Fenton nity PROTECT THEFORIATION *Hghetion reset * ean Wilbore rus * tun tm tos Produetion Liner or Casing Page 9SING PROGRAM WELL PLAN iean shale the soat ie ueually the bact comprernice betwoon tho ideal and wha is possitie DATA: [Driven o Rerun) smaruacans [cay be] ‘The structure casing is pressure tested, but due othe shalow depth of the seal, the shoe isnot tested Page 10 ‘he ideal casing goat formation. In the fold, however, the formation eolected for ‘Shoe svength mus! suppor he hyrosltic, circulating and surge pressures and rorde a suficent kek lrance for wel contol safety In some instances, te only solution toa ailing problam may be wo run casing betore the planned shoe dopsh i reached. This could be the next planned easing sving ora contingency iner Casing may be set before or deeper then its planned depth to protect potenti’ production zones. Consolidated. Naturally cemented rock to avord wash out andlor hele collapse during come ‘As homogeneous os possible. |nterbedded layers of iflerent formation types weaken the rock and introduce the possibilty of permeatiaty * impermeable, Wate oss fom the cement sluty can result in fash-setng of he cement before i isn place I permsaaity is present, th ime leak-cf pressure of the waive Iseameut to estabisn © Lowost Rock Strength: ina! racture giacient assumptions are aces on the weakest ck ype DDepercing onthe depth fe surface sedenerts, he setirg depth of tho pipe may forge Fem less than 100 fet 400 fst + below te mu Ine! eutace ‘To ineure seat intesity the pipe ie hivon lo refusal, indicated ky the number cof hammer biows par foo! (GPF) of penetration, Fer examole, te US Gull coast requires 140 to 160 SPF, in Venezuela, 360 BPF “The planned seting depth ofthe casing may range from 100 feet to 1500 {eet + below the mud lie / surface depending on anticipated hole instability and / or ost circulation problems FUNCTIONS: Washout + Recycling Returns "Diverter system Structural Support + 80? EquipmentWELL PLAN cass PkosR Planned setting dopth dotermined by antcipated hole instabilty, ost ‘reultion problems and te protee rech water eande (land bstec) ‘Surface cosing musi provide suficint fracture strength to alow ering the fest hole interval with sufclent kick tolerance FUNCTIONS: “+ EXTEND HYDRAULIC INTEGRITY PROTECT FORMATIONS: * uenwatersanée ‘CEMENTED BACK * Lowhigh Wottore TO SURFACE OR TO Prossue “HE SHOE Wyden * souumow FoR DRILLING PROBLEMS: asm masse TesreD * Lost cheuation * Fermaten etait ‘SHOE PRESSURE TESTED + SUTINPOSSIBLE a sng is pressure tasted and the shoe i tested to a maximum anticipated press Page 11‘ASING PROGRAM WELL PLAN Planned eeting depth dotormined by minimum desired hick tolerance, ‘anticpotod helo nsiebily, ost ereuiation probleme FUNCTIONS: + PROVIDE WELL CONTROL CAPABILITY * SOLUTION FOR DRILLING PROBLEMS: * cemeneD Back * Lastcreation TO PREDETERINED ETH * Formatennstabity * citernt Siking + PROTECT FORMATIONS * LoninignWetbore Pressure * Incompatbie welbore Fite * Productin Zone loan 4+ SHUTAM RECOMMENDED (SettnPreesure Traraton Shae)WELL PLAN SS OA Planned setting depth determined by minimum desied kick tolerance, anteipated hale instabity, oat crculaton problems or protecting production zones, Ifthe tine is contingent on diingproblems, occurrence ofthe probiern Getermines the seting depth FUNCTIONS: + PROVIDE WELL CONTROL CAPABILITY + SOLUTION FOR SPECIFIC DRILLING PROBLEMS: * Lost cretion CEMENTED BACK * Formation etait TOLNER HANGER * Diferentia Seting PROTECT FORMATIONS: LUNER PRESSURE * Lowihigh Wotbore TESTED Pressure * Incompatible Welbore Flues SHOE PRESSURE . TESTED Production Zone soliton ._ SHUTAN RECOMMENDED “The liner is pressure tested anc the shoe and lnor top teste to a maximum artcipatod praseuro orto leak-ofWELL PLAN casi GRAM Pianned setting depth determined by total depth of the wel (TD) FUNCTIONS: "+ PROMDE WELL l= Bee : + PROVIDEA STABLE * CEMENTED BACK Eee a ate | ta + UNER CASING TE- a . ieee a ; ‘PRESSURE TESTED — | | * PRODUCTION ZONE ISOLATION: * Sohctve Testing * Dual Completions The easing, fo-bock casing, ine and top are tested to a maximum anticipated prossure Page 14WELL PLAN ‘A fid used to perform varius functions during @ drilling "Peary contol of formation fuls tow WELL CONTROL Fluid weight ia he wells Chemically - Mud Inhiston | Minknize formation reaction HOLE STABEITY Mechanically -Flud Weight | Prevents hole cavesnvcolapse Yield Point ‘Suspend and cary cuttngs/cavings from HOLE CLEANING Saetengh” frewotbore and ase he cous a Mud weisht surface ‘TRANSMIT HYDRAULIC Base fie of the mud Remove cutings trom below bit HORSEPOWER To SIT. ‘ace to myprave penetration rate Mud eyetom ype Gather and interpret data FORMATION EVALUATION perpeeh Provide early warning signs of problems DRY AIR/GAS. mist FOAM ‘AERATED MUD ‘ring hard ory formations | Dring lest circulation zone Increase penetration rate Meimem formation samago Continuous gaeior sotecten NATIVE GEL Low cost spud mud Moat voreablo eyetor BENTONITE: Non.weightec eystem Precucts roadly avaiable BENTONITE/CHEMICAL Bato fermore cophisteatod | Basic eyetom ayeteme. UGNITEr Fitration conto Easly maintained UGNOSULFONATE Tolerance to contaminants Reduced penetration rate (DISPERSED) Applicable at al mud weights TINMIBITIVE (GALTS) Dring water senaitve shales | Controls chemical reacon of shales POLYMERS. Improved penetration rate DIESEL OIL Dring wate ‘Completely inniited system ‘SYNTHETIC OIL Diiling water soluble formations. | Improved penetration fate Page 15 Formation stapity Torque & drag reduction Envronmenta concern High cost Logging’ comonting concorsoa FLuos WELL PLAN ‘The selected dining ud ie usually the best compromise of the available choices WELL TYPE, Seismic data ‘An “overkil” mud system is generally Exploratory! —_| Offset data selected for exploratory wolls Gevelopment) | Feld experience ‘Mud company records: “The optimum mud system is selected on development w ENVIRONMENTAL | Regulatory requirements May imit the choice of mud systems WELLCONTROL | Seismic data evaluations —_| The mud eystem must be capable of REQUIREMENTS | Offset well data, 1um fo maximum mud weight Field experience requirements "Mud company records HOLE STABILITY | Seismic data evaluations ‘An inhibited systom is colocted to Chemical Mechanical_| Offset well data ‘void chemical reaction with water Field experiance ‘shales and water soluble Mua company records formations (sait, anhydrite) ‘The mud system must be capable of ‘minimum to maximum mud weight | | reauiterents TEMPERATURE! “The mud systarn must tolerate CHEMICAL STABILITY | Field experience formation temperatures without chemical OFTHEMUD | Mud company records break down | Must tolerate contamination trom formation fluids, minerals and solids OPTIMUM DRILLING | Offset well data Tamugeytom shoud provide an | ‘AND ECONOMIC | Fie experience ‘acceptable penetration rate with minimus PERFORMANCE | Mud company records formation damage at the west cost Bit company records BASE FLUD/MUD | Offset wen data May limit the choice of mud systems PRODUCT AVAILABILITY | Mud company records inremote areas RIGEQUIPMENT | Contractor inventory May Irth cholee of mud systems | Field experience in remote areas Me Page 16‘Any undesirable componont that causes a detimental Affect tothe driling fui WELL PLAN RU. Sots Tan ci ge cia a a ia co osu close, act soon pascemen, EXAPORITE SALTS! Calcium chlorice, CaCl. Ce a a, sari, WaTER FLOWS iis i Caen onic ARID GASES: ‘Hydrogen sulfide, Ti avo a HyOROCAREONS ieee es TEVPERATURE Dovdaton crm pats cement fit caning opentinn COARSE {Greater than 2.000 microns INTERMEDIATE Between 260 and 2,000 microns _ MEDIUM - __ Between 74 and 250 microns FINE Between 44 and 74 micron ULTRAFINE Between 2 and 44 microns COLLOIDAL Less than 2 microns. SHALE SHAKERS Down to 160 mirons with 200 mash sersone DESANDER ‘Down to 500 70 microns (core size dependent DESILTER ‘Down to 20 to 40 microns (core size dependent MUD CLEANER ‘Down 1974 miccons ‘CENTRIFUGE Cote! soige up 5 merone SS Page 17DRILLING FLUIDS WELL PLAN ‘Changes In mud properties are an indication that something abnormal Is taking place (Dil oid increase, Heavy spot tem bate #08, Over INCREASE treatment during weic MUD WEIGHT ns ee eee a ormaton fad nfux, ght pot fom bart DECREASE ‘Excessive water adcitions: “e ‘Reactve shale dite, Dil ods increase, Low water {eters Gleam cotaminton fom coment FUNNEL INCREASE |Anhydrite formation drilled: viscosity DECREASE —|Formaton water infur, Excessive wat’ content LUnconsoated sand ile, Or sol rcrease, puastic | INCREASE _[Lewwatercorten 1, LINGREASE _ jaw wou corer ‘Maes! DECREASE [Formation water inux, Excesswe water agctions, Solas coment decrease Reactve shale cried Artycrt formation ated, Low INCREASE fat canton Caloum cottaminaon om cement ieLo Pont ‘oration water inx, Excessive wate acon, DECREASE _[Deteese now grave) sade Addon of chemical [nore Reacive sale ced, Low water conten, Calcium INCREASE _Conamnaton om comer ot anhyart formation clea LAIST Formation water influx, Excessive water DECREASE —_sdshone,Adctons af chemin! here Low gravity eos increase, Floceuiton rom APITHPHT | INCREASE —_cemsn, eho, calcu contamnaten, Low get coment fuptoss | L DECREASE mud veaimenttaking afect ‘Aton ofp contol adtves,Calsum | Norexne (atone DECREASE Adon of mus products, Anhyerte formation dite ‘Sat fomaton tec, Pressure ranston she INCREASE [Stee rormaton nator ux CHLORIDE ton naa = DECREASE | Wtereddtions TOTAL INCREASE —_—_Satorcalsim formation is ile, Formation water irfux HARDNESS DECREASE _Aditen of resn water, Chemica adaion cation | ay Reociv shale is riled, Addition of bertonte | EXCHANGE: (CREASE | Ckeatiry | (cee) DECREASE ——_ Water aditons, Solas removal equipment Page 18WELL PLAN anges in mud properties ae an indication that something abnormal is taking place] Dl sols erease, Heavy soot fom barte sag, Over swupweicur INCREASE etn ting wat Formation water influx, Excessive base cil adios, Light DECREASE Spattrom bate 839, ‘Aion of water, calcium carvoate orerary emule, PuasTiC INCREASE _Lowgaviy soids ncease viscosty DECREASE Aiton of bane ol, Dezoase in low gravy solide Inetesea in erganonhie lay, Rceitons of emultied water INCREASE or eythate paymer YeLoroNT = ——— DECREASE Aton of base oo daglan, Decrease of oganophile ay INCREASE —_ Addon organophilic gel, Adon of water et srrenam |} DECREASE L=9e base ol asters, Incase in mud temperature OL WaTER Lergeadsiton of water oc water infix, Large addons of RATIO CHANGE eve of, High boom hale tonperaive INCREASE _Mstease n emusifer concentaton, Adding wera agent ELECTRICAL crbase ol STABILITY (ES) — DECREASE —_Deeteasain emusierconcenaten, New! prepared ‘OBM has low ES but ereaees wh ime Water % of OW rato decreasing, Acton of calcium waren erase INCREASE | eniona SANTY water of OW ti tom water act a te increasing from water aditon or DECREASE | fomaton water infux ‘Adaeion of tase of, Cecrease in emule concentration HEAT INCREASE | ater prosonti ate FLUID Loss e “ss DECREASE _| netesce in primary emulsifier concentration ‘Addon of te, Oritng calcium formation artyerte) excessume _NOREASE | DECREASE | Co,cr¥, 5 kek, Adons case of or ater Page 18HYDRAULICS PLANNING WELL PLAN © GECLocy ‘© OPTIMIZE MUD TYPE AND PROPERTIES © OPTIMIZE BIT SELECTION * OPTIMIZE BIT HYDRAULICS ‘© OPTIMIZE BIT WEIGHT AND RPM . DEFINE RIG EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS /CAPABILITY . DEVELOP ACTION PLANS FOR WELL culated balance ofthe hydraulic components that wil suffeenty clean the Bt and wellbore wth minimum hereepower MAXIMIZE + Inmadium to hard formations, maximize hydraulic RATE OF PENETRATION | " horsepower to mrease penetration at (ROP) MAXIMIZE, * Insofttermations and high angle holes, maximize tow rate HOLE CLEANING. for nole waning + Ingmall andor do9p hoes, mit fow rate to minimize annulus ANNULUS {ction preecure and reduce the potential for: FRICTION PRESSURE ; Lest Circulation, Diferontal Sticking; Helo Instability * Insof, unconsolidated formations, limit low rete to minimize HYDRAULIC EROSION ‘turbulence in te annul if hole wash-out sa problem arTRLOGENE * Larger jt sizes may be required if there is potertia for st ealaton PUMP PRESSURE / VOLUME OUTPUT DEPTH / HOLE SIZE / MUD TYPE DRILL STRING ID, OD, LENGTH MUD WEIGHT RHEOLOGY DOWN HOLE EQUIPMENT RESTRICTIONS ANNULUS FRICTION PRESSURE BIT TYPE/JETS HOLE PROBLEM POTENTIALWELL PLAN HYDRAULICS PLANNING ono vate he tow rate rule to gt more horsepower, at velocity ‘+ Too om a few rate wi “bal the bt ane reeuce efectve hole cleaning © Tootigh a flow rate nereases ECD and erodes sot er unconsalicated zones © Slow éring wh mud rogues 2 minmum f 30 GPM per inch of Bt diameter ‘© Fastailing wth low mud weights requires S0+ GPM per inch of bt dametor © yeroiehorseponer i based on Role sizeMROP, Large Bs require more HHYin® © Fast dling reques the maximum HHP/in‘ even above S HHPAA? © Donnot waste fue! and wear onthe pumps with excessive pressure © Many rigs do not have enough horseponer to provide the recommended HHPIIn* © Nezzle velocity fvsec) - The velosty ofthe ful ening the bit jets (© 35% to.50% of pump pressure is lost rough the dil string and annutus. Hydraulic {aleUations are required to determine thes losses. © ite total of art sing and annular pressure oss is greater tran 30% of he avalade pump pressure, Jet Velocty optimization is requted. However. co "ot operate Detow 30 GPM per nch of bt ameter Impact Force - The product of fi jt volocty and fu woight. impact It he force the ding fui exerts tothe formation toassist betom hole clasning © ot vlocity wil inftuence chip-hol-down and penetration rate © Dorot operate witha et velocity below 250 fsec © Forsmal holes (9+/2" and smaller) and slow din, consider running 2 jets versus 3 {o improve totiom hole cleaning and penetration rate. Two large jets ar less kel fo ‘plug than 3 small ts (same tctal tow area, TFA) © tatong note seéton is planned for te next bit, consider running 3 ets and cropping ‘2 darting ball hte loner part of na hole secton to mahtan jst voociy ‘Asymetrical jets are offen run to improve penetration rate versus using to Jets Page 21HOLE PROBLEMS STUCK PIPE Pienned operations are suspended when down hole forco(e) provantpuling the eting out ofthe hole ‘Down hole frce(s) restrict sting movement above normal operating conditions (@ usual warning indicator ofa stuck pipe event) ‘SETTLED CUTTINGS: SHALE INSTABILITY [UNCONSOLIDATED MeoEaTonS tmicRo DOGLEGS FRACTURED, FORMATIONS ‘CEMENT RELATED. (MOBILE FORMATIONS JUNK UNDERGAUGE HOLE Causes HOLE PACK-OFF: Formation soids (cutings, cavings) settle around the il sting ard pack off the annulus resuiting in stuck pipe = Medium to large pices ofhard formation, cement or nk lito the wellbore BRIDGE: and jams the drill siring resulting in stuck pipe ‘SETTLED CUTTINGS ‘SHALE INSTABILITY REACTIVE SHALE GEO-PRESSURED SHALE HYDRO-PRESSUREO SHALE (OVER BURDEN STRESS TECTONIC STRESS OVER BURDEN STRESS TECTONIC STRESS. LUNGONSOLIDATED FORMATIONS UNCONSOLIDATED FORMATIONS —| FRACTURED FORMATIONS FRACTURED FORMATIONS SOFT CEMENT (CEMENT BLOCKS JUNK Page 22STUCK PIPE RATE OF PENETRATION | Cetormines th cuttings volume in rturing mud __HOLE STABILITY Couings oa adda th returning mu ANNULAR VELOCITY | Litetne-cutinge __mup RHEOLOGY ‘suspend ond Cary ne cigs CIRCULATING TIME Transport the cuttings to surtsce | HOLE ANGLE Reduces the ability 0 clean the hole CAUSE: DRILLED CUTTINGS ARE NOT TRANSPORTED OUT OF THE HOLE DUE TO LOW ANNULAR VELOCITY ANDIOR POOR MUD PROPERTIES WHEN CIRCULATION IS STOPPED, THE. CUTTINGS FALL BACK DOWN THE HOLE AND PACK-OFF THE ORILL STRING WARNING: HIGH ROP, LOW PUMP RATE, LITTLE TO NO ‘CIRCULATING TIME AT CONNECTIONS TORQUE, DRAG AND PUMP PRESSURE INCREASE OVERPULL OFF SLIPS, PUMP SURGE TO BREAK CIRCULATION FILLON BOTTOM INDICATIONS: LIKELY To OCCUR ON CONNECTIONS, POSSIBLE DURING TRIP CIRCULATION RESTRICTED OR IMPOSSIBLE FIRST ACTION: APPLY LOW PUMP PRESSURE (200 - 400 psi) ‘APPLY TORQUE AND JAR DOWN WITH MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD CIRCULATE CLEAN TO AVOID RECURRENCE PREVENTIVE ACTION: ‘CONTROL ROP, MAXIMIZE ANNULAR VELOCITY MAINTAIN SUFFICIENT GEL STRENGTH AND YP CIRCULATE 5 TO 10 MINUTES BEFORE CONNECTIONS CIRCULATE HOLE CLEAN BEFORE POOHHOLE PROBLEMS s HOLE PACK.OFF ‘SETTLED CUTTINGS, HIGH ANGLE WELLBORE (>35°) cause: ] § oR curmNas SETTLE ON THE Low SIDE BB OF THE HOLE ano FORMS A CUTTINGS BED THE CUTTINGS BED BUILDS AND SLIDES Be) OOVIN HOLE PACKING OFF THE ORILL STRING | BS write POOH, THE CUTTINGS BE 15 | Ee ORAGGED UPWARD BY THE BHA AND PACKS OFF THE DRILL STRING i warninc: a G HIGH ROP, LOW PUMP RATE INCREASE [ifcurmmes eco TORQUE & DRAG, INCREASING PUMP BB Form write Ce ee inst acrion: JAR DOWN WITH MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD, APPLY TORQUE WITH CAUTION Be CLEAN HO. ETO AVOID RECURRENCE PREVENTIVE ACTION: I RECORD TREND INDICATORS FOR B INADEQUATE HOLE CLEANING CONTROL ROP. MAINTAIN MUD PROPERTIES, | CIRCULATE AT MAKIMUM RATE, MAXIMIZE J STRING ROTATION CIRCULATE HOLE CLEAN BEFORE POOH, | ESTABLISH AN OVERPULL LIMIT Page 24STUCK PIPE PRESSURE Increasing, evetic | fcreasing, | Inereoing ges DRILLING rae Gracal decresse in ROP vepitotraice | Surge estat Back pressure before | CONNECTION Sve" of sles erovatens” Brey correction TRIPPING Increasing. evetic OUT | Overpult at sips TRIPPING [iteteating set down TRIPPING | feignt N Overpul of sins BACK | Overpul off lips REAMING | Eratic overpul ‘swabbing Begins with BHA below depths of 35 hole angio Increasing, | increasing ‘Surge to start creulaton erate Sting pstoning LR Lossolfud posse PUMPING | overpuor si Ineressing _| Suige vo tan crewsten QUT | inceoeng onste Stig pong, Lose of ud possible SHAKER Low cutingsrotum rte for penetraton rate, Erratic cuttings returns, No cutings TRENDS ‘lun High cuting rum on fine shaker sctecn and desiter/mud cleaner LoccER Founded, reground cut TRENDS os MUD Increasing plastic vseosty ans yea poim, Increase in ow gravy S014, Possbee TRENDS | muswoght increase ‘Maintain the required mud properties 1 Circulate at maximum recommended GPM for hole size * Place more emphases on annular veloety when designing he hysrauses for 12-1/4" and larger hole sizes, Conader Using @ reer boost Ine whan driling 8-1/2" and smaler hole size * Do not alow the penetration rate to exceed the abil to clean the hole Record torque and drag tends for symptoms of inadequate hole Gearing © Consicer a wiper tip ater dnting a long section with a down hola mator Wipe the hole a ff ceulating rate as low as possible (6 - 10 min} before connections, Rotate ‘at maximum RPM when possibie ‘Maximize sting motion when circulating the hole cleen. Use maximum prectical RPM, rise the dsl sting slowly (5 minis) and slack-of ala safe Dut fast rave (1 mists) © Consider pumping highvis sweeps in iow angie wells (<38°). Consider lowavs / highs sweeps: im higher angle wals (> * D0 NOT STOP CIRCULATING UNTIL ALL SWEEPS RETURN * Circulate until the ho'e is clean, if the last sweep Erings up excessive amounts ef cuttings, continue with hola clearing operations. Several circulations may be necessery EE Page 25OLE PROBLEMS. STUCK PIPE HOLE PACK-OFF Minimum GPM HOLE SIZE ANGLE INTERVAL o.38 vooceu | sooGPu =| ~Cco rn socen | 38 5 reso orm | so GPM 00 0PM 4500°M 55% ‘ooepm | —_750.GPM 500.G°M Minimum fow rate (GPM) for any given hole size and encle is areaty dependent on mad weight mud theology ard annulus geometry, Maximum recommended fewate iS 60 GPM per nch of bit dareter MAXIMUM ROP- HOLE SIZE, 47-112"- 16" 12-414" ANGLE INTERVAL 0° 35° o | 155 240 35° 55° o | 7 8 125 55% 60 5 100 Penetration rate quideines are based on adsauate mud properties MINIMUM STROKES: HOLE SIZE ANGLE INTERVAL 4742" 46" 424g" 8-1/2" 0-38 7 14 14 35255° 23 18 16 55% 3 2 aT PROCEDURE 1. Seperate the welbore into sectens by hole enale rom intervals above. 2, Muttly each hole section length (Sect Lin) by CSF and total the adjusted measured depth (MO) Acsustod MD = (Sect Lin =) # (Sect Lin X CSF) + (Sect Lin X CSF) 3. Caleuato the minenum eculating strokes to clean the hole. Total Adjusted MD x Bottoms-Lip Stks Toasired Dap Meamum Cre Sts =HOLE PACK.OFF HOLE PROBLEMS I MINIMUNI CIRCULATING STROKES CALCULATION (1: SEPARATE THE WELLBORE INTO SECTIONS BY HOLE ANGLE | ‘MULTIPLY EACH HOLE SECTION LENGTH BY CSF AND TOTAL THE ADJUSTED MEASURED DEPTH ADJUSTED MD = (SECTLTH x CSF) «(SECT LTH x CSF) + (SECT LTH x CSF) = (450014) + (2000% 1.8} + (6500 x2) 65300 + 3600+ 13.000 = 22,900 TOTAL ADJUSTED MD ‘CALCULATE THE MINIMUM CIRCULATING STROKES REQUIRED TO CLEAN THE HOLE TOTAL ADJUSTED MD_x BOTTOMS-UP STKS * MEASURED DEPTH 22,600 » 18,009, = 13.000 26.423 STROKES mn cin sTKS “CURRENT BOTTOMS UP STROKES, Page 27HOLE PROBLEMS STUCK PIPE HOLE PACK-OFF aintsin suficiont mud weight o stabilize tho wells ac hole ange andlor formation pressure Use proper Low-Ené-Rheology for hole size and angle to maximize hole cleaning Greulete at maximum rate for hole size and hole ancle Limit the ROP to the maximum recommended fo hole size and hele angle ‘Back ream wach stand (o 1/2 stand) dled wth a down-ole motor Rotate athign RPM (160+). Raise te ol sting slowly (.@. 6 ministanc). Lower the rl sting ata safe but fas ate 8, 1 mivstang) ‘a Continua back raamng hole condone ciessta ‘e- Consider a wipar np ater criing along sect witha Gown hele moter to mechancally agitate andremove cutings bed | ume a ewoop (lit hele condone do not improve. Consider low-vie / high densiy tandem swoops, ‘Optimize eweep type, volume and fequoncy pumpod Consider reducing ROP or stop diting and crovate until hale conditions improve Se Oe Ss Start ane stop dil sing slowly, Ensure adequate back reaming at ful circulation rate pric to connections Prepare cew and equipment to minimize connection time Resore fee retaing weight. pick-up weight, sack-of weigh, of-bottom forque, ana crculatrg pressure {or tena incicaions cf inadequate noe Caring Pullthe sips and slowiy retae the il sting fs, then increase pump speed siomly. Caretuly loner the ‘dai tng fo Baten Circiato 1 to 3 joints of bottom wile cloaning the hel to aveid dropping bottom hole ange. Ceneidor ‘5wo0ps (pil) to aid hele cleaning Rotate a high RPAI(160¥) while cleaning the hole. Reise the dil sting slowly (0, § ministand), lower the di sing ata safe but festrate (ie, 1 minstand) Ensure recommended minimum circulation stokes for hole size and angle are pumped, 2 to 4 tines notmal bttoms-up may be required Crculae unt the shakers are clean Consider pumping a sweep (pl to deterrine if addtional circulation lime is required Inform the Diter of he measured depth and stand court when the top ofthe BHA reaches the deepest anticipated cutings nad’ Manimum cuttings bed thickness is ikely between 45 anc 65° nole angle Determine an cverpul int pir to pulling out ofthe hole (he lesser of 1N2 BHA weight or 30,000 ibs) \foverpul ent oczure, run in 1 stand and repeat hele cleaning guicelines trom present bit pth. When the shakers ate clear, continue puling out of the hole. ithe overpuilimtie again reached, repeat procedure (CAUTIOUSLY GACKREAM OR PUMP-OUT STANDS WHEN A CUTTINGS BED IS PRESENT! ‘Be patient, several hate clesning cycles may be required to safely pul the dil sting cut ofthe hole L Recoid depths anc! stend count of high pick-up weights during the inp. Compare these to the diing pick-up weighs forthe same depins to determine valve cf overpul Page 28HOLE PACK-OFF ‘GEO-PRESSURED SHALE REACTIVE SHALE OVERBURDEN STRESS, S0aYS EXPOSURE ks apart and fal STUCK PIPE HOLE PROBLEMS into the wellbore HYDRO-PRESSURED SHALE TECTONIC STRESS ‘CHEMICALLY STRESSED SHALE CAUSE: WATER SENSITIVE SHALE DRILLED WITH LITTLE ‘OR NO MUD INHIEITION SHALE ABSORES WATER AND SWELLS INTO THE WELLBORE REACTION IS TIME DEPENOENT WARNING: FUNNEL VISCOSITY, PY, YP, CEC INCREASE TORQUE & DRAG INCREASE PUMP PRESSURE INCREASE CLAY BALLS ANDIOR SOFT "MUSHY" CUTTINGS AT SHAKER (OVER PULL 6 SWABBING BHA BALLING (MUD RINGS) INDICATIONS: GENERALLY OCCURS WHILE POOH, POSSIBLE ‘WHILE DRILLING CIRCULATION IMPOSSIBLE OR HIGHLY RESTRICTED FIRST ACTION: APPLY LOW PUMP PRESSURE (200 - 400 PSI) IF POOH, TORQUE UP AND JAR DOWN WITH MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD IF RIM, JAR UP WITH MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD, DO. NOT APPLY TORQUE PREVENTIVE ACTION: USE AN INHIBITED MUD MAINTAIN MUD PROPERTIES: PLAN WIPER TRIPS MINIMIZE HOLE EXPOSURE TINE Page 29HOLE PROBLEMS: STUCK PIPE HOLE PACK-OFF PRESSURE | OTHER increask increasing, | Inereasir Pressure surges DRILLING | Smoctn”” Smoot "8 | Grad! eboreae0 in ROP Musices posse | . Back pressive before CONNECTION °°?! of sis Surge start | connection Bacctow TRIPPING | Inceasing, Smooth ssnabting OUT | Ovepul of sips Thereatng et own ~ "Bogin at depth of TRIPPING | woight pb formation IN Oveul of sips ties ets posse c verpul of sipe | inereasing, | inexeasing ‘| Sulgeto tat creulation EAC, mmlotsee | gem | opens toes ofmad PUMPING increasing, Smooin Tinereesing | Sutgeto start cretaton rarpul ot sips Sines tonne, aT Pea isseetmud TRENDS ‘Soft lay balls. Wet“mushy" clay (gumbo). Flow ine plugging LOGGER: 9 quany of hydrated shale cutings. High value on shale swaling test LOGGER | Lergequany ofhyratoa sha cutings, High valve on shale svating MUD High funne!vis. 8 YP Increasing PV, ow gravity solids & CEC. Possible mud weight TRENDS | increase Low inhbitor context * Addition of various sats (potassium, sodium, calcium, et.) to reduce the chemical atracton of water tothe shale * Addition of various encapsulating (coating) polymers to reduce water contact wan the shale Uso of ol and syntnatic base muds to exclude water contact withthe shale Minimize open hole te Plan regular wiper / reaming trips based on ime, footage drilled or the warning signs of reactive shale "Ensure adequate hycrauics for bit and hole cleaning © Maintain required mud properties and minimize low gravity solidsSTUCK PIPE HOLE PACK-OFF. HOLE PROBLEMS MECHANICALLY STRESSED SHALE CAUSE: DRILLING PRESSURED SHALE WITH ©) INSUFFICIENT MUD WEIGHT. ‘THE STRESSED SHALE FRACTURES AND CAVES INTO THE WELLBORE WARNING, SIGNS BEGIN TO OCCUR AS SHALE IS DRILLED MUD LOGGER TRENDS INDICATE INCREASING PORE PRESSURE ROP INCREASE WHEN FIRST DRILLED TORQUE INCREASE & DRAG ON CONNECTIONS: HOLE FILL ON CONNECTIONS. BRIDGES ON TRIPS, SPLINTERY SHALE CAVINGS POSSIBLE BACKGROUND GAS INCREASE INDICATIONS: LIKELY TO OCCUR WHILE TRIPPING, POSSIBLE WHILE DRILLING ‘COMPLETE PACK.OFF LIKELY, HOLE BRIDGING. POSSIBLE CIRCULATION RESTRICTED OR IMPOSSIBLE Pee rsx action Be Ee: BST svecr vow ume pnessune 200-4068 f] APPLY TORQUE, JAR DOWN WITH MAXIMUM f} TRIP LoaD PREVENTIVE ACTION: ADJUST MUD WEIGHT BEFORE DRILLING KNOWN PRESSURED SHALE ‘SLOWLY INCREASE MUD WEIGHT TO STABILIZE SHALE MINIMIZE SWAB | SURGE PRESSURES MINIWIZE OPEN HOLE EXPOSURE TIMESTUCK PIPE HOLE PROBLEMS, HOLE PACK-OFF * cause: OVER TIME, SHALE PORE PRESSURE BECOMES | CHARGED BY HYROSTATIC OVER BALANCE DRILLSTRING MOTION AND WELLBORE PRESSURE SURGES STRESS-CRACKS THE UNSTABILIZED SHALE ‘THE SHALE FALLS INTO THE WELLBORE AND AMS THE STRING WARNING: GENERALLY FOLLOWS A MUD WEIGHT REDUCTION * TORQUE & ORAG INCREASE * SHALE CAVINGS AT SHAKER, ‘UNSTABLAZED -repenerreummmmaammamamamaammmsaas SHALE. INDICATIONS: POSSIBLE WHILE DRILLING OR TRIPPING HOLE BRIDGING OR COMPLETE PACK-OFF POSSIBLE CIRCULATION RESTRICTED OR IMPOSSIBLE FIRST ACTION: APPLY LOW PUMP PRESSURE (200 - 400 ps!) ‘APPLY TORQUE, JAR DOWN WITH MAXIMUM | TRIP Load CIRCULATION AT MAXIMUM RATE ONCE + CIRCULATION IS ESTABLISHED PREVENTIVE ACTION: USE OBM, SBM OR GLYCOL BASE MUD IF PROBLEM IS SUSPECTED IF AWEIGHT REDUCTION IS NECESSARY, REDUCE GRADUALLY OVER SEVERAL CIRCULATIONS MINIMIZE WELLBORE PRESSURE SURGESHOLE PACK.OFF HOLE PROBLEMS MECHANICALLY STRESSED SHALE OVERBURDEN STRESS CAUSE: MUD WEIGHT IS INSUFFICIENT TO SUPPORT IB THE OVER BURDEN BS U0 WEIGHT IS NOT ADJUSTED AS HOLE ANGLE INCREASES, serrata lets. 1th eetueapstets Ge HOLE BRIDGING OR PACK OFF POSSIBLE RESTRICTED CIRCULATION OR NO “528 CIRCULATION POSSIBLE FIRST ACTION: ‘APPLY LOW PUMP PRESSURE (200-400 psi) ISE MUD WEIGHT NEEDED TO STABILIZE THE iS OVER BURDEN Bled INCREASE MUD WEIGHT AS HOLE ANOLE Same INCREASES Page 33