SENSOR:

From the sensor the output clock pulse which in the form of square pulse is given as one of the
input to AND gate .The funtion of AND gate is to provide input pulses to the counter for a
specific time interval that is AND gate will pass the input low pulses only when other input is in
high state.So that sequence of continuous high-low states that is rectangular wave pulse with
known frequency for perticular time period.

ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR :

The astable multivibrator using IC timmer 555 is used to as neither of its output level is stable
such as that circuit continuosly swiches back and forth between these two unstable state that is
circuit oscillates and output is periodic rectangular wave form.

The IC timmer is connected to run as an astable multivibrator.However,the time which the

output is either high or low is determine by the two resistor and capacitor which are externally
connected to IC 555timmer.

Hence we get high output when the capacitor charges towards Vcc throgh the resistor RA and
RB and low output when it discharges through RB.

When the high output of astable multivibrator appear at input of AND gate ,number of pulses
arriving at next input will gate counted .

After each sequence of count ,the counter is to get reset and the number must remain on the
display untill next count arrive this is called laching .So the arrangement must be such that
output of counter is laches first then only reset .So monostable multivibrator are used for this
purpose .

A monostable multivibrator is a pulse generatating circuit in which the duration of pulse is

determine by RC network connected externally to the timmer.

When the external trigger pulse is applied ,output is forced to high .The time duration for which
output is forced to go high is determined by RC network connected externally to the timmer.At
the end of this time ,the output automatically revert back to low level .This stay low untill next
trigger pulse is obtained .the monostable circuit has only one stable state,so the name
monostable.Normally output of monostable is low .

Astable multivibrator output is used to trigger the first one shot.so when this one shot get
triggered,its output goes high making counter output appear at display .When the output revert
back to its low level,output of counter get lached untill trigger pulse is again applied output of