Claisen Condensation

Named after: Rainer Ludwing Claisen

Definition: The Claisen condensation is a carbon-carbon bond forming reaction that occurs
between two esters or one ester and another carbonyl compound in the presence of a strong
base, resulting in a β-keto ester or a β-diketone.

Reaction Types: Coupling reaction.

Reaction: The claisen condensation converts 2 molecules of an ester into a β-ester.The
reaction starts with the ester in alkoxide/alcohol the neutral β-keto ester product.

Application:
Industrial uses:
 To obtain various organic compounds
 To obtain acetoacetic ester
 To obtain acetylacetone and their homologus.

Pharmaceutical uses:
 Antimalarial
 Anticancer
 Anti-inflammatory
 Cytotoxic

Reference:
1. A text book of organic chemistry Arun Bahl, B.S Bhal.
2. Wikipedia.
 Hofmanns’s Degradation Reaction

Named after: August Wilhelm Von Hofman.

Definition:
The Hofmann rearrangement is the organic reaction of a primary amide to a primary amine
with one fewer carbon atom.

Reaction Type: Rearrangement reaction.

Reaction:
This reaction involves conversion of an aliphatic or aromatic amide to the primary amine by
the action of sodium hypobromite.

Application:
1. Synthesis of anthronilic acid. This acid used to produce

 Saccharin, a sweetening agent

 Sedative drug
 Benzene and its derivatives
 Perfumes
 Soya Sauce
 Indigo

2. Synthesis of 3-Amino pyridine. It is used as-

 Pharmaceutical intermediates
 Synthesis of organic ligand
 Intermediate of colorant
 Manufacturing of Piroxicam.

3. Synthesis of 4-Aminopyridine.
 Sigmatropic Rearrangement Reaction

Definition: An intramolecular migration of a group along Conjugated pi-system is called

Sigmatropic rearrangement. Basically, a sigma bond adjacent to conjugated pi-system is
broken, the pi-bonds reorganize and a new sigma bond is formed at pi-system.

Types of reactions:
The sigmatropic rearrangement reaction is a one kind pericyclic reaction.

Reactions:

Applications:

Reference: A text of organic chemistry B.S Bhal and Arun Bhal,

Wikipedia.