/

I
111

Contents
Contents
Preface
Introduction viii
VIII
Dedication ix
IX
XIll
Xlll
PART ONE
Chapter One
1.1 The Origin of the Alphabet
1.2 The letter A 1
1.3 The Four Vowels 1
1.4 The Letter Head 1
1.5 The Punctuation System 2
.- 1.6 Ending a Sentence 2
1.7 The Order of Strokes 2
?
1.8 The Thirty Consonants 2
1.9 Place of Articulation 4
1.10 Pronunciation 4
1.11 Tibetanized Sanskrit Alphabet 5
.1.12 Combining Consonants with Vowels 7
1.13 Examples 8
,.".
1.16 Reading Exercise 9
1.16.a The letter Ba 10
1.16.b Example 10
Exercise l.a 11
Er;erci~e
Er;erci~e l.b Drill (n
in
,- .
11

/ Chapter Two
f
2.17 Consonantal Denominations 12
-'
/ 2.18 The Root Consonant 12
13
2.19 The 10 Suffixes 13
13
2.29 Reading Exercise 13
16
2.31 Post-Siffixes 16
17
Exercise 2.a
EXlircise 17
17
Exercise 2.b Drill 17
18
2.32 Prfixes 18
18
2.38 Drill 18
22
2.39 Passive Consonants 22
22
2.40 Subjoined Consonant5 22
23
Exercise 2.c
2.e 23
26
Exercise 2.d Drill 26
26
2.46 Surmounted Letters 26
27
Exercise.2.e 27
30
Exercise 2./Drill , 30
30
Exercise 2.g , 30
131
2.53 Irregular Pronunciation 131
31
31
2.54 Chart of Prefixed Consonantal Denominations 33
33
Chapter Three
3.55 Articles
ArticIes
3.59 Noun 34 f'.
f'-
35 i
f.
........~-.
~_
 IV

• 36
3.60 Examples of Simple Nouns 37
3.61 Examples Complex Nouns 39
3.65 Ending in Special Suffixes
39
3.66 Dimunitive Nouns 40
3.67 Dissyllable Nouns
40
3.68 Derived Noun Stems
41
3.69 Nominal Compounds
42
3.70 Synonymous Compound
42
3.71 Abstract Noun Compound
43
3.72 Number
43
3.72 Gender
45
3.77 Adjectives 46
3.80 Degree of Comparison
47
3.81 Adverbial Superlatives
47
3.82 Prenominal Adjectives 47
3.83 Numerals
3.85 Ordinal Numbers 49
3.86 Aggregative Numerals 49
3.87 Fractional Numerals 49
3.88 Multiplicative Numerals 50
3.89 Approximate Numerals 50
3.90 Measurements 50

Chapter Four
52
4.91 Cases
4.92 Nominative 52
4.93 Accusative 52
53
4.94 Instrumental
54
4.95 Dative
54
4.96 Ablative
55
4.97 Genitive
55
4.98 Locative
56
4.99 Duration
56
4.99.a 12 Lunar Months
57
4.100. Vocative

PART TWO
Lesson One
1.1 Consonant Drill 60
63
1.2 Pronouns
63
1.2.a Personal Pronouns
1.2.b Possessive Pronouns 63
1.2.e Demonstartive Pronouns 64
65
~ ... 1.3 Auxiliary Verb
65
1.4 The Infinitive
1.4.a Examples 65
1.5 Word Order 66
1.6 Vocabulary 66
1.7 Examples 67
68
1.8 Exercises ofLesson One
1.8.b Seven days of the Week 68
1.8.c and d Exercises 68
r 1.8.e Cardinal Numbers 69
1.9 Some Useful Expressions 70
\

il
i
 .~

.' v

Lesso n Two
2.1 Vowel Dr;!!
Drill 71
2.2 Nouns 72
2.3 Vocabulary 72
2.4 Auxiliary Verb "la;'
iiia;' yin 73
2.4.a Examples 74
2.5 Exerc ises a,b, c ofLes
of Lesson
son Two 75
The 12 General Months 76
The 12 Tibetan Months 76
Exercises e and f 77
2.7 Some Useful Expressions 77
Less on
Lesso n Three
I
3.1 The surmounted and Subjoined Consonants Drill 79
3.2 The Use of Combined Auxiliary Verbs 80
The Examples 80
-,,"'
..... -: 3.4 Tibetan Verb 81
3.4.a Vobaculary Verbs 82
3.5 Vocabulary Nouns 82
3.6 Expressions on the Notion of Time 84
3.7 Exercises ofLes
of Lesson
son Three 87
/
3.8 Some Useful Expressions 88
~&~
Lesso n Four
4.1 Substitution Drill
;:"
;:~

- '-' '
"l"'
4.2 The Combined Auxiliary Verb "l'\'''''\' yod red
89
89
4.3 The Combined Auxiliary Verb "i"'r:>.5,"11 yod 'dug
Ui,\·rl.5," 90
4.4 Negation 91
4.5 Examples of Affirmative and Negative Sentences 91
4.6 Participation Drills 94
4.7 Vocabulary 94
4.8 Interrogative Negatives 95
4.9 Exercises ofLes
of Lesson
son Four 96
4.10 Useful Expressions 98
Less on
Lesso n Five
,L' . 5.1 Interrogatives 99
5.2 General Interrogative Pronouns 99
5.3 Participation Drills ofInterrogative Sentences 99
5.4 Vocabulary 102
5.5 Adjectives 103
5.6 :Adjec
Adjecttival
ival Interrogatives 103
,,, 5.7 Examples of Adjectival Interrogatives 104
5.8 Exercises ofLes
ofLesson
son Five 105
5,9 Useful Expressions 107
~

i····

.'
 VI
VI

Lesso
Le Six
sso nn Six
108
108
Seven
TheSev
6.1The
6.1 r1l'~il\'
en "l'~i l\' laladondon Par ticleses
Particl
accusa locativ
, loca
tive, anddati
tiveeand ves
datives 108
108
Examp
6.2Exa
6.2 mples lesofofacc usative
ress
Expres
ificExp ion
sion 110
110
6.3The
6.3 Useof
TheUse Honor
ofHo norific
110
110
6.4
6.4 HoHonor
nor ific
ific Nouns
No uns 112
6.5MoMonos yllabic
bic Ho Honor bs
Verbs
ificVer
norific 112
6.5 nosylla 113
6.8VoVobac ulary
ry 113
6.8 bacula 114
6.9 Examp les
les 114
6.9 Examp 115
6.10
6.1 0 Exe rcisses
Exerci es atatLes sonnSix
Lesso Six 115
116
116
Tibeta
Tibetan n quotat
quo tati ions
ons 117
117
fullEx
Usefu
6.11 Use
6.11 Expre
pre ssi onss-
ssion -

Lesso
Le Seven
sso nn Se ven

~~:: t
118
118
7.1 Ten
7.1 sess
Tense 118
7.2 The plee Pre
Simpl sentt Ten
Presen Tensese 118
7.2 The Sim 119
119
7.3 The
7.3 plee Pas
Simpl
The Sim Tense
Pastt Ten se
Tense
Ten se 119
119
7.4
7.4 The
The Simpl
Sim plee Future
Fut ure 120
The Pre
7.5 The sentt Per
Presen Perfec
fect t 120
7.5 121
121
7.6
7.6 The
The Past
Pas t Perfec
Per fec t Tense
t Ten se
121
121
Future
7.7 The Fut
7.7 ure Per fec Tense
Perfec t Tense
121
Condi
7.8 The Con dititional
onal PerPerfec se
Tense
fect Ten 121
7.8 121
121
Table
7.9 Tab
7.9 Tense
le of Ten Termi
se Ter min nation
atio s
ns
122
122
7.11 Kinshi
7.11 Kin Terms
shipp Ter ms 123
es at Les
rcisses
Exerci
7.12 Exe son Sev
Lesson Sevenen 123
7.12 125
125
7.13 Useful
7.13 Use Expre
ful Exp resssions
sions

Eig htt
Lesson Eigh
Lesso
126
126
8.1 Progressive
8.1 Progre ssive 126
126
8.2 Presen
8.2 Progressive
Present Progre ssive 126
8.3 Pas Progre ssive
ssiv e 126
8.3 Pas t Progre
t
127
127
8.4 Future
8.4 Future ProProgregre ssive
ssiv e
ssive 127
127
8.5 Future
8.5 Condi
Future Conditi tional
ona Progressive
l Progre
Progre ssive
ssiv e 127
127
Presen t Perfec
8.~ Present Perfec
8.6 tt Pro gre
ve
128
128
8.7 Past
8.7 Perfec t
Pas t Perfect ProProgregre s~ive
s~i
Progressivessive 128
128
8.8Future
8.8 Perfectt Progre
Future Perfec 129
8.9 Condi tional l Perfec
Per fec tt Progre
Pro ssive
gressive 129
8.9 Conditiona 129
129
8.10 Vocab
8.10 Vocabula ularyry 130
Over 100
inggOver 100 130
8.11 Count
8.11 Countin 130
130
8.12 Exerci
8.12 Exercises ses of
ofLLesson
ess Eight
onEight
Sakya
Sak Pandita
yaPandil a 133
133
8.13 Elegan
8.13 Elegant t Saying
Say ing ss By
By

Lesso

9.1
9.2
-------------
Le ssonn Nine

ADve
9.1 AD
Nine
ormati
ver
Adver
onnof
ormatio
rb
b
b
b
of
ofAdver.
of
of
of
Adver.
Place
Pla
Manne
Ma
ce
nner r
134
134
134
134
134
134
9.2 Ad ver 135
9.3 Adver b bof
ofTime
Tim e 135
9.3 Ad ver 136
9.4 Vocab ulary
ula ry 136
9.4 Vo cab 137
n 137
9.5 ClassicalalTibeta
9.5Classic Tibetan 137
137
9.6 Verb
9.6 Ver btotobe
be ininClassi
Cla calalTibeta
ssic n
Tibetan
letive
tive Ter
Termin ations,
minations, 137
137
9.7 Examp
9.7 Exa mp les
lesofofComp
Com ple 138
calalTibeta Reading
n Readin g 138
9.8Classi
9,8 Classic Tibetan 139
139
9.11
9.11Exerci
Exe ses
rcis esof Lesson
ofL ess Nine
onNine
 vii

9.12 Elegant Sayings by Sakya Pandita 141

Less on Ten
10.1 Conjunction 143
10.7 Disjunctive Conjunctions 144
10.8 Examples of Conjunctions of Contrast & Similarity 145
10.9 Vocabulary 146
10.10 Classical Tibetan Reading 147
10.11 Exercises of
ofLes
Lesson
son Ten 147
10.12 Elegant Sayings By Sakya Pandita 150
Less on Eleve n
11.1 The Continuative Particles 151
11.5 Examples of Continuative Particles 152
11.6 Gerundial Terminations 153
11.8 Instrument of Reason 154
i.L
11.9 The Ablative of Reason 155
11.10
11.1 0 Vocabulary 156
11.11 Classical Tibetan Reading (Life Of Buddha) 157
11.12 Exercises ofLes
ofLesson
son Eleven 158
11.13 Elegant Sayings by Sakya Pandita 161
Less on Twel ve
12.1 Particle ;;;'. na Emphasizing a Special Point 162
12.2 Express a Condition 162
~t-
12.3 Interrogative Reasoning 162
12.4 Express Contradiction 163
12.5 Making a Wish 163
'-~ ,~,-'
12.6 Expresing a Doubt 163
12.7 Expression of Certainty 164
12.8 Emphatic Expression ~. ni 164
12.9 Vocabulary 165
12.10 Classical Tibetan Reading (Life of Buddha) 165
12.11 Exercises of ofLes
Lesson
son Twelve 166
12.12 Conversation Between the Prince & his Charioteer 167
,l
c::'..

Less on Thirteen
L-·.'
~.-~.:

~.-'
13.1 Abilitative Forms 170
13.3 Expressions of Obligatory Forms 171
13.4 Permissive Expressions 172
','-.-"
13.5 Causative Expressions 173
13.6 Idiomatic Expressions of Genitive Datives 174
,\~'!f dgos and r::>.~'\.
13.7 The Use of ,\~l!f r.>.~'\. 'dod 175
~:1.,
~~.
13.8 Benedictive Expressions
175
13.9 Vocabulary
176
13.10 Classical Tibetan Reading (Life of Buddha)
13.11 Exercises ofLess 176
~,' ofLessonon Thirteen 177
13.12 Sayings of the Buddha
179
 viii

Lesso n Four teen

14.1 Various Auxiliaries 180
14.2 Exclamatory Expressions 181
14.4 The Imperative 182
14.5 Examples 182
14.6 Adjectival and Adverbial Clauses 183
14.7 Alphabetical Notation 184
14.8 Vocabulary 184
14.9 Classical Tibetan Reading (Life of Buddha) 185
14.10 Exercises ofLess on Fourteen
ofLesson 186
14.11 Tradit ional Buddh isliSayings
ist!Say 188

Lesso n Fifte en
15.1 Verbal Compounds 189
15.2 Examples of Verbal Compounds 190
ofS",·tj·r byedp a Verbal Compound
15.3 The Use ofS,,\·t 191
15.4 The Verbs of Becoming 191
-5c.."I. myong ba
15.5 The Auxiliary Verb .@c..tj' 192
"'. ya
15.6ln finitiv e ~. rgyu and "'I' 193
15.7 Beginning a sentence in Classical Tibetan 194
15.8 Completive Dual Syllables 196
15.9 Classical Tibetan Reading (Life of Buddha) 196
15.10 Exercises ofLes son Fifteen
of Lesson 197
15.11 Elegant sayings by Sakya Pandita 199

Lesso n Sixte en
16.1 Passive Voice 200
16.2 Relatives Clauses 200
16.3 Examples 201
16.4 Prenominal Adjectives 201
16.5 Examples 201
16.6 Derivation Word Classes 203
16.7 Examples 204

PART THREE
List of Verbs 205
 IX

Pref ace
. Subdu e your fear by learning something new every day.
This Tibetan language course handb ook 'A Primer of the Tibetan langua
. who want to acquire a good working knowledge of the language in ge' is designed for people
a short time, and who will
probably be working at home without a teacher. It will enable those with
i;!;
Tibetan to reach the point where they can communicate effectively and no previous knowledge of
can read, write and converse
on a range of topics. Originally written as a textbook for an intensive
Tibeta
handbook covers the essential elements of Tibetan grammar of both spoken n language course, this
t: and written Tibetan. I
have used it for the various Tibetan language classes I have conducted
over the years and have
proved to be effective as teaching material for both class and individual
t,uition.
/
'A Prime r of the Tibetan Language' begins with the Tibetan alphabet
and the sound system of the
language, as far as this is possible in print. A cassette tape to go with
this book is being prepared for
the benefit of those who cannot find a suitable teacher. In order to maxim
endeavour, it is essential to use this book stage by stage according to ise the enjoyment and your
1:~ the lessons. In each lesson, a
of gramm ar are explained and illustrated; there are exercises with vocab
ulary lists and useful
expressions. A separate lists of verbs is also provided in the three tenses
and imperative so that so
student can examine the pattern of spellin g change caused by consonantal
;..,:- gender harmony called ''1''''
'I)"'.
(l.~'lJ'
(l.~'IJ. rtag 'jug.

Learn ing Tibetan language is key to understand the Tibetan people, their
history. Studying Tibetan will also help to preserve the Tibetan culture way of life, religion and
which is facing great threat
under the repressive policy of the communist regime in Tibet. People
who are interested in
Buddhism will find the importance of Tibetan language and appreciate
the rich Tibetan literature on
Buddhism and related subjects. Grammatically there is no great differe
tB!
tBi nce between the spoken and
written language. Understanding the grammatical rules and their applic
ation
will give textual scholars a greater access to the use of language as a spokein the spoken language
important to remind ourselves that the scribal.convention was created n language. It is
to do service to the spoken
0J,S:
0.~,S: language, not a barrier to speak. Even if you know how to read Roma
nized Tibetan and know few
of its grammatical rules, you are not a Tibeta n language scholar if you
do not know how to speak the
language as spoke n among Tibetans. Numerous courses on 'Classical
Tibetan' are taught at
:;;;) academic institutions around the world by people who do not speak or
:;;;:~; understand the spoken
language. Graduates of such courses are left frustrated and confused as
they cannot speak and
understand a language they supposed to have studied several years at
/ University level. Unlike
Sanskrit, Tibetan language is a living and progressive language which
;,,}
1;}
is spoken in many countries in
the Himalayan region.

Students who successfully complete this course will not put through such
written this manual because Tibetan is my mother tongue and I am well difficulties. I have
versed on the subject. I have
had a thorough traditional training in both school and monastery under
leading Tibetan linguists, poets and grammarians alive today. My teachethe tutelage of some of the
Trichen Rinpoche was on the board of writers who designed the Tibeta r, His Eminence Chogay
n
auspices of the Council of Tibetan Education in Dharamsala. I have beenschool text book under the
};',l
~,,:~

Tibetans some years now and this book is an outcome of my own interes teaching Tibetan to non-
t in teaching the language.
r.v·
b,~' This manual strictly follows the unique grammatical rules which makes
this language so different
from any other language. There is nothing in this book that the so-cal
led classical Tibetan courses
would not have covered. The only difference is that you will know how
to speak, read, write and
most important of all, you will be able to feel and think in the language.
Completing this course will
bring you closer to the Tibetan people whene ver they are around and you
will become part of their
unique culture. This will provide you with an eye into a new culture.
When you are not with the
Tibetan people you will find before you a mine of Buddhist knOWledge
and wisdom preserved in the
scriptures. While many learn Asian languages for financial reasons, learnin
special reason which only a keen student will be able to feel within themse g Tibetan will have a
lves.

:.:-,;1
'_',;1
 A

i<'
Introduction
/

Tibetan is spoken by approximately

the Asian sub-continent including Tib ten million people in mo re than a hal f a dozen of countries in
understood by Mongolians who hav et, Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim, India and South We st China. It is
Tibeto-Burman group of languages e had traditional monastic education. Tibetan is a me mb er of the
coi n the term 'Sino-Tibetan langua, but has no great association with Chinese, so it is a mistake to
ge
pow erf ul expression of Tibet's indepe family'. Tibetan lan gua ge wit h its sep ara te alp hab et is a
Gu pta script of India and its logical ndence. Its written langua ge was based on the 7th century
grammar is easy to fol low in spi te
San skr it. of its close ass ociatio n with

Aft er studying Indian linguistics inc

em ine nt linguists, the Bra hm in Lip luding Panini, Kalapa and Candra Sanskrit gra mm ars under
ikara and Devavidyasinha, Thonm
min iste r of the famous Tibetan kin i
Tib eta n in early 7th century. He g Songtsen Gampo (srong blsan sgam Sambota, the intelligent
was po) invented the written
~:g
~J pur pos e of mastering Indian langua first sent to India with fifteen oth er Tibetan youths for the sole
ges
ent ire Buddhist teachings into Tibetan so that a suitable written language is invented to translate the
Son gts en Gampo went into retr eat in . Aft er returning from India, Thonmi together with the king
'~"~ he had already began in India. He the temple of Maru Pal ace in Lhasa to finalise his wo rks which
vow els which existed in Sanskrit. decided to have four vow els i, u, e and 0 ins tead of sixteen
/

the Sanskrit alphabet while six conson Q! the thirty consonants, twenty four
consonants we re based on
ton gue which did not exist eve nm llle ants were created according to the neeaor Ti1 TiO5ete'taann speaking
tile
facilitate the standard transliteration Sanskrit alph alphao
a1JeCS
et--Six
ixrerev
vetetse
sedtl'"c
'"coorrs
rrsoona
nan ts
nts we re late r added to
onl y two, namely sum eu pa and rtag of San skrit into Tibetan. Of his eight great gra
s kyi 'jug pa are extant today. Sum eu pa mm atic al treatises
the eight fold case system and the use prim aril y dea ls with
a
i'} 'jug pa discusses the unique conson of the various dependent and independent
ant al gen der system wh ich determines par ticl es. Rla gs kyi
;morphological relationship between the pho
phOnolnol ogi
ogi cal and
to the three tenses and imperative mo
con son ants in orderito systematize the rult;S of
od. spelling in relation
' .
Within several decades, many Bud
Ka wa PaI tse k, Chokro Lui Gyalts dhist scriptures were translated into Tibetan from Sanskrit by
translation school. Those who hav en and Sha ng Na-namde, wh o all belonged to the old Tibetan
t see these three nam es in the coloph e the opportunity to read any Tibeta
n translation will frequetnly
bts an) , Tibetan language received ons. Du rin g the reign of Tri son g Deutsen (khri sro ng lde'u
prosecution of Buddhism by Lan Dan an extensive revision. In spi te of
g Darma, the dar k era cau sed by the
sen d more Tibetans to study Buddha na, it gave a much needed motivation amongst the Tibetans to
Tib eta n translators em erged includ dharma in India. As a result, in 10th century galaxies of eminent
Ng ok Lotsawa Lodhen Sherab and ing Lochren Rinchen Sangpo, Drogmi Lotsawa Sha ky kyaa Yeshi,
others. The y were responsible for
Tib et and standardisation of the com the revival of Bu ddh ism in
can on were compiled und er the plex Tibetan Buddhist terminology. The entire Tibetan Buddhist
xylographs. supervisio n of Buton Rin poc he and
were prin ted in wooden

Th e firm re-establishment of Dharm

instrumental in subduing the ruthless a in Tibet through the dedication of counne
Mongols and the nation building of ntiess scholars became
Tibet. Sin ce Tib et came
 Xl.
Xl.

o allo weddall alltradtraditi ns totopro

itioons spe r rinin
prospe
under the one united Dh Dharm
arm a a rule
rule ofof the
the gregreatat Sak Sakyayappas as wh who allowe stu den tsts
und er the one uni ted rld attr acting inghun dre ds of
hundreds of studen
Tibet had some of thethe bigges
big ges t tmo nasteri
monas es ininthe
teries thewo world attract
harmo
harmony, ny, Tib et had som e of
mid1111ththcen centurturyyTib Tibetaetansnscou ld lea
could rn Sanskrit grammarar
learn San skr it gra mm
from many neighb
nei ghb ouring
our ing coucountr
ntri ies.
es. FroFromm mid ttenn Tib eta nn wa s so
from many ut havin g toto useuse the the San Sanskskr itrit alp hab etet asas the
alphab thewri writte Tibeta was so
throug
thr oug h h Tibeta
Tib eta n n witho
wit hou t hav ing into Tib eta n. Mo der nrn
every Sanskskr rit
it syl lablelecan
syllab canbe tran slit
be transliterated era ted into Tibeta n. Mode
meticu lously invent
inv ent eded that
tha t eve ry San sev era l Bu ddh ist
me ticu lou sly have done e com compa parativ rative e stustudydy on on the the tran translaslation
tions s inin severa l Buddh ist
Buddh istsch ola rsrs wh
schola who o hav e don ura ten ess of
Bu ddh ist
agree that there isis no
no transla
tran slat tion
ion wh ich can
which canma match the consis y and
tch the con sist enc
tency andacc accura teness of
langua
languages all ges all agr ee tha t ther e dhi st lite ratu re are
are not
not ext ant, ,
extant
ofthe theBu Buddh istcan on. Sin
canon. Sincece mo most st SanSansk it Bud
skrrit Buddhist literat ure
Tibetaeta nntran transla tionss of ddhist cticce e of
Tib slation
ist canon is among
ong stst the
the best
bes t tran slat
transla ion
tions s toto fur therr the
furthe the stu studydy and and pra practi of
Tibeta n
Tib eta n Bu ddh Buddh ist can on is am
BuBuddhddhism ism. .
at thre at toto thethesur viv alal ofof
The comm unist invasi
inv asio on
n ofof Tibet
Tib et can
can never
nev er be
be for
forgivgiven en and and isis aa gre great threat surviv
our nat ionalal
Th e com mu nis t des troy
d toto destroy Tibet's Tib et's cul
culturtura l
al and
and our nation
ture.. Ma
culture Maoisoisttana anarch
rchistsistsfromfrom Chi China na has hastrietried es and
traditi
trad itioonal
nal cul
Tibetaeta nn gua
langua
lan gege wa
was s proprohibhibitedited and and 600 6000 0 mo nas teri
monas teries and
herita ge. The study
stu dy ofof the
the unique
uni que Tib ic des truc tion of the
heritage. The in TibTibet were re desdestro troyyed.ed. In In spi te of
spite of all all the
the cat astr
catastr oph
ophic destru ction of the
educa
edu cattional
ional ins institu
titutiontions s in et we serv e the ir lan gua ge
ge and
and cul turee
cultur
and lan langua
guage, ge, TibTibeta etanns s hav
have e ma nag
managed to ed to pre
preser ve their langua
Tibeta
Tib etann cul ture,, reli
culture gionn and
religio
Lam a. In In exi
exile le mamanyny Tib Tibetaetans ns sch
schoooolls s wewerere
in exile under the leader
lead ersh shipip of
of His
His Holine
Ho line ss'
ss' the
the Dal
Dalaiai Lama.. m Tib et wit h
in exi le und er the refu gee ess are
are con
contintinuuinging to to esc
escapeape fro
from Tibet with
monas
and monasteries were teries were rebuil
reb uilt t Hundr
Hu ndr eds
eds of
of refuge pal .. II
opene
ope nedd and giving them
the m per
proper
pro Tib
Tibeta eta nn lan
languaguage ge trai ningg in
trainin in Ind
India and Ne
ia and Nepal
their young childr
ng children in hop en in hope e of
of giv ing harra,a, Nep al..
the ir you
g how to read and
and write
wri te Tibeta
Tib etan n und
under er a
a tree
tree in
in aa refu
refuge geee tam tamp p inin Pok
Pokha Nepal
can rec
can recall learnin
all learning how to read
the childr enn sat
sat togeth
tog eth er
er und
under er aa tree
tree lear ningg how
learnin how to to pro
prononouuncence thethe ..
There re wewere no classe
re no classes, all s, all the chi ldre bhoota. ta. Aft er fini ng my
shiing my
The we memo rized d we were re SumSum cu cu pa pa by by Tho Thonm nmii Sam Sambh After finish
alphab et
et The
Th e first
firs t thing
thin g we me mo rize gs, the two gra mm atic al
alp hab enoug h to tho thorou roughl ghly y stu dy
study among am ong st oth
other er thin
things , the two gramm atical
high schoo ool l,
, I
I was
wa s fortun
fort una ate
te eno ugh of the Bu ddh a. His
hig h sch chen Rin
Triche Rinpo pocche he in Lum Lumb bin i, the birt
ini, h-place
birth-p lace of the Buddha. His
works under His Em Emine ine nce Cho Choga gayy Tri his sec retaaryry
wo rks und er His
of the most remar ark kable
abl e Tib Tibeta etann poe ts
poets alive aliv e tod
today.ay. Hav
Havin ing g ser
servedved as as his secret
Emine
Emine nce
nce is
is one
one of mo st rem ion wa s fulf ille d bey ond my
my
somee six yea years, rs, my Tib Tibeta eta n edu educa cattion was fulfilled beyon d eta
and per
and personson al al ass ista nt for som
assista
som e of the mo
more re fine
finer r ele
eleme me nts
nts of
of Tib
Tibeta nn
Subse quentl y I was fortun
fort una ate
te to disc
discus uss s some
expec
exp ecttation.
ation. Subsequently
n to San Sansk skrrit it and Pra kritt wit
Prakri with h the em emineinent ling lingui late Kh
uisstt late Khun unu Lamaa
u Lam
gramm ar
ar and
and poetry
poe try in relatio
rela tion die d .
gra mm stayed at my monas monastery a year before he died .
year before
Tenzin
..Te Gyaltshen
nzin Gyalts hen when when he came carne and stayed
perhapss motiva motivated ted by Christian
by Christ ian
t of the study y of Tibeta
Tib etan language in the West
n langua West was perhap
.. The
Th e first
firs t interes
inte rest stud
course s in Tibeta
Tib etan n and tran
transla slat ed the Bible
ted Bible with the help of somee
wit h the hel p of som
. Some
naries. Som e took cra took crash sh cou rses
missionaries
missio
Tibeta grammar in Englis
n gramm English giv ing most
h giving most of the exa mples
the examp fro m the
les from the
Tibeta
Tib eta n
n schola
sch ola rs
rs and
and wrote
wro te Tib eta aril y run
prim ily run and owned and ow ned
printing
n printin press in
g press Kalimp
in Kalim ong was primar
pong
translattion
transla ion of Bible. The
the Bible.
of the The firstfirst Tibeta
Tibetan
Jam mu . Som e hastily com pile
hastily compi ledd
hin, a Tibeta n speaki
spe aki ng
ng Christ
Chr isti an
ian from
from Spi
Spiti ti in
in Jamm u. Some ets
by Khunu
by Tharc
Khunu Tharchin, a Tibetan century recall readin
.' II recall readingg pamphpamphllets
h diction aries appear
app ear ed
ed as
as early
ear ly as
as mid
mid nin
ninete ete en centur
en y.·
n Englis
Tib eta n English dictionarie
Tibeta s
did not not knowknow they they were talk ing
were talkin about
g about
Will Save You" " during
dur ing my
my school
sch ool day
days s but
but II did not
entitle d "God
entitled "God Will Sav e You
they were e badly
bad ly written
wri tten reli
religio gious ideas by
us ideas some foreig
by some foreign ners wh odi
ers who didd not
Christ ianity.
Christianity. I used to I used to think
thin k the y wer
know the
know Tibetann langua
theTibeta language properly.
ge proper ly.
studied in
ly studied countriies
many countr
in many and
es and
have change d since e as
as the
the written
wri tten langua
lang uagge e isis enthusiastica
enthus iasticallly of
Times
Times have change d sinc studiess progra programmes mmes.. Hund Hu ndr es
res of
numbe r of univer ver sities
siti es have
hav e introd
intr odu ucedced Tib
Tibeta etann studie
more recent ly
mo re recently num ber s around the world of uni
mu ch needed needed intere interes stt in Tib nn
the Tibeta
in the eta
Buddh ist centre aro und the wo rld have
hav e gen
genera era ted much
ted
Tibeta n
Tib eta n Bu ddh ist centres fifty young tral Asian Repub Republ lics have been
ics have bee n sentsen t toto
studie s. Only recent ly some
som e fift y you ng boys
boy s from
from the
the cen
centra l Asian log ists
studies. Only recentnlyin Tibetan monas threeyears
ry three yearssome sometwo two hundrehundredd Tibeto Tib etologists
India to study Tibeta n in Tib eta n mo nas teries.
teri es. Eve
Every semina rs.
Ind ia to study Tibeta ence on Tibeta etan n studies
stud ies as
as wel
well manyregion
lasasmany regionalalconfer confere ncesand
ences andsemin ars.
attend interna tional
attend international con in the Buddh confer fere nce on Tib studiesshave lize
rea d the
hav erealize d the
literature,
istliteratu studentsts ininBuddh
re,studen Buddhi istststudie
Du etotoits
Due itsimporimporta tantntplace place in the Buddhist l of
handful of non-Tibetan non -Ti bet an sch
schola ola wh oare
rsrswho are
of the Tibeta n larigua gua ge.
ge. There
The re are
are alre
alread adyy aahandfu
signifi cance
significance of the Tib
ge
eta
in
n
the
lan
West st and
and transla
tran slat ing
ting importa
impor Tib etannworks
tantntTibeta worksinto Eng lish
intoEnglis h and otherer
and oth
teachi ng
teaching the lanthe langua gua ge in the We easylangua language geininless tha nsix
lessthan six
ges. Numb er of
of schola
sch ola rsrs have
hav e stu
studie dieddthis relative
thisrelativ elylyeasy
impor tant
important langua langua ges . Nu mb er
is prepared
isprepar edtotoput putaasteadysteadyeffort effortover overa period of of aa
a per iod of of
month s and have e remark
rem ark ed
ed how
how easy
eas y ititis is ififone
one
months and hav languag
n langua teacher
geeteache r. .
lesswith withaacompe tentntTibetaTibetan
yearororless
year compete
decades,s,texts translat
textstransla ted faithfully
edfaithfu lly
of many books writte
wri n
tten onon Tibet
Tib et during
dur ing thelast
the threedecade
lastthree
InInspite
spi te of ma ny boo ks moreforeign foreigners learninggTibeta
erslearnin eta
Tib n and n and
blylyfew. few. There Thereisisaagreat greatneed needfor formore
fromthe
from Tibetannisismisera
theTibeta miserab
rks. . The of anc ien
prestige eof ancient Tibetan transla
Theprestig t Tib eta n tran slat orsare
tors are
engag ing in the collab lab oration
ora tion ofof transla
tran slattionion wo
works ddh
Bu ist ist
engaging in the col on has been
bee n giv
given en to to ma
mainta intaininthis importa
thisimpor tantntaspectaspectofofBuddh
forgot ten and very little e attenti
atte ntio n has
forgotten and ver y littl
 scholarship. Tibetan Buddhist centres bring out young Tibetan monks to
or no payment, thus disregarding the important role of the translators. work as translators for little
Very few translators are able to
stay on the job due to lack of incentive and prospect for their future.
qualified Lotsawa (frans lator) and Pandita (lo-pa In the old days a pair of a
(la-pan) received equal respect and honour. Lotsawa
:t..
:t .. should not be regarded as someo ne who can merely speak two langua
~, ges, but someo ne.
ne,wh
whoo is
equally qualified as a teacher on his /her own right with special expert
Traini ng of translators should be high on the agenda before opening ise in an anothe r langua ge.
centres and sendin g resident
teachers.
,:;
As more material progress is made without obtaining any lasting happin
r«lationships, the interest of Dharma in the West will continue to grow. ess from wealth, fame and
relatio
not master the language in which the Dharma is prcserved and dedicate Howe ver if Westerners do
',- time to work seriously on the
translation of impor tant texts into English, they will be unable to help
their future generation with
Dharm.a. Tibetan, written by Thoom
Thonmi Sambhota, who is indisputedly regarded as an emanation of
Manjushri, is one of the easiest language in the world. The energy a person
t'
t Tibetan can be extremely beneficial for one's spiritual progress and devote s for the study of
may help to speed the flourish of
Dharm a in all corners of the world if done with the right motivation.
of gocxl use to many students of Buddhism and the Tibetan language. I hope that this manual will be
,.
"
;;--~;
;;--~;

I~'l/' (I'
'I' ~c:.''1.:(:p.5; Ujt:, ,'l Ill'll I~' p.
'J.:(:p.5;' Ujt;.• '" ''If'l~' 'I'"l'
p."" "" §'"'~c:. 'I'1
'I' "l'§"
@'q-~'''ll''''l~rl
@'<:r~''' '''''l~njj''l'UiI
''l'UiI I~"'rlj' ·~"iil<Jj·' '1·P.:if
",c:. ,~"iil<l'j
""nj' "c:. 'J'p. ~I
~
t:

Even if one is to die tomor row, one shoul d study

stUdy know ledge;
For it is like claim ing one's own entru sted posse ssions in future
;: rebirt hs.
------b y Sakya Pand ita
I In paying my tribute to Thonmi Sambhota -and and all the Tibetan Lotsawas who unselfishly gave
~;~~ their lives for the benefit of others, may the fortunate people of this
genera tion do not forget their
compassionate deeds and try to emulate their examples by studying and
practising with diligence and
patience.

Lama Choedak T, Yuthok

Tibetan Language Group
canbe rra, 1994
Canbe

;j;~
j<:.,

l ~
~.

l'
j,
j"

t;
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of
;'~

:'-

~-:'
i'_:'
 Dedic ation
eo.... ~
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c...
c... _,
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~

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l~i>J9 ~l1l'~ "i' ~~'~
'~"i' .q~l1l'
9'.q~l
~~ '~9' 'f<\~ 'I
11'i>J' tl~ 'f<\~'\
~

'l;r~~~'.t.I'
1~1Ijr:l. 'l;r~~~'
1~7!jt:l. ~'1'I
.t.I""Ol~
.t.I' i>J~' .t.I""Oi
..-
...-

-
Illf
1\lJ'l;j~'\lJ9'
l;j~'2j

1~'~9'~~~'
1~'~9' ~~~' ~~'tl
'l:ll;j' "i ~l
9' .t.I~'~~'l:ll;j'
..,.,
,..,.,
""l:lq'49
~~' tl""l:l.
~
~I
.

.q'49
...."

,
Although this manual is the result of many months' hard
work, it was much easier than attending classes under
trees while missing my little sister who died on our way «:?
~

in Mustang when we were escaping from Tibet in 1959.

I .dedicate this book for her and many other young
of comm
Tibetan children who died as the result ofcom unistt
munis
occupation of Tibet. My very existe nce and this book
could not have appeared witho ut the loving care,
protection and guidance which I have received from my
parents and His Eminence Chogay Trichen Rinpoche, I
hope that this is. the first drop of the fluidity of my
repaying of their kindness. Speci al thanks are also due
to my wife Mirabelle for her understanding, patience
and constant support in my work. I also express my
gratitude to Merrill Cook and Ken Gardiner for their
help and to my studen ts for their suppo rt and
encouragement.

j:j~'r:l.S""I1
~~'''i~'' cil~'t:
1~' ~~'''i~ ("i'~~·\1
l.S""\l("i·~~'
..-
...-
P "i'?9'
~r1lj"i'
p~r7!j 1) 9'1)'
7'~~"i r:l. ~'.t.I' ~~ 'I
"i' .t.I'~~'1
~
" ,,~
~..-
~...-

IE.'lf!
1E.'lf! ""l;j~i>
""l;j~i>J' J' .t.Ir:l.'
.t.I~. ~"i' ~i>J~'7! j"il
~i>J~'1Ij"i1
~

'I,!;'~'l;j~ 'r:l. ~.q'

~ 'l;j~ "i"i'~~. ~
.t.I "" c>J e:~'
q' .t.I"" ~ S9
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~11l1
,../'

PART ONE
CIBIAnJElR
CIBIAnlElR <!J)NJE
<!J)NlE

'lI'IHIJE
'lI'IHIlE ''lI'ITIB3lE'lI'
lI'ITIB3JE'lI'AN
AN AJl,JFlIBIAIB3JE'lI'
AJl,JFlIBIAIB3lE'lI'
1.1 THE ORIGIN OF THE TIBETAN ALPHABET
Thon-mi Sam-blw-ta was one of the most celebrated ministers of the famous Tibetan king
AD.--_·). Recognised as an emanation of Maiijushri, the Bodhisattva of
Srong-btsan-sgam-po (617 AD.----).
wisdom he was the son of Anu ofThonmi clan from central Tibet. 'The king sent Thonmi to India
together with carefully selected fifteen other young intelligent Tibetans to study Sanskrit. As he
proved himself to be the most brightest of all, his Indian teachers named him "Sambhota" which
means 'best' or 'perfect Tibetan'. Thon-mi Sam-bho-{a first studied Sanskrit with PlllJ4ita
Pll1J4ita
Devavidyasiizha and Brahmin Lipikara of Kashmir and then invented the Tibetan alphabet with
W:;-:·,;
~:--:.., thirty consonants and four vowels, He wrote eight important works on Tibetan grammer
gram mer but only
two, sum-bcu-pa and rtags-kyi-Jug-pa are extant today.

The Tibetan alphabet is based upon the Devanagari script. Designed to conform with the
t:o:. -
tS;~:·-
existing Tibetan language, Thonmi's Tibetan alphabet is one of the few scripts in the world which
,../' was solely created fOr
for the purpose of translating Buddhist scriptures. Scholars and students of
Buddhist Studies in modern times have recognized that the Tibetan language is one of the most
it important languages which has preserved few of the most accurate translations of the complete
Buddhist Canon.

~~,
tE~,
1.2 THE LETTER A

The last letter of the Tibetan alphabet a is considered to be a consonant in Tibetan and not a
vowel. According to Tibetan grammarians, a is an inherent sound of all the Tibetan consonants - it
~::}-.
~::}--
is the life-force of every sound - and is therefore called the "mother letter". Without the inner a no
Tibetan consonants have sounds of their own. It also represents the wisdom of unborn
Dharmakiiya .Thonmi specifically placed the letter a as the last letter of the consonants to stress its
special role. The remaining twenty nine consonants from k£l kn to ha are called "father letters", which
play the active role in their pronunciation while the inherent a passively gives real life to the other
consonants. Under different circumstances a is either sounded or silent. This will be explained
".-
below. Treating a as an ordinary vowel does not do it any justice. If a is regarded as a vowel
there is no way of explaining Tibetan words like 8'l'~E:.'
8'i0~£:.o i khung = hole Or
or 1iIi"l'JJ'og
1iIi"l0JJoog ma =chin.
=chino No
two vowels occur together without a medial consonant.

1.3 THE FOUR VOWELS

~

'L;'
'1::;.;' When either of the four Tibetan vowels known as "9E:.~·Uj"l"Q«f
"9£:.~·Uj"l".Q«f dbyangs yig bzhi are marked
J'
;' with a consonant, they modify the inherent sound 'a' of the consonant into the relevant vowel
sounds. For example, the normal pronunciation of the letter 'ka' is modified into 'ki' when the
.i-;, vowel sound 'i' is added. Presumably to emphasize this, in writing a vowel is always placed either
at the top or at the bottom of the root letter of a syllable. The three vowel signs that are placed on
top of the letter are said to 'soar like hats' and the one vowel sign that is placed at the bottom of the
~"-
~'-
letter and subjoined "l ya and'" ra are said to be 'beautiful like bolsters'. All these characters
are called "children letters" since they can only function by depending upon any of the parent letters
discussed above. Strictly speaking there is no long and short vowels in Tibetan except in the
Tibetanized Sanskrit words. Where there are lenthening sounds they are usually caused by certain
suffixes with or without vowel marked root letters:
letters;

"
 L.

Vowel signs Name Vowel sound Positio n in Writin g

,
~':3 glgu
gl gu On top of the letter
~ fiQ~'~
fiQ~'~ zhabs
zhabs kyu u On the bottom
~

r.l.~r;::q.
t:\~r;::q. 'greng
'greng po e On top of the letter
~'~' nara
naro ao On top of the letter

~ -
1.4 Ultlj'J,j
Ultlj'J,jl:lj
tlj THE LETT ER HEAD

The side a of every pair of pages (folios) begins with a "universal letter-h
ead" called 'yig mgo'
Ul"l'.;jilj in the form of~'1
of~'" 1 followed by a rsheg
tsheg and a double stroke in the upper left hand corner.,
It is similar to the rule in English where the rust
fIrSt letter of the sentence always begins in upper case,
Yig mgo is also always used at the beginning of a chapter or an import case.
ant sub-section of the same
chapter. r, Some scholars and Tibetan publishers in recent times have excluded
completely from the side A of a folio or page, thus making their publication the yig mgo
untraditional. Communist China's deliberate attempt to destroy the Tibeta very unTibetan and
have forced captive Tibetan scholars in Tibet to ignore traditional Tibeta n language and culture
yig mgo and have thus diluted the Tibetan language.
n scribal characters such as
ge, However Tibetan scholars and linguists living
in the free world should preserve and protect important characters like
yig mgo, It is also
considered inauspicious to have a nice books published without the yig mgo.
mgo, When learning the
written language in traditional Tibet these scribal conventions were treated
To ignore them is to demean the language itself and, thus, Tibetan culture as extremely important.
.,
1.5 THE PUNC TUAT ION SYST EM
Each syllable is followed by a dot' called 'rsheg'
'tsheg' (~9 ) as there are no hyphens and other forms
of punctuation.
ation, Each clause is divided from the next by a single vertical stroke (
I ) called ' gcig
shad' (11ji5"1 '4'" ), each sentence by double vertical lines ( "II ) called 'nyis shad' (~~4"
(llji5llj'.,,,'
(~~.,"'),'), and
each paragr aph or chapter by four vertical lines (II II) called 'bzhi.s had', (Q~'4"
(" ") (Q~'''''').
'). Inverted
commaS,as, colons, senii-colons, question marks and brackets are not used in chissi
schola rs concerned to preserve the traditional form of the Tibetan langua calTib etan. All
traditional Tibetan puntuation system. The meaning of a Tibetan senten ge should not dilute the
and with patience one wiII ce comes throug h contex t,
will discover why Thonmi Sambh
SambhoFaofa was cautious of introducing too many
punctuation signs. There is no special mark to denote the end of a word
in English. The information conveyed by punctuation marks in English nor are words spaced like
is conveyed through context
in Tibetan - thus punctuation marks are redundant in Tibetan,

1.6 ENDI NG A SENT ENCE

In "S'~~'
"S'~~' dbu can script, the letter which ends a senten
ce is not followed by the dot but only a
stroke. Howe ver there are two exceptions to this rule: when a sentence
ends with ga "I it is neither
followed by a dot nor a stroke; when a sentence ends with nga t::. it is
followed by both a dot and
a stroke.

1. 7 THE ORDE R OF STRO KES

Just as in English Tibetan is wrille
written in several ways. By in large there are two main styles of
writte n Tibetan, the printed form and cursive writing. In this book
we will dwell on the printed
style known as dbu can or 'headed' lellers
letters., It is named after the horizontal
ntai line which each of the
 3

dhu can fmm

fOlm has as the top line of the letters. The cursiv e style is known
as they lack the Horizo as dhu med or 'head Ie
norizo ntal line as their top line which in itself has severa l degre
cursiv eness. Some schola rs assert that the headless script derive d from es of I. I
writin g the heade d script "
a faster speed than a calligr apher would write. In writin g Tibeta
n alphab et in the dhu can ("i~r""
("i~ri5"i)
i)
script, the horizontal line is drawn first from left to right then the
distinc tive portio n of the letter and
/ lastly the perpen dicula r line is drawn from top to bottom . Howe ver
there are some excep tions for
looped letters such as ca, cha etc. which do not have the perpen dicula
are no horizontal line. r IIine
ine or in some cases there
.

7fJka
7!Jka - r -"'i /fj flf! kb.a
k.l1.a
- T. ~ f\
9 ga -rz:::-
-rz :- zr 1Ti
, r:::. nga r :..,
-rJ -.J:..
'5
\Sea
ca -'-- 3---<>
'--3 6 a; cha - 0'~7:7 ro
GO
".

E. ja - r ~
~ E--.
E.,. (f:,"J
(1':,-) '? Q ~ '? C,.!
nya r C":
, .

l) ta - \ "77 (Ii;
e" ,. {i '/ ~ tha -c:
C:y
y~E
~Et
t

- rr ~ (JV';' '.J
, .• ) - -
"\ ~
(Jv,;,_
" da
J )
ili na

.q pa - T ~ ~ r z:...-.~Z4
/
l.l
t.l pha

q ba -r~t:t
d-J Ina
a.J
- ~ ~.
~_ "" &.i
&.l (1'i=f!A\.e;;
(1'!=f! A_e;;

;r tsa -T~..t oObbib

- (5O ib
a:; tsha (SC/-
(S<ut..rj
-r)

e::dza
E::dza
- r ~.~ r
{' n...
fl... i{--I
IJ-.I i(-.\
IJ-.l '2::\
2j va

- -
11 zha r~
r,,
~~~~ ~ za -~ -~ "3
~

t:l. 'a - ('(" () a...

() ~ {.l.J
C1-J ya z.Z. U'U.:
U"U.:.CJ..\
.CJ..l

-"ra - ,. .J::.,
,~, '
j
[l.j fa
la r {?<2 ,.P-.\
{?(2. "p-'\

"9 - -
~-Ej rJ::..~~
C
sha ~ sa

". , ha - r:C:; "7

r:c:;z<; GIla - r cr \3\ t3\\.
<'..
<'-.
"<: ~
~
~ u , "'-9
~

e "\
"'\ - 0
..,
" -v- ........-
-v- ....----
 4

1.8 "'I~[).j'9""~J.l'~'
"'I~[lj'9""~J.l'~' THE THIRTY CONSONANTS

The thirty consonants of the Tibetan alphabet known as "I'w'.r§"i'~.>l·qil·

"I'w'.r§"i·~..rqil· gsal byed sum bcu are
classified into seven and half groups of four. The order in which the four letters are arranged in
each group are very significant in terms of the Tibetan phonology. Thus Tibetan alphabet is
traditionally written sequentially in four columns in seven and half horizontal rows as given below.
Grammatically these groups are named after the first letters of each group ~'<J'sde pa and hence the
fIrSt gtroup is called "l'~'
"l.~. ka sde or ka group etc.

Column
Columu 1 Column 2 Colnmn
Column 3 Column 4
Rowl 1ka
lTJka f kha "'I ga ~ nga

Row 2 \'5 ca a:, cha e:. ja '? nya

Row 3 7. ta .l:l tha
Il '" da "i na
Row 4 .q pa
.'J I<l pha z;:J ba J.l rna
Row 5 I ';t tsa
;f; if, tsha
I
e: dza.'
dza' 2:l
2:j va
j
Row 6 C<\ zha ~ za
=1 Q.
Cl. 'a Uj
Ul ya
'.
Row 7 ~ ra [).j
[lj la "9
-9 sha ~ sa
,
."
-"
Row 8 '? ha {l'j
tl'l a
e-...
eo... ...... e-..
c-,. _
'~'~".". .,1 : ~~"
~~"

1.9 Ul·"'IQ.'~·"'I"i~1
f'>.}
Uj''''ICl.'~''''I''i~1 PLACE OF ARTICULATION
/

-
r'\'
/ "
\'-",
;'(~'/
<

;\s'l
F/
Vowels
1
Origin
Palatal
Method of Articnlation
Articulation
Partial bending from the head in narrowness
U Palatal and Labial Nearly closed lips in narrowness
'->(~.. e Palatal Slight contact with head, rising in broad space
"''1 v
o Platal and Labial Uplifting of lower lip
'*/
'*f Practise hoy.' to pronounce the consonants clearly. No phonetic system can teach the correct
pronunciation unless one listens and learn it from a native speaker. Written characters are designed
to help to express the unalterable sound and meaning of the spoken language (this is what the
Sanskrit word for letter aksara means). Try to recognize the characters of the Tibetan alphabet so
that the appropriate pronunciation of the letters can be learnt with minimum help of the Romanized
forms. Even if the Romanized forms prove helpful in the preliminary stages, do not develop a

•
habit of not writing and reading in the language one is supposedly learning. Even if we know the
grammar of the language, we will never be able to speak or write it properly if we do not use the
script. Historically, until Tibet's recent colonization there had been no attempt to enforce a foreign
script and leave Tibetan redundant.

1.9.a In most Tibetan grammmaticalliterature, the place of origin of a letter Uj·~iS.·~·"Ii!i,>r

clj·~iS.·~·"Ii!i»r (yi ge'i
skye gnas) is discussed in great length under four important topics: The three narrow places of
articulation ~"I·<JiS.·"I"I~·(dog
~"I'<J():"I~~r(dog pa'i gnas) are throat, nose and inside of the head. The five broad
places Ult:.'>r<JiS.·"Ii!i»l·
"lc.»r<:liS.·"Ii!il>l· (yangs pa'i gnas) of articulation are chest, palate, tongue, teeth and lips.
These eight organs are also called "the fundamental cause" "I~iS.'~' (gzhi'i rgyu).
 )

I.9 .b Tbe ma in activity is carried

out by one 's tongue and pal ate
activating those organs by "internal in var iou s ma nne rs of
r touching" <l)<:
a:;,<:"~"=l
"~'=l,'i"!J
\'!J'" (nang du phr ad po)
.1l'i'=
.1l,\'=l,\'!
l'i"!JJ'" (cung zad phr ad pay; "closing" pa) ; "slight touching" §c."
§c,'
qi£~
qi£"!J"
~V (btsum po) pa); and by "op eni ng" ~"q"
either in a "narrow" '\"l"! ~'q' (phye bay
,\"i'!J"J' (do gpa ) or in a "broad" UK~f "lc'~f!J'
!J" (yangs pay
pa) space. The se are called "the
cause of articulation" n.S~ QS~'·!J"!J":
>::S r::;
S'i' "!Jq~'('
!Jq' "~"(byin
'byin par bye dpa d pa''ii rgyu).
1.9.c The results of the various acti
vities are eith er voiced 'is''l~fi'q"
i'q' (dbugs che baY
'\S"l~j"~:Fq' (dbugs chung bay, har ba), unvoiced
d ~"ll~
~·li~':i;'
·:i;·q·
q" (sgra than che bay or ~"Il
sof t sound. ~rlia:;,
<l)"'~Fq
~Fq'' (sgra than chung bay
ba)
1.9 .d Thr oug h the mo vem ent of
;<"
I'" app rop riat ec vital energies from
fro m wit hin the body, it co-
ordinates the place and activato vatorsrs to produce the sound which is call
ed "the cause of movement" §'\"
!J"·9
!J"'9'\'
'i"!J!J~'
f.l"~~'" (skyod par bye dpa
d pa''ii rgyu).
" 1.9 .e The lett er is con cei ved in
conception pro duc es the motivation the min d wh en the mind itse lf cog niz es the letter. This
motivation to pro duc e the sound to ver bal ize the sound of the lett
derives from er - in oth er wo rds , the
E,-
(!,' character and the pla ce of articulatio fro m the recognition of the cha rac
n cannot pro duc e the sound by the ter in the min d. The
the inner vila
vital energies to move and this is cal mse lve s. Motivation causes
led "the root cause of the motivation
" ~nrq-":§
"":§'\'!
,\"!Jq'$
Jq"$'"
ii);
ilj, (skul/ bar byed pa' i rgyu) to produc
e the sound of a letter. For instance,
in the street, one will not call the even if one sees a friend
remember. person unl ess we have a reason to
cal l the nam e, wh ich we
tf~

II Har d I Sor t I V. Sor

Soft "II Ext rem e!v
ely Sor
Sof t
§"'W
§"W:Sj" JI Place of articulation I ,\~"
,\~'!J I ~r::;"
~'i'<J<J 143j'
143j'~"Qir
~'Qi'::;"!
i'!JJ I:i;~
:i;~4~"'
4~''l"Qi
l'Qi'i"!
'\'!JJ

t;~s
~,~-;,
~~J)
~~J)'!J
'!J I Guttural I "I ka flkha "l ga I <:. nga r.>.'a "j
<j ha ~-
~. a i

;<"
;' >fJ~ I Palatal I" ca ~cha E' ja "I zha I '? ~
nya "l ya
g,-.
~"
~.
I Dental I '5 ta .\j tha '\ da I <la:;), na 11J'l
I1J-Ia
k_,', o<Iol'
o<!oli; I Labial I!J pa t.j pha Q ba ~ rna '21 va
-

~''i.<:'''''J)"
J)'
",
"
Africates
I "" tsa ~ tsha ece: dza ~ za ~ sa
~"<i
~'<i IHe
IHead
JI """" ra
•
ad.
-------- ~-

)~
--- --- ---- - -- -

1.1
1.100 ;j.tlj
;j·9t;;t::
"r::. .~
~ PR ON UN CIA
CIATIO N
.;;
In order to help the student pro
sou nd, som e com mo n nam es andnounce the Tib eta n alphabet as near as pos sib le to the original
pronunciations. Generally it is said Eng lish wo rds have been cho sen to sho w the ir cor rec t
that there are three lell
letters with wh ich the arti cul atio n
consonant is based. The y are: I?< of a
\?1 (a), '5 (ha ) and n.
,Q ('a)
CaJ. The actu
act ual
al me diu m of any sou nd of a
~'

/
 1.1 O.f The first one of the following group ( C'\.~")
f\.~") is pronounced very softly through a soft co-
ordination of the tongue tip with the palate and with a semi-hissing sound. Za is pronounced very
softly through the joint function of teeth, palate and loose co-ordination of the tongue tip. 'A (D.") is
pronounced very softly from the throat by the slight co-ordination by the root of the tongue and ya (
Uf) is produced very softly from palate and middle of the tongue.
Ill")

~ ZHA As in Leiillre, Pleaillre ~ ZA As in ~al, Zambia

i'~ _.
f.l.
0. 'A As in Ho~ Tho!!. tl.j
tl.l YA As in Yellow, Yeast

1.10.g The first one of this group, ra ( .... ~)

~") is produced from the tongue tip slightly touching
the palate and is extremely soft. Its place of articulation is head. La (01") is dental and is produced
directly from the action of the tip of the tongue and is extremely soft. Sha en is palatal (fricative)
and it is produced rather tightly by the inner part of the tip of the tongue. Sa fl")('!l") is pronounced
exactly as's' is in English, that is, from joint articulation of teeth and palate.

'" RA As in lli!.te, Rl!.lIy

R.l!.lly f1.I
fl.I LA As in l&ndon, Ll!.st
Li!.st

'9 SHA As in £harp, £hame ~ SA As in £un, £antiago

,

, 1.10.h This group ( '5.~. ) generally is called a half of a group (~·'r§~·) as it has only two letters.
~~--:
Ha ('5") is guttural and glottal and is produced extremely softly from the vocal cords with an out
" coming breath. A (II;. ) is slighly shorter and harder than Ha.

,'? HA As in Hall, Hamburg G'l A As in .APple, Ashoka

_ C".-
C'-.- _ "-

1.11 f1.It1J~·~-,,·~·t1J~f1.I·S~·~~·~S~~·tl.ll:lj
fl.I"I~·~-"'!l1·"I~fl.I·S~·~~·~S~~·tl.jl:lj TIBETANIZED SANSKRIT ALPHABET
~g-
Before introducing how to combine and spell (sbyor klog) ~"'·ili"l the consonants with vowels,
prefixes, suffixes, surmounted and subjoined consonants, it is important and auspicious to have a
t
"''',;';- basiC
basic knowledge of the Sanskrit alphabet on which the Tibetan alphabet was based. Sanskrit (legs
sbyar) r'ii"l~r~
iil"l~I"~"'·,
...·, which means 'well created"
created', is the highly respected language of the Devas.
Tibetans have extraordinary faith in the special power attached to this language from which all the
Buddhist scriptures in the Tibetan Buddhist canon were translated. Tibetanized Sanskrit syllables,
names, Mantras and Dharanis are commonly found in Tibetan literature and one should know the
Sanskrit pronunciation of them - it is very different from the Tibetan pronunciation. In Sanskrit
every letter is always pronounced in the same way no matter what letter preceeds or follows. In
Tibetan a prefiX,
prefix, a suffix and vowel of a syllable can either remain mute or modify the sound of the
root consonant as we shall see later. Do not try to read the Tibetanized Sanskrit syllable or Mantras
in the way you pronounce Tibetan as many Tibetans do, but try to pronounce every sound of the
letter. When transliterating Sanskrit in Tibetan Le. Mantras, tsheg should not be used between
" syllables. This is common mistake commited by most Tibetan calligraphers.
t('
\L
t~
I
HAun ::'VJ<l v U W J<;L::> (Soft)
Voiceless Voiceless Short Long Diphthongs

ka kha Iga
ga gha iIa ha laa ii e ai
..... ~

''T!JJ fl 19 ~ c:.t:- .:;

.'5 •
• Ill'l IlfJ I ll'l
t3'l ll'l
t3'l

ca cha Ija jha iia yaa sha I i I i I k~a

~ .:r;
.;t;
I~g: ~ ~ OJ "9
-9 I ~ I~ "'-
~ I 11
ta tha IQa.
Qa. <}ha I)a ra ~a
~a I r I r I
f'Y1~
/7
(! ~ 1(' ~ P .:l\
.:1\ f'Y I .:.\.
-'.\. I
ta tha Ida
da dha na la sa I1 I I I

I~ ~1r1j IOj~ I
"'-
~ "i n.j ~
1)

Ipa
l:l
l:j

pha
"
Iba
ba bha rna va lu I ii 100 au
q I.:l
I4 LI~
_. ----
~
~ J.l
J.j
'.l:ll:! I t!i
L~ I ~ I~
..-
ll'l -
ll'l
t3'l
..-
~

.....
-.... ,-
S,,·n.j·c:.·
1.12 9~nr S~"I1l't:-" -""r::<~ 9" ~11l1
-"'r:<~ 9' ~n.jl COMBINING CONSONANTS WITH VOWELS

Most of the thirty Tibetan consonants 'gsal-byed' ("l~'"r§"i')

("l~"r§"i·) can be followed by any of the four
vowels 'dbyangs' ("i9t:.~).
("i9t;.~). When there is a vowel it follows the root letter of the syllable and
sometimes suffix letters 'a can be followed by a vowel. No vowel follow vowel. A vowel can not
be added to prefixes.
When a vowel sign is combined with a consonant, the inherent sound of the preceding root
consonant's "a" is dropped. This also implies that no two vowels can ever be joined without a
medial consonant. A vowel cannot be pronounced by itself without depending upon a consonant.
When the four vowel signs, namely gi gUo gu, zhabs kyu, 'greng po, and na ro are compounded with
the consonants, their inherent sound 'a' is modified by the relevant the vowel sounds i.e.

Vowels
~

~'5
~·5
-:l kau=ku
-
I'\Q~'~'
I'\Q~.~. - A~t:.·S·
A~t;.·S· - ~"~-
~.~.

"f ~"kai=ki
~·kai=ki 1·l' kae=ke ;.
;" kao = ko
I" F'F·
kha i = khi ~. kha u = khu fl·fl"
kha e = khe fi'fi· kha 0 = kho
"I.
J'r ~. gai=gi ::I.
~" ga u =gu
= gu ~. gae=ge iif·
iif'ga 0 =' go
t;..
t:.. ~

t:..
t;.. nga i = ngi s·S" nga u = ngu c:.c:-
nga e = nge ~. ngao = ngo
,,'". ~. ca i = ci 11' cau=cu
11· ~"
~. cae=ce ?j. ca 0 = CO
?j'
"'.
",.
.t. cha i = chi ~. cha u = chu a;. cha e = che
.3;" g;. cha 0 = cho
 "
r;.'
1;.' ~'
~. ja i = ji 5' ja u = ju ??' jae=j e ;r. ja 0 = jo
if'
/
.,'". ~'
~. ~ya i = nyi l nya u = nyu ~'
~. nyae =nye ~'
~. nya 0 =nyo
5'
'j' ~'
~. tai= ti l'~r
ta u = tu ~'
~. ta e = te '<5'5'
'£ tao =to
=10
LL ij' tha i = thi ,g' tha u = thu :ii'
:iI' tha e = the ii'
.ii' tha 00 = tho

'"."\'"'i'"
~'
~. da i = di S' da u =du ~'
~. dae =de ~'
~. da
~.

'J'
'f
~'
~. na i = ni
~'
~. pa i = pi
5'~.

~:r pau= pu
S'
na u =nu
.
~'
~. na e=ne
~
-
"\' na 0 = no
"'.
l.-
0 = do

<j'
lj' pae= pe <j' pa 0 = po

-
lj'
rq,
rq. i.j' pha i = phi
l.j' !"j' pha u =phu
!'j' i4' pha e = phe l,f' pha 0 = pho
"".
q- ~J'
~r ba i = bi S' bau= bu q.
<:r bae=
bae = be
be q' ba 0 =' bo
0'1' .;r rna i = mi ~

Of
J(
~
mau = mu Of
J( mae= me .;;. mao =mo
.;j'
~'
~tsai
~.
~tsai=tsi
=tsi ~'
~. tsa u = tsu i\"
i\"' tsa e = tse ~'
~. tsa 0
0 = tso

,
'?to.
-
j;
j,' £.
£' tsha i = tshi ~'
~. tsha u = tshu . a:.
a:'tsha e = tshe g.
g, tsha 0 = tsho
",.
; E(' ~'
~. dza i = dzi g'
!f dza u=dz u ~'
~. dzae =dze ir' dza 0 = dzo
Ill'
2l'
~'
,",'
2f
~'
va i = vi
~. zha i = zhi
'?}. va u =VU
'?j'
~'
~. zha u =zhu
ill'
~'
va e = ve
~. zhae =zhe
--
Ill'
2 l' va 0 = vo
~' zha 0 =zho
,",' = zho
.ll' ~'zai=zi ~'
~. za u=zu ~'
~. zae= ze %. zao= zo
%'
r:>: a:
a· 'a i = 'i So 'a u-= '0
~

~. 'a e = 'e
Ie n:
(5: 'a 0:;::: '0
I
"I'
"/' ~'
~. ya i = yi '!! ya u =yu til· ya e = ye
ill'
i'
I 01' yao = yo
:<" ~:rai
~. ra i =ri
= ri :;.'
:;" rau=r u ;<:, ra e = re
:.:.
~;~.
~
.<:'
..:. ra 0 = ro
t'./'
nj'
11J'la
nfIaii=1i
=li f2!' Ia u = Iu
Qi' 0)' Ia e = Ie n;.
n;' Ia 0 = 10
la
....,.
...,' 4' sha i = shi "1
"'1 sha u = shu 4' sha e = she .if
.i'f
sha 0 = sho
~'
~.
~'
~. sa i = si "/'
"I' sa u = su iil' sa e = se ~'
~. sao= so
~

.y
<y ~'ha
~'haii=hi
=hi
~

~-......:
~-......:
. ~'
~. ha UI':
.
u\So hu " hae=
ha e = he
he 5'5"' hao= ho
Ill' ii"ai =i ' '/
• III
~~
au=u tR·
!R' ae=e !l'i'
&i' ao=o
ao =0

~~J;
1>13 EXAM PLES
1)13
Tibet an '. Spell ing Engli sh
t,;
t.; ~ ma-gi-gu (i) = Mi Man
~
:<,
ra-gi-gu (i)= Ri Mountain
S ba-zhabs-kyu (u)= Bu Boy (son)
~ sa-zhabs-kyu(u)= Su Who
.il ma-'greng-po (e) = Me Fire
iii kha-'greng-po (e)= Khe
KM Profit
~ sa-na-TO (0)= So Tooth
~:Jl
~'Jl ra-gi-gu-ri-ma-na-ro-mo= Ri rnarno Painti ng
.ij~
ma-gi-gu-mi-'a-gi-gu-'i= Mi'i Man's
~Q. sa-zh abs-kyu-su- ,a-gl-g
., u-I=
",. ....lU
S ,.
S"
~~
...JU "''hos e
a<R.
a<r:t ma-'greng-po-me-a'-gi-gu-'i= Me'i
Me'j Fire's

"
",-:
 .iJil:. me'i is the media l letter betwe en the vowel e and i.
As seen above r.>: 'a, the suffix of .ilil:'
only when there is a media l
There is no real diptho ng in Tibetan in the strict sense of vowel s but
suffix 'a.
•
with the conso nants shown above once ~tered
have~ter
you have ed
Practi ce comb ining the vowel s
thems elves how to read and
prono uncin g the conso nants clearly . Someo ne who has taught
and spell Tibeta n the way it is
unders tand Tibeta n manus cripts may feel that learni ng how to read
s to learn to speak the langua ge
traditi onally taught is a very tiring process. Howe ver, if one wishe
the spoke n langua ge other than
proper ly there is no short cut that will help you comm unicat e in
learning it in the traditional sequence.
noticed the simila rities
1.14 We have alread y seen the Tibeta nized Sansk rit alphab et and have ant for any studen t
It is very import
and disimilarities betwe en the Sanskrit and the Tibeta n alphabet. betwe en the two langua ges
nship
who wishe s to learn the Tibeta n language to see the uniqu e relatio exist in the Sansk rit
which do not
and remem ber the additio nal charac ters in the Tibeta n alphab et Tibeta n langua ge are:
al and spoken
alphabet. The six charac ters that were added solely for the classic
" (ca), a; (cha), e. (ja), l"I 1"1 (zha), >l and r:>.r.>. ('a ).

"':§"l ) which are chiefl y used for

~'!l.t'ii"I"':§"l
1.15 There are also six reversed letters logscyig-drug ( ~'ll'Ul"I
d as legitim ate memb ers of the
transli teratin g Sansk rit into Tibeta n but they are not usuall y counte
used. In Tibetan, the sound s of
Tibeta n alphab et - there are almost no Tibeta n words where these are
will see shortly.
these reversed letters are create d by subjoined conson ants which we
1.16 READING EXER CISE
I Englis h
Tibeta n Spelli ng Pronu nciatio n
"I·tj·Ol·
1. "I·z:nij· u=li=
la-gi-gu=Zi=
Iw-pa-la-gi-g
lw-pa- ka-pa-li skull

2. fl·ar- kha-na-ro=kho-tsha-na-ro=tsho = kho-tssho

·kho-t ho they

"l"~r"l'nrr ga-sa-ga-la=
3. "l·'ll·"l·o ga-sa-ga-Ia everyw here
c..ar-
4. c:i' nga-tsha-na-ro=tsho= nga-ts ho we
5. a:;·Zi·
a:;'Zi' tsha-pa-na-ro-po= tsha-p o hot
6 "i' ai' a-ro=la=
da-la-na-ro=Z
da-la-n da-lo
da-Io this year
''''OJ'
~·Zi·
7. t;;·Zi· da-na-ro=do-pa-na-ro=po= do-po bagga ge
8. S·.ij· ba-zhabs-kyu=bu-ma-na-ro=mo= bu-mo girl
9. ~:.ij.
~:.ij' -naro=rrw
=ri-ma1-naro=
ra-gigu=ri-1rU
ra-gigu rrw ri-mo painting

1.16.a THE LETT ER BA

r ) appears as the second syllab le of a two syllab le or three syllab le word,

When the letter "ba" ( .t:z:r)
it is generally pronou nced "va" instead of "ba".
 11

1.16.b EXAMPLE
Tibetan Spelling Pronun. English
"I"':r
1. "l'Q' ka-ba= Ka-wa pillar
,i fl'.c:r
2. I'l'Q' kha-ba= Kha-wa snow
/ 3,
3. E'Q'
E'.c:j' kha-zhabs-kyu=khu-ba= Khu-wa juice
4. I"Q'~'
I".c:j'~' kha-ba-zha-zhab-kyu-zhu = Kha-wa-zhu snow melts
~

5. a;'Q"
as'.c:r cha-'greng-po=che-ba = che-wa big
~ v
6.~'Q'
6.~'.c:j' nya-'greng -po=nye-ba -na-ro-bo.= nye-wo near
t v
.ll'.c:j'
7. .ll'Q' tha-na-ro=tho-ba= tho-wa hammer
8,
8. ~'Q"
~'.c:r da-zhabs-kyu=du-ba = du-wa smoke
9. ~'Q'
~'.c:j' ra-'greng-pa=re-ba = ,re-wa.
·re-wa. hope

Exercise La
Transcribe the following words into the Tibetan script:
!.... i
ka-kha, kha-ba, ga-ba, nga-tsho, ja-ma, nyi-ma, do-bo, naoma,
na-ma, pa-pha, pha-bu, ba-ra, rna-Ie,
tsha-po, va-ma, zhi-m~ d-bo,
ri-bo, I~
li, sha-ba, sa-cha, ka-ba, khu-ba, ga-sha, ngo-tsha, nya-ba,
~~] du-ba, nu-ma, mi-tshe,
Exercise 1.b Drill
\
~.l:r
~.I:r tl]•.q'
El]'.q' 7Tj'fl' 7Tj'.q' ~'~r '7' ~' ~' ~r ar or
~'a;' E,r
El' :1::
'>
e;:' -- -
'3'4' ().'~'
(:l.' ~' ~'~ a;' .I:j' fl'
a;' .I:j' ~' 'j'
fl' ~' "

"'Ww ~. "9'
~'-9' '7'.q ~'a;' ~'~' ~'~' ~w ~'",' f'll'a;'

.. _·,
t .._"
~

~'l:r ~'.q' ~'.q

'>
--
~'Ch'
~'.t' f'll' ~' ~'.q'
'>
-
tl]'
El]' .q ~'~'
"'"'w
'> W
t<-
/ ~,g, -
fl' -.<
.t'
Ch' a;' c;,1"
"'>
c;,1' ~w -- - -
~'.q'
~'.q' ~'~'
~'~'
'>
-
.q'a.J'
~

'7'a.J'

*'
~W

,~,~
-d

'-'0' !
;,_ ~ I

;\i.t-
;ii.t"
 CCIHlAJPl'Il'IEl
JP'II'IElR!. ' 'II'W
'Il'W <OJ
2.17 CONS ONAN TAL DENO MINA TION S
Each Tibetan syllable consist from one to seven letters including a vowel
do not necessarily have to have though Tibetan words
have a vowel. Students should be aware of the importance of the variou
sets of compound letters which are so essential for the formation of a s
syllable or a word. There are
seven important denominations:
t'tL
;"

1. ming-gzhi .11c;'''I~'
jjC;''lj~' .,. :,)t
<)t conso nant
natii of a syllab le,
':,
2. rjes-Ju g
rjes-'j ug ~~'r<€"
~~'r<€'lj1 " , [fix
!.fix letter of the root consonant
3. yang-
yang-'Jug
jug "lc;'o.€
"lC;'r<€ "I
'lj Post-suffix
;' 4. sngon -Jug ~",'o.€"
~""r<€'l1j Prefix before the root consonant
1£":,,
5 . mi-'jug-ming-gzhi jj'r<€'lj' jjc;'''I~'
.11'o.€"I jjc;''lj~' Passive consonants
6. rkyan g-pa
g -pa :ljc;'<r
~c;'<r Independent
!>:.e<
!,,;'" 7. mgo-can o>l~'i5a:,'
o>l~'i5"" Surmounted consonants
The following example show a Tibetan syllable with seven characters
~L
i;L above consonantal denominations, belonging to all of the
s. When all of the seven denomination occur in a syllable, they are
spelled according to the order of in which they are written. The follow
ing sample
sampl e of the syllable
.q~"I~f
.q~'lj~' bskyugs (vomited) has thus: 1. the prefix b, 2.
surmo unted s, 3. the root letter k, 4. the
b-:'
rj:;J:J subjoi ned y, 5. the vowel u, 6. the suffix g and 7. the post suffix s.
Excluding the prefix, suffix
and post suffix all the rest of the four characters namely the surmounted,
vowel are stacked from top to bottom : The vowel is spelled before the root letter, subjoined and
suffix whether it is written on
tiJ the top or the bottom of the stacked eonson
consonants. The numbering here only refer to the sequence of
spellin g and writing but it does not correspond to the order of the explan
denomination ation of the consonantal
inatio nss we have listed above and will discuss hereafter,
ter.
0.'<'_-)
0.'<'_-_'

2,)
qJ::J ~ ~ ~r
"
~"",:i
~""''';'
"'"
'"""
\:;::"
\::?
b IS g s 1/~ 6 7
k

l~
Y
II
.'.;.~:,
.;~:,

~,-.;
;;,.,-.;

~;;:;
~ ..
 ~ ~

2.18 CJc"'9 ro1"f ROOT CONS ONA NT

CJC.:"1W
I
consonant but the vo~els
What is a root consonant? All the thirty consonants can becom e a root e of other consonantal
ce or absenc
absen ce
can never become the root of a syllable. In spite of the presen
inationns,
denominatio ~t::tlj~ ming-gzhi. Ming gzhi thus means the basis of the
s, a syllable must have a ~t:..tlj~
name which is to say the core letter of asylla
a syllabl e. There are many single consonants which make a
ble.
the Tibetan language witho ut a vowel marker or any other compo
unded consonants. Other
word in tbe ate their usage. By
root conso nant to design
conso nantal denominatio n have to link up to the a dozen of Tibetan words
recogn izing the thirty Tibetan consonants one would have alread y learnt
Here are few examp les:
which is not indeed that common in other languages.

fl kha
1. f1 mouth 2.t:. nga I
3. cr, cha a pair 4. E. ja tea

5. ~ nya fish 6.Il

6." ba cow
7. ~ ra goat l"ll
8. I'll fa mountain pass
9. "1
"'1 sha' meat 10. j, tsha salt

l.~9·q~'
E.~·P.~9·q
2.19 E.~·r: ~· THE TEN SUFF IXES

There are ten consonants which can be used as suffixe s. Known as rjes-Jug, suffix
suffix es.
letter when it is not followed
consonants succeed the root letter of a syllable - becoming often its last
r.>. 'a, ~ ra,
iii na, Il.. ba, .>l rna, t:l.
by a post-suffix. These ten letters: tlj ga, t:. ga, "i da, ili

l"ll la and
I'll and':' final"n since they are positioned after
JJ.\Ir.r~iIili 'mtha'-rten', "the final
-:, sa, are also known as JJJilr.t·~i
root consonant and a suffix,
the root consonant. When a syllable is formed by the combination of a its own sound when
then the latter loses its inherent a and often remains sil~t. Suffix add
pronounced but it always drops its naturally held vowel sound 'a'. 'a', Thus JJ~ is pronounced mar
instead of mara. Practice the following examples:

2.20 ~~·o. ~9·9 THE SUFF IX GA

~~·P.~9'9

Spelli ng Pronu nciatio n English

Tibetan
l"llZlj'IJ'
I'llZlj'<r la-ga-lag-pa = lag-pa hand

t:.Zlj nga-g a= ngag speech

>lZlj'IJ'
>lZlj'<r tha-ga=thag-pa =
= thag-pa
thag-pa rope
ilioriJ' na-ga=nag-pa-na-ro=po= nag-po black
ili"l"iJ'
'lZlj'IJ'
'lZlj'<r pha-ga=phag-pa = phag-pa pig

.lIZlj·IJ·
olIZlj"l.j" ma-ga=lnag-pa = mag-pa groom
"IZlj.zr-
"lZlj'Q- ya-ga=yag-pa-na-ro-po = yag-po good

2.21 ~~·r:l .~9·~: THE SUFF IX NGA

~~·P.~9·~·

jIlt:.·IJ·
jIlt:.'l.j" kha-ng a=kha ngpa =
= khang pa house
 ~
~

L~t) 14
14
A-~A-~ ~-~-
"II:.'
"II:.' ga- nga
ga-ng a== gang
gan g what
wh at
1:.1:.'<r nga-nga
1:.1:.'<r nga- nga=ngan
=ngang-pa
g-pa ngang
nga ngp
paa swan
swa n
ilil:.'Q' na-nga=nang
"il:.'tj' na-nga paa==
=nangp nangp
nan g pa
a buddh istst
J.lI:.'<J' buddhi
J.lI:.'<J' ma -nga=ma
ma-ng a=m ang
ng pa-na- ro=po==
pa-na-ro=po mang po
ma ngpo many
many
"II:.'
"II:.' ya- nga
ya-ng a== yan g
yang agam
again
In the abo ve exa
In the above examp lesmp lesof ofusing
using"I"I ga
ga and
and I:.I:. nga
ngaas
assuffix esswe
suf fixe wehave hav enotice d that
are pro nou nce
noticed tha tboth
both of
ofthem
them
/' are pronouncedd, Ho wever
, Howe verother
oth ersuffixe
suffixess i,e,,)
i,e, ') da,da, "iili nana and
/' but they
the y modif and "I{
"I{ sa
sa are
arenot
not to
to be
be pronou nced
pro nou nce d
but mo dify the preced
y the pre ceding ingroot
root conson
consonant's
effe ant's inhere
inh erentnt aa into
into ee either
eith er with a vowel length
ct or wit h a glo ttal sto
effect or with a glottal stoppor or both,
both, Syllab
Syllables
lesending
end ing ininda
wit h a vow el len gthening
eni ng
reg ard less of wh ich vow da suffix
suf fix isis pronou
pro nou nced
nce d with
wit h aa glottal
glottalstop
regardless of which vowel el ititprecee
preceeds,
ds, sto p
i{_~
i{_~
2.22 -
~~rr:l.~
2.2 2 e.~·r:l. r;/'~' THE
~r;/'~' TH E SUFF
SU FFIX
IX DA
DA
"1')'<tj'
"I')' 1" ga-d<J.=
ga-d{J ged-po
.=ged-po == gepa
gep a
,:. cleane
cleanerr
J,')' Q'
J,,)'tj' cha-da=che-p
cha-da =che-paa =
= chepa
che pa punish
punislument
nent
')')'Q
')')' tj'' da-da= de-pa
da-da= de-pa = depa
dep a
~~ faith
5,

~"Q'
"i"i"tj' na-da=ned-pa
na-da= ned-pa = ne pa patien
pat ientt
ib') 'q
cb')'q tsha-da
tsha-d =tshed
a=tshe -pa =
d-pa 15M
15he pa fever
fever
~')'Q'
~')'tj' la-zhab
la-zha -kyu-lu-
b-kyu- lu-da=l
lu-Iu-d ud-pa =
a=lud- Iud pa sputum
spu tum

2.2
2.23 -
3 ~l~fr:l..~ll~'
e.~fr:l ~'l~· TH
THEE SU
SUFF
FF IX NA
ili"i Na
Na is
is pro nou nce
pronou ncedd mo re wit
more withh a pos t-naasalize
post-n salizedd effe
effect
ct and also mo
modifies the sound ofthe
difies the sou nd oft
pre ced ing
preced ing roo
roott con son ant
conson 's inh erent he
ant's inhere nt aa into
into ee as
as in
in 'hen
'hen'' wit
withh aa slig
slight length ening effect.
ht lengthening effe ct.
I
I:.ili'
I:."i'qq nga "na=ng
nga-na en--pa
pa =
=ngen = ngem-
nge m-ppa
a evill
~'(
~ili' Q'
evi
~"i'tj' nya -na =n
nya-na yen -pa
=nyen -pa == nyem-
nye m-ppaa to list
to listen
en
?ili '?~' ta-n
'J"i''J''i' a=tten-ta-
ta-na= en-ta-nna=ten
a=ten ==
lie
ten-ten
ten- ten defini
def initte
l.c ~~'? ~' na- na=nen e
"iil)'% na-na= -ta--na=te
nen-ta na=tenn== nen-te
nen -tenn eagern
eag ess
ern ess
OJ~' la- nal en
ClJil)' la-nal en == len
len answe
Q"'Q ' ba- ans we rr
Q,\'tj' na-rO
ba-na- robo= da--bod
bo=da bodpo=po= bod-pa
bod -pa Tibeta
Tib eta nn
Qilj'!J'
Qil)'lJ' ba- na- ro-b o-n a-b on- pa-na--ro-po
ba-na-ro-bo-na-bon-pa-na ro-po== born-p
bor n-poo Bonpo
Bo npo

2.2
2.24
--
4 ~.e.,~'r: "" ' ,cr
l.~~~',cr
~fr:l.~ TH
THE
II
E SU
SUFF IX BA
FF IX BA
Th e suf fix q'1 ba
The suffix baisispro nou nce
pronou d asaspp inin'cup
nced ' wit
'cup' h aasho
with shorte
rtenning
ing effe
effect
ct totothe
thesyll
syllabl
able:e:
f'l'l'
f'I'l" kha -ba ==
kha-ba kha
khab
b needle
lI'l'' 'I' needle
"",;'_", "'1'''1'
"""I tha -ba=th
tha-ba ab-ka
=thab -ka== thab
thab-k
-kaa
"l'l'
oven
ove n
"1'1' pha -baa=
pha-b = pha b
phab yeast
yea st
ibq'
,:r;'1' tsha -ba a==
tsha-b 15h
:.;>:-, ab
tshab repres entativ
rep resenta tive e

<;;
'>:
!
15

1l<f1l<f
1l"I'1l"!' za-ba=zab-za-ba=zab = zab-zab carefulness
Gl<f
Gl"1' ya-ba = yab father (Honorific)

2.25 ~~rO-~llj·J.l·
~~r(.l.~llj'J.l' THE SUFFIX MA
I
suffix <>J nul
The suffix.>J ma is pronounced so clearly that it does not cause any major modification in the
sound of the root syllable. ,
j'la:r ~r
j'la:( kha-ma=kham-ba-zhabs-kyu=bu = kham-bu apricot
(S.>J'''l
(S<>J''J cha-nul=cham-pa
cha-ma=cham-pa = cham-pa cough
"ia:r"l
"Ia:('J da-ma=dam-pa = dam-pa holy
is".>J' "l
is"<>J' 'J tsa-nul=tsam-pa
tsa-ma=tsam-pa = tsam-pa roasted barley flour
r>la:r~<;J
~

rlla:( ...;;J la-nul

la-ma =lam-ra-gi-gu-ri-ma=rim lam-rim stages of Path
1l"I'''l
1l<>l''J za-ma=zam-pa = zam-pa bridge

2.26 ~~'O-~llj'O-'
~

~ ~r(.l.~ llj'(.l.' THE SUFFIX 'A

In theory the suffix r>: 'a occurs to every syllable where none of the first nine suffixes occur.
However its practice was abolished during a language revision conference in mid-10th century, This
means all the syllables which do not end in either of the first nine suffixes and those that have vowel
endings phonologically take the suffix P: 'a, It lengthens the inherent a of the preceding root
A' 'a.

consonant as if ending in 'a. In some old Tibetan manuscripts the suffix P:

A' is retained regardles of

the changes that were adopted i.e. iJo.·

iJ(>.' for iJ' (horse), HOwever in most Tibetan scriptures 0.'
(horse). However A' is not
written in practice unless the syllable is preceded by a prefix in which case it is a legitimate suffix,
suffix. A
syllable that take 'a suffix must necessarily have to be prefixed by either of the five prefixes which
we will discuss below.

Following examples which indicate 'a suffix in association with prefixes will not be transcribed
as we have not yet discussed the prefixes: "I Glo.' "1"10.'''1' = to be happy, "',,]0.'
o.· rust, "i"lo.'J:l' J:l"]p" = command,
il\<>l'<>lj'lA' = sky and 0."10.'
il\J.I'J.ll'lo.' 0."1(>.' = some.

2.26.a Furthermore 'a is a very special suffix as it is also used in transliterating the long form
of Sanskrit vowels in Tibetan scriptures by adding a small 0. A'~c:.
A 'a or o.'<lic:. chung. A 'a chung is .
fixed at the foot of a letter to lengthen the vowel of a syllable,
syllable. For instance the word Acarya is
written in Tibetan as ~~~
Il,i~~ Il'l and is".
is",

2.27 g,~'O-~llj'''''
~~'(.l.~l:!J''''' THE SUFFIX RA

"I....
"I'" ga-ra= gar dance
'j"
'j'" ga-zhabs-kyu gu - gu ra = gur tent
a;,,'Q
a; .... 'J cha-ra=char-pa = char-pa rainfall
1l ...·'J
.l'l"'Q tha-ra=thar-pa
tha-ra=lhar-pa = thar-pa liberation
\
16

J<'"
"'''' mo-ra'T
ra"fmar= mar butter
'J""
Q""ll.l
,J pa-ra=par-pa = par-pa photographer
oQ",'l,J
'l""l .l ba-ra=bar-pa = bar-pa middle
., "9""
-9""Q sha-ra=shar=pa= shar pa
<~
Easterner (Sherpa)
~

2.2 8 ~~'
~'~fr:
r:((~9
~9''(1
(1rr TH E SU FF IX LA
Th e suf fix nr la is not always pronou
nced but occasionally it is pronounce
modifies the sound of the preceding d softly, It however
conSonant'siliherent a into e as in
if a syllable end s with a ClJ 'day','. In spoken Tibetan,
OJ la
la suffix and is suc ded ed by a sing
substituted by the la sound while the le (" ) ba, then the ba syllable is
suffix la remains mute,
te. 0
(1 (1 ;0,
tV\.
b. C:Cl
C:OJ'J''l'
oQ' nga-la=ngal-ba = ngal-ba
l·ba (wa) difficulty
llCl
ljClj'oj''l'
Q'
,/i tha--la=
tha la=tha
thall-ba
-ba = thaI
thal-Ia dust
,\Clj
,\Clj'o''l'
Q' da-la= dal-ha
ba = dal-Ia
1MM>>
'\ '
la leisure
a;ClJ
a;OJ'
tsha-la= tSha
IShal veget{!
etabble
le
'lClj'
oQClj'
ba-la=be- be
~~.
'':
wool
~

Fl~
2.2 9 E.~'r:(~9
(~9·~·
·~' TH E SU FF IX SA
The suf fix ~ sa is not pronounced
but it modifies the preceding conson
wit h a len gth eni ng effect to the syl ant's inherent a into e
lable as in 'pay'. In som e Himala
Tib eta n dia lec ts e.g. Ladhakhi lan yan
guage, they pronounce the suffix sa fro ntie r towns, certain
,,~,}

Tibetan Tibetan scholarolarss think that is and som e so-called non-

not wh eth er it is classical or moder how classical Tibetan should be pronounced. The difference is
n
written lan gua ge which we can find but the simple variation of pronunciation in the spoken and
' "'- in most languages.
c:"'. nga -sa = ngay byr ne
s;-;~.
a:,~'
na- sa= nay
,,~'l,J'
from, barley
ra-sa =ras=pa= re-pa cotton clad
r,~: OJ~'
la-s a = lay
fr
action (Karma)

~f
~~
2.3 0 Re adi ng Ex erc ise
e-..
c-.. _ _ -....
-.. -~ -..
~'Fr
~'Fr:(
:( ''OJ9
nJ9'' J;f
,Z;f "':;;1 I::.r:<' ~l:lj' q ~ "".{J'"'
c:.r:< J' "':;;1
'\1 ..,.., .......

I,;f'lj'.{J' C\..-
c \ , . - ...
.

. de kho 'i lag pa red

l;;f'lj' .{J' ~
~9'
9' .l;J''
q:;;'t::
\' c:. .R "':;;1' t
R "''
nga'i thag pa ser po red
Tha t is his hand, pha gpa
g pa nag po de nga 'i red
My rope is yellow.,
That black pig is mine.

c:.W
I:: OJ'Fc:
FI::..''.{J' ~l:lj' .{J'
-~
~ l:IJ'
-
l:!J'UUj:;;1
j'\1 c:.c:.
-.. _e-...
I::. I::. '.{J
'.{JS
_c-...-....
S a,jr:(' "''\1
"':;;1 ~
~:;;
" ..{J ~
..{J':''''a -
;;' a)')'l::IJc:
!J1::... .c3)~' "''\1
~
"':;;1
i nga la kha ng pa yag po zhi g yod nga ng pa de mo'i red
>~~
I have a good house.
se, rwd pa de tsh o gan g nas red
That is her swan,
n. Where are those pati
patien
entS
ts from?
'~,;'

i<j;,,,
i<j;c..
 _ c... _ -...
~~ ~

flt:.'Il]' it~· ~rIl]' it~· .l;.t:;l

[Ilt:. 'Il]' it~' ~t:;l ",r t:;. c:.. 0;.!·r a.f
J,JSc:..o;·!oJ· a.r .l;.
~t:;lt:; I c:.. .·[1.rfl.Q·~c:..·l4.Q'
or [IlQ' ~ c:.. '14 L::r ~~l
~~I
khong gi tshad pa ga tshod red mi de ngan pa rna red nga la kJulb dang phab med
lti khab
What is his /her temperature? That man is not evil. I do not have (a) needle & yeast.

2.31 UJc:..·r:l.~Il]
Ulc:..·r.l.~Il] POST-SUFFIXES
POST -SUFFIXES
There are two suffixes which can also be used as post-suffixes after selected number of the
suffixes. Like prefixes and suffixes whose pronunciation is modulated, the post-suffix is seldom
pronounced but it has a lengthening effect to the syllable and the inherent sound a of the preceding
suffix is not reinstated in consequence of their union. The ''It:.·~s''I"''i·
Ujt;,'~s"I"''i' yang-Jug da is no longer used

in modem writtenTibetan although it is introduced inTibetan grammer as "i'~"1 da drag. Some pre-
tenth century manuscripts and even recent calligraphers use da drag in their work to show their
loyalty to the Tibetan grammar but in practice it is not used. The three suffixes after which da
technically occur as post suffixes are: <Ii' na, ;r..'
;r,,' ra and or lao
la.

2.31.a The post-suffix ~ sa can occur after syllables ending in "I ga, C nga, ':Jl;J ba and ~ 6l
.
,•,
rna suffixes. It remains silent and does not modify as it does as a suffix. It denotes the imperative or
perfect mood if it occurs as a post suffix to verb stems which we shall see in a following chapter.
However it also occurs with nouns.
;r.."I~'
;r,,"I~' ra-ga-sa = rug brass
-'lC~·
-'!I:.~' za-nga-sa= zung copper
.llq~'
.!lq~' tha-ba-sa = thab method
fl~~
I'l~~ kJul-ma-sa = kham
kha-ma-sa= realm

Exercise 2.a

Transliterate the following words into Tibetan script:

1. lagpa hand
2. lug gu lamb
3. khang pa house
4. zhing pa farmer
5. chung ba smaller
6. dad pa faith
. 7. yin na'ng i but

8. 'on pa deaf
9. yabyum father and mother
10. rus
TUS pa bone
11. khab needle
12.
12.. lam rim stage sof the path
13. yam shing twig
14. shubs sheath
15. gar ba dancer
16. yol ba curtain
17. thaI
thai rna clasped palm
18. mospa intention
19. thos pa to hear
20. sang nyin tomorrow

f·
 Exercise 2.b Drill
~ ~ ~

'rll'tAl~ '?~ '~.e;; '.e;;e:.'i

Iz:qt::. 'rll'CAl~ e;;c:: i1IJ.e;;1
J.e;;\ 1i1J'4~'4~'l.l~'i1J'~~'~1
liIJ'4~'4~'l.J..l;.' iIJ' ~~' ~I
....... .." c... e-..
c-.. ~ '" ~

ICAl~'?~' .!l~'l,Jr~: .!l.q~'

ltAl~'?~'ll~'l.Jrl: i5'z:qe:.'I
ll.q~' .3' :qt:. 'I I~'tl)~'.!lQ~'Ci1tl)'2~f
I~ 'tlj~'llQ~'C1tlj' 2~f ~ ~'Ci11
~'C11
'"
~ ~
_ _ .....
-... ........... -...
-... C'\".-...
C'\".._

I.e;;'.q' i1J~'l.lrJ:~'
iIJ~'l.Jrl. '~' a;' ~I 1iliIJ'
1_e..._
J' .e;;'~,,' iIJ"'z:qt::.
i1J"'
__z:qt::. 'z:q~' ""-'9 ~I
'"
.......
..... e...
¥ (\... C'..
Ia;~'.e;;t::. 'a; ~' C>J ~' .Ej.q'i1J'.Ej.ql
,El.q' iIJ',El.ql ''''CAl'''~ '''' '9~' ~i1J'
1"'tAl'''~ ',,' ~iIJ'.31
i51
...... __ e... .....
r,
Ia;
1a;~N
~'rll' C>J~'l,J(;l.'
C>J~'l.Jrl.' S'i1J'.e;;z:q
Sw.e;;z:q l"iIJ'l.Ja' £z:q'~'~~
,,,i1J'l.la, £z:q'~'~~ '.ij~'~i1J1
'.ij~'~ilJl
_ -.. -.. c....
~ ~ ~

1i1J'
liIJ' a;~' C>Jt:.'
C>Jt:. '.e;;z:q' '9~' ~·~t::.'1
~ '~t:. '\ l"iIJ' a;~''9~' ..l;..q'
l"i1J' a;~''9~' .e;;' a.f'~~l
~.q'.e;;' a.r'~~1

ItIl'i1JO,'S'
ItIl'ilJrl.'
'"
'" S' i1J~'
iIJ~' iIJ'
-
_
-..
i1J' ..l;.z:q'
~z:q·l.l0'1
'"
l.Jrl.1
-.. e-.. ~

ltIl'a.fr:l:
ItIl'
_
~

~'iIJ'~"'" a.f''
a.rrl.' ~'i1J'~"'"
'"" eo...-..
51
a.r'-<51
~

II ~.
~' .q'tIl'
,q'tIl' C<F ilJt:.'
i1Je:.'iJ'iJ'.e;;tl)
e;; tlj 1CJ.l "'l.lo" SW ~ a.f~' ':,j' i1t:.'f
ICJ.j"'l.Jrl.'SW~a.r~'l.J' ~F I

,.
.e;;t:. 'fl' 1"1' .q'~' iIJ'
i1J'~'
i1' ~t:.
~ t:.'''?l
li1J ~'.e;;t::.
liIJ..l;.'
IrllIlj'l.l'
'F' .q'l.Jtlj
IrllIlf'l.J' ~~'i1J' ~
.q'l,Jtl)~'l.l'~e:.
~'l.J' ~t:. ~I

- -
i1J'f!1
~..l;.' iIJ'f!1
~~'iIJ' ~~' It:.
~
1t:.'~'~~N~"'l.l~''9~1
-'? I
'~'~~'rll'~"'l.J..l;.' '9~1
~

-
2.32 ~~'O,~tl)
~~'rl.~tlj PREFIXES
There are five extremely important letters -9"i'~'i'''I~''l'<.JiS.'Uj'iij'I'!'
-9"i'~'i'''I~<Il'<.Ji5.'Uj'iij'I'!' (shin tu gees pa'i yi ge lnga) which
are prefixed to most of the consonantal denominations, A prefix is a letter which precedes the root
syllable. The five prefixes "I ga, "i da, Q ba, JJ rna and r:l.
letter of a syllable, r:\ 'a are not pronounced as
in the olden days but they generally, affectthe pronunciation of the root cons0!!e.Il!. consonant. ,-Therefore"
,-Therefore
iprefixeBfiouldnoitJe described as b-eing muteorsi1emfot1neio'(fncifsiiripWremain
iprefixeBfiouldflottJe mute orsi1emfottliey o,(fflcif siiriIiWremain silent. They
modify the whole sound of a root consonant with some exceptions. exceptions, A prefix does not occur in a
,~yllable
.~yllable without a vowel or a suffix.

., 2.32.a A prefix modifies the meaning of a wbrd, forms the presept, perfect and imperfect
2.32,a
verbs, They are also called
verbs. r:l.:i(lJ'
r:\:i(lJ' 'phul in the Tibetan grammatical terminology.

2.32.b A prefix cannot be used to letters which belong to the same group of a root consonant.
,. For example "I ga cannot be prefixed to "I ka, F fl kha and ~ nga since they belong to the same
group and this principle applies with all the other groups,
groups.

232.c
2.32.c The effect of prefixing to a root consonant and to a syllable as a whole is that it raises the
.N
.-N_'__ tonic pitch and make the sound more compact. In some cases prefixes reduce the effect of the
aspiration and low and long tone root letters are changed into high and short.

;q",.
;<CleO'
 101
1':1

2.32.d Prefi~never
Prefi~never take vowel and a prefix is only applicable to certain root consonants as
shown below:
...
~"i't:I.~ '"1'
2.33 ~"i't:l.~ lJ''l'1J THE PREFIX GA
The prefix Go is applicable to eleven root consonants. They are: 1. ~ ca, 2. '? nya, 3. '5 ta, 4. "
na, 6. ;5 tsa, 7. lI"J"J zha,8. -'l-'I za, 9. "l ya, 10. 4 sha and 11. ~ sa. Like most of the
da, 5. iii oa,
prefixes, ga remains silent as the letter k in 'knife' and p in 'pneumonia'. However the usage of ga
as a prefix is limited only to these eleven root consonants. It is not prefixed to any coIisonantal
consonantal
compounds even if the root consonant is oile of the eleven consonants shown above. When spelling
the prefixed consonants, the a'a a'o sound is added tq the prefix i.e. ga'a,
ga'o, da'a,
da'o, ba'a,
ba'o, ma'a
ma'o and a'o.
Practise following examples, how words are spelled and pronounced when a root consonant is
preceded by a prefix and succeeded by a vowel and a suffix:

ZlI~"r
'II~"l' ga- 'o-ca-gi-gu= ci-ga is pronounced cheek (one) as in chick pea. Ga remains silent when it
is prefixed to ca, ta, pa and tsa. Being the first letters of the TOWS one to four they are radical
masculine letters.
.'
,-
-r,

ZlI~~'
'II~~' ga-'o-nya-gigu=nyi-sa is pronounced nyee (two). When ga is prefixed to nya, it is raised
to tonic pitch and uttered more GOmpact.
compact. even if it is followed by a vowel or a suffix. The effect of
the vowel sound remains regardless of the modification caused by the
the prefixes.

ZlI~"'ga-'o-ta-'greng-po=lecra
"1~"'ga-'o-ta-'greng-po=lecra = is pronounced ter (treasure). As a radical consonant, ta cannot be
modified either by the presence of a prefix or surmounted letters as stated above.

ZlI~r..·ga-'o-da-na-ro=dho-nga
"1~r·:ga-'o-da-na-ro=dho-nga is pronounced dhong (face). Da is modified by any prefixes or
any surmounted letters and it becomes equivalent to the Sanskritdha.

ZlI~,,·
'II~'" ga-'o-na-na-ro=no-da = is pronounced noe (harm). Na is modified by any prefix or any
surmounted letters and it becomes equivalent to the Sanskrit retroflex na.
na .

.ZlIiS"r..'
.'II;;',:: ga- 'o-Isa-nga = is pronouncedtsang (central province in Tibet). Tsa retains its sound
without any modification under any circumstances as it is a radical letter.

ZlI~r:>.'
ga-'o-zha-'a =is pronounced shaa (to joke). Zha retains its sound without modification
'II~(:).'
with prefixes and it does not take the surmounted letters. Here we have used the example of 'a as a
suffix as we have discussed above.

ZlI-'lr:>.'
ga-'o-za-'a= is pronounced zah (planet).
'11-'1(:),'
ZlI"l~'
'II"l~' ga-'a-ya-sa
ga-'o-ya-sa =is pronouced yay (right-side). Ya is modified by the prefix ga which is the
only prefix that is applicable and no surmounted and subjoined letters occur with ya.

"I4i1i'
ZlJ4i1i' ga-'o-sha-gi-gu=shi-na = is pronounced shin (death). Sha retains its sound without going
through any changes caused by other consonantal denominations.

"l~jr.."
"1~c:.'
ga-'o-sa-zhabs-kyu=su-nga =is pronounced Soong (speech, honorific). Sa is not
modifiable by any prefix or other consonantal compounds.
--
Prefixed Ga
l'rel1xed lia
No Change i5 ea 1) ta ;:; tsa ~ sa 11
<1 zha-"l za.sq sha

Change ~ nya ~ da il\

i!i na u.j ya .
---~----.- --------
,,:-.
0:"
...
2.34 ~il\·r:l.~tljS
~i!i'r:l.~lljS THE PREFIX DA
/
'~.-,
There are six root consonants to which the ~refix "i da is applicable whether or not they are
subjoined, Da is never prefixed to surmounted letters. The six letters are: 1. "1 ka, 2. 'lj ga, 3. c.
subjoined.
.::,- 5, Q ba and 6. JJ rna. Practise to spell the following examples:
nga, 4. l,j pa, 5.

~.i~
~.:.~ < ,
"im.3.,'da-'o-ka-na-ro=ko-lla
"im.3.,·da-'o-ka-na-ro=ko-na = is pronounced kon (rare). Ka as a masculine letter is not modified
by any of the prefixes or surmounted letters unless it is followed by a subjoined letters which will
be discussed below.
~i:_,\;
~'L;;

"i9'da-'o-ga-'greng-po =is pronounced ghe (virtue). Ga is modified by the prefix da into a pitch
toned gha as it also happens with the presence of any surmounted
sunnounted letters or with other prefixes.
,;.~

"iS Cll ' da-'o-nga-zhabs-kyu=ngu-la =is pronounced (high pitch) ngoo (silver),
"iSnj' (silver). Nga is modified
surmounted or prefix letter. It never takes subjoined letters.
if it is preceeded by a sunnounted
oror..-';:
. .i
~l.Jnj'~-pa-la=
~l,jCll'~-pa-la= is pronounced pal (glory) or as pale in English. Pa only takes da as a prefix
J;etains its sound without being modified as with the sunnounted
and it "etains surmounted letters. But it goes through
,j~,:;
a draq(atic change when it takes subjoined letters as will be shown below.
~nj'
~Cll' da-'o-a-zhabs-kyu=u-la = is pronounced 001 (poverty). Ea Ba is modified into a when iI
" prefixed by a da and this modification retains to a degree even if it is followed by a vowel or a
~,;;'.
~'ii.
subjoined letters. This is exceptional in this case as other applicable prefix modify very differently.
differently,
da-'o-ma-ga = is pronounced (high pitch) rnaag (war),
"iJJ'lj da-'o-ma_ga (war). Ma is modified equally by the
surmounted letters and prefixes.
sunnounted
(-'it
(}t

. Prefixed
Prenxed Da
ua
t<~~-
t;._~-
No Change I "1 ka ~Pa

Change
I I:Ij ga C. nga
llj 7ba
1 cq rna

/4 ~ t-J
14
;!\;;;
's":;
... tlj'z::r
~i!i 'r:l.~ llj'
~il\'r:l.~
2.35 ,cr THE PREFIX BA
,,:?,
,it'; There are thirteen root consonants to which ba is prefixed and this prefix.is
prefix is most commonly used
with all the th~ possible consonantal compounds ofsuntlouDted
of surmounted and subjoined letters,
letters. The thirteen
letters are: 1. "I ka, 2." 2. Ilj ga, 3. c. nga, 4. iliI ea, 5. ~ nya, 6. 'J ta, 7. "i da, 8. "i na, 9. i5
~,!ijj
~.;i;;
tsa, 10. C'\ zha, 11..'l za, 12. '9 sha and 13. ~ sa, sa.
Q"lr:l.·ba-'o-ka-'a
l.l"lr:l.·ba-'o-ka-'a =is pronounced kah-(advice).
;;.[
.;.[ qiij"i'
<Pii"i' ba-'o-ga-na-ro=G¢-da = is pronounced ghoe (laughter),
(laughter).
Q~' ba-'o-ca-zhabs-kyu = is pronounced chu (ten).
l.l~'

;;;;-.
;;;;--
---
.......

a-'o-ta-nga = is pronounced tang (sent).

Q,)r:..·ba-'o-ta
'l,)r:..·b
a-'o-daa-zhab
Q'5."i·ba-'o-d
'l'5.",·b u-da= is pronounced dhu (devil).
-kyu=ddu-da=
-zhabss-kyu=
'l:S'",' ba-'o- tsa-zh abs-ky u=tsu -na = is pronounced tsun (dilige
Q:S''',' nt).
"ba-'o-zha-z
QCj9""ba-'o
'lCj9" u-ga-sa = is pronounced zhoog (sit, hon.).
-zha-zhabs-kyu=zhu"ga-s
Q~"i'Q' ba-'o-za-na ro=zoe-da -pa=is pronounced zopa (patience).
'l~""Q' 00-'o-
sbe (to explain).
'l..<j",' ba-'o- sha-da = is pronounced she
Q""1"i'
'o-sa--zhabs
'l~fba-'o-sa
Q~fba- kyu =is pronounced su (reception).
zhabs--kyu

.lSa
. . Prefix ed Ba
Cban ge
No Chan 7!] ka ~ Ca 7
7!j I) Ta ;t. Tsa ~ Sa ~ Za .J1 ..,Sha
. '.
~ Da'" Na fc\ zha
. ~ nya "
Chan ge 9 t:.. nga
Ga l:.. zba
~
//

.... .'~

.~ 9·J.l·
't!.",.()l.~
2.36 't!.tli·t. 9''''1" THE PREF IX MA .
can also be prefixed
There are eleven root consonants which can be prefixed with ma which letters in addition to the
Prefix rna
lette!s ...Prefix
oined 1ette!s ma prenas alizes to some
. before certain number ofsubjoiIied
which take
ktters which
eleven letters lake ma as'pre fix are; 1. flkha
as prefix 2."1 ga,
fkha,,2."1 3. r:.. nga,
ga,3. ngli,
generallJnodi
. genera icationn.. The eleven
modifficatio
mi, 10.';; shaan d 11. £!.
dli,9. ",'" na,
tha, 8; '\. tlli,9.
!j fha, ~ dza.
if, cha, 5. E. ja,6. '? Bya,
4. if, Dya, 7. !l
J.lf"'·Q' ma"'o-
J.lfl",·Q kha-na=khen-pa-nacro=po =is pronounced khem
ma,'o-kha-na khern-po (abbot).
J.I~ ma-'o ga-na -ro =is pronounced gho (head).
ma,'o--ga-na
-nga-l-laa =is prono unced.(higb
pronounced ngab (w~mb
(higb pitch) ngah (w~mb).). Here also the prefix ma has
ma- 'o-nga
J.lr:..r>l' ma-'o
J.lr:..rll·
uncing the la.
lao
modified nga intO high pitch ngah with a lengthened ending without prono
J.lif,,,,' ma- 'o~cha
J.lif,",' 'o~cha-na cbain (footnote).
'Fis pronounced chain
-na 'Pis

J.lE.r>l
J.l ·ma-'o-j
EiN ma-'o- ucedjbah
a-la = is prono ucedjh
ja-la ab (to see).
J.I,?",·Q·ma-'o-nya-na=nyeil-pa =i5 pronounced (high pitch) nyem -pa (boatman).
en-pa =is an).

.>18" ma-'o- tha-zh abs-ky u =is pronounced thoo(p ower) .

J.l8'
.>1~9 ma-'o-dha-na-ro=dho-ga = is pronounced dhog{
J.I~9 dbog{colour).
J.I",ro.'J.I' ma-'o- na-'a= na-ma =is pronounced nah
J.I",r<'J.I nab rna (bride).
mo (night). Tsha is seldom
tshen-rno
.>1.;;",'.;1.' ma-'o- tsha-n a=tsh en-ma -na-ro -mo =ispro nounc ed tsben-
J.I.;;",.,ij
modified by any prefixes.
ma-'o!Jza-n
J.I~'" ma-'o.
J.lE!". z¢-da = i~ pronounced dzoe (treasure room).
-ro=ddz¢-da
~a-naa-ro=

Prefix ed Maa..
Cban ge
No Chan .I c"&
a:; e: I
Cbang e
Chang rf kha 9 t:.. nga E. ja ~
Ga l:..
--------
nya tha" da~n
II fha~ a
da ~ n~
 ~~

2,37 '@.il)'D.~ "I'D.' THE PREF IX 'A

There are ten root consonants which take the prefix 'a which exactly
has the same effect as rna
prefix. The ten letters are: 1. /'lj'l kha, 2,
2. "I ga, 3, J, cha, 4, E. ja, S.l'l
5. .l'l tha, 6. '\ da, 7. '4 pha,
8. Q ba, 9, a) a> tsha and 10, e: dza.
1',
rJ./'l,,'Q' 'a-o-kha-ra=khar-ba =is pronounced khar-v a (walki
rJ.j'l"'Q
ng stick),
stick).
rJ."I"i' 'a-o-g a-na = is pronounced ghen (responsibility).
ty),
rJ.a;.;.r 'a-o-c ha-ma =is pronounced chaam (religious dance)
:: -_ ....
.
rJ.E.rJ.' -o-ja-'a =is pronounced (high pitch) jah (rainbow),
r:>..l'jQ',;f-o
r:>.l'jQ 'a:r-o--tha-ba
tha-ba=thab-rna-na-ro=mo =is pronounced thab-m o (quarrel).
r.>.~' 'a-o-d a-gi-g u = is pronounced dhi (this).
r.>.<4rlfQ·' 'a-o-pha-'greng-po=phe-lLl=phel-ba =is pronounced phel-w
r.>.<4(lj'Q
pMI-w a (to increase).
0;- __
(,>- r.>.Q"I 'a-o-bha-ga = = is pronounced bhag (mask).),
r.>.a)!;.'''1 'a-o-tsha-nga=tshang-ga = is pronounced tshang -ka (crowd
r.>.a>l;.'''1
).
r.>.ilA'a;'Il·
r.>.i)'i!i'a ;'Il' 'a-o-dza-gi-gu=dzi-na=:d
na",;dzin-cha-sa=chay =is pronounced dzin-c hay (furniture).

Prefix ed a
1- ~,-
1-~'-
No Chang e I
fIfl kha ce cha 1:1
J;j tha !4 pha c6 tsha

!i-}Z·-
':;}3--
Chang e 1 9 Ga e;. ja "~ da .q ba t[ dza

1',

-;li-~i£:'-
K, ((.
K/ 2.38 Drill
_ co... <;'\.,._
<;'\.,. ........
_ co... c-...
e-.. e-...
eo.... ........
~"J.J;,' r,m,,'
9Ui9' ""l.J;.' L,I"D.~' ~F .J;.,,!
.J;,~! 9Ui9' ""l.J;.'
i~:.}·'
i~:.}"
~"l.J;,' LJ'D.
~' D."'~ D. 'tl'j'
~'~D. 'tl'j'fat~ '''I' .J;."
fat~ '9' .J;,~II
gyag dkar po 'di su'i red gyag dkar po'di nga'i a zhang gi red
Whose white Yak is this? That white Yak is my uncle's,
I
':f:-~"C
~iii'- _ co.... _ -..
_. -C'o..._ _ _ -.. t·
f'~'9
f'~ '9'9"
'9~~'
~

~' ~'9~~
LJ'Q)~e:.'
~

' ar .J;."I
~l:jl
~

D.~'e:.'C'l.19
D."'~D. D.'C119''LJ'9U
~'9Uii~rLJ' .J;."I
~r~' .J;,~I
~(~ khong gi gdong pa gtsang rna red 'di nga'i lLlg pa gyas pa red
His face is clean, This is my right hand.
hand,
..... c... c...e-..
c...c... _ c..._ co... _
fI~ '9=lD.
co... _ c-.. c...
e-..
fle:.'9. '';I'·a,jrJ,'';
a,jrJ,'';Iil) :. '''I' .J;."il
~
~

~?..J :lD.'';I Iil)'Uie

'Ui~ ~"il ~' a;'9=lD
~. .'
a;'9.:lD.·a,j9'l a,j9'"
a,j.J;.'';'';Iil)'Uie
:ja,j.J;, Iil) 'Ui~:.'9'Ui
'9'Uiil)
il)!!
khoflg gza' nyi ma'i nyin yong gi red
khong nga tsho gza' mig timar
dmar nyin yong gi yin
He / she will come on Sunday, We will come on Tuesday,

~ ~ ~

fI~ '''I'
~
fle:. '9'9~~'
9 ~FD.e;.a,
D.~.a.l" w
~
j' LJ'D.1:\
~'D.";9
~
9 ~ 'C'l.1' l:j.q'9
".q'9~~a,j'
a,j' a,j'979~' a,j~1 a:.J,,!
~",ii
'if,i~ "v '.
khong gi gsung jampo 'dug nga la deb gsum ma gtogs
gtags med
His voice is soft. I have only three books,
books.

tl'j' a,j'C119~'
tl'j' a:.J'C'l. 19~' il)e:.
il)~ 'C'11' .qfatQ)~'· ~"I
l.1' .qfat9~ ~ 1:\;1
e-...
c...
D.,,'
D.~' LJ'
~'C'l.1
C119~'
e-... --.::-
~ ........
" .
9~' V.:e:.
"~'~DD.'
.' <i>e:.'fle
ce~ 'fI~' .J;,~ i
:.' .J;."i
a rna lags nang la bzhugs med 'di pa lags dang nga'i tshong
~,~;
-»
tshang khang
/chang red

,[.::ft
;'"~
r
23

Mother is not at home. This is me and my father's shop.

~ ~ ~

2.39 J,j'r.l.~f;lj'J,jc:;.'f;ljC'\'
J,j'r.l.~f;!j'J,jc:;.'f;!jC'\' PASSIVE CONSONANTS

The twenty consonants which do not occur as suffixes, prefixes and post suffixes in forming a
Tibetan word is called ~·t:l.~9·~c:.'9~·
~·t:I.~9·~c:.·9~· mi Jug ming gzhi. This I have freely translated them as
'passive consonants',
consonants'. This means that there can be no two passive consonants written together at
any time to form one syllable except ya and va which can be subjoined to number of the passive
consonants. If any of the passive consonants occur in a Tibetan word, it is necessarily the root
consonant of the syllable. They form the basis to which other consonantal denomination can be
prefIxed, suffixed, surmounted and subjoined as we have seen some and will see more. The passive
consonants are:

1. "I ka, 2. F lilia, 3. is ca, 4. ib , 5. f. ja, 6. '? nya, 7. ')'1 ta, 8. lillij tha, 9. Q
ib cha,
pa,10. 1<j
t.j pha, e: dza, 14. ~ va, 15.
ph a, 11. ;5 tsa, 12. a; tsha, 13. E( "I zha, 16. .'l;a za, 17. ~
15.1'\ i

ya, 18.'" sha, 19. <j ha and 20. Il'l a.

2.40 -
~"\'r.l."\f;lj~'
~"\'r.l."\f;!j~' SUBJOINED CONSONANTS

There are four consonants which are joined to the bottom of a root consonant of a syllable which
radically modify the place of articulation and pronunciation. When a root consonant is subjoined
along with a vowel, the latter is spelled and pronounced last of all after whatever sound changes the
root consonant may have undergone. The four consonants which are also known as liquids or
semivowels are: 1. ~ ya, 2. " ra, 3. £ll
£1l la, and 'lj va which are then respectively called "fq'j"l~'
"fq'j"l~r

ya blags,
btags, ,,'q')"1~
,,'q'1"1~ ra btags,
blags, £1l'q,)9~'
£ll'q'19~' la-btags
la-blags and 'lj',§"" va-zur.

2.41 urz::jl)f;lj~
urz::J1)f;!j~ SUBJOINED YA

There are seven consonants in Connection

connection with the first three guttarals and the four labials to
which ~ ya is subjoined. When ya is SUbjoined
subjoined it takes the form of .,J
,oJ and is spelled Yatag

which means subjoined Va. The subjoined Ya modifies the pronunciation of the root consonant of a
syllable which has otherwise remain unchanged in connection with the prefIxes and surmounted
letters. This method of compounding consonants or consonant clusters also produces exact
pronunciation of other simple consonants within the Tibetan alphabet and also pronunciation of
some Sanskrit alphabet which are not covered by the simple Tibetan alphabet. When theya' is
subjoined to: 1."l ka, 2. F ,3. 9 ga, 4. Q pa, 5. ,.
"l pha, 6. q 7 . .>J rna,
ba and 7. ma, they are
spelled and pronounced in the following manner:
~ ka-ya-btags =is pronounced kya. ~'i<r
1. !!l ~'i<I' ka-ya-btags=kya-'greng-po=kye-ma is pronounced
kye-ma, Alas!
2. 19 kha-ya-btags =is pronounced khya
kbya ego B kha-ya-btags=khya-gi-gu =is pronounced
khyi,
kbyi, dog.
3. 5 ga-ya-btags
ga-ya-blags =is pronounced gya
4.::l
4.!:! pa-ya-btags
pa-ya-blags =is pronounced into that of is ca as in porc!l

5. :J pha-ya-btags =is pronounced into that of ib cha as in cheese

ofib
I ""'~~~'--,~-~
+-~""'~'"~"~~'--,~-~
_ _ _ __
,~~""""~,~,'-----

'
~
~
"
M
"
"
~
'
~
,
'
24
,,-

;' 6. S ba-ya-btags = is pronounced into that of E. a as III

in lar
jar
~~ ,
7. '!i ma-ya-btags =is pronounced into that of '? nya

,,'1::]15"l<>1 SUBJOINED RA
2.42 ",'Q1)"l<>l
''-

The thirteen consonants

consonanis 1. "I ka, 2, 'I! ga, 4. ?') ta, 5.11
ha, 3. 9
2. flfI , 6. 'i da, 7. <j
tha, 6, <J

pa, 8. 14
'4 pha, 9,
9. Q 10.6:1 rna 11. 4 sha, 12. 'll
ba and 10,6:1 'll sa and 13." ha to which a ". :<:

, <l'59'll
<l')"l'll Ra-btags' or subjoined ra occur. It is joined to these letters in the fOIDI
foml of ..J.
-J.
fi ;
1. ~ lea-ra-btags
Iea-ra-btags =is pronounced tra as in toll q~r4'll ba-'o-lea-ra-btags=ta-sha-gi-gu=shi-
sa=she is pronounced ta-shi, auspicious.
2. ~ kha-ra-btags =is pronounced as in Tom ego [!j6:l'<J'
[!j6:l'<j' kha-ra-btags=ta-na-ro=tho-ma=tom-
pa = is pronounced torn-pa, a well.
3 • .!!/ ga-ra-btags =is pronounced dra
3• ~t:.'<.i ga-ra-btags=da-zhabs-kyu=du-nga'=doongpa_
na-ro=po = is pronounced droong-po, clever.
0.' ,
,?-~. .,
-,
$'(j) ta-ra-btags =is pronounced as in toll a-ra-btags=ta-gi-gu=ti-sha-zhabs-
-~'j':rrl1
~'j":rrll
kyu=shoo-Ia = is a Sanskrit word used in Tibetan to denote a trident religious staff and is
~~.
pronounced tri-shu-Ia.
$' 5·0 ha-ra-btags = is pronounced same as Il see above.

flf· ~ da-ra-btags = is pronounced dra as ~r.·

6. ,~
6.. ~r.' 5F<.i·da-ra-btags=da-nga=dang-pa-na-ro=po is
pronounced drang-po, honest, straight-forward.
7. ~ pa-ra-btags = is pronounced as in toll.
.!:/ pha-ra-btags = is pronounced as in Tom and ~'. ego ~.~
8 . .!1 ~'~ pha-ra-btags=tha-zhabs-
kyu=too-ga=toog-ga-zhabs-kyu=gu = is pronounced too-gu, child.
Q ba-ra-btags = is pronounced dra as in~' da eg,
9. :I ego :I"l
Q"l Ba-ra-btags=da-ga=dag, rock.
,
it·:.;" 10. ?;Jma-ra-btags
?:Jma-ra-btags =is pronounced rna with a high pitch sound.
11.@ ha-ra-btags = is mainly used to transliterate Sanskrit words such ~'~t:.'"
~.~t:. .., sha-ra-
btags=sha-gi-gu=shi sa-gi-gu=si-nga=sing-ha = is pronounced shri-sing-ha, a name of a teacher.
teacher,
12.!lI a-ra-btags = is pronounced sa or hra. ~"i'<.i' sa-ra-btagscsa- gigu si-na sin-pa naro=po
12.!l/
is pronounced sirnpo, an ogress,
ogress.
13ti)
13ti\ha-ra-btags=hra as in hurrah ego hri as in ~l ha-ra-btags=hra-gi gu= is pronounced
hrih ~he seed syllable of Avalokiteshvara..
Avalokiteshvara. '

2.43 f'lJ·.q7"l~
C"lJ'Q1)"l~ SUBJOINED LA

i1'~; There are six consonants: 1. "I ka, 2. "lOJ ga, 3. q a, 4. 4 . .s za, 5. "~ ra and 6. "'I
sa, which take the subjoined la,lao This brings very unusual modification to the pronouDciation
pronouDcialion
where the sound of the root consonant is completely dropped while using the inherent a to make the
sound of the La more compact and high pilCh.
pitch. Hmvever there is one exception when it is subjoined
 25

to za where both the sound of za and the sound of la are replaced by an unrelated sound dha. The
subjoined la is spelled and pronounced as follows::lJ
follows::JJ ka-la-btags,
ka-Ia-btags, ~ ga-Ia-blags, Iil ba-la-
ga-la-btags,

btags, ~ racla-btags and ru~ sa-1a-btags

sa-Ia-btags are all pronounced la with a high pitch sound. The
lifof bla ma.
Tibetan word for a Buddhist teacher is Iif';f mao

L m'm ka-la-btags=la-ka-la-btags =la-na-ro=1o is pronounced la-Io, barbarian.

1.

2. ~ ga-1a-btags=la-zhabs_kyu
ga-la-btags=la-zhabs-kyu =is pronounced 100, song.
ili~·ij· ba-la-btags=la-na-ro=lo-na=lon-pa-na-ro=po
3. ffl"i'ij' ba-Ia-btags=la-na-ro=lo-na=lon-pa-na-ro=po is pronounced 10m-po,
lorn-po, minister.

4. ~"r
~"f ra-la-btags-1a
ra-la-btags-la nga-lang-pa =is pronounced lang-pa, steam.

(ij~
5. ffi"~ sa-la-btags=la-na-ro=lo
sa-Ia-btags=la-na-ro=lo ba=lob-ga-ra-btags=drwa =is pronounced lob-dl-a,
lob-dl"ll, school.
(ijf
/t#
0;]
..11' .
.~
6. ii''''
iP" za-la-btags-da -ba= is pronounced dha-wa, moon.

2.44 '.l:l·~~'q7l:lj~·l:J·
'.lr~~·q7l:!j~·Z:.r
SUBJOINED VA
The Va-zur should alphabetically come before the subjoined ya but I have placed here as the

~V
I
I
II
.!/
last group of the subjoined letters as it is traditionally introduced in this sequence. However,
students wishing to look for a Tibetan word with Va-sur should look up before the subjoined
letters. Va-zur means the angular of the letter ill
21 va. It is actually the lower right corner of va in
5 ~~the form
fOITI1 of.. which is similar to the form of the Bengali va. We know the rule where the letter ba
~ ~
tJ'r;)
tI'r;) . is to be pronounced va when it is the last or medial syllable of a Tibetan word. In some descriptions
of the Tibetan alphabet, va is explained as "a letter without which can function". But it has some
important orthographical uses to distinguish between homonymous words. .;:; Tsha, hot and

\.
'\ cl;l
cl;i Tshva, salt which are both pronounced the same, Tsha. The use of the Tibetan ba at times
'\1

fj.r
·~ pronoun.ced va does not substantiate the ar.gument that the Tibetan letterba represented both ba and

' Lfi va which are denoted by ba and va in Sanskrit.. They are not easily confused in Tibetan as they

,
""
fj.r
!JJ
IIJ ,.
"
,

.,
are in Sanskrit. When a va is subjoined to a consonant it remains silent. Beside the following
example of the usage in Tibetan, a va-zur is mainly used in transliterating Sanskrit.

'!j'ur
'!j'Uj'
- kva=ya-'greng po=ye is pronounced ka-ye oh
,~
.~
~'?
~.? khva-ta is pronounced kha-ta magpie
'if
I ,£
:1 1
~.,.r ga-ra-btags=drva-pa
,
=is pronounced dra.pa
dra-pa monk
'l1'" ~llj~'ij'
~Ilj~rij· va~ga-sa=dvag-pa-na-ro,=po is pronounced dag.po
vacga-sa=dvag-pa-na-ro,=po dag-po a place in Tibet
cl;i
~ tsva =is pronounced tsha salt
~ •.jJ
•.jJ zhva ma-na-ro=mo = is pronounced zha-mo hat
~. zva= is pronounced za nettle
~.~. rva-ca-na-ro=co= is pronounced ra-cho horn
r:J'Q'
r:J'''' lm-ba=:; is pronounced la-wa
lva-ba= a kind of a deer
 ~'Q'
shva -ba = is pronounced sha-wa deer

2.45 '5·.q1)9~ SUBJOINED HA

Subjoined haka is not used in the Tibetan language, but it has been adopted solely for the purpose
ih: Sanskrit. 2J' La-ha-btags=fha is not to be included in this ha-btags section as it is
of transliterating Sanskrit
,.. not a subjoined haka rather it is surmounted fa upon ha which is discussed in the surmounted letter
section. The ha-btags has no simple Tibetan root consonant to be joined with but it is the root
consonant 'ha' that is used to make up equivalent Sanskrit letters. The effect of subjoining ha is to
lengthen the partial root letter to make it full letter. Ha can be subjoined to any consonant as long as
it occurs in Sanskrit. Following are only some examples:
t 1. !II
1II ga-ha-btags = is pronounced Gha. rr
~+~~::::
~-~
z.
2. ~ da-ha-btags = is pronounced Dha. \.~
~+~~
3. ~ ba-ha-btags =is pronounced Bha.
4.
4. .; dza-ha-btags = is pronounced Jha.
5. '" da-fog=da-ha-btags = is pronounced Dha.

Exercise 2.c
Z.e

Transcribe the following words into Tibetan script and practice how to spell out the correct
~. sequence and the pronounciation of the letters in a syllable. Learn to use a Tibetan English
dictionary to find the meaning of these words:

~.z~
~~} 1. gsung-rab 2. gcung-po 3. gtsang-po 4. gnyen-po
~
"'",. 5. gsang-ba 6. dkar-mkhan 7. dkon-mchog 8. dgon-pa
9. dgu-bcu 10.
ZO. dpung-pa 11. dtnigs-pa
dmigs-pa 12. dbang-po
13. being-pa 14. bcu-gsum 15. btsir-ba 16. bzhi-bcu
17. bzung-ba 18. bshad-pa 19. bgar-ba 20.bkang-bo
Exercise 2.d Drill
co....
e-... C\.,.
C\.,.
co....
e-... __
-.
p,,·r::.O:Rjt::: ~r ..<:.,,'
..<:.r:"
___ c-..._ -..

I~'l'ro'~' i.j' =F ~"l

I'"~ a;'lI!'Uj'I,r
..."
Qr::.'
'>
..<:.,,' __ co....
..." _-. C'...

I'"~ ~.q' ~'l;;P<l~rll' ~.~' ::i9'

I'"~~.q'~'l;;P<l~rll'~'~'
co....
'>
C".,.
~9' J.J'o."9
_
_
J,J'o."9
co....
"'-. _
_ ._~
'>
-...

!"~rll'o.fl"<:"OS
'''~rll'o.f!''<:''OS ~'9~"<:"~' a;'9~"<:"~' 64' J.J' ..<:.",
..<:.,,'
-
'''9~' ~"<:"Er ~9'9~J.J'rll~' J,J·o."9
'''9~'~"<:"Er~9'9~J,J'rll~'
~
J.J·o."9
~

~
IUl9' ~,,'o."·rll~'!lI'
'Uj9' a;,,'o."'rll~'!lI' ~·o."9 ~'o."9
~
'>
- '>
'>

-.. e-.."" _ -.
-.. c..."" _ ' -..
' '\'..<:.r::.'
,,,\'
-..
--
.<:.r::. 'r::. "<:""9~
-
"<:""9~ 'Z;g'~'
'l;g'~' ~'9~"<:"
-..
~'9~"<:" ~'~J,J'~'.q~\~'

S,,\'''9~'~' J,J'"<:'
,,,'o.::i'o.~,,\'~' S,,\'''9~'~'
I"·o.~·o.~,,\'~·
-..
'1
J.J' ..<:.,,'
co....
C'..
-
~'~J.J'~'.q~\~' ..<:."\,
..<:.,,\,

__ c>...-...
c>...-..

l~"'''r::. 'flJ,J'
l~"·"r::. 'f!J.J' ~ ·1::IJ,J~'flr::.· a;,,\'~' ..<:."\,
'i::IJ.J~'f!r::.' ~r::.' ~9' a:,,,\'~' ..<:.,,\,
 -... _ e-..
c-.. _ e-..
c-.. -

1"'1' tj9' r:l, ",·ft:. ''''I'

l"n59'r:l,""ft:. '9' ~9'[1r ljf1l' ~9~'9il)t:.'1
~9'[1r lj[1j' ~9~·9il)t:.·1
-...
1-9f1l·tj9·- -....
-...
",.t:.
!'9[1j'l)9',,\'t:.~'
c.... _
-
if,qr~t:.'1
~. if,qr
e-...
c-...
~t:.·1
_

1"\~9'
1"'~9' L.rr:<,,\'9'~r:l,' w q~s ~9~'9il)t:.'1
L.l·r:l,"'·9·~r:l,· ~t:. ~9~·9il)t:.·1
e-..
co.... _ e-..
co.... eo...

(:l."'~·ft:. ''''I'
(:l.,,\~'ft:. "\SwS9' ~9' ql)c-'q'UlCliI
'9',,\S'f1J' qtjc.' q'Ul<l\1
v '"

-
...-
"'19'\5<1\' SURMOUNTED LETTERS
2.46 ~9'\5Cli'
The root consonant of a Tibetan syllable, accompanied by a prefix, a suffix, a subjoined letter, a
surmounted letter and a vowel is positioned in the center of all the characters,
characters. This is why I prefer to
translate the word .;jt:::'lJ~'
~t:::'lj~' ming gzhi 'root consonant' instead of 'initial' as other grammarians have
done. Literally translated as basis the name ming gzhi is not necessarily the first letter of a syllable
done,
and it is the basic or root letter to which.all the other consonantal denominations make connection in
order to develop a collective sound based upon the root consonanl.
consonant. Therefore mgo can letters are
surmounted upon the root consonant ofa syllable. The three last letters of the ten suffixes namely,
la and "ll sa occur as surmounted letters. They are called ~'i5"'·'lJ~iIl·
... ra, r>J ~·i5"'·'lj~iIl· mgo can gsum.
~ . C!J'~~
C!J .~ ~ l~"'-I. l~" '-' . -Gf~cJ-P...pJ,1-
.cf~ cJ-P..,.a , )- .. !

0? '-l-/ 2.46.a The effect of a mgo-can or (J:::l~'lJ"l'

'-t/ 2,46,a (J:;j~'lj"l" ) brtsegs, the stacked is similar to that of the prefixes
. ~\~~
. ~\~X where it raise.s.. .t...he. niC. pi.tCh t.o emphasize the sound of the root consonan. I.t. \Yh.e.reJ~otha
he. t....oonic. \Yh.e.re_botha prefix
~/ and a surmounted
surmounted1etterletter ar~ ar!! present,..the.mod.ificalion.QLthe
present, ..the.mod.ificalion_QLthe prnuunS;!.l!Jion..m.tlJe
prnll.un£i.1Hion..QLtlJe root consonant
, . c~JKfuJlheLChange(Lthan -tb.~~f!~st_~[ th~_prefix. ~wever the sound o~_~'prefixed
_tb.~~f!~st_~[th~_prefix. o~_~yrefixed and
•. ·.·. /~.~._rmounted
,. /~.~._rmounted roo!-~~_~_onaIl~_",:,~en
roo~~~_~_onaIl~_",:,~en sUbJO!Il~",:,?X_!::~1rer.~~~.~~;~_~~e~:f~~
subJo~Il~--:-?L!::~1rer'~~~~~;~_IIl~e~~;f "'~ have already
I ,~een,
.~een, rI',-;AA) (CPr (}"¥-
\->"M>vJ -<.V\.I.-¥) rI',-;A/).)
(MiL 1->'M>vJ (}-<¥- _~'-t-.
_~-t-. f.,~~ f.,~~
2.46.b There are no prefixed and surmounted consonants which are subjoined by lao The
inherent sound a of the surmounted is dropped as a result of the compounding with the root
consonant.

2.47 -
.....
"""'19'\5<1\ SURMOUNTED RA
""~9'\5Cli

The 12 root consonants surmounted with which ... ra are: 1. "I ka, 2,
2. 'lJ
'lj ga, 3. I:;.t:. nga,

4. ee. Tja, 5.'" nya, 6. "5'5 ta, 7. "i da, 8. ... Na, 9,
9. J:J:;j: l ba, 10,
10. ill rna, 11. ~ tsa and
12. E dza. When ra is surmounted, only its top half ( ) is surmounted. The roundish head of nya
is compensated with the full form of ra surmounted on nya in the shape of f . The pronunciation
of the following three radical letters do not change: "I ka, "5'5 ta and ~ tsa as with the other
surmounted letters.
2.48 EXAMPLES

>lj ra-ka-btags =is pronounced ka, >lj1:;.'Q'

>ljt:.'Q' ra-ka-btags=ka-nga=kang pa = kang-pa, leg.

'li ra-ga-btags =is pronounced gha, ~"'iIl'

~"i'iIl' ra-ga-btags=gha-na-ro=gho-da=gho-ma =
= ghll-ma,
a mare.
/:. ra-nga-btags =is pronounced (high pitch) nga, /:",;'jl:;.'
/:"jjt:.. ra-nga-btags=ngl1-ma-na-ro=mo-
nga=mong= nga-mong, a camel.
 28

e.
ra-ja-btags = is pronouncedjha, ~'lrn.!,>"1 ,ra-ja-btags=jha-'greng-po=jhe-sa=jhe-'a -o-jha-
zhabs-kyu=jhu-ga=jhug= jhe-jhoog, a suffix, or a follower,
follower.
;;;: t ra-nya-btags = is pronounced (high pitch) nya, te.· fC::: ra-nya-btags=nya-gi-gu=nyi-nga=
/
nying, heart.

";.'"
l)ra-ta-btags = is pronounced ta, l)'~~"l
l)'.;J~~ ra-ta-btags=ta-ma-a'-o-ga-ra-btags=da-gi-gu=di-
deity_
na=din = tam-din, Hayagriva, name of a horse-necked deity.
;;·<t~·Q· ra-da-btags=dha-na-ro=dh¢-ba-a'-o-za-na-ro=zo-
" ra-da-btags = is pronounced dha, ;;-Qil'Q'
~~ --
ba =dho zo wa, a builder, mason.
~ra-na-btags
~ra-na-btags = is pronounced (high pitch) na, .!I'<r
.!\·<r ra-na-btags=na-ba =na-wa, ear.
ear_
q ra-ba-btags = is pronounced bha, q'I1l Q>:;r ra-ba-btags=bha-ra-la-btags=la-ba-sa=lab =bha-
q'!iJQ>:;r
wave_
lab, wave.
.Jj ra-ma-btags =is pronounced (high pitch) rna, jj'(1J~'
jj'()j~' ra-ma-btags=ma-gi-gu=mee-la-ma=lam
ra-ma-btags=ma-gi-gu=mee-Ia-ma=lam
tA
=mi-Iarn, dream.
= is pronounced tsa, i"i'<r
!ra-tsa-btags = i",'<r ra-tsa-btags=tsa-na-ro=tso-da=tso pa = = tso-pa,
b\, dispute, debate.
~ ra dza-btags = is pronounced dza, lie.
lit:. ra-dza-btags=dza-na ro=dzo-nga = dzong, fortress,
fortress .
.,;
:,;,:.
,~
:<;.0,-,
2..';,

Surmounted
urrnounted ra

~
No Change 11'lj ka
ka I) ta <r tsa
Change l:lj
<lj ga r::. nga E.ja '? nya ~ da ili JJ rna e;: dza '
"i na I;J ba J,j
--.J
'>;
~~~ N~,.f'.,
v~~ . ¥~

., rf'.~-- 2,49 (1j'J,jl:lj';5ili

('lj'JJ<lj''5''i SURMOUNTED LA
':1(/,
':1 1/ '
~:J:.. r~ The ten letters which la can be surmounted are: 1. "I ka, 2. "I ga, 3. e.t:. ga, 4. ~ ca,

6.? ta, 7. "i'" da, 8. q pa,9; Q Ba and 10. '5 ha. La remains silent except with
5. e:. ja, 6,?
ha with which the la is palatalized and it has a soft and lengthening effect while. the sound of ha is
echo_ The effect of (1J-~~
reduc.ed to a mere residual echo. ()j'~~ la-mgo to the general pronunciation of the
/
syllable is similar to the effect of surmounted ra and prefixes except with "I ka, '5 ca, ? ta,
ka,;5
~",

and q pa, La mgo do not occur as common as the others.

2.50
2,50 EXAMPLES
l!!"I.q '. la-ka-btags=ka-zhabs-kyu=ku-ga-kug"pa
III la-ka-btags =is pronounced ka, !!["I' la-ka-btags=ka-zhabs-kyu=ku-ga-kug-pa =kug-pa,
dumb.
III la-ga-btags = is pronounced gha, 1lle.·S·
Ilf 1lft:.·S· la-ga-btags=gha-nga=ghang ba-zhabs-kyu-bu =
Ghang-bu, a ballon.
'e! la-nga-btags = is pronounced (high pitch)nga, five.
\!:'e.'Jl'
\l:'t:.'.;J' la-ca-btags-ca-nga-chang-ma = is pronounced chang-rna, willow.
la-ea-btags-ca-nga-chang-ma

'I! la-ja-btags == is pronounced jha, 'l!e.-r;'

'l!q;' a-ja-btags=jha-nga=jhang-kha-zhabs-kyu=khu
a-ja-btags=}ha-nga=jhang-kha-zhabs-kyu=khu =
jhang-kbu,
jhang-khu, green.
 29

'l! la-ta-btags =is pronounced ta, \V'Q' la-ta-btags=ta-'greng-po=te-ba =te-wa, navel.

lli laeda-btags =is pronounced dha, ~.;r.:c.'
~.;r.:,: la-da-btags=dha-zhabs-kyu=dhu-ma=dhum-ra
=dhoorn ra, garden.
2J la-pa-btags = is pronounced pa. There is only one Tibetan word in this combintation
2l com bintation which is:
2l"l~'<J'
2J"I~'<J' a-pa-btags=pa-ga-sa=pag-pa =pag-pa, skin.
\!j la-ba-btags = is pronounced bha, I!I'Q'
\!j'Q' la-ba-btags=bha-ba =bha-wa, goitre.

~ la-ha-btags = is pronounced lha, ~'~'la-ha-btags=lha-sa

~'~'la-ha-btags=lha-sa =Lha-sa, the capital of Tibet, the
place of the gods.

Surmounted
urmounted laa
No Change 1ljka
ka ~ca7taQpa
'5 ca 7ta Q pa

-------
-.
Change
l7lJ

E.ja "~ da
1 9 ga I:. nga Eja .q ba '5
.

ha

....-
2.51 l~ra.J9·'50\
~·a.J9·~Oi SURMOUNTED SA
There are eleven letters upolwhich
upolwhich sa can be surmounted bringing similar changes as other
letters. Sa surmounted letters occur very frequently. "1 ka, "I ga, E:.c:. nga, ':''!) nya,
surmounted letters,
? ta, "i da, iliiii na, Q pa, Q ba ~ rna and it tsa.
t5a.

2.52 EXAMPLE
~ sa-ka-btags =is pronounced ka, ~'\':J'
~"i':J' sa-ka-btags=ka-ya-btags=kya-gi-gu=kyi-da=kyee-pa-
na-ro=po =kyee-po, happy.
~ sa-ga-btags = is pronounced gha,;jE:. sa-ga-btags-gha-ra-btags=da-zhabs-kyu=doo-nga
=doong, story. -
'I!. sa-ng-btags =is pronouced nga, 'i!.'~'
'i!.~. sa-nga-btags=nga-da-ra-btags=da-na.ro=da =nga-
dro, morning.
~ sa-nya-btags = is pronounced (high pitch) nya, ~E:.'i' ~c:.'i' sa-nya-btags-nya-gi-gu=nyi-
nga=nying ra-ja-btags-jha-'greng po=jhe =Nying-;jhe,
=Nying-;jbe, compassion.
~ sa-ta-btags = is pronounced ta, ~·:i.·sa-ta-btags=ta-ra-'grengpo=T(f
~·".i.·sa-la-btags=ta-ra-'grengpo=re =Ta-re, axe.
~ sa-da-btags = is pronounced dha, iit :4' sa-da-btags=dha-na-ro=dho- nga=dhong-pa-na-ro=po
iic:.·:J'
=dhong-po, a tree.
~ sa-na-btags = is pronounced (high pitch) na, ~.:c.·.IF
~"'·.IF sa-na-btags-na- nar-ra=nar-tha-
nga=thang = Nar-thang, name of place in Tibet.
~ sa-pa-btags = is pronounced pa, ~ili
~iIi sa-pa-btags=pa-ya-btags=cha-na = chen, eye (hon.).
'1isa-ba-btags Is
~sa-ba-btags = Is pronounced bha, ~,E:.·';:F
~d'F sa-ba-btags=bha-ya-btags=jha-nga=jhang sha-gi-
gu=shi-nga=shing =jhang-shing, blackboard. '
J;j sa-ma-btags = is pronounced (high pitch) ma, ~"I't1l~'
~"I.t1l~. sa-ma-btags=ma-na-ro=mo-
na=mon-la-ma=lam =mon-Iam, prayer.
 /"

~ sa-tsa-btags = is pronounced tsa, ~'<l' sa-tsa-btags=tsa-na-ro=tso-la tsol-ba =tsol-wa,

to bestow.

Surmounted sa
No Change
I' ka
'5 ta ~ ;t tsa

+-.,
Change 1 "IItil ~ nga '7 nya ~
ga ~ ~ da ~ na q ba J.J rna

""'"

Exercise 2.e
A Transcribe the following words into Tibetan script and find their meaning in a Tibetan English
L- dictionary:

skye-ba snga-phyi dkar-po klu-sgrub khrungs-pa

khyu-mchog mkhyen-brtse khrom-pa 'khor-ba
k:~,
'khrungs-rabs mgon-pb 'gyod-pa sgrung
r 'greng-po mngon-shes sngon-po lnga
ngu-'bod ngang-pa bco-brgad mchin-pa
che-ba cha-shas rje-btsun brjod-pa
rjen-pa snye-ma smyu-gu nyon-mongs
rta-mchog rten-'grel bden-pa-bzhi 'tire-goon
'tire-gdon
u~~
fl~~ rnam-dbye spyang-ki sprin-pa phyag-'tshal
phye-ma phru-gu dmyal-ba smyon-pa
smon-lam rtsa-ri tshul-khrims zhing-pa
zhing-khams zang-zing, zil-gnon yangskyar
ft3'
-2.r Drill
Exercise -2.r
~M;-
Iq~tII'~'~
lq~"II'''II' -
J.J<f> Qj'Qj~J.J'~
J.Ji Qj'Qj~J.J' ~ J.J' ~ :x.: ~Qj'Qc'6(1j'
~Qj·o.c6(lr q~1
q~l Iq~tII'~t:..'Q~'~~.
..,.,
q~"II'~t:.. '0. ~'1~' ~Qj'
~"II' ;jq' ~tII'
co..
eo..
~"II' L:J"'" "9 til
~~'-9"11
co..
eo.. .""

~
~
I(1jQj'tII'7~' J.J'7CJ.1' ~
100Qj'''II'7~' J.J'7Cl.!' "'" .I:IOl'
L.,J~' CJ.I' ~"'"
~(1j' Cl.!' ~~' q'~~l
-
~ ~
~ I~q~'~t:..' "9~' ""q'
l.l:lq~r~t:..· -9~r
~
~
til' .I:IQ'
~t:..'Q~"II'
~q' ~t:..'o.~ ~.q' L:J"' " "9 til
L.,J~'-9"11
-- ~ ~

..,.
."" .co..
eo.. ."
",,,-
eo.. ..,-e-...
...... co.. ..,-c-... "-
&.$" I~nl'Cl.!'~'qQ'tII~tII'?'~"'"q'~~1
1l'l0l' CJ.I'~' qo.'''II~''II'?'~':x; q'~~l !f.l.
lr.l. Qj' Cl.!~' ~"IIo.'I1i~'''II~~'~' q~~' L:J"'
CJ.I~' ~tIIQ'I1i~·tII~~'~' " "9t11
L.,J.J:,'-9"11
co.. C'\;,..c....
C'\.,c.... co..
eo.. -
-~
.""co.. ... .
~
I~nl' Cl.!'
11'l0l' CJ.I' m~' Cl.!c'6Cl.!~'~
CJ.Ie6CJ.1~'~ ::JOl' q.J:,' ~"'"
::J(1j'q",,' ~~' q'~~1
q'~~l 1~~'~~r~tII';jq'~Cl.!~'~~.
1~~'~~r~"II' ;jq'l'lCJ.I~' ~~' ~tII·~"II' L:L.,J~'-9"11
J ""."9t11

co.."
eo.." co..
C'o... .""
.""
.....
~nl' Cl.!'
II.I:IOl'
co....
c....
CJ.I' Cl.!~~'
CJ.I~~' tJr.l.·
......'
~~. 'S. ~"".
L.,Jo.'l'l~' ~.J:,' q'~~1
q'~~l
co..
eo..
It:.."II'Qj' ~tII';jq'
It:..tII'Qj' ~"II' L:L.,J~'
~Cl.!~' ~~' ~tII·
~"II';jq'l'lCJ.I~' J ""."9t11
-9"11
_eo.:.
_eo. eo..
co.. "- e-,..
eo.,. e-.. "-
c-...c... co..
c-... ..."
l~nl·Cl.!'~t:..·flQ'~~''S'~",,'q·~~I.
Il'lOl' CJ.I'~t:..'flo.'l'l~''S'~~' q'~~l. 1~~'~!r~"II';jq'.I:IJ.J~' o~'~"II' L:J""'
1~~·~'~tII·;jq·~Cl.!~·o~·~tII' -9t11
L.,J~'-9"11

...... ..,.
."" ¥Y _ co..
eo.. co..
eo.. "
" _ ...... _ -

Itll:§9~'~:rQj'7~'~'Q~'~~'51~'
1"ll:§9~'~'Qj'7~'~'o.~'~~' 5l~' L:J"'
L.,J~'-9t!J
" "9t!]
Il'lOl'
l~nl' Cl.!'~"'"
CJ.I'~.J:,' q'~'~",,'~'
~
~
q'~'~.J:,'~' q'~~1

l>Tjt:..'Qj'7~' ::!~'
l>Tjt:..·Qj'7~' ::!~. J.J'~'(1j'
-
~

J.J'~'Ol' q~Qj~' r.J·~Z'ii

r.r~Z'ii
~
~
c....

lq~'9ol:lj'':J~''5'Q",'~'~'
lq~'9ol:lj'':J~''5'Q",'~'
..., s:jq'-99
~'l'lq'-99
'0
."" c... _ ......
 31

Exercise 2.g
Romanize the following:
fOl/owing:

......
....... _ "e-..........
....... "-_ oyi_eo...
.." . ....... eo... _c-...
_e-... e:.... _
lQ8'~~
lQ8'~~ ·El~·:.2·
·El~·:.2· J,JEl~'
J.JEl~· ~Q·()'~·.El~·~~1
~Q·()'~·.El~·~~1 1<Q~I:lj'riP'1:lj7'
1.Q~I:l!·riP·1:l!7· ~I:lj'
~I:l!' ~a:,'
~~. ~r ~Q' <Q~rlf
.Q~nr ~~I
~~l
..... .." eoo... _-' _ eo... _

~
lQ7JP' ~~. Q'ij~' Q'5~'I:ljI'F~I:lj~'
IQ7JP' Q~~'I:l!(1F~I:l!~' i)1:lj~'I;J'UiI
~
i)1:l!~'I;J'UiI ltil·~~·
lm'~~' ~Q~'I;J()"
~Q~'I;J()" ~~. Q'~'7'1:lj~l'lJll
Q'~'7'1:l!~l"lJll
~

IRREGULAR PRONUNCIATIONS
2.53.a. When the first syllable ends in a da and if it is followed by a rna ma prefixed syllable, then
it is sometimes changed into that of na sound ego ".:i.r:;,·J.Jr:;,p'·q·Red-mda'-ba
'.:i.r:;,·J.Jr:;,p"Cj'Red-mda'-ba is pronounced Ren-da-
wa, a reknownedscholar
reknowned .scholar of Sakyapa tradition of Tibetan Buddhism.
i
. 2.53.b When the first syllable end in a na and if it is followed by a syllable whose root
consonant is pa without prefix letter, it is sometimt;S pronounced into that of rna ego '

~"I'tr
~~'tr kyin-pa is pronounced kyim-pa, a loan

J.Jj'l~'<r rnkhan-po
J.Jj'l"l'<r mlchan-po is pronounced khem-po, an abbot

'?"I'tj.
,?~·tr nyan-pa is pronounced nyem-pa,
nyem·pa, to listen
Cj~"I.tj.
q~~'Q' bden-pa is pronounced dem-pa, truth

~"I'<l'
~~'<J' mon-po, is pronounced nom-po, sharp

~"I.tj.
~~'Q' sbyin pa is pronounced jim-pa, generosity

Iil~'<r Blun-po is pronounced lum-po, a fool

1iI"1'<r
~

[;j~:<J'Blon-po is pronounced 10m-po, minister

lii"l:<l'Blon-po

. 2.53.c When the first syllable ends in a ba whether it is followed by a post-suffix or not, if the
. succeeding syllable begins with a rna
ma prefix, it is pronounced as the suffix of the preceding syllable
ego ~Cj~'J.J~"I'
~q~.J.J~~' Skyabs-rngon
Skyabs-mgon is pronounced kyam-ghon, the protector.

2.53.d When a syllable ends in a vowel sound and if the following syllable begins with ga, ba
or rna prefix, the latter is sometimes pronounced as the suffix of the first syllable without losing its
effect to the succeeding syllable ego
"l~'''I~~'
q~'''I~~' bcu-gnyis is pronounced choog.nyee,
cboog-nyee, twelve.
"I'''l'lp''
~'q"p" a-bza' is pronounced nab-zah,
nab-zab, cloth (hon.)
fl·J.J~·
fl·J.J~· Ma-mchu is pronounced kham-chn,
kham-chu, court case.
~'J.Ja;. gya-rntsho
gya-mtsho is pronounced gyam tsho, ocean.
 ~'J.I;r;"l'
~'J.J;r;~' rgyu-mtshan is pronounced gyum-tsben, reason.
reason,
C::'J.J;r;.>;'
C;:'J.I;r;.>;' ngo-mlshar
ngo-mtshar is pronounced ngom-tsbar, wondorous,
?'J.I~"l'
?'J.J~~' rta-mgrin is pronounced Tam-din, a horse necked deity called Hayagriva,
Hayagriva.

2.53.e
2.S3.e When a syllable ends in a vowel sound and if the succeeding syllable's root consonant is
;.:
ba subjoined witb ra, then the ra is pronounced as the preceeding syllable's suffix while the ra-bags
is pronounced as the second syllable's root consonant which parts the relationship between the ba
and ra-btags.
IlfQ'" lha-bri-pa is pronounced Ibab ri pa, Thanka painter, an artist.
ij'Q'=pho-brang
ij'Qr=.pho-brang is pronounced pbob-rang, palace,

2.S3.f When a syllable ends in a vowel sound and if it is followed by a prefix 'a it produces the
2.53.f
sound of suffix na for the preceding syllable while preserving its direct effect to the second
syllable,
t~.
I'
J.lflr.l'r.l§)
J.Jflt:l' t:l§) mkha'-'gro is pronounced kban-dro, goddess, space dweller.
t,- .
~-'-
"~'''''55
,,~'ro.'55 dge-'dun is pronounced gen-dun, a monk, one who is intent on virtue,
~'r.lQ~'
~'t:lQ~' rgyu-'bras is pronounced gyun-W!cause and effect.
~

r.l§)'r.l~'"
t:l§),t:l~'" 'gro-'dod is pronounced dron-do, desire to go.
go,

~~-

~t~:

:J:'
;J:tf

,,'--!
:-'-.
11>!l.f..ltJ.'r.tl.tlI
11>!l.f..ItJ.-r. tJ.tlI I b.ln.tJl<;r.b3tJ.ff.b3tJ.~~
b.ln.tl!';r.b3tl.ff.b3tl.~~
11ii.!i1 Ii::.@ ( ~2.l<;rb~tJ
~2.!';rb~tl
I:i' .~.~.~.:I.
.~.~.~.:I. 'i'.'::l.b.!1I
'i'."::l.b.l1I \ t1."::l~.'eJb."::lff
t1.'::l~.'eJb.'::lff ff
1/1>.S.fi.b.lk
lIili.lii.til 1/1>.S.!:;.b./k ~2.l<;rb~tJ
. ~2.!';rb~tl
Iff.t1.b.Lt
Iff .t1.b.1u ( t1."::l~.'eJb."::lff
t1.'::l~.'eJb.'::lff ~
1l<;r.6-.1n.1;".'eJ.~.~.~.~.~.2
1!';r.6-.ln.I;".'eJ.~.~.~.~.~.2 t1."::l~.'eJb."::lff
t1.'::l~.'eJb.'::lff b
1!;.1;.~.1i;.1iI IS.P;";:.@
11;.1;.~.Ii;.lil IS.P;'!;:.@ ~2.l<;rb~tJ
~2.!';rb~tl
.t:h~.tO.
1:;J.:i' .t:.~ .~.lo. 'i'.b.!1I
'i'.b.l1I t1."::l~.'eJb."::lff
t1.'::l~.'eJb.'::lff tl
tJ
I~.~ IH I~.~ ( ~2.l<;rb~t:
~2.!';rb~t:
Iflk.lll.~.jl;
Iflk.l1l.~.1}; lfir.Iii.til Ii::.lk
l!lr.Iii.til Ii::./k / ~2.l<;rb~tJ
~2.!';rb~tl
1?O.~
~.~.r:.It..n.I';.~ l?o.~ l);l.~.'f.~.r..! .il.~.!l.z.'"
:i1:~.Itz.'" ~2.b!1' t:
1l<;r.6-.I;".'eJ.~.~.f..2.b.1u
1!';r.6-.I;".'eJ.~.~.f..2.b.Lt \ t1."::l~.'eJb."::lff
&.'::l~.'eJb.'::lff
b.ln.ib.ltJin.b3' cJ
b.ln.ib.ltJin.b 3"eJ . b3tJ.~~
b3tl.~~
SNOI.LVNIWON3U 'lV.LNVNOSNOJ SflOrnVA "3:0.>1
'HO.>l U3Sfl
S3XUffiId
S3XU3'Hd .>10 .LUVHJ
.L'HVHJ
~ P"
po. ~ b~ b~ !:,S·Z
I>S'Z
i'£' •'tJ'r
bi'£'• .1l:dtJ
'tJ"r .Il:!. ttJIn. ;;
;;"tJ
'tJ . ;;'tJ ~ fir
;;"tJ .1_",
".,;)
...., -......, -
 3 '
"

CHAPTER THREE
3.55 ARTICLES

In Tibetan, articles are not used as commonly as in English, but in order to fully understand
Tibetan grammar we will briefly discuss the two types of particles:
L_~ q t::.'''iJi Dependent Particles
!1"i'''It1iJi'''i<lt:::''iJi
1. !1"i'''It1iJi'''i
2, !1"i'"'"-"i'lt::.'''iJi
!1"i'"'t::."i<!t::.'''iJi Independent particles
l'%' . . ~~
~~
/ Indefinite articles are dependent particles since the applicability of an article is determined by
the suffix of the preceding syllable. Hence articles are post-positions in the Tibetan grammar.
The three indefinite articles are: i5"1 cig, ~"1
~"I zhig, and"1"1 shig signify a, an, any, certain,
some, someone, somewhere, and sometime,
sometime. There are no definite articles in Tibetan,
Tibetan. These
three are also used as imperative particles,
particles. (See 14.4).
14.4),
~.

~'.-,~

3.56 The form i5"1 cig is used aftet a syllabe ending in "I ga, "i da, and <I
q ba and thus:
I

'2l'IJ'i5"1
'2l"l'i5"1 lug cig
lugcig a sheep
'11"1' i5'IJ
'iI"I'i5"1 stag dg a tiger
"
~;A-~ r.>.~'IJ'i5"1
r.>.!j"l'i5"1 'brug cig a dragon
S,~",'i5"1
S'~"i'i5"1 bya rgad cig
byargad an eagle
rd~. ~\i5"1 snod cig a vessel
rrr'r",'i5"1
"i'i5 "I 'ad dg a light
l':ri5 'IJ
1'I'lq'i5"1 khab cig, a neddle
aneddle
~q'i5"1
~<I'i5"1 cig
deb dg a book
i!lQ'i5"1
/!lq'i5"1 khrab cig a shield
~(:~-"-
3.57 The form ~"1 ~
~"I zhig is used after syllable ending in t::.~ nga, iJi na, i<J rna, r.>. a', .>;
ra, C1l la and vowel ending syllables thus:
ell
.qQ' ~t::.'~"1
.qq' ~~'~"I thab tshang zhig a kitchen
~",'~c.'~"1
~"i'~c.'~"1 slOd thUl
thUi zhig a shirt
~'J:ic.'~"1
i!.'Jic..~"I mga mang zhig a camel
"I"'iJi'~"1
'IJ"iiJi·~"I gdanzhig
gtlan zhig a mattress
~iJi'~"1
~iJi'~"I thunzhig
!hun zhig a session
~iJi'~"1
~iJi'~"I
~
spunzhig
spun zhig a relative .or
or a brother (sister)
~<>r~"1
~<>ri'i\'IJ sgam zhzg
sgamzhzg a box
4C1l'''ii>l'~''1
4ell'''i ..r~''I she! dam zhig a glass bottle
C1li>l'~"1
elli<J'~"I lam zhig
lamzhig a road
~~.,}.
"F~"1
"I~'~'IJ gangzhig
gang zhig whoever (whatever)
a:;c.'LJ'r.>."Ir:>.'~"1
g;~'LJ'r.>."Ir.>.'~"I tshang
tshong pa 'ga' zhig some merchants
~3- ~'i<J'r.>."Ir:>.'~"1
~'i<J'r.>."Ir.>.'~"I nyi ma 'ga' zhig some days
 3:>

.jj..>J"P"~"1 me mda'zhig a gun (fire arm)

~ .... ~"1 gur zhig a tent
.>Jfl ...·~"1 mkharzhig a castle
~

".>J"I'~""I'\"1 dmag sgar zhig a garrison

.>J"Cll·~"1 mdel zhig a bullet (."
FCll'~"1 khal zhig akhal
"\"] ...'''IUlCll'~ "I dkar gyol zhig a porcelin
~ ~

.>J'I'\"1 mizhig a man

~ ~

....1'\"1 rizhig a hill

'!l.~"1 su zhig whoever
jii'~"1 khe zhig a profit
~~

--
~'I'\"1

~'I'\"1
lee zhig
so zhig
a tongue
a tooth
S·Jj·~"1 bu mozhig a girl
--
~ ..>J'I'\"1 lhamozhig a goddess
3.58 The form.l:i"l shig is used after a syllable ending in a"l sa and thus:
~~'4"1 sras shig apnnce
ii~'4"1 spas shig an incense
5~·.l:i"l dus shig at a time

~~'r:>.~"1
~~.p.~"1 i

"'I"I "\ q ~"1

[;;. "
.>J r:P.>. ...
~ ~ .>J nJ (and all Vowels)
... [1J 1'\"1
~
"I
-
4"1
.l:i"l

3.59 JJt::: £tlJ

£tlj NOUN
Tibetan substantives appear very frequently inmonosyllabic words which are formed of two
or more letters and consist of one morpheme and this will be called a simple noun stem. This
. includes nouns in single consonant, nouns in one or more consonants followed by a vowel and
nouns in one or more consonants ending in either of the ten finals or ending in a vowel. Jl~.
Jl~'
ming denotes the meaning of a word which nominates either a label (q')"1~'.;j~
(q')"1~'~~ btags-ming) an
object or an actual name (,,\(~.~[;;.
("("I'.<i~ dngos-ming)
dngas-ming) of an object; common or proper name of an
animate or inanimate object. A noun must have at least two letters to nominate an object whether
it is an actual name or a labelled name. An actual name is given to an object which has a relevant
function denoted by the actual name; for instance an object which is hot and burning is called
'fire', and a creature who is dignified and proud like a king and who does not mix with other
beasts is called 'a lion'. Btags-ming is a name given to an object which resembles an object
that has an actual name and therefore labelled after it eg., a small fly which has a mere fire-like
appearance in the night is called 'firefly' , and a Brahmin's son who has big eyes, flat nose and
with a big mouth is also called 'lion' (faced).
 There is also complex noun stems which are composed of a noun root and a formative or
additive particle affixed as a suffix thus making the complex noun stems polymorphemic with
two or more syllables. Tibetan relies heavily on combinations of morphemes as a means of
creating words and has a large number of compound noun stems which are constituted of at .,
least two morphemes where each constituent is attested as a free form and can occur as a simple
noun stem and as well as complex if a formative particle is added to it. It is not to be confused
with the nominal compounds as we shall see their differences in the examples.

;< A derivational suffix is affixed to a simple noun stem to form a derived noun stem which
expresses the meaning connected with a person's occupation or what he does with himself.

There are also nominal compounds in Tibetan which are composed of noun stems standing in
a specific relationship which can be in cO-<Jrdinate relationship or in sub-ordinate relationship.
-.-., -.
--'" There are synonym and abstract nominal compounds too.

3.60 EXAMPLES OF SIMPLE NOUNS

A. MONOSYLLABIC NOUNS IN SINGLE CONSONANTS ,
fl
!Xl kha mouth t:.
I:;. nga I a; cha pair
E:: ja tea '? nya fish l.j
'4 pha father
Q ba cow .;J
,;j rna mother .'ll wa fox
>1
>l za nettle Ul
"l ya an odd ... ra goat
OJ la hill '1 sha meat '>l sa land
~~"

B. MONOSYLLABIC NOUNS COMBINED WITH VOWELS

f,r ~ khu juice F khe profit [iifii kho he ( ngo face
/
~ co brother ~ chriwater [ jo brother 51 tho list
l.j
'4
¥

pho male S bu son jj

JJ mi
rni person ~ mu together
,;j me fire Ji mo she ~ tshe life ~ zho curd
~ zo eat ...
~

ri hill ~ ro corpse <1l

<1i Ii bell-metal
rli
OJ 10 year 4 sho dice '>l
~
su who <ii so tooth

C. MONOSYLLABIC NOUNS ENDING IN THE TEN SUFFIXES

1:;."1
t:."1 ngag speech 'lI"I stag tiger :ii"l thig line 5"1 dug poison
¥

"i"l nog hump ~"1 phug inside li"l phog ration jj"l mig eye
JJ"I
.f;"I tshig word ~"1 tsheg dot il9 zug pain ~"1
~"I zog cattle
!2!"1 lug sheep -9"1 shig louse
12!"1
~"
~t:. rkyang wild donkey 1:1"
J!lt:. khyung eagle ~"
~t:. gong price
pnce
5"
5t:. gyong loss "I3't:. gcong chronic desease .;Jlc
"13'" ,;j,i;c mchong
rnchong gem
I

J.l5"
J.l5t:. mdung
rndung spear '\::'- dpung strength I4C
"i::'- phing vermicelli
 Q~C. btsong onion a:;c.,
;;;c., tsang nest tic. rdzong fortress
~

""c. zhing field :k

~c. zong commodity if- rlung wind
~c. lung handle 4C. shing wood

"1~"\ gnyid sleep

~

Q~,,\ beud essence

bend "1'?,,\ ~"i nad sickness
"l"\
"l,,\ yid mind 5"\ rud avalanche ~"
~"i Iud manure
>lj~
>fJ~ rkan palate 5~
5~ gun loss 'iI~ stan seat
~~
~~ thun Session !I~
!I~ spyan eye Q~ bran servant
~~
~~ sman Medicine QiI'~
Q;;'~ btsan a spirit "l;;;~
i'la:;~ mtshan name (hon.)
(han.)
s:~
5~ rdzun Lie "1-'"~
"1,,~ gzan upper robe ~~ rin Price

rll~ an answer j'lQ

j'lQ khab needle I!lQ khrab shield
I!!"
<E,Q chab water (hon. ~Q deb book
(han. i)Q ~Q phub
~"phub armour
UlQ
"lQ yab father ~Q srab bridle a;q tshab representative
a;"
~"l
~i'l khyim house <E,i'l
<E,"l cham ritual dance r:>.~"l
r:>.~i'l 'jim clay
"1']"l gtam talk
"1']i'l Q~"l
Q~i'l bsnum
bsn~m oil ~"l
~i'l yum mother (hon.)
(han.)
rlli'l
rll"l lam road r::'" khur load
r:;'" i'lj'l'" mkhar palace
"lj'l'"
1lI'"
:lj'" sgar camp "1~'" gter treasure ~'" thur downhill slope
q",par photograph "l'"i'l'" mar butter "1-'"'" gzar
"1"'" rug
4'" shar east j'lCll khal load
j'lC1l i'lrll
"lrll mal bed

i'l~rll
"li)rllmdel bullet Qrll bal wool ~rll sbrul snake
a;rll tshil fat ""rll zhal face (hon)
(han)

3.61 EXAMPLES OF COMPLEX NOUNS

A complex noun can be formed by adding a formative suffix to a simple noun stem, otherwise
it will remain as a simple noun stem. The root of a complex noun is always the first syllable and
the formative suffix can be dropped when assimilating in general context of a sentence without
losing the meaning of the nominal root. Most complex nouns
nOuns are free forms of simple nouns if
the formative suffixes are not added to form complex noun stems. However, there are number
of complex nouns whose last member of the stem also cannot be elided unless compounded with
another complex noun stem.
....
3.62 ENDING IN FORMATIVE PARTICLE ~ PA,.e.J
PA,~ PO AND ~ PU

>ljc.'"
>fJc.'" j'lc.'q c.c."..
c.c."" ~"1"" ,,\,,\.q
,,\,,"q
~"1."
~"1""
rkang pa khang pa ngang pa thag pa thig pa dad pa
leg house swan rope drop faith

"\"\.q
~,,\"q 2]"1'" !:l"l"q ~,,\"q
~"i"q "l"1' q ~"\.,,
~"i""
nad pa Ipag pa
lpag phrag pa sbyin pa mag pa smyon pa
patient skin shoulder gift groom mad man
 .Il"r.;:j <r.;:j
<1".;:j ~'.;:j
~ ..;:j
~" ..;:j
..;:j ~or.;:j 'ltad
lI'" .;:j mo
rno
.Il"l" .;:j
rno ba mo
thab mo rno rtse mo
rno
rgad mo rno rgyal mo
rno
queen show quarrel dew peak
old lady
/
~ ..;:j
~ ..;:j 1lI'~
IJI'~ "I~t:..~ "1~t:.:~
<l;)t:.:~
<;Ja;",..;:j
i;Ja;",'.;:j 'll'.;:j
zhwa mo
rno lha rno gcung mo
Iha mo rno bzang mo
rno
mtshan rno va mo
rntshan mo rno
night vIxen
vixen hat
hat goddess younger sis. a female name
';'

3.65 ENDING IN SPECIAL SUFFIXES

Generally nouns ending in the following special suffixes serve to differentiate the meaning of
noun stems otherwise somewhat similarly spelt and pronounced. There are several such
formative particles which perform the function of dimunitive nouns as will be. exemplified
below. The special suffix in complex nouns are determined by the final of the preceding
syllable.
b_,_
b<
'\s,,'
s,,·"!' 1 "I,\t:. 'If"!
"I,\t:. ~",'j'l "\S"'j'l
"\S'>:"j'l "I~"'j'l
"I~'>:"j'l '11.>:.'' 1
'l!"'''1
gdengs ka g~er kha
ston kha dbyar kha gter star ga
dpyid ka walnut
hood autumn summer mme
mine
K..___
K... spring
~.t:.
£1"."1' 1
£1.>:.' Ulor"l
"lor"l ok:"1
0it:.·"1 iii·t:.
iii·t:. '\~:5
'\~"5
yal ga long ga go nga sgo nga dbyu gu
~> ber ga the 9th month
stick branch belly collar egg
/',
i'i:: ~.~ ~.~ ~"a;
.,
i~;.,_
>l1t:."~
~t:."~ ~~
Twa co gla cha
seng ge mu
rnu ge cho nge ku co
lamentation noise horn
. wages
lion famine
~£
Q"I'a;
Q"I'a, ora;
or a, f1.I"I" a;
"-1"1' a, j'l"~
F'~ "113
"1'3
,\"1'
'\"1' a;
a,
brag cha la cha lag cha kha che Gau
dag cha amulet box
echo seal wax tool Muslim
spelling
:"':'-;,'
:'.:::.,

1ll":3
8'l":3 "1':3
'1':3 ~":3
~':3 ~':3 Q~'::-
.q~. ::- --
cJ;.r1j
a;'f1.I
ba ru skyu ru byu ru bse ru cho 10
itf,;:"
it"'!;;:. a ru dice
myrobalan myrobalan olive coral rhinoceros

i"~~
3.66 DIMUNITIVE NOUNS

~f3
~'3 'le:
<1'3 ~e:
~'3 ~f3
~'3 ~e:
~'3
Br: rte'u rde'u dre'u
i,c~_
it"'~-
khye'u sge'u he'u
be'u
ginger calf foul . pebble mule
infant

iilr:
rile: 1?J'
l?J"~5 .<jr:
-'1e: ~'3
>l1e: ~
S~
Se: ri'u
I· le'u lu gu she'u se u
l

byi'u goat
chapter lamb lamb pomegranate
bird

"I~",'~ i9"~"1 ~iQ';:J"I '14"1"

4"1';:J"I
;:J"I I.j'S'3,
''
~f~
~f5 -~

gzhon nu phru gu khyi phrug zhim phrug stag phrug phu nu

'';'~~.~
.""~~-

child puppy kitten cub brothers

youth

:0:';'>
~"'>~

,
;:~~"
c_~:"_-
 !'~c::..<.i ~"l'<.i
~~.<.i
~

i "\'
"\. <.i ~e::.'<.i
~c::..<.i 1l..r<.i
1l.. '2!c::.. <.i
!e::.'<.i Ie::.'<.i
rtsod pa tshong pa zarn pa lungpa zhing pa sprin pa
dispute merchant bridge valley farmer cloud
v
",~c::..Q ~e::.'Q
~c::..Q
v v v
"\"1-",. Q
"\"1"'-'Q ~"\'Q
~,,\.Q Gj,,\.Q
Gj,,\'<.i ~~.Q
~il\' <.i 'lJ~e::.'<.i

dkar pa skyid po rgad po sngon po gcung po sprang po

white happiness old man blue younger bro,
bro. beggar

""\'lJ'Q ~il\'Q
~~.Q .. "",;;g.Q
..g'Q 'lj~e::.'Q
",~c::..Q 5rll Q
rlJ·'Q "I~"'-'Q
",~-",.Q
""\''I"Q
bdag po blon po drnar po gtsang po rgyal po gyar po
owner minister red river king loan

~'lj'
~",. Q
sog po
Q Iii",·Q
Iii'lj'Q
og po
~"'~
~".~
rtsid pu sgyid pu
~"'~
~".~
Mongolian crow young goat oven
...""
3.63 ENDING IN FORMATIVE PARTICLE
PARTICLEL:l BA, S BU ANDL:l
L:l BA,S AND L:l BO

"1."
"I'" 1'1."
1'1'" ~'"
~." •'~"'-'"
<>l"\ -",. " ij'"
lj." s·q
S'"
Irn-ba
ka-ba kha ba phyu ba rngar ba tho ba du ba
pillar snow gown black smith hammer smoke
v
nic::.· <i
nie::.''l ~.Q
",~r.>.. "
'ljil\r.>.'" Z:F'l
sc::.·" ~''l
~.q ~e::.''l
~c::..<i
~
~
'!l'Q

gna' ba bung ba srne ba yung ba long ba so ba

antelop butterfly mole tumeric blindness unhusked grain

!'l·s
§l''3 ~e::.''3
~c::.·9 <>Ja;"."
.>Ja;"l''3
-1_
"'<>J."
ll!.>J'
"'......'3 ~c::..q
~F'3
~ ......
QC:S
Qc::.."
......

gro bu I gling bu rnchan bu snam bu sprang bu bong bu

belly flute footnote felt beggar-boy donkey

~{1rs
~{'lrs ,,~ri:i
"\~rl:i ~'i:i
~.l:i ",~.Q
'lj~'i:i ~'i:i
~.Q ~'.i:j
~.Q

ril bu dgra bo chu bo gte bo do bo nu bo

pill enemy river gang leader load younger brother

3.64 ENDING IN FORMATIVE PARTICLE ~ MA AND ~ MO

-...
v ... .>/
~"'-'<>J
~-",.,;J [!l.<>J
[!l'.>J ~"I ..>/
~"I'ilI 5·<>J
5'.>J ~'.>J
~.<>J "'ilI
•
skra rna khra rna grog rna rgya rna rnga rna snye rna
star spite ant scale tail fern

'lj~"'-'ilI
"I~-",..>/ <>J
.lj"'. .>J
.ll'" ~"'ilI
~"'•.>/ S·<>J
S'.>J ~.,;J
~'<>J <>Jil\r.>.'.ill
,;J~r.>. .>/
~

gter rna thur rna sderrna dri rna nu rna rnna' rna
mna'
treasure spoon . plate smell breast bride

~'!l'•ill
~~ .>/ S·<>J
S'.>J m·<>J
1ll'.>J .... <>J
,,'.>J ll'l'ilI
Il'l.'>/ is'is· .iJ
snas rna bye rna bla
bJa rna rama
ra rna a rna
ama khyi mo
rno
yarn sand teacher goat (she) mother dog (she)
 3.67 DISYLLABLE NOUN STEMS
There are several notable differences between complex noun stems and disyllabic noun stems
in the following ways: In the disyllable noun stem, the bare root of the simple noun need not to
be the first constituent but can be either the first or the last without definite reasons provided.
The dropping of non-noun root will not maintain the meaning of the disyllable stems of the noun
but will often modify it into an unrelated simple noun. Disyllable noun stems are generally
bound and are not free:
L

/
""J-'"-'~"ir>l
""J-,"-'Ilj"in< &q'~Ilj
&"'~ll! "~'IlJ~
"~'IiJ~ ~t:..~-,"-
~t:.'~-'"- ~n<'~
~r>l'~
dkar gyol skub steg dge rgan grong khyer rgyal sgo
porcelain chair tutor town gate
.
[,
et"'!'-'-'"-
ct"'l' q'",!
"''''I
v
-,"-OJ'~ UlOJ'''l
"lOJ'''l '5'''lt:.
chos ra ba so ral gri yal ga ha yang
monastic class ivory sword branch aluminium
t-< .

to.-- 3.68 DERIVED NOUN STEMS

Derived noun stems are connected with animate nouns who are nominated by the things they
do, and most appropriately by their occupation. The 'doer' noun derives from verbs and is
formed by adding a derivational suffix to the simple noun stem which expresses the meaning
'connected with .>Ij'l~' mkhan or belonging to '" pa. There are number of categories of
[:It:~.- .-
derived noun stems which are added to the distinctive simple noun stems as we shall discuss
,<:,~e;\
here, There is also derived noun stems from verb stems by adding an agentive suffix either to
simple or compound verb or noun stems:

r "1' .>I1'l~
"}' .>If'l~ ~'.>II'la:,
~'.>If'la:, S·.>II'l~
S·.>If'l~ q~n<'
"~r>l' .>I1'l~
.>If'l~ ~' .>I1'l~
.>If'l~
rku mkhan gru mkhan ngu mkhan beol mkhan nyo mkhan
fju thief boatman cner investor buyer
v
r:>.~' a:Jl'
.>Jf'l~
lili ,k.>Jf'l~
It:.'a:Jl'lili ~'.>Il'lili
~'.>If'l~ q~'a:Jl'lili
"~'.>Jf'l~ t:.'a:J1'
''It:.'
"l l ili
.>Jf'l~
~;;""'
'bri mkhan thsong khang rdza mkhan bzo mkhan yong mkhan
author seller potter manufacturer comer
to,:
"-:r
q-:ra:Jl'lili
.>Jf'l~ .>Jf'l~
8'.>1' a:Jl'lili
a:J1'l"'!'"
.>Jf'l"'l'" ~-'"-'" i:,'"
bshu mkhan r150m
rtsom mkhan mkhas pa sger pa rnga pa
" copier composer scholar private drummer

Ilj~"'"
~~"'" 1'f'l'r1J'
l'r1J'"" 'l},\,gj'q
'l},\'.li'q et"'!'""
ct"'l'
'?'''
'f" ii
f{;. gcod pa nya pa kha 10 pa ltad mOjba
mOiba chos pa
Chad
Chod student fisherman driver spectator religious person
v
.l'l'a:Jn<'"
.l'j'.>Jr>l'" <:I,,'"
<:I,,' " ~n<'r:>.S-'"-'"
~r>l'r:>.S-'"-' " Q"I~'"
Q"I"'l'" j'la:J'Ij'""
j'l.>J'Il'
tha mal pa bod pa rnal 'byor pa sbrags pa khams pa
ordinary Tibetan Yogi postman Khampa

f:_';
 •
3.69 NOMINAL COMPOUNDS
In Tibetan nominal compounds are formed by a juxtaposition of one or more noun stems and
each of its constituents are meaningful in themselves unlike the disyllable noun stems where the
formative particles have no separate meaning of their own. Tibetan has a largely developed
jjl:;.'l!("i. q ming-
compounds of nouns, verbs, adjectives and as well as adverbs. Generally the Jll::.'l!("i'q
sdud-pa (co-ordimltive nominal compounds) consist of two nouns and when there are more
than two nouns compounded together they are followed by the number of the nouns listed. It is
the first syllables of disyllabic or polysyllabic ,nouns which are compounded, hence the
Tibetan nominal compounds are difficult to follow if one does not know the forms of the root
noun stems of the compounded.

~",'flt;,
~",'ft;, "iSr'lJ'f1t;,
''is''ff1t;, a;t;,'f11:;.
<£,t;,'f11::.
sman khang dnguI khang chang khang
medicine house= hospital money house =bank alcohol house = tavern

~"I~'f1t;, e.'f11:;.
11::. J,J.i:"i'f11:;.
J,J.¥:"i' 11::.
tshogs khang ja khang mchod khang
assembly hall.=hall tea house shrine room

~r'lJ'~", ~'fi1
~

~''''r'lJ
~'''lfll ~"rlil'" ~'fil
rgya bal rgyaI bIon
rgyal blon nyi zla
India and Nepal king and ministers slln and moon

"i9'~"1 n:;'Q", ~F~J,J~

dge sdig 10 pan byang sems
virtue and non-virtue Lotsawa and Pandita
l.otsawa Enlightenment thought

"''\'J,J.¥:''I'''I~t;,'r.>.5.~'r.>.~''I'S'i'''I~J,J· is compounded as Cl'\·"I~t;,'r.>.~"I'''I~J,J

"l,\·J,J.i:"I·"I~t;,·r.>.5.~·r.>.~"I·S'i·"I~<>I· Cl'\·"I~t;,·r.>.~"I·"I~J,J bde-gsang- Jig-
gsum Cakrasamvara, Guhyasamaja and Yamantaka.

'lI"I·~1:;.·9·1;!t;,·"I~J,J is compounded as 'lI"I'~t;,'§I::.'''I~J,J

'lI"I'~I::.'9'§t;,·"I~J,J 'lI"I.~t;,'I;!I:;.'''I~J,J stag-seng-khyung-gsllm
stag-seng-khyung-gsum tiger, lion &
eagle.

?'J,J~"'·eI"I,,,,,~·ti;!I::.·"I~J,J
?·J,J~"'·eI"I·",·~·tl;!l:;.·"I~J,J is compounded as ?·eI'lj·§I::.''lj~J,J
?·eI'lj·I;!I:;.·'lj~J,J rta-phyag-khyung-gsum
Hayagriva, Vajrapani and Garuda.

~·~r"i9·12i"l'!l·<:!"jr.>.·<:!~"i·~I:;.·J.I' is compounded as ~·"i9·Cl"lr.>.'~t;,·Clf.\·

~'~r"i9·!2i"l'!fCl"jr.>.'Cl~"i'~I::.'J.I" ~·"i9·<:!"Ir.>.·~t;,·<:!f.\· sa-dge-bka'-rnying-
bzhi Sakya, Geluk, Kagyud and Nyingma, the four Tibetan Buddhist traditions.

ubordinate nominal compounds are formed by disyllabic nouns where the genitive case
suffix of the former and last particle of the latter are dropped in its process of compounding.
The first constituent of the compound stands as an attribute of the last and, it depends on the last
to determine its meaning.

~['lJ'i:ir..:.~~
~fll·i:ir..:·~~ rgyaI
rgyal po'i sras, king's prince = ~r'lJ'~~
!5ifll'~~
rgyal
rgyaJ sras = prince
<1'lr..:'jj"l
Il'lr..:'jj"l chu'i mig, water's eye = ~'jj"l
~.jj"l chu mig =spring
ci:~.~.~
ci:~.~.~ chos kyi sde, religious community = ci:~'~
ci:~.~ chos sde=monastery
 ~'<>Ji'.l'~<:'
~'<>Ji'.i'~<:. nyi ma'i gung, sun's middle = ~a:,'~<:'
~a:,'~<:. Dyin
nyin dgung = mid day

SYNONYMOUS COMPOUND
,. Synonymous compounds are also used.in Tibetan in a definite mode of expression in which
two syllables either nouns or adjectives of similar meaning are grouped together to simplify in
,< explaining the either meaning of the two words by its usage:

"inja:,'<>Ji"I
"inja:,' <>Ji"I ~a:,'!!I"I W'''I'"J~
W'''I~~ ~a:,'~"'1~
~a:,'~"'1~ r:l."i<>J'~l:l
r.l."i<>J'~l:l
"jt.s
..~
dkon mchog glen lkug glu gzhas snyan grags 'dam rdzab
jewel dumb song fame mud

l:lia:,'t:l,~~
-,;., ..
-,;'.
;','
;0" "i<Jr:l.'<>JE(<:,~
"i<Jr.l.'<>JE(<:,~ l:lia:,'r.l.~~ ~nr~<>J~
~nr~<>J~ ga:,'<>J~"ll
ga:,'<>J~"1 ~.~<:.
~'~<:'
dpa'mdzangs brtson 'grus tshul khrims tshon mdog zhe sdang
bravery diligence morality colour hatred
.,/'
""-
~~'''ll'''
~

~~r"l"- -9~''''l:l
-9~'''-l:l "ll:1l'Q~"i
"I11'Q~"i I ~~~'~"1
~~~'!i"l L<l" <>J
Lf <>J
I
-,it.;..:
"$i
zlos gar shes rab gzibrjid mdzes sdug pha rna
drama wisdom glory beauty parent
3.71 ABSTRACT NOUN COMPOUND
[<
Abstract nouns are formed by grouping together two adjectives with opposite meaning:

~ "1"-' ru
"ll""1ij gar-sla (thick-thin) thickness of liquid
~i>f~a:, skam-slon (dry-wet) dampness or dryness

~'\'~"1
~"i'!i"l skyid-sdug (pleasure-sorrow) condition of life

~'~a:, khe-gun i (profit-loss) price of goods

"i"lr.l.'!i"l
"i"llr:l.'~"1 dga'-sdug (good-bad) quality of things

"i~'''I~a:,
"i~r"l~a:, dgra-gnyen (enemy-friend) relationship between people
4j~'''Ii>;a:, rgas-gzhon (old-young) age
,.,- ~

t,.;.
l;, '1('::/ snga-phyi (early-late) time
~'~c:. che-chung (big-small) size
r:l.g<>J'~Q
r.l.g<>J'~Q 'jam-rtsub (smooth-rough) texture
<>J~'''i<>Ja:, tho-dman (high-low) height
"ic:.'~"1
'ic:.'~"1 dwang-snyog (clear-muddy) cleanliess of water
<la:,'''ll~''i
<la:,'''I~''i phan-gnod (benefit-harm) effect
~

:nj<>J
::j'~<>J phra-sbom (thin-thick) size of thread, rope etc
~c:.'~Q rtsing zhib (coarse-fine) fineness of flour
a;'~c:. rsha-grang (hot-cold) temperature
 i<l~<:'"f@,,\ mdzangs-blun
mdzangs-bJun (wise-fool) intelligence
"1.'1<:''<:'"\
<1.'0<:"<:',,\ bzang-ngan (good-evil) quality of a person
~'g<:. ring-thung (long-short) distance, length
q~'4'" brJan-gsher
brlan-gsher (wet-fluidity) moisture

llj~""f<:'
llj~""f<:' gsar-rnying (new-old) new.

3.72
3. ~t::.' £ll!
72 c>Jt::.. £1lI NUMBER
Tibetan nouns and adjectives have grammatically three numbers although dual is seldom used
"I iSllj'£"1 gcig-tshig, singular; "I,~r£"1 gnyis-tshig, dual; and i<l<:.'£"1
in practice. "I;sllj'£"1 i<l<:"£"1 mang-
tshig, plural are the three numbers. There are several dual and plural suffixes: .0"1 ii
i5"1 cag, ;g
tsho and j,i<l~ rnams which are attached to nouns, adjectives and pronouns in the sigular
number to express plurality. They are independent of the suffix of the preceding syllable. The
grammatical dual suffix is '1"1 dag but it is also used for plurals and ''1 nyid is used for
singular.

3.73 COLLECTIVE NOUN SUFFIX

There are number of collective noun suffixes '1"\ kun, ib<:.:i<l tshang rna, '15 dgu, "C!

brgya, ~'lj
~llj cog, .lji<l~ri5'1
.lji<l~r.o'1 thams-cad, i<l.lj~''1''l ii tsho, ;g"l~
i<l.lj~''1''l mtha'-dag, ;g ii"l~ tshogs, Ui<:.~'
ti'''I~ yongs rdzogs,::I<:.
rdzogs,::I<:' phung, and § khyu
kbyu which all signifies many, all, collection,
everything, and everyone, These terminations are more common in classical Tibetan than in
modem spoken language where the appropriate enumerative numerals or the word j', tsho or
....
i<l<:.'
i<l<:"l.ll.l mang-po are used to express plural. Collective nouns are formed when the appropriate
lexical plurals are affixed to the correct animate an inanimate nouns.

3.74 EXAMPLES
~i<l~' .o.Ji''J''\
i5.Ji''J''\ ~q'ib<:'li<l
~q'ib<:'li<l ~~'1''15 Ui'1'~'~'lj
Ui'1'~' ~llj
sems can kun deb tshang rna 'dod dgu yod do cog' cog:
all living beings all the books everything desirable everything

§J'lj~'ibli<l~'i5'1
§Jllj~' ij' .!li<l~' .0'1 '1~'q'i<llilr:r,,\"1
'1~'q'i<l.lj~'''i''l <:.' j', p'~,;g
~~'ii
grogs po thams cad dge ba mtha' dag nga tsho 'di tsho
all the friends all the virtues we these

jj' ;g'lj~
ii"l~ ~"\'~c:.
~

4<:,'~c:.
4<:"~<:'
mi thsogs
~,,\'~c:.
sprin phung shing phung
--
nJ'lj'e!
~"I'1;l
lug
Jug khyukbyu
gathering cluster of clouds heap of wood flock of sheep

3.
-
........- ""-
3, 75 I.4'JJf.l.'?llI~
14'c>Jr:l.'?ll!~
GENDER
In the Sanskrit, French and other languages, every noun is of the masculine, feminine or the
neutar gender. It is difficult to see the logic of applying the term 'gender' to things and
substances which are destitute of sexual properties, This however is not the case with Tibetan,
which, in this respect, has followed the order of nature, The names of males are of the
 masculine gender; the names of females are of the feminine gender; and all other nouns are of
neutar gender.
gender,
/

In spite of the gender division in the Tibetan alphabet, there is no grammatical gender ?"1~
rtags in Tibetan language.
language, However animate nouns have either seperate word for masculine
and feminine or if they share the same stem then the feminine is formed by adding suffixes such
.<••.
as Jl rna or J:j rno to simple or complex animate noun stems,
or.;j stems. Complex masculine noun stems
_~

.<:l ba, Q
ending in .Q Q pa, Q po and i;i pho are substituted by Jl rna or
or.;j
J:j rno to form
,,~---
...
feminine, and simple animate nouns also take either Jl rna or Jl rno if there is no seperate
word,
feminine word.
/
"-,,,-~

3.76
3,76 EXAMPLES

1.,.~--
1._.~--

is
~ -
IS""-l
jS"Ji ~."I
~'''I ~~,\Jl",
~~"Jl",
khyi
kbyi khyi rno khyo ga skyes drnan
;:
dog bitch husband wife
."",~~"
'i,,~-"

'\iiI'~1'.I
"ilJ' ~O,i "i~'~1'.I"ilJ
"i~' ~O,i' ill --
"iilJ·~e.
"i"l'~e:. '\iiI' me::
"ilJ' ~e.' ilJ
ill

dge tshul dge tshul rna dge slong dge slong rna
~,.,-."'--
novice novice nun fully ordained monk fully ordained nun

~'Q
~'Q Il'l'~
Il'l.~ .<:l~""Q
.Q~""Q .<:l~""ilJ
.Q~"".ill

grva pa a ne btsun pa btsun rna

monk nun monk nun

~",..,
~,,-.., ....
=<.",'Q'~
=<.",'Q'~ f'qil","ilJ
f'qii'",'ill 'l/"I
'i/"I
stag
-
'l/"1'Jj
'i/"I'Jl
stag rno
rin po che rje btsun rna
Venerable sister tiger tigeress
~\;;d-

/
,\q",'q
"iQ",'Q "iQ~'Ji
"iQ~'Jj '7 -
~"i'Jl
<iI"i'Jl
rgod rna
tt"":-
tt""-- dpon po dpon rno rta
chief ladyship horse mare

~1'.I"Ji
~O,i'J:j "iqr:>:'l
,\Qr:>:<5 '\Q(:l..Ji
"iQr.>.'Jj
~..f' ~1'.I"q
~O,i'Q
rgyal po rgyal rno dpa' bo dpa'rno
II
king queen hero heroine
>,,",$'
I

~r,ij
~rJj Q,\'Q
'l"i'q I Q"i',ij
'l"i'Jj
~rij
~r?'.i
bya pho bya rno bod pa bod rno
'",.;- rooster hen Tibetan man Tibetan lady

me.
me:. q"(~"I~)
q'(~"l~) Ji
Jj 2j
21
va
2j'Jl-
21' J:j
va rno
glang ba (phyugs)
(Phyugs) rno
ox cow fox vIxen
';;;;:-,
\;,...

"l'q 4'.;j
..<:j'J:j t..!"l'q
"'l"l"Q Ji
t..!"l'Jj
"'lQr
' '1' '1
sha ba sha rno phag pa phag rno
i l":;'-<:
l"-;'-<:

J',
/:

~j;':-
~j,':-
 pIg sow
buck doe

~riJ
"I"l"l o.~
t>.~ ':l':J
bu bu mo
gyag 'bri girl (daughter)
female yak boy (son)
yak
..,..
3.77 6'\' a;~ ADJECTIVES

An adjective is used to indicate a specific attribute.

attribute connected with a noun. noun, With exceptions
TilJetan frequently appear after the noun followed by either of the additional
most adjectives in Tibetan
particle e.g, J,J ,ij etc. Please note that ~ Zi J.l
e.g. Q Zi J.l J,J ,ij also occur as the last syllable of some
nouns as we have seen,seen. In some cases there are adjeCtives which are put before the noun" noun.
Declension of one, two or more adjectives take place after the additional particle of the last
adjective, pronoun or after the article if there is one. Majority of classical Tibetan adjectives are
q"~"Q ,,'"
formed from substantives by adding q,,'ll'Q ""1 Il!'"
2!"1 J,Jc.o.'q
J.lc.t>."q Gi"'Q
Gi,,"Q or by adding either of the five "'. ~

genitives. These represent English adjectives ending in ate, en!, ish, Jul, ive, ious, eous, ive,
genitives,
etc. Negatives are formed either by prefixing or suffixing J.l J,J ~ ~'"
~"1 .j:j" "I~ Srll ~c. and "q",
.jl" "I'll ._J

which correspond in their use to dis, less, ii, im, and un prefixed adjectives in English. English, The
latter two can be used as adjectives as well as verbs,
verbs.

3.78 EXAMPLES
C.","Q ~"I'll'
~"I~"Q Q ""-"l"QQ
"""I' "I'll"'"
"I~",,-"Lj
Ll
J,Jfl'll'Q
J.lfl~"Q c.""Q
fat coarse new
learned evil
~c..<:j
~C."<:j
~ ..tJ
..tJ "I~","<:j
"I~",.<:j "I41di"<:j
"I41","<:j ~c.·li
~c."Ii
clever clever
long antidote dead

~q'li
~q"Ii ~.>l·li
~J.l"Ii
".>l·li
"J.l"Ii ~"I'li
~"I"Ii "c.'<:j
"C."<:j
~

first rough round

tight rich

~~'J:ili
~~"J;ili ~q'll'Il!~
~<:J~"2!"1 ~'ll'Il!~
~~f2!~
~'ll'''",
~~",,"1 iii"ri!"""I
ill'ri!'"'"
precious powerful strong
corporal lazy

~rll'Il!'"
~rll"2!~ ~~'Il!~
~~f2!~ rs:"'Il!~
O:""2!~
"i"lt>.
"i"I0."2!"1
'Il!'" bright light
joyous fortunate intelligent

q""~"<:Jrll
q"'~'qr>.i .j:j'U;j'<b'q
.jl"U;j""'"<:J
~"J.lD."O:"
~" .>lD.'rs:" 'iI"I'~''1j''l'll"
'iI"I"~"'1l"l~" Ll
"I~"""5'!l""".>l
"I~""-'5'!l""-" J.l Q
fire's heat
sun's rays tiger skin Tibetan wool
golden spoon

0:'ll"Q
.;.rO:~"Q
.;.r ~":::F" <:J
JJ'~'LJ ~"I~'.j:j"
~"l~".jl" «","
«~.~~~"1 .>liF"l~
J.lilr.\ ""I~

unobstructive meaningless boundless

unsuitable unsuitable

"I1'\~'~c.
"I1'\"I"~c. ~~'"q",
~~""q"l
~'SI1l
~"Srll ~""Qrll
~"I"Qrll
physical isolation
stainless faultless empty of other

I
I
I
 3.79
3,79 REDUPLICATED ADJECTIVES
There are also various semi-reduplicated forms of adjectives which are used either by
duplicating the first adjective or by adding some particles, These are more colloquially
COlloquially used than
literary:

;fjc:.';fjc:.'
'c:."c:.' ~F~c:.'
~F~,F ~""~""
~-".'~-".' ~h§"I §ic:.'§ic:.
Concave straight roundish crooked rough
.:.;;.'
.:;;.'
.t"l'.t"l '?"I'~"I
'?"I.~"I ~"I.;t"l
""I';t"l (1jq'(1jq
iihiljq :2"1':2"1
~"I'~"I
hasty problematic miscellenou~
miscellenou~ flat fl/de
flIde
~'q'~'q'
~'q'~'q' ~'ij'~'q
~.ij.~.ij
"'"-1"1'
1"1'''-11'''1 ~"I'~"I "I~c:.'''I~c:.
~ ~
"I"q"c:.
Very early very late better worse very clean

3.80
3,80 DEGREE OF COMPARISON
~

In some Tibetan dialects the adjectives of comparative degree is expressed bye:: more than,

/- thus ~'J.lll
~·J.lll = higher and the superlative by "'''I',
-".q', most, thus ",q'J.lll'
-".q·J.lll· =highest. However the most
common degrees of comparison in Tibetan, are expressed by "l"l' (1j"l' q"l' and <:J"l' meaning "than"
which are put in between the name of the person or a thing to which comparison is made and the
adjective, In spoken Tibetan the comparative is formed either by reduplicating the final of the
adjective.
root stem of the adjective as shown in the examples,
examples. Adjectival suffixes are dropped in all
comparative and superlatives,
superlatives. Similarly superlative is formed by adding.i'j"l but this is more
frequently usSd in the spoken language than in classical.

Adjective Comparative Superlative Superlative

Colloquial Classical
.. j
,\"1-".'
'\"1"" q (q.)
,\"1-".'-".' ("I')
'\"1"""" '\"1"" .i'j"l
,\"1-".' '\"1"" q
.L'If,\"1-".·q
.L'If
white whiter whitest x
J.I§i"l"l'ij J.J§"l"l'''I
J.I§"l"l'''I J.I§"I"l'.i'j"l
J.I§"I"l' .i'j"l .L "l' J.J§"I~'
.L"l' J.I§"I~' <:J'
fast faster fastest x
~J.I,q
~J.I.q ~J.J'
~.>j'.>j'
J.J' <:J' ~J.J'
~.>j' .i'j"l .L"l'~J.J'
.L"l'~.>j' <:J
tasty tastier tastiest x
~c:.,q
~c:..q ~c:.'c:.' (q)
("I) ~c:.".i'j"l .L"l'~c:.' q'
clever cleverer cleverest x
"-I"I.
"-I"I'qq : "l"l'''I
"-1"1'' 1 Ul"l".i'j"l
"-I"I".i'j"l ~"l'Ul"l'''I
.J;"l'''-I''I'''I
/,
/'t
good better best x
-' rJ.E.J.I' ii
P.E.J.I.q P.E..>j' .>j'
rJ.E.J.J'J.J' <:J' rJ.E.Jf.i'j"l
P.E.Jf .i'j"l .L"l'P.E..>j' <:J
.L"l'r.>.E.J.J'<J

--
smooth
"IIW<J
"IIW<:J
smoother
"I~d\'a;
"I~d)'a;
SmOO(des(
smootdest
"I~a;".i'j"l
x
.L"l'''I~a;'<:J
a;"l'''I~a;'<:J
young younger youngest x
§c:.,q §ic:'c:. §c:.".i'j"l .L"l'§ic:.'c:.
a;"l'§ic:.'c:.
rough rougher roughest x
,\<:Jr.>.,q
,\<:JI<'q ,\<:Jr.>.'q
,\<:JI<'q ,\<:Jr.>.".i'j"l
,\<:JI<".i'j"l .L"l',\<:Jp"q
.L"l',\<:JrJ.'q ,
brave braver bravest x
!:
A
 3.81 ADVERBIAL SUPERLATIVES

There are adjectives which are formed inyto comparative and superlative by puttinmg number
of adverbial particles before the positive. They can be rendered into Enmglish coparative and
suprelatives which are formed by putting more and most. There are several choice of
superlative forms for one comparative form ...q.
...q.

Compa~tive S U P E R L A T I V E S
Adje~tive
Adje~;tive Compa~tive
...q"~·q"C"l.l
q·~"q"C"q -9"i"~"
-9"'i"~" x J;l\1"
J;2\I' x UlC.l\j'l\j'
"ic'\I"2\1"
~ x '1"i"~"
'1"'i'~'x
"l"c.'q
q"c:l.l
very good extremely x eminently x entirely x completely x
good_
-9"l"~" "ic~r~r
UlCl\j'l\j' '1"l"~"
"Il\ln.j" q
"I2\I(lj"l.l ...q"~'''12\1(lj"(j
q'~'''Il\ln.j"(j -9~'~' x J;l\l'
J;2\I" x ~ x '1~'~' x
Very clear extremely x eminently x entirely x completely x
Clear

3.82 PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES

f'l.~"1
['l'~"1 "IC.'UlC
"1C"UlC "1C"UlC'~'q
"IC.'Ulc":~r::<l 0."10.
'j"\
'j"'i
someone whatever whichever some
all
'ljC' ~.>l2\l
qF~.>ll\l "Ic.",\"1
"IC''\''I d "t"1
"Id"t"l
"I ~"'\"I 0.~",\"1
I>.~''\''I
those who
r.>."I0."~"1
Cl. "II>.' ~"I
whatever
o."Io."UlC.
o."lo."UlC
whosoever
~"UlC
~'UlC.
whatsoever
~"UlC'::::C'q
~'UlC."~C."<l --
these
Q"t'\"l
Q't'\"1
some some also whatever anything any
(lj"(lj
n.rCll
r.>.qo."~"1
Cl. <ll>.' ~"I "It'\"\
"1t'\"'i ''It'\''l"~''1
"It'\~'~"1 "1t'\"l"~""lC
"It'\~'~'''IC

only other another thing whosoever someone

>-'
, 1t.~".~"r'\"1
1t"~'\'~.r'\"1 1t.~
1t"~ ... 1t.~,\
1t,~,\
(lj"(lj"~"1
Cll"(lj"~"1 ~""1C"'\"l
~f"lC.',\"I
someone whosoever however many just as until
~.~,\ ~"q~"l'5
~'q~~'5 ~2\I'''l
~l\l'~ ~.~"
~.~, <ll\l'"\
q2\l""'i ~'''l2\l
~'~l\l
upto accordingly therefore therefore thereupon
... o.~"~", o.~"~,\
o.~'~,\ ~"~'\
~'~'\ ~""l<:'
~'''I<:'
~"~
~''l!'" o.~''l!'"
in this way thus thus with regard to
likewise -...... ...... ....
~"~"'""'l<:'
~''l!'''''';c. ~"~o.c
~''l!o.c ~"q1¥\"'\
~'<l1¥i''\
~'.>l'i1"l"~
~·.>l'iI"I"~ ,\sq(W"i
'\S<lt'\~'"'i ~

immediately that is so even so however similarly <

'1It:..~ NUMERALS
3.83 '1It:...l:;l
Numerals occur in the same position as number suffixes in a noun phrase. Tibetsn numerals
isas
can be sub-classified follows: a) .>l<:'·'7<:,"Qr~C2\I
.>lc.·'7c.'Qr~c.l\l cardinals, b) i;j"4r§)'~<:'2\1 l"1l1l·l.la:
i;j-:~. ;r§j"~<:'l\l ordinals, c) i"llll"qr.l:
~c.l\j aggregatives, d) ~C.'\I"5"J"4'\1
~c.'\I
. -
~c.l\l'5·"'·4l\l fractionals, e) o.~"'"lliq
;

0.~"'·1li<l multiplicatives f) .t,\·o.~"l"l.la"~c.'\I

J~\o.g:~.qf.('~c.l\j
approximatives and g) fJ.e:.(lj"~'\"5"~<:.
0.e:N~'\·5'~<:'l\l2\1 mea~urements.
mea~urements.
~

·Qr~t:...l:;l CARDINAL NUMERALS

aK"'?t:.."l:r:F~
3.84 J.lt:...,?t:..
~

The Tibetan cardinal numbers are simple to count with the exception of some spelling
irregularities. Fifteen and eighteen do not share Q~ but are said and written q;S"~
<l;S'~ and q;s.q::J'\
q;S'<l!;j'\
respectively. The tens are also suffixed with .Ij.>l'q decade, There are other suffixes
.Ij.>l'l.l to denote a decade.
~"l
~"I and a; which are put after all tens, hundreds and thousands,
and.t prefix 9"1 is
thousands. Generally the prefiX
Q is changed into
dropped and also the root letter Q a; from "l~"l
into'" "I~"I when it is used to count higher
 ·v

hundred, The elision of prefix "I applies to "I~~ and "I~"l for higher
numbers above one hundred.
numbers.
numbers, Each scores of ten has a separate particle corresponding to ty in English which is put
nine.
between the ten and the units upto ninety nine,

, "I~"I 1 one 11 eleven 'lil'''I~''I

qil'''I~''I
"
t 'I "I~'ll
"I~'Il 2 two 12 twelve ''I 'lil'''I~'ll
qil'''I~'Il
'I "I~"l
"I~"l 3 three 13 thirteen P'I
p~
'lil'''I~''l
qil'''I~''l
e
e qil'ql'j
~

'lil''ll'j 4 four 14 fourteen ,e

p"" 'lil''l~
qil'q~
''-"-
"
'" ~ 5 five 'l~'~
q~'~
15 fifteen
'"p"-p"
~:
" §"I 6six 16 sixteen
'" q,,'!'i"l
'l,,'!'i"l
~~

pJ q,\"i
'l'\"i
/
I'
'"
...
~
7 seven 17 seventeen ,pJ
'''' 'lil''l~"i
qil'q~"i
'l~,\
q~,\ 8 eight·
eight' 18 eighteen 'l~''l~,\
q~'q~,\
~:f"
ft:f"
""
I'
<' '\~ 9 nine 19 nineteen
'"'""
,~
qil',\"1
'lil''\''1 ~

'po
0 q:fJq<>f<l
'l:fJqM<I 10 ten 20 twenty w ~':l'Jq"l'<1
~

'?':I' Jq"l' <I

t,,,"
L,

~':r~'''I~''1
~':r ~'''I~''1 21 twenty one ~':l'~'''I~''i
~':1'~'''I~'>i
8,·
llij'
'I'

"e, ~"l'
- ~
il''ll'''I''''I
il''Il'''I''''I 31 thirty one
etc,
22 twenty two etc.
32 thirty two etc,
etc.
'1'1

~'1
'1'1 ~"l'il'<;i'''I~Z;;
~"l'il'<;i'''I~Z;;
"'" 'l~'qil'~'''I~''I
q~'q~..~'''I~''I 41 forty one 42 forty two etc.
etc, q 'l~''lil'~'''1~~
eo q~'qil'~'''1~~
~..;
~~ "" ~''lil'c:.·~''1
~'qil't:.'~"1 51 fifty one 52 fifty two etc.
etc, "-'I ~·qil'c:.·"I~'ll
"'I ~'qil·t:.'''I~'Il

~ -
'" 5i"l'''':<''''I~''I
§"I'il':<""I~"I
""pJp 'l~"i'ir~"i'''I~''I
q~"i'il"~"i'''I~''I
61 sixty one 62 sixty two etc.
etc, "'I §"I'il':<""I~'ll
§"I'il':<""I~'Il

iiW'
~'
71 seventy one 72 seventy two etc "''I 'l~"i'il'~"i'''I~'ll
q,\"i''''~"i'''I~'Il
~ ~
~

...,
"'" 'l~,\'il'~'''I''''I
q~,\'il'S'''I''''I 81 eighty one etc,
82 eighty two etc.. ,,~
~'I 'l~,\'il'~'''I~'ll
q~,\'il'~'''I~'Il
<',
1"
~ -
'\"I''l'''~'''I~''I
'\5'qil'~'''I~''I 91 ninety one 92 ninety two etc,
etc. -
I'~ ,\~''lil'''I'''I~'ll
<''I ,\~'qil'''I'''I'?'Il
~

'00 q~'Jq"l'<1
,00 q~'Jq"l'<I 100 one hundred

~- pop
po p q~'''c:.'''1~''1
q~',\t:.."1~"1 101 One hundred and one etc,
etc.
p(J!JJ.
P(llJJ. Q~i'"c:.''l''"i'il'~"i·~
q~·,\t:.·q~"i'il·~"i'~ 175 One Hundred and seventy five,
~
five.
,,-,->
1>::':;

pooo ~c:.'::I"I'''I~''1
~t:.'::j"l'''I~''1 or ~c:..a;."I~"I
~t:..a;."I~"I or £"r~c:.
£"r~t:. thousartd,
1000 One thousartd.
<\000
'\000 Wt:.'::j"l·"I~'Il or ~c:..a;."I~"l
Wc:.'::I"I'''I~'ll ~t:..a;,"I~"l or ~'ll'~c:.
~'Il.~t:. 2000 Two thousand etc.
~u
~~)

poooo ~'::I"I'''I~''1
~'::j"l'''I~''1 or ~'a;'''I~''I
~'a;'''I~''I or £"I'~
£"I.~ 10000 Ten thousand.

W.J pooooo r:>.S"l·::I"I·"I~"I

I'l.S"l·::j"l'''I~''I or £"I·I'l.S"l
£"I·r:>.S"l 100000 One hundred thousand.

/I'
P(J!JJ.~(J!'1 £"I·r:>.S"l· QW~'
p(llJJ.~(ll'l £"I·I'l.S"l· qw~' ~'~c:.'''''I''l~'
~'~t:.',\"I'q~' 'l'\il\'il'~"i'''I~''l1
~
q'\il\'il'~"i'''I~''l1
~ ~

~~
~.% 175973 One hundred and seventy five thousand nine hundred seventy three.

'll'''l S'Q ten millions.

'Il'''l a million. S'Q
'Sc:..;:t...,
'St:..;:t ij ....·r:>.8a:J
..., a hundred million. ij... I'l.',:a:J a thousand millions.

~,!:
~-:.
 4Y

ij,,'o.SilJ''!;Oj,q, million. ~QriS9'

ij,,·o.Si<J·,i;Oj·q· ten thousand million,
~

~9'iS9' ,i;Oj'<J,
'!;OJ'l;J, a billion.
billion,

~ ~ ~

3.85 9'..,J.j'::!1'::!t::.~
9·...,J.I·::!l·~t::.~ ORDINAL NUMERALS
All ordinals are formed from the cardinals by adding to them the particle l<J;J except the first,
which is ,,\e:::q instead of "I~"I'l;J
"I~"I'<J ~',,\r:;,'q'
~',,\r:;..q. ~'''I~~'l;J'
~'''I~~'<J' The
ordinals from twenty one onwards are somewhat abbreviated and modified form of the
cardinals. The volume number of books on Buddhist canon or collected works of great scholars
are expressed by the thirty letters of the alphabet from "I to ll'l,
ll'I, denote the numerals from 1 to 30.
30,

r
thr thirty letters added with the vowel i
Volumes from 31 to '60 are expressed by th ("i l1i ),
to I1i
volumes from 61 to 90 are expressed by the letters added with the vowel u ("I to!!3
I ,
to f!3 ), volumes .....
~ ~

from 91 to 120 are expressed by the letters added with the vowel e ("I to

volumes from 121 to 150 are expressed by the letters added with the vowel 0 ("j to
ll'l
ll'I )

-
and lastly

ll'l
ll'I ).
), For
:1
".(

instance the volume number 78 will be marked ~ since a::; is the 18th letter of the alphabet
with the vowel u of the third cycle,
cycle.

,,\r:;..q
,,\r:;,'q 1st "I~~'l;J
"I~~'<J 2nd "I~ilJ'l;J
"I~i<J'<J 3rd "l~'l;J
q~'<J 4rth etc,
etc.
~"'''I~''I'l;J
~"'''I~''I'<J 2l:st
21:st ~'''I~''I'l;J
~'''I~''I' <J 31st ~'''I~''I'l;J
~'''I~''I'<J 41st r:;,'''I~''I'l;J
r:;.'''I~''I' <J 51st
~ ~

"'''I0''l'l;J
"'''I0''l'<J 61st ~ili'''I~''I'l;J
~ili'''I~''I'<J 7lst
71st :'r"l~"I'l;J
:,r"l~"I'<J 81st ~'''I~''I'l;J
~'''I~''I' <J 91st etc,
etc.

3,86 a;9~·.z:.]~·':!Il:.~
3.86 a;9~·.c:.]~·':!jI:.~ AGGREGATIVE NUMERALS
In order to express the meaning both, all five of them etc, either "I or a; is used after the
cardinal numerals, though the latter is used more frequently in spoken language, This form of
aggregative numerals or distributive adjectives apply only from unit 2 to 10,

"I~~'''I both "I~ilJ'''I

"I~i<J'''I all three "l~'''1
q~."1 all four 'I!.'''l all five
~"I'''I
~
all six "l"\"i'''I
q"\il)'''1 all seven
~
"l~,,\'''1
q~,,\'''1 all eight "\5'''1 all nine
"I~"I' Salone "I~~'<i'''Ir:;,''5r:;,
"I~~' q."Ir:;.' ~r:;. either of the two :<.':<. each
:<,.:<,

3.87 ':!It::.
!jt::. ~'~'a;'4~
~'~'a;'4~ FRACTIONAL NUMERALS
Tibetan fractional numerals are formed by adding~" and a; which correspond to aa. fraction
Or percentage,

§,,\'''l
§"\'''l half §,\',,\r:;,'''1~~
§,\',,\r:;.'''1~~ two and a half §,,\',,\r:;,'''l5ili
§,,\',,\r:;.·q5ili six and a half
"l~'~"'9~"1
q~'~"'9~"1 one fourth "l~'a;'9~9
q~'a;'9~9 a quarter
"I~"I',,\r:;,'''l~'a;'''I~9
"I~"I·,,\r:;.·q~·a;·"I~9 One and one quarter "\"I'a;'''1~~
"\5'a;'''1~~ Two nineth
q:Jj'a;',,\5 9 % Q:!i'a;'''l~''I!.
"l:Jj'a;'''\5 Q:li'a;'q~''I!. 15% Q:Jj'a;'Q~'11J.fl;J
Q:Jj'a;'Q~'.ljJ.f<J 100%
 .,.

3.88 D.~-".'~q MULTIPLICATIVE NUMERALS

~

Tibetan. ~q corresponds to 'times' and 'fold'. rl1~

There are several multiplicative suffixes in Tibetan, rll~
5ij~ ~""
'iij~ ~.>; and ib""
ib.>; also can be rendered to times,
times. However none of them are used when learning
how to multiply.

~"r~q two times, double ~"I'~q

~"I.~q six times etc. fllili'''I~d'I'q~,\
fllili·"I~il'I·q~,\ repeat three times. ~e:.'$'
"I'>;·'.i"5ij~·"I~~I;jq"l·q·"-,\1 He went to India twice. '1!."I"l'A~'~e:.'~""srq~e:.·,\iij"ll
"I""".i"'iij~'''I~''f'4q''l·C,J'=<-'\1 '1!."I"l·A~·~e:.·~.>;sr.q~e:.·,\iij"ll One should repeat
this mantra nine rounds of the prayer bead. ~~'~"l'~e:.'ib",,'~'q1'\'q4,\'''I~~'q'
~~'~"l'~e:.' ib~·~·.q1'\·.q4,\·"'1~~·.q· "-'\1
=<-'\1 He had told that
story four times,
times. l".'I".'~'-:!'8'I".'1
1".·1".·~·-:!·8·1".·1 Five times five is ~enty five,
five.

3.89 £"'o.g:il\' qf.l:~c..

£"'o.g-,il\' q[l:~c.. ~ Approximative Numerals
t./_.
1.'..--__. _
_~
When cardinal numerals are suffixed with;>d'I
with;>il'I and indefinite article 1'\"1
1'\"1 it forms

":-
approximate numeral in Tipetan. When a speaker is uncertain of the approximate, ;>d'I'1'\"I
;>il'I'1'i"l can be
~-.

~>c..-
augmented by '4rl1'.t""
'4rll·.t.>; (almost) before the numeral.

Examples
iii'~"I';>d'I'Aiij""'~'
iii'~"I' ;>il'I·Aiij.>;·~· "-,\1
=<-'\1 It will take about six years,
years.
~e:.' ~'
fie:.' J;',\'I".' q' ;>il'I'fll'fll"l'''r ili "l'ni"l'''ic;~'
~. J:,\'I".'C,J';>d'I'fll'fll"l'''l'ili "l·ni"l·tilc:~· "-,\1
=<-'\1 He will be returning home from work at about 5
o'clock,
o'clock_
""c.::: __
m
-
e:. wr:J"I' q~'
q ' ~"I''\'
.q~' £d'I'~'
~"I-"- J:'~'
£il'I-~' .t'\'C,J,\'4"1'A,\"1
.t,\-q,\-4"1' A,\"1
J;'-~- d'I'd'I'4"'"
~

;>d'I'rl1'I1"r~'Ulilil
il'I'il'I- 4~-;>il'I-rll'I1"r~-Uiilil
I have money to buy about four sheep.
sheep_
I will meet those students approximately before sun
i?
~~--
mq·
- - rise_
rise,
e:.' J;'Sj";>J,f d'I~d'I':i'fl~'
e:.'J:sr;>J.f il'I~il'I-:i'fl~-q-~"I-IlI-~-Uiilil
C,J'1'i"l'IlI'''rUlilil About nine of us will be renting a house together,
together.
~'J:l' '\' J,"'" C,J'd'I'qq' ;>d'I'fll'~d'I'""p., ~e:.'fll'r:>,5"1
~-J:l·"·if,.>;·q-il'I·q.q-;>il'IW~il'I·,>;P.-~e:.wA5"1 The cat was in the garden just before it rained_
rained,

a;.>;.")-q' q~j" ;>il'I-~"rtil'\'''l- "-,\1\1

'4rl1',j;"","),C,J'q$';>d'I'1'i"r"i,\'''l'=<-'
'4rll' It appears that there were about 100 cavalries,
cavalries.
01'1
e:.·AE!:"i-1
e:.'r:>,E!: d'I'~rl1'
il'I-~rll' ;>.>J'Ol'.>Jiij'ili'q'=<-'
;>.>l-Oj" .>liij-ili·.q-"-,\1\1 I had a headache just before the class finished.

3.90 D.E.().j'§"·~·~F~
D.E.(lr§"·~·~F~ MEASUREMENTS
,
~.~- Measurement of length, height, width and distance were carried out with small and large units
of the body. The following terms were used by traditional artists for the study of Tibetan
Buddhist iconometry and architecture as well as by common people to measure things.
things_ The
preferred term for one measurement is "Ie:. although the cardinal "I~"1 is also used.

~",,'JJ
~.>;-JJ ~""
~.>; finger-width
leg one-fourth of a ~",,'JJ
~.>;-JJ is called a leg
"F"
"ie:.'C,J
grain A half of a leg,J,'-lie:.
leg_if,-<lie:. a smaller unit (Generally a finger width is one smaller unit)
"i"l-
"i"r
J,'.tili
if,' .tili large unit = 12 small units (Generally one face measure is one large unit)

~rl1'
~rll- ib'\
ib,\ face measure = 12 finger-widths
d'I~'''Ie:.
il'I~-"Ie:. one span (The distance from the end of the extended thumb to the tip of middle finger),
finger)_

§-"Ie:.
§'''Ie:. a cubit (fhe
(rhe distance from the elbow to the extended middle finger
firtger approx.
approx_ 24 finger-widths),
finger-widths)_
;:-",I_,
 J L

~~"r"l<::'
~~"r"l<=- body span, a fathom (approximately 6 ft.)
([he
(rhe distance from the tip of the middle finger of one to the another of both anIlS spread horizontal!y,
horizontally, This is
about four cubits and is also the height of one's body)

$<::.':'1"1'"
$<=-':'1"1'" $<::.':'1"1'" is 500 fathoms or body spans,
distant of an ear-shot, one $<=-':'1"1'"
"l:J"I'a;" a geographical mile (According to Abhidhanna of Buddhist cosmolgy one "l:J"I'a;"
Abhidharma tradition ofBuddhist "l:J"I' a;"
is eight $<::.':'1"1'" which is equivalent to 4, 00 fathoms),
$<=-':'1"1'"

/
\

..
 JL

CHAPTER FOUR
~-
4.91 ~dr,,§
~dr",§ THE CASES
Case is a grammatical category in which a noun and its relationship with another noun,
~L - adjective and verb are established, and express the distinctive form before the use of the case
;' a,.;:r"iSD:·
signs. A noun remains as a noun unless it takes case signs. The use of the case signs aI"l'''iSD:'
~ili between words and clauses strings together the words in the correct order to express the
meaning of a sentence. Since there are more than one case signs for most cases in Tibetan, it is
~. important to identify the appropriate cas~signs or particles allocated for each of the ten suffixes
~ and vowel ending syllables. Except for instrumental, locative and genitive cases', other cases in

~
Tibetan share same case signs. As the applicability of the case signs are determined by the
suffix or post suffix of the preceding syllable, the case signs belong to the dependent particles.
'lf1t" (»
'if1t.l The Tibetan case particles are placed after the syllables they refer to and not before as in some
~i.e1
~i.e1 other languages. This will be shown below as we discuss the cases respectively.

-t~~ OJ>~s,'t::;
OJ'>~s,'t::; 4.92 ~·.<h'·"l·~ili·q·
~·.Q·i>',>rWili·q· ~?MI~ATIVE j,<. __ _
"
",.: :
~;. ~ The subject of the sentence or a clause is called ~'q~«r'1!ili'q'
~'qi>'a:r'1!ili'q' nominative. ~'<r~"l''1!ili'q
~'q'i>'JJ''1!ili'q simply·
simply'
nominates the subject of a sentence. The nominative is used more frequently in spoken Tibetan
than in classical Tibetan. A nominative case can be a noun, pronoun or adjective of a sentence.
e.g,? = horse, .il = man, fi = he, ~'1
Nominative takes no case suffix e.g.? ~q book etc. When no
subject is given it is implied, so one has to comprehend the meaning of the sentence in the
correct context. For instance, in the sentence 1"·i\i~·ta;"I·"l~r~·iJ·<Ii~·q·<i:iilil
1"·i\i~·t>;"I·"l~r~·iJ·<Ii~·q·<i:iilil = (1, we) came early
wei'cc"--
We&'
morning yeste'rday. The subject "lor we" is implied by the auxiliary verb <i:iili. But all sentences
,

ending with <i:iili without an obvious subject does !lot necessarily imply the subject. Forr
~-.
instance, in the sentence 1"·i\i~·ta;"I·"lZ'l·~·iJ·iij~·q·iijili·q"Jl
1"·i\i~·t>;"I·"lz'r~·iJ·<Ii~·":riijOi·q"ll = did (you) come early morning yesterday?,
the interrogative particle q"J
<I"l implies the subject.

4.93 l1.l~·'~rs·.q
(lj'~r~r~r.q ACCUSATIVE
The accusative expresses the object of transitive verb, and are also used for expressing: (a) the
subject of the intransitive verb (b) the subject of the transitive verb (c) duration of time and
extension oI ~pace
~pace (d) the object of desiderative adjectives. The Five accusative case signs are
used to express the goal with verbs of motion are as follows: •

. ~"J·r:>.s"l·
~"l·r.>.s"l· "l~·r:>.s"l·
"l~·r.>.s"l· O1~'~;r S'
O1~r~;rs'q'
'1'

"I ' q '1 "i 'i

~ "i ili JJ
"l ... 01
"1
'5.
"l
"J "l
~ ~
r:r.>.>. (and all vowel endings) ...
... :3

4.93.a EXAMPLES
::i;

fi~'ei'''i''l'1'~''r"ili'~'''1'~''i' <I ~"I

fi~'e)'''i''l'1'~''r "ili'~'''1'~''i' I.J He (she) went to China to buy brocade(s).
e)01' iJi":Rq'?'Zi''?'~''I'q?~'
ei01' iJi'(·f'lq·?·Zi·'?·~"I·q?~· q' ~"I to Rajgriha .
A messenger was sent [0
..------ ">
- -------
(;",-.
 )j

5.' ~'=-'<11'~'
IlfF''=-' aF 5,'
QfF''=-' ~'=-'{1r~' Ds'ri¥"ll Go into the shrine and look who is there,
t<'l'l"J'=-'~'~'~'
«r~,=-'~'~'~' 4'" "l""5."':>'~'~'~'
"I""5."':>'~'~'~' :i.'il Uncle will not go until the sun rise,
t:.:S'i' ,,'=- '~'F'c.' q,,'o.
t;:S'i',,'=- <.1-"'0. ~'o.~
~'o. ~'i'ai'il
'i'~'il house,
I wish to go to your house.
jiic." '1"l~'''I''l'
Q"l~'''I''l' '~f ~<l)' q':i.'il
<.I':i.'il Samye,
He went to Samye.
g, '1<11'~<11'5'o.
r;: g'
t;: Qfll'~fll'5'D. ~'~' Ji<l)1 We will not go to Nepal.
I:. "l' ~k'~ -<: ~ q 0.""
I:. D.",' ~'i'~' Uj<l)1
Ul<l)1 Senge,
I will give this book to Senge.
~'1'o.~'
~ Q'D.~' 'i~'<1i<l) '<11"1"l'~'
'fll"l"l'~'~<111
~flll Deliver this book to the teacher.

4.94 s,,"rq
~ ~

S,,"rq INSTRUMENTAL
The instrumental expresses the agent, the doer, or the instrument through which an action is .
perfonned, The five instrumental case signs ~"l ~"l ~"l fJ."l
performed, Uj"l may be rendered to the
iJ."l Ul"l
following English phrases: on account of, by, through, because of, in conformity with, by
means of, in, in respect of, with, the manner in which etc,
~ih"" V"~f.b J;;e" d
JiJe., Wu<. i~
Wu<- GJU..R
GfU..R '

~ IIlfo.E."I'
~ "I' 'D.S "I' S'i'~'
.
I\fD.E. ~c.

"I C. ~"l
~

'I <:J "l 'I "l :!"l

, <l)<l) .~ <11 ~"l
'~
"-" ClJ

D.
0. (and all vowel endings) (';'''l
R"l iil"l

4.94.a EXAMPLES

~'Ji'~''i!''I'~''I'~''l'
~'Ji'~''i!''I'~''I'~'\f 'Q"l'i'
1"l'i''-r:i.'il
'-f :i.'il The cat was killed by a tiger,
fi"l'I:. 'rlr'!l'1':'J"I'~"l'
fl"l'1:. W'!lQ':'l"l'~"l' '1SC. 'If ~c.'I
QSI:."f He hit me with a chair.
>li<l)' .>I'~"l'q"l',,\
>lj<l)'
~
QC. '''i''l''1~<l)S
~'~"l'<.I"l',,\ '1C.'!li"l' Q~<l) S ~'il
~
Owing to his crime, the thief was impris
4C. '~'''Ic. '~"l'~c.',1;'
'~"l'~c.',1;' ~c.·Oi
~c.·tii "\'q':i.'il
"\' <.I' :i.'il The price of the wood varies according to its we
~'.>IfJ.·A\~"f
~'~iJ.'A\~"l' ~<l)'q'
~<l)'<.I' '1"lClJ'"l':i.'il
<I"lfll' "I' :i.'il The sun's rays dispelled the darkness,
iil'~'o.~'iilQj"l'
iil'~'D.~'iil'lj"l' '14"\'~"l:Q"l'
Q4"\'~"l:Q"l' q' ~,,\I
<.I' :<'' \1 leiter was written by Lekshe,
This letter
"lI:. "l'~"l'5'
"ll:. "l'~"l'5' .>I~<l)'
~~<l)' 4"l'~"l'Qj!lQj"l'
4"l'~"l''lj!l'lj''l' ~I The Buddha knew it through (his) clairvoy
4"l' "q'~"l'Qj<l).>I'~fJ.'~'
-"q'~"l''lj<l)~'~iJ.'~' Ij"l'<.I' ~"\I
Ij"l'q' :<' ' \1 noise,
Sherab heard the airoplane noise.
~fJ.'~"i'~"l'r:>.~'.>I'
~iJ.'~"i'~"l'D.~'~' ~q'q'
~q'<.I' :<'
~'il
'11 Because of that, he (1,
(I, we) was unable to g
~<l)'~"l'
~<l)'~"l' '1!ll"\'q'"r4"l'q' ~'il
Q!ll"\'<.I' i/.J' 4"l'<.I' :<''11 mistaken,
He did not know that he was mistaken.
f2j"lW ~i<f S"l' ~Qj"ll
~'lj"ll Apply (your) body with some oil.
Q'i!<l) ''I "'S"l'~1:.'~"r
'1'i!<l) "'S"l'~I:. '~"I' "l4'i1
"14'11 Tendar told a story.
story,
a;"l'o.i;j<11'~"l~'
a;"l'o.i;jfll'~"l~' Ji' ~"ll Choephel painted the drawing,
 J'+
~('

4.95 ~~~'.£~'
4,95 ~~~ ..£~. DATIVE
t,-
Dative expresses the purpose of an action either ~ith transitive or inta!1?itive verbs. It mainly
intaI1?itive verbs,
I' "- expresses the purpose, harm or benefit of an action to the object or to an indirect object whether
the subject is mentioned or not. However it need not to be benefit to the object alone since the
purpose of performing an action may either be intended to benefit or harm the subject, object, or
for the sake of the action itself. Therefore dative denotes the person or thing for whom or which
the object of an action is intended; the purpose for which an action is performed. The case sign
of this case is same as with the accusative case.
case,

4.95.a Examples
'<C,'
F~'.Jl'~"Ii~~'A~I
F~·.Jl·~"Ii~ ~·(.J.~I He waters the flower.
c:. ~'''SnJ'
~'''S!ll' L,jW ~"i. L,j'''I')c:.'I
L.lW ~"i' L.I·"I,)c:."1 rI give to the poor.
~,"'"
~c:.~' ~~W~~"!ll' J.I.r;",L,j"ASflll
J.lJ;". L.I"ASflll (I) make offerings to the Buddha.
Ag "I~' L,j'~Q'Z'IiI'
(.J.g L.I·~Q·Z·Iil· J.I'':i"i1
J.I''5i"i' One remembers the Guru to protect from fear.
fear .
,jj~' j;j'AQ.:z;'1'.i.jc:.' Q~<'5:1
.jj~·j;j·(.J.Q.:z;·1·4c:.·Q~<'>:1 She fetches wood to lit fire.
E"'£ .

c:.'.r; ~'5"S"~"i' L,j.:z;'

c:.' J;~'5"S"~"i' A ~<'5:1
L.I.:z;·(.J.~<'>:1 rI go to the monaStery
monastery to practice Dharma.
c:.~'~'
c:.~"~" a;.:z;'~"I~'
a;.:z;'~"I~' ~'''Iiii''l'~1
~'''Iiii''l'~1 I put a fence on the land,
land.
';;'-'-',
Iil' J.I.:z;' Q~"i' 4~' 9<'5>:1:'
IiI'J.I.:z;' One shoud know how to associate a teacher.
"I1'l"i' ~"i '1' "~'
"I1'\"i' ~"i Q~~' ~J.l1
,,~. Q' Q~~. ~J.l1 Did you dedicate the merit for the benefit of others.
8''!--
8''!-'
~'''I.:z;·1'IiI' J.I' J.lE:.fll"1·(.J. ~AJ.l1
~·"I.:z;·1·1il· J.I'J.lE;.t'r1'A ~(.J.J.l1 Will you go to India to see the teacher.
;'
I'
~"I~' 'Jj~'~'
'Jj~f~' '1,,"lA'm Q'''I"ic:.'I
'l,,"l(.J."ruQ·"I"iC.·1 He gave an advice to his (spiritual) son.
~ ...
~
~"',,"

4.96 QSc:. '~c:. ~

r:l.SC::~c:. ABLATIVE
~

,~ - Ablative expresses the source or direction from what place, time or object anything happens or
"i~' !ll"l'
proceeds. The ablative case signs "i"f nJ~' can be rendered to from, amongst, through, on'
on"
!:l,\'.:z;c:.'''Qc:.'<5"i these two
account of because of, through and amidst. As independent particles !:!'\'.:z;c.'"Qc.'<5"i
liP.':'"'
!il?'"'
particles can be used after all suffixes and vowel endings"
endings,

4.96.a Examples
~c:.~'~~'~'l'\nJ'"i~'.r;~,~c:.'1
~c. ~'~~'~'I'l!ll""i "I.J;~' ~c.',
~,,,

The teachings came from the Buddha's mouth.

A~'"i~' J.I.iij' Q~'~'iii",
(.J.~'"i~'J.I'iij' L.I' ~'\I
Q~·~·iii,,· L,j' ~,\I It is 15 miles from here.
....•,
";-.,.'
.,,;- ijjc. .§.:z;'"i ~'''~"i'
ijjc:..§.:z;'"i <Jr.;" Q~'Jlj.:z;'
"I."~"i' qr.;.. ~'ll!.:z;' J.I'~rrl
J.I·~rrl It takes five minutes from town to the momnastery.
.Jl'nJ~'1'Q'(.J.~f'e:1
.Jl·!ll~"1· Q·(.J.~f·e:1 Smoke arises from fire"
fire,
'" "i~'~c:.·el.:z;'~"I'
". "i~"~C.·el.:z;·~"I· J.I:i:jc.",
J.I:i:jc:.'1 Thereupon they saw a city"
city.
ijj"l~' ;;h,)"!ll"l·2!,c.
;;h7"nJ~'2!.c:. 'e:,
'1::, The friend fell off the horse.
horse"
"IJiJ.l'nJ~·a;.:z;'
"IJiJ.l'!ll~'a;.:z;' q" QQ.L.I' ~"i
<J' QQ'L,j' ~') Rain comes from the sky.
~"I'"i"l'Qfll'
~"I""i"l'Qfll" ~c:.'1
~C."' Wool comes from sheep.
.Qc:.·S·nJ~''7'
ik· S'!ll"l''')" J.I§"I~I Horse is faster than donkey.
donkey"
"WQ~"i'"i~"iiic."J.I"~QI
"WQ~"i·"i~'iiic:."J.I" ~QI rI could not come because of tha t.

~,,>.

/'f'"
/i'
!
 JJ

Ablative also expresses time after which anything takes place and reason; e.g. ~'J.l'~"I"O\~O\~'''\'
~'J.l'~"I'"i~"i~'''\' ~ ~

nl"l'iij He returned home after six days. The ablative vn- expresses comparison; e.g. d'>.·[Q~·L.rtlj"r
nJ"I'iij d'>.·f'l~·L.l·tll"l·
fi~·~·"I~·iijl:;.·&r.l1
!'i~·~·"I~·iijt;:.J;r.\1 His dzi (stone) is more expensive than my house.

4.97 (:l.Q{1.j'~
(:l,Qt1.I.~ GENITIVE

Genitive is quasi-adjectival, since it expresses the connectedness of the possessed and

possessor. It may generally be expressed in English by the preposition 'of or apostrophe. The
1l:l·!liO\·:)ta;J.l·,,\s (cases marked by i). The
case signs of genitive and instrumental are known as !l:i·!li"i·S·J\J.l·,,\S
additional 'Il which is added to the instrumental as we saw
difference between the two is that an additionallll
above. Genitive in Tibetan refer to the possessor and to the thing possessed. The genitive
particle is put between the possessor and the possessed. Either of the five genitive case signs
may be dropped in the process of nominal compounds i.e. 4~'~"I'~'e'q
4~·~"I·~·r;·q = 41:;.·~"I'e"q
4t;.·~"I·r;·q Fruit juice.

~'Il'r.>.~
~ lIl·r.>.~ "I Ul~·r.>.~"1
Ul~·r.>.~"1 r.>.Qnr~
r.>.Qtll·~

"I ~ ~.
"\ q
q 'Il
III "\ 'Il
III ~
0\ J.l
"i Ol 5S
"'" i

r.>. (and all vowel endings) D- Uj

eli
, -_. .--. ----

4.91.a Examples
r.>.~'i'i"\'~'J:i'~"I'~'~'''I'
r.>.~' i'i"\'~'J:i'~"I'~'~'''I' ~~,,\I
"\I This is a Tibetan man's pen.
:".
.-. ~~.tliJ,'~'~'
....-
t;.~. L.liJ..~.t;.' J.la;iJ,';;;J.lW %'\"tl' ~'\I
J.la;iJ.·r.>.~J.lw%,\·L.l· ~,\I The swan egg was found at the sea shore.
';;'~iJ.' '3' ';;iJ.·§j"llll·';;·
';;·d'>.· JliJ,'§j"l'll'';;' ~'\I
~,\I She is my daughter's girl friend.
r.r.>.>.~',\~~
~·,\:lt;.lIl··s·
iI""i '~'~"",'
'Il'''O\ ~"",' "15cr~' ~O\' tl'ti:lO\I
Cl"~'~"i' L.l·~"il This is the price of Yangchen's ring.
ring.
q';j"l'll'~'''''J.liJ.' 8' Jl'~'i'i'r.>.,\"1
. q·:l"llll·~·"-·J.liJ.·
~
';;'~'i'i'r.>.'\"1
~
The tip of the cow's tail is sharp,
sharp.
~'''I"",'~'
~'''I"",'S' ,k,\ J;"~' ~"I'Ul"l' -9
<lO\'~' &~.
&1:;.',\ <1"i'S' -9'l1l'
1l' ~'\I
~,\I The Indian merchant's goods are the best.
k[Q~ '~'~'~"I'Il'~'i!!'
kf'lt;. .~. ~'~"IlIl'~'i!!' 51"1"'
J:i"l"'I"1'q'''i,\1
q·cJi'\l Where is the key for the shop's lock?
qtlj'~Ol'~Ol'
qtll·~Ol·~Ol· <liJ.·~J.l'S'I"IOl' &<>l"l' ~'\I
<1iJ.·~J.l"S·I1Ol· .J;<>l"l' ~,\I It is the will of the Nepalese king's mother.
fi'ti:l'G' jJ'~'12f5iJ.·2J"I"l'
!'i'eli'G' jJ'~'12;!'5~'2J"I"l' l·r tl' ~'\I
~,\I His hat is made of lamb skin.

Zlji!) ~rtlj~
4.98 tljil) ~rZlj~

Locative shares the same case signs with dative. Locative denotes the place or location where
to. Either of the seven case signs ~ :3 "'" 5 "i
an action occurs or is directed to, fll 1 can be
0\ (1j
rendered by on, at, ip, into, among, by and upon. But they are not no! prepositions to the noun or
pronoun as in English. They always follow, the noun or pronoun to which the sign indicate the
location, Locatives denotes the locality of the agent or object of an action; the place where or
location.
near which anything is, or where it is placed; where it happened; the time or occassion when or
the circumstances under which, anything takes place.
 J V

/'-
~ Z\l'(:).~"I
~Z\rro.~"1 uK'r:<~"I
uK'r:<~"I "I"iZ\l'''I~
"I3jZ\l'''I~ i
q
Q ~I
~
"I '\ 1
r::. "i3j i/.j
iI-I ~
'\ " ~
'.1
5
~;
I

Z\l Z\l ~ ~
~.

r.>. (and all vowel endings)

"
~
"
4.98.a Examples
is'\'''I~~r~i/.j'r>1'
is'\'''I~Z\l'~iI-I'(ll' S"i'!.I' ~'\I
S3j'q' ~,\I You two went to the market.
r::. '''I~Z\l' QZ\lJ.rU/Z\l'
qZ\lJ,fU/Z\l' ~'r.>. ~"'!.I'~,,'q' "'"""I' I We two met in Samye,
"i "IZ\l' "I~ Q' ~' r.>.". " Q' l' r::.r>1'
r::. (ll' Q~Z\l'!.I'
Q~Z\l'q' Ul"i Ul3jI We (I) took a rest near by the forest.
ii' ~"I'')'(lr
~"I'?'(fl' ~r.t',,\iij"i 'q'
~
'!.I'i/.jr::.'q,r.>.,,\"1
iI-Ir::.' q,r.>.,,\"1
~
There were many nunneries in Lhodrak.
Lhodrak,
['Ir::. 'qr.t, "i r::. w~'
fir::.'!.Ir.t,"ir::. ql'i"'ro.5"1
'(ll'l~f ql'i"'(:).'S"I Who is staying at home?
f!jJ.r<f,,'
[!jJ,f<f
- -
,,' -li' ~r.>.,,"1
~

"Jl''f:lj'''5wr.>.~
"i/.I''f
~

:ll,,' 'S"i/.!"r.>.~
There was no water in the well.
Do not go to the garrison,
(:).2"1'~r>1''S' il)r::. 'qr.t, "9i1)'q'iii", Q'
ro.2"1'~(ll'5' iljr::.'!.Ii'>.'"9ilj'!.I'iii", ~,\I
'-I" :<''\1 There are Buddhist monasteries in Bhutan,
I"
is,,' "r::. '~'r>1llj'!.Ir.t'o:
is,,,"r::. '~'(ll"l'qr.t'o:"IW "Iw -9"1'
4"1's'~rr.>.
r.>.'5"1
.1"1 There is paper under your hand,

Locative also expresses 'with'; e,g, <lri/.l~'~'r.>.~'r::.r'\'i/.j~i/.j'5.'I!fZ\l'ilj"l'iiir::.'Q'''"''1

(fl'Jl~'~'r.>.~'r::.r'\·iI-I~iI-I·5.'I!f'wil)Z\l'iiir::.'q''''''1 This Amdowa (man)
came with me, from Lhasa,

4.99 ~'itlq~ ..D UA;A

u.<;A Trot>(
Locative of time denotes the time, period or duration when a action takes place, It takes all the
case signs of locative, In order to use the locative of time case signs some notion of time in
Tibetan will prove useful. Tibetan lunar calendar has a technical name for each month which
,.
I" are only used in literary works but most commoners identify the twelve months in their
ci!'Q'"r::.'!.I etc,
ordinals, Not long ago the twelve months were simply called cij'q'"r::.'Q etc. but since the -
Tibetans became exposed to the Euopean calendar, it has been prefixed and abbreviated into i'l,,\' i'i,,\'
ci!'"r::.,q for the first Tibetan month and ~'ci!'"r::.,q
cij'"r::.,q ~'cij'"r::.,q for January, Hence the case sign for.for the loe;ative
loc;ative
of time is suffixed to the ordinals of month and hour, and cardinals for other notions of time, If
one were to use the tes;hnical ,names of the month instead of the ordinals then the case sign is
ci!'.q, the month, thus it will be i/.j-li'ci!'Q"
suffixed to cij'q, iI-I-li'cij'Q" (in
(iii Magha), Location of time is not always
expressed with the above case signs, For instance when mentioning date it takes ~ilj
~iI) after the
date.

4,99.a NAMES OF THE 12 LUNAR MONTHS

Tibetan Sanskrit COJloquial Translation

.<J-li'ci!'Q
.<J-li'cij'Q Magha ei'1'ci!'"r::.,q
<1'1'cij'"r::..q Ist Tibetan month
,,<1'
"ei' x Phalguna
PhalgulIa x "I~Z\l'!.I
"I~Z\l'Q 2nd x
iI)"I' q x
iljllj'!.I Caitra x "I~.<J'!.I
"I~.<J'q 3rd x
"l'llj
Z\l'''I x Vaisakha x Q~'!.I
Q~'q
,.
I"
4rth x
 x '1'.'<1 5th X
~a;' x Jyestha
x ~"I'<I 6th X
~'~"i x Asada
x "1'Sa;'<I<I
<l'Sa;' 7th x
~'''1~il)
~'<l~il) x Shravana
x "1~"i'<I
<l~"i'<I 8th X
1§.I§:,J '\,. ~"i x
<>1 '\f Bhadra
9th x
Asauja x "i5'<1
"i~''j x x
x "1,,'
<l,,'~<1 10th
~a;'~"1 x Kartika
x "1~'''I~''I'
<l~'''I~''I' <I x
<>1~
J.J~ X Mrgasrah
"1;r"l~'\I'<I'
<l~'''I~~'<I'
~"1'
~ClJ'

1a·<l·'?·"Ic:.·<l
1a'''1''?'''Ie:.'''1 "Iil)J,J'''Ic:.
"\il)J.I'''Ie:.
Ia' "1'Ul"::c
la' <l'Ul"::c la' "1'<>1,<:C
1a·<l·J.J ...·c
full moon new moon
waxing moon waning moon
~a:.. "l "i'jil)'j'l
"i'jil)'j'I
"i~"'''1
"i~"i'''1 "i9...·j'I
"9""'j'l
autumn winter r,-·
~,--

spring summer ,,\-,"o.'Ill"l't.l

"I.':lr:>.'Ill"l' Q
,,\-,"0.'
'P~'Ia'<l la' "1 "I.':l~' ,1)"I''',;J""
,,\-'"0.' ,1)"I'''iJ.J''''
"I-'"~'~'
"I.':l~'~' J.J
<>1 Wednesday
Monday Tuesday
Sunday
"1-,"~'t.l''\Ie:.
"I.':l~·t.r~c:.~ '\I "1-,"o.'
"I.':lr:>.'iija;'
ja;'<1 ii'.<,t:.
"I-'"~''::l'''''S
"I.':l~·'::l"'·S dawn
Friday Saturday
Thursday ~"i
~a;',,'je:.
~a;'''i'jc:. ~'~
~.~
'1!."~
'1!.'~ afternoon dusk
morning midday ~'a;"i
, J.Ja;il)'''i'jc:.
<>1a;il)''''je:. ~il)'~
<>1a;il)' ~
J.Ja;il)' hour
midnight daytime
night
'\Ie:.'~a;
"lc:.'~a; "Iil)e:.'\I' ~ il)
"Iil)c:. ~'~il)
Jij J,J
.... J.I
Jij"'" i)'"-e:.
'\' "'c:. day after tomorrow
today tomorrow
minutes
~c:.'i:i"i
'\Ie:.' i:i" "Iil)c:.~'i:i"i
"Iil)e:.'\I'i:i"i
next Year year after next

. 4.99.b Examples
jiic:.' 3,J.I>\l'I§.<>1>\l'~"i'
jilt::,' J,J>\l'~J,J>\l'~"i' la'
Ia' "1",,'
<l""' Qj'j'Il"'" J.lE."11
J,JE.ClJI
They met in Lhokha in Bhadra month,
month.

i)e:.''\It::,'
- -
,\c:.'~c:.' if,' a;"i''!i''l' <I<I""'~'J.I'
......a;,,''!i''\'
These days the sUllTise
~
sunTise at six.
six,
.... ~'J,J' "9"'
.
4"'"" Q' :i:"il

c:.' a;' <l"i' a;>\l·"l'Sil)·<I ...·'jc:.·ii:!c:.·"l"il

e:.'a;'21,,'a;>\l'<l'Sil)'<I""''je:.'ii:le:.'''l''i1
We have a holiday on the Tibetan 7th.
7th,

"il)'''1''1''r~'
"il)'ClJ"I"l'~' 1a' ' <Ii>: a;>\l' "1~'
1a·''1'.'<Ii>:a;>\l' <l~' <l~"i'~il)' '4<l"r~'
'4<l"l'~' :i:"il
Honourable teacher will come on the 18th of May,
May.
~

4.100 Oq,,\'~'
Oq,,\'~'
Vocative Case is grammatically counted as the eighth case,
case. There are number of vocatives
used in Tibetan to express joy, lamentation, surprise, anger and adoration which are commonly
used with the nominative.
nominative, They are generally put at the beginning of a sentence but in poetry
they are put also at the end of a line or a verse,
verse. They are independent of their preceding finals
 and their use is determined by the context of a sentence, and are used to ""(1r(1j'~
""(1rrlr~ i§.j'Jl'~
i<i'Jl'~
express spriritual joy and devotion and they usually begin number of devotinal prayers,

",.~ ",'(1j'(1j
",'(Jj'(1j i§.j'Jl'~
i<i'Jl'~
''.I'iij 5 5'Jl
lJ1,iij
lJ1'iij ""~ wondrous! wondrous!
'liij hey Oh
'I 'I
H 1.
I, Alas
H I,1.

4.100.a Examples'
"l'iij''l\''i''\'~'l\'~'l\~'Q'''i''l
"l'iij''l\''i''\'~'l\'~'l\~'Q''\''l Hey! Freinds listenhere,
listenhere.
.... .... -- "" .....
J.I'l\"\'l.l'Q"i'l\'(1j'''i'l\!:.~'4''f::J1
J.I'l\"\'l.j'Q'\'l\'(1j''\'l\I:.~'4''f::l1 Oh! Master please think of me.
me,
5' Jl'~'l\' Q~(1j'5"'l' l.jO: :<'''l~'~'l\'lij'
Q~(1j'5"'r Jl,,\:r.: l.lO: :<'''l~'~'l\'llj' ~Jl"l' ;sa:,'3,J.I"l1
;sa:,' 3,J.I"l1
Alas! Sentient beings of six realms who are inflicted by the sufferings!
lJ1'iij £Q"l',\Q"\1
£Q"'f"iQ,,\1 Hey! Master grooml
"" ~~'''i'l\a''\
"'. l.j(1j'Uia:,' ~"i'~'l\'
~i)''\'l\a'''il.l(1j'a:ia:,' ~'\'~'l\' 3,(1j·r.>.§""'S·Q'.;:i\
3,(1j'r.>.§.J:.'S'l.\'.;J1
/;.
Alas! Yogis and Yoginis, please enjoy the glory and quality of bliss and joy 1

PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Third Noun
First Second
Case
F!:.'
FI:.' '1'
'7"
Nom,
Nom. !:.'
1:.' 6'\'
6'\"(11"
6\(11' F!:.W
FI:.W '1'flf
i)"Clf
Accus,
Accus. I:..J:.
!:."'-
../..:
.L-
F!:.'lij"l'
Fl:.'llj "l' "7"l'
i)"l'
Erg./lnstr, I!:.~'
I I:.~'
6"i'~"l'
6'\'~"l'

F!:.W
FI:.W i).J:.'
"7"'"
Dat,
Dat. ,' 1:.'(1j
!:.'(1j 6"i'(lj'
6'\'(1j'

F!:.·lij'
FI:.'llj' "70-'
i)a'
Gen. I c::.n:
c::..n: 6"i'~'
6'\'~'

FI:.'<Ii~'
F!:.· <l\"I' '1' <l\<Ii"l'
i)'
~'a:,~'
~'a:,~' 6,\',,\"l'
6"i'''\''l'
'.
'c
Abl.

6'\',,\' F~'''\' i)'''\'

")'''\'
Loc,

/r/~~ ..
I...~ \
0'~'
0'~'
'~, i
J! c\.',,~I
// C
,i,// ~I
\,,. {
J:-,
J:-.
~.....-,
~....-_ .~L,.
'. ;', ' ',.-;-L;.
'."" v.i, bI . 'L~
b, ~ " ~,.
~,,";'
y! 1<)7
. i<" J?'
J(
' ,,,,'.,
".<>\ --,• '" ./j
/;1\ '0,

-,,_.-J'

/
"".,:
"',,:

>,,;-
>,J-
 PART TWO
:,;
:,;,

, A TEXT BOOK OF THE TIBETAN

LANGUAGE·
,"",,,:
0';-

-i'f.•,
-~--,

'V". i 'V" "'"

GW
I'
,
q~'~~'~F~r~ql
q~'~~'~F~r~ql
'i%..·S,
~.']i,

-,\,..;,
-~"'.-'

(;l;j
(;!;j

l<::".
t<:;~.

'..,;;1.

'ii,'.0
'i<:.'.:

/
I'

"'"
-:;.'.0"
'::".0-

~{L-D
':iLD

1;.,;i
1;;.!l
 vv

.".-
A TEXT BOOK OF THE TIBETAN LANGUAGE
-v' -v'
-v' ''"""
"""
q~Y~~YdjqY~ql
q~Y~~YdjqY~ql
.[., ,--
f,--

LESSSON ONE
"c:..
"c:...t.ll
~ ~

~j1;;r cb ill'
~jI;;r eb
f: '-.
B:
1.1 Consonant Drill

~-
~""
Engish Tibetan Translit. Pronunciation
pillar "I'.q'
"r"!" ka-ba (Ka-wa)
snow I'l'.q'
I'l" cr kha-ba (Kha-wa)
1;c~-·
1;c~-'
where "I'.q'
"I'Q' ga-ba (Ga-wa)
Ghapa ~''-I'
~'<.i' sgapa (Gha-pa)
I'
~,',,~". leg "ir:.''-I'
"ir:,'<.i' rkang-pa (Kang-pa)
house I'lr:.''-I'
flr:,'<.i' khang-pa (Khang-pa)
mountain "Ie:. "f:i:
"l':i.' gangs-n (Gang-ri)
~-
,
goose e:.e:.''-I'
r:,r:,'!l' ngangpa (Ngang-pa)
hide boat ~'.q'
~'Q' ko-ba (Ko-wa)
\~}~
\~~:,(
he F' kho (kho)
to hear OJ'
OJ'l!Or;r go-ba (Gocwa)
(Go-wa)
~

to divide .q"l'.q'
Q"I'Q' bgoba (Gho-wa)
collar ilj'e:.'
ilj'r:,' go-nga (Go-nga)
~,i';" egg ~'e:.'
~'r:,' sgo-nga (Gho-nga)
I e:.'
r:,' nga (Nga)
r:.,g;,
r:,'g;' nga-tsho (Nga-tsho)
fb.,fo'-
we
my r:.o:
r:,o: nga'i (Ngay)
our d';i,:
<;:&0: nga-tsho'i "- (Nga-tshoy)
to cry S'.q'
S'Q' ngu-ba (Ngu-wa)
nr
(silver)'\S"l'
money (silver)"iS dngul (Ngoo)
five '1[ lnga (Ngaa)
byrne e:. "f
r:, "l' ngas (Ngay)
tsr
~;sr things ,,'(1j"l'
,,'''l''l' ca-Iag (Cha-Ia)
(Cha-la)
1

big J;<!i'q' chen-po

chell-po (Chern-po)
ten .qil'
Qil' bcu (Chu)
~",,'

water iii'
i§' chu (Chao)
(Choo)
tea
lea eo' JQ (Ja)
~r
0'f

~;iit'
;;:;4'
 01

rainbow ru,.o:
rJ.f'.o: Ja' (Jaah)
sun ~'''l' nYl-rna (Nyima)
I
~'::(r
old • rnying-pa (Nying,pa)
,(Nying,pa)
near ~'q' nye-ba
nye-bo (Nye-wo)
to find t"'Q
t,,'Q rnyed-pa (Nyet-pa)
horse '1' rta (fa)
list Ii'
li' tha
tho (Tho)
bear ~"l' dam (Dom)
y

armspan
arms pan r:<""l'
r.\" "l' 'dam (Dhom)
now "'ll{
"'Il{ da-ita
da-Ita (Da-13)
(Da-ta)
arrow "l"r:<'
"l"r.\' mda'a (Dhaah)
smoke 5'<1' du-ba (Du-wa)
to fetch 8'<r
8'.cr thu-ba (Thu-wa)
pain "\'a;'
iI)' a;' na-tsha (Na~tsha)
(Na-tsha)
ink ~"I'a;'
'." ll!"I.a;. snag-tsha (Naak-tsha)
last year ,,\.~t::
iI).~t:: na-nmg (Na-ning)
bride "l<!ir:<w
"lOir.\w mna'-ma (Naa-ma)
when "\"l:
iI)"l: nam (Narn)
woolen ~"l'S' snam-bu (Naam-bu)
father .cr'r
<J'r.j' pa-pha (Pa-pha)
parent 'r"l'
r.j' "l' pha-rna (Pha-rna)
grand-father ii'q' spa-ba
spo-ba (Po-wo)
grand-mother ~'ij' sma-sma
smo-sma (Mo-mo)
son (boy) S' bu (Bu)
daughter ~JciJ'
~J~' bu-ma
bu-mo (Bu-mo)
cow <r~"I~'
.cr~"I~f ba-phyugs (BHhuk)
(Ba-chuk)
frog anrQ
nrQ' sbal-pa (Bay-pa)
calf Q~' be'u (Beu)
to blaze r:<.Cj.....Cj.
r.\.q .....q. 'bar-ba (Bhar-wa)
father & son "l'S'
r.j'S· pha-bu (Pha-wu)
diamond "l'OJ"l'
r.j'[lJ"l' phalam (pha-lam)
bubble ~'<I'
~'<r lbu-ba
/bu-ba (Boo-wa)
vixen '1.l' Ji'
IJ,j'Ji' va-ma
va-mo . (Va-mo)
power ,\<le:
,\Qc: dbang (Wang)
breath '\S"l~'
'\S"l"f dbugs (Ook)
stick "~"l'.cr
"~"l'<J' dbyug-pa (Yook-pa)
~

crowd "l'"le:
"l' ''It:: ml-mang (Mi-mang)
dream J.iJ.j'[lJJ.J"
'OJ J.J' rmi-lam (Mi-lam)
 62

to plough ij.q rmo-ba (Mowa)

visualization ,<)"1 ~r<.r
" ,<)"! ~r<r dmigs-pa (Mik-pa)
root ,,'q- rtsa-ba (Tsa-wa)
all a;~'i<j'
a;~'i<J' tshang-rna (Tshang-ma)
",'" dispute i,,"r rtsod-pa (Tsot-pa)
heat a;,,·t.r
a;",·t.r tshad-pa (Tshe-pa)
rat i5'i\"
i5'i5' tsi-tsi (Tsi-tsi)
~[,;
~['<. .•
orange a;'Oiw
a;'Ojw tsha-lo-rna (Tsha-lo-ma)
earthen ware f!:' i<j'
i<J' rdza-nw
rdza-ma (Dza-ma)
£(~.
,,-','
"-,'
fortress rdzong (Dzong)
to eat .;j'q'
"l'q' mba
zaba (Za-wa)
~:;
nail ~~'>;'
~~",,' 'dzer (Dzer)
to hold q"l~":r
q.;j~":r
~ bzungba (Zoong-wa)
/
\'4'i.
I'-'>'i. to say (hon) "I~~ ,!f <r
"!~F'!r<r gsungspa (Soong-pa)
good q"l~'q'
q.;j~.q.
bzangpo (Zang-po)
secret "I~~'q'
"I~~'q' gsangba (Sang-wa)
lj','

hat ~'Ji' zhva-mo (Zhaa-mo)

deer .,<=r q '
"'1''1' sha-ba (Sha-wa)
~~'"-'
field ~q:r
fruit
~ -
':F')"!'
"<:F'1"1'
zhing-kha
shing-tog
(Zhing-kha)
(Zhing -kha)
(Shing-to)
",0:;;
!/"$; cat ~'j)'
~.j).
zhi-rni (Zhi-mi)
to die 4''1'
.)'1"'1' shi-ba (Shi-wa)
trii'"'
tr,:i" - yogurt r..;.
c..;. zho (Zho)
dice 4' sho (Show)
-
others ,,!C'ji!i'<r
"Ifijili'<r gzhanpa (Zhen-pa)
1f.~7f.-
;:;~~

butcher "I'1i!i"'r
"I"<W'l" gshanpa (Shen-pa)
to request C'
fij'j' q- zhuba (Zhu-wa)
~

~
to p~l
peel off "'1''1'
~
shuba . (Shu-wa)
r.
/. ~.
eat (imp) zo (Zo)
~.
tooth
bucket -
,,'''1'

~'q'
so
zo-ba
(So)
(Zo-wa)
Fi-;'
1'\';:' spy so-ba (So-wa)
pass (Mt) or la
fa (la)
deity (god) \Ii'
Ili' lha (Lhaa)
~~i;i;·

handle r;j~' lung (Loong)

d,
serpent ill' klu (Loo)
teacher IJ i<j'
i<J' bla-nw
bla-ma (Laa-ma)
leaf OJ'ill'
Oi·i/.J· lo-rna (La-rna)
(La-ma)
-h:t

'--;'ii
";'ii
 OJ
b5

alluminium '? '''le.' ha-yang (Ha-yang)

hook Cfl'rk
Cfl·rilc." a-long (A-long)
milk o:J.,f 'a-rna
'o-rna (Ho-ma)
~

chin Cfl"l' "r og-ma (Ok-rna)

1.2 Pronouns
A pronoun is a word that is used in place of a noun. In Tibetan it is called Jle.' a:;"f
a:;Q' ming tshab
meaning "substitute noun". Instead of saying the girl (a noun), we may convey its identical meaning
by susbtituting she (a personal pronoun). Usually a pronoun comes after the subject of the sentence
in Tibetan. ATibetan pronoun does not shOwshow the gender of the noun it stands for exceptexceptthe
the
fi' kho
personal pronoun of the third person singular (e.g. f' klw and .jj.
,jj' rno respectively for he and she)
in the non-honorific form. Pronouns show number, person and take case endings. In the honorific
form, fic' khong
klwng is used for both genders. Singular and plural are clearly distinguished by the
plural suffix, i; tsho which is added to the pronoun or to the noun when there is no pronoun..
pronoun. The
plural suffix tsho replaces gi for pronouns which have gi as their second syllable in the singular
form. Only pronouns take the plural suffix tsho and nouns related to the pronouns do not have to
be marked with plural suffixes. All case endings come after the pronoun, not after the noun except
when there is no pronoun.

1.2.a Personal Pronouns: Words which substitute for nouns refering to persons:

Singular Plural
c·
C' nga (l)
(I) c·g· nga tsho (we)
,:!Z\f gus (1, han.) ,:!,~r g. gus tsho (we) (han.)
fi'
f' kho (he) fi·g,
f·g· kho tsho (they)
.jj.
,jj' rno (she) fi·g·
f·g· kho tsho (they)
rfic'
~

K' khong (he, she) fid'

fd' khong tsho (they) (han.)
s,,·
S,,' khyod (you) S\g·
S"i"g· khyod tsho (you)
Cl,,·
Cl'" khyed (you) Cl,,·
Cl'" g. khyed tsho (you) (han.)

1.2.b Possessive pronouns

Better known as A!j,I1l';;J'

A!tI1l'!!j' 'brei
'breI sgra (drel-dra) meaning "expression of connectedness", it is
the Latin equavalent of gentive case,
case. Possessive pronouns like any other Tibetan possessive are
usually marked by the allowable possessive endings governed by the suffix of the pronoun,
pronoun.
However it appears that there are more flexibility in spoken Tibetan than the following chart of
the classical grammatical rule would allow us:

1.2.c Possessive Case Signs

Singular
A'If.(·rr <1.l~"I'
A'I(:('F' J.l~"I' 'di'i kha rndog ( the colour of this)
"(:('~"i'<1.lJ;,,'
"f.(' ~"i' J.lJ;". de'i spun rnched (his! her relative)
!4'Qj(:('~Q'~'
!4'iljf.('~Q'~' pha gi'i grib so (its shadow)
"l'Qj(:('''I iKQ
"l·iljf.(·"I iKQ·' ya gi'i gtsang po (the river up there)
<1.l·Qj(:('~c·
J.l' iljf.(. ~c' !J' rna gi'i (family of down there)
 b4

r:.~·OJ'f
r::.i:\. OJ'f nga'imgo (my head)
/ fi~'''i:Fq
(iii:\. "i:F q kho'i dpung pa (his ann)
Ji~'§"1'4"i"
Jii:\·§"1·4\ mo'i rgyug shad (her comb)
(iir::. 'OJ'~.r
fir:. .OJ.~.r "\ q.",'
q.<: khong gi sku dpar (his!her photograph han.)
(hislher hon.)
6,,\·~·~.c:r khyod kyi deb (your book)
~,"

is,,\'~'''I~F
is,,\·~·''I~F khyed kyi gsung (your saying han.)
hon.)

';'. ~

Suffix
Snffix I Post suffix 5 Genitive signs
"I. ga
"I' r::.. nga
r:.' OJ. gi
OJ' gi
,.: '
". da q' .cr ba ~'sa
~. sa I ". da ~ sa ~'
~. kyi
<!i'na
"i·na OJ'ma ". ra OJ'la
OJ·ma :.c,' nr la ~. gyi

;:;",i-'
~.
r.>.' fa
'a (and vowel endings) a· 'iIi
0: iij.
iij' yl

1.2.d Plural
r.>.~'~~·iM."\·fl"l
r.>.~. ~~·iM."\·fi'lJ 'di tsho'i ljid khog (the weight of these)
it~i~:~"Iw
~~~·~'lJw de tsho'i lhag rna (remainder of those)
r.fOj· ~~. '5'Oj"l'
i5·Cll"l· pha gi tsho'i ca lag (luggage of those)
/ 'Jrlif~~'~"'<r
'Jr"r~~·~,,·<r ya gi tsho'i skud pa (thread of those up there)
OJ'Oj·~f.('r.fOJ'
OJ·Oj·~f.(·<I·Jl· ma gi tsha'i pha ma (parent of those down there)
0;;.;>]--.
<,;.;>J-.• ,
r:.' ~f.(' "'Fr:.'
r::.·~~·Jl·Fr::.· nga tsho'i za khang (our restaurant)

~,~ - ..
fl'fi· ~f.('~'
~i'i..~. ~ClJ'
~ClJ· kho tsho'i sngo tskal (their vegetables)
iiir:.' ~f.('£q~'!J
,ik~i'i.·£q~·!J khong tsko'i ckibs pa (their horse han.)
is,,· ~f.('Ji':'l'
is,,·~i'i.·Ji·:'l· khyod tsho'i mokra (your motor car)
fucT
fu.T
is') ~f.(·~·OJ.i,,\'
~i'i..~.Jl.i"i. khyed tsho'i sku mched (your relatives han.)

!' Demon~trative Pronouns. Words which substitute for nouns and also function to
1.2.e Demonstrative
'e~
point out:

i:\::r
i:i::r Singular Plural
r.>.~'
r.>.~. 'di (this) r.>.~'~'
r.>.~.~. 'di tsho (these)
r.>.~':3'
r.>.~.:3. 'di ru (here)
~''3' pha ru (there)
~'
~. de (that) ~,~.
~.~. de tsho
tsho (those)
<I.Oj.
r.fOj' pha gi (that) ir.f~'
i'f~· pha tsho (those)
iI
UfOj·
UfOj' ya gi (that up there) "IX ya tsho (those up there)
OJ·Oj·
OJ'Oj' ma gi (that down there) OJ'~'
"d· ma tsho (those down

~,,;t.

"""
/

>" ....
 0.)

1.2.£ Relative Pronouns Words which relate to, and substitute for, previously mentioned
nouns, This is formed by adding .>;c:
.>;c,' rang meaning "self" to other forms of pronouns, In the
plurals, rang is added between the pronoun and plural.suffix:

Singular Plural
e.'.>;e.'
c,' .>;c,' nga rhng (myself) e.'.>;e.,g,
c,' .>;c,'£' nga rang tsho
tsha (ourselves)
I
.>;e.'
::I~' .>;c,' gus rang (myself) ::I~' .>;e. ,a;-
.>;c,'g. gus rang tsho (ourselves)
[ii' .>;e.'
.>;c,' kho rang (himslef) [ii'.>;e. ,a;-
[ii',>;c,' g;- kho rang tsho (themsleves)
~'~'
~, .>;c,' [ii,~,g;'
[ii'.>;c,'l'
rno rang (herself) kho rang tsho (themselves)
[iie.'.>;e.',
[iic,',>;c, fc.' .>;e.,g;,
-is,,·is,,'
Ei§,,'~'
l'" -';c,'
khang rang (he, she polite)
khong
khyod
khyad rang (yourself)
fc.'.>;c,'l'
is,,' ,.:.r:: l'
i§"'.>:.r:,,g;,
is,,' .>;c,' £,
khong rang tsho (themselves)
khyod rang tsho (you)
.>;e.'
.>;c,' khyed{you,
khyed (you, polite) 6",,>;!:.'l' khyed rang tsho (you, pI)
pi)

1.3 Auxiliary verb .;>

Auxiliary verb assists the main verb of the sentence. Verbs and auxiliary verbs come at the end of
the sentence, Simple sentences with the auxiliary verb to be :<-",
:<.,,' red (ray) "to be" represent is, are,
may, will and did in spoken Tibetan, Red is mainly used in the 3rd person but is also used for
second and third persons,

1.3.a Examples .~
1. F:<-",
:<.,,' $
khored
khared He is
2. . ~,:<-",
~' :<.,,' tiered
de red that is
3. ~,:<-",
~':<'", IrW red She is
4.
4, fiic,'l' :<-'
[iic.,g;, :<.,,'\' khong tsho
tsha red They are

1.4 The Infinitive

.-.--;.
~.

nann or as a verb. AIl

An infinitive is a form of verb that may be used either as a noun All spoken Tibetan
'Or ba (pronounced va) or q'pa which are the equivalent of the English infinitive
infinitives end in t:r
"to", Thus ba and pa sometimes described as nominal particles can b.e
word "to". b,e dropped leaving the
verb stem in the process of forming different tenses, In the past tense they are retained in addition to
whatever changes the verb stem has undergone. However ba and pa also occur as second
syllables of disyllable nouns and adjectives as will be seen in the following lessons.
lessons,

1.4.a Examples
Tibetan Translit. Pronunciation English
1. ;l"r
;l":r zaba za-va to eat
2.
2, q'1r q '
q'1!'q' blta ba ta-va to look
3,
3. ~,\'q'
~,,'q' sprodpa tro-pa to give
4. ~c.'q'
~c,'q' yongba
yangba yong-va to carne
5. p,~'q' 'gro
'gra ba dro-va to go
6, q"1' q'
q"1'q' bshuba shoe-va to copy
7. q~,,".r
q~,,".r bgodpa goe-pa to laugh
 66

1.5 Word Order --

The basic rule of the word order in Tibetan is subject, object and verb (5-0-V).
(S-O-V). For example: ~"
~.

ffi.>l·{1ro.~"~·Uj"i1
ffi.>J·{1ro.~·~·Uj"i1 nga khrom la 'gro gi yin (I market to go will); I will go to the market. Word or words
i'i".
which qualify other word or words always follow that which is being qualified. Thus, the word i'i,,"
bod is a noun meaning "Tibet". Coming before another noun, it qualifies it and fulfills the role of an
adjective:

1.5.a Examples

Tibetan Translit. Pronunciation English

1- i'i".e:..
i'i,,·e:: bodja boe-ja Tibetan tea
~:
~: .
--
"I".
i'i". ~.

~,/
~j
2.
3. -~
.>I.

-Q". :il".
<l"·lil"·
bodmi
bodskad
boe-mi
boe-ke
A Tibetan
Tibetan language
I

4. !1Pl"l·
~Pl"l·
~
rgya thug gya-took Chinese soup (Noodle)
5. ~"l.~.
~"I.~. sogzhva sog-zha Mongolian hat
/

1.6 Vocabulary
Tibetan Translit. PronunCiation English
jc;"c' 1- ~oll·F~·
~ol\·F~· smankhang men-khang hospital
2. ~<l·F~·
~q·F~· debkhang dep-khang bookstore
~
3. ~<l.~
ruq·~ , slob grva lob-clra
lob-dra school
r.;.7i'
4. ,,9·olioll·
,,9·o1iol\· dgergan ge-ken teacher
5. 'll~.~"i.
'lI~.~"i. sangnyin sang-nyin tomorrow
;i>:';
6. r:\~.<l"
o.~.-Q. 'gro-ba dro-wa togo
7. ~·"r nyima nyi-rna sun
b.'~:; ik"E.J·
8. tshongpa tshong-pa businessman
9. ~~.E.J.
~~.E.J. zhingpa zhing-pa fanner
farmer
"611
ti.'f 10. ,?<l.
,?q. nya-ba nya-wa fishennan
fisherman
II.
11- .>I~.4'
.>J~.4' mangpo niang-po many
12. O;~ •.>I".>J. tshangma tshang-rna all
lb.',
!b-,"
13. <l~.
-Q~. bzhi zhi four
/
14. ~·~c: de ring de-ring today
15. F·~~· khaseng kha-seng yesterday
16. "iM,,·F"l·
iM,,·F"I· ljidkhog jee-coke weight
\:2h¥
17. I?!"f.>l"
I?!"f<>l" Uzagma lhak-ma
Ihak-ma remainder
18. "·fll"l·
". l1l "l" calag cha-luck
cha-Iuck luggage
19. :il,\.E.J.
lil"· E.J. skudpa kue-pa thread
~

20. £q'll. E.J"

£"I'll. E.J. chibspa chip-pa horse (hon.)
(han.)
2l.
21. Ji·~r mokra mo-tra motorcar
22. "./'l~
"·fl~· " zakhang za-khang restaurant
23. ~.a;l1l.
~·a;fll· sngo tshal ngo-tshay vegetable
V4i
 24. ~'J,j~,\'
~rJ.l~,\· sku mched kum-che (han,)
relative (han.)
25. '4' J,j'
J.I' phama pha-ma parent
26. i6'~"J,j"
i6'~w tsha loma tsha-Io-ma orange
.
\ 27. ~"I'i6' STUlg- tsha nak-tsha ink
28. <;'
'7' rta tah horse
29. 4''1' shaba sha-wa deer
30. ~c;,'<r
~c:;:<r zhingpa zhing-pa farmer

1.7 Examples
There are two choices of sentence structure; one by prefixing the demonstrative pronoun to the
subject and another by postpositioning the demonstrative pronoun to the subject. In either way the
auxiliary verb comes last:

l.r:>.~'c;,i:\'~"fi6':"'"
1.r.>.~·r.:i:\·~"fi6·:""1 'di nga'i snag tsha red 2. ~"I'a;'r:>.~'c;,i:\':<''''
~"I·a;'r.>.~·r.:i:\·:""1 'di nga'i red
snag tsha 'dinga'i
dhi ngay naak tsha re This is my ink, naak tsha dhi ngay re This ink is mine.

3. r:>.~·c;,i:\'~·5l':""1
r.>.~·r.:i:\'~·5l·:""1 'di nga'i zhi mi red 4.~'jfr:>.~·c;,i:\·
4.~'jfr.>.~'t::.i:\·:""1 :<.", zhi mi 'di nga'i red
dhi ngay zhi mi re This is
is. my cat. zhi mi dhi ngay re This cat is mine.

5. r:>.~·c;,i:\·'7·:<'''1
r.>.~·r.:i:\·er:""1 'di nga'i rta red 6.r:>.~'c;,f.l·'1'~"I'1l·:<'''1
6.r.>.~'t::.f.\·z;r~"I'\f:""1 'di nga'i ba phyugs red
dhi ngay ta re This is my horse, dhi ngay ba cb,ook re This is my cow.
,
7.r:>.~'c;,i:\'(§l'.l'l'
r.>.~'r.:i:\'(§l'.l'l' :""1 'di nga'i a rna
ma red 8.r:>.~·c;,f.l·,;pr :<.",
8.r.>.~·t::.f.\·>ljt::.'q':""1 rkangpa
'di nga'i rkang pa red
dhi ngay ama re This is my mother,
mother. dhi ngay kang pa re This is my leg.

9.,,\'c;,i:\'flc;,· <.I' :<'''1

9.,,'r.:i:\'flt::.·<.j':""1
de nga'i khang
/chang pa red 1O."'c;,f.l'~':<'",
1O."'t::.f.\'~'~"1 . de nga'i so red
de ngay khang pa re That is my house. de ngay so re That is my tooth.

11. ,,\d'~'.l'l':<''''
"d'~w:""1 de nga'i to ma red 12.~'c;,f.l'"i''1'
12.~'c:A"i''1' :i,"1
:<'''1 /co ba red
de nga'i ko
de ngay 10 rna re That is my leaf. de ngay ko va re That is my boat.

13."'Fc;,·"i's'gj':<'",
13,"'Fr.:·ili's'GJ':""1
de khong gi bu mo red . 14,~'rk'''i'i5'Ol''l':<''''
14,~'rk·ili'i5·0l"l':""1de khong gi ca lag red
de khong gi bu mo ie That is his daughter, dekhong gi cha lak re That is his luggage
Iu.ggage..
..
L ;;., "-!...,-.....
;,."...!.......... .... I
15K ,a;'c;,i:\' 4:1"'1' :<.", de tsho nga'i sha ba red
L

lsKa;·r.:i:\'4'Q:""1 16.r:>.,,'a;·flc;,·"I·"I"l"l'''''I'di tsho khong gi gyag red

16.r.>.,,'a;·flr.:·"I·"I"I"I'''''I'di
de stho ngay sha va re Those are my deer. dhi tsho khong gi yaak re These are his Yaks.

17A'~r::.·"I-'lr.>:5l"l'''J,j·''::<'''1
17-'" ~r.:'''I-'lr.>:5l''l'''J.I.,,: :""1 de ring gza' mig dmarred
dmar red Is.F'm'1'~"I':<'''1
ls.ri'ru'1'~Qr:""1 kho slob phrug red
de ring zaah mi mar re Today is Tuesday. kho lob took re He is (a) student.

19.('lt::.· Q'~'r;:
19.('lc;,· q.~'t::.' a;f.l' :""Ikhang pa de nga tsho'i red 20.~'t:.·
a;f.\' :<''''khang 20.~·t::.· a;f.l'/'lr::.'
a;f.\·Ft::.' q'Q' :<.",
~"I de nga tsho'i khTUlg pa red
khang pa de nga tshoi re That is our house. de nga tshoi khang pa re That house is our's.
 uu

1.8 Exercises of Lesson One

1.8.a Transliterate the following into Tibetan characters:
,../
nya, sa, za, ka, ha, la, mu, tho, ca, tsa, ya, sha, go, nga, kha, pha, va, shu, 'a, tsha, ra, dza

1.8.b Seven days of the week in Tibetan correspond to the seven days of the week in English and
i:.. - "1-"(:>: gza' comes before the name of the day as
are named after seven planets. The word for day "I-"r:>:
the word gza' literally means 'planet'.

, The Seven Days of the Week

Translit. Pronunciation English Planets

,~

1. "I'1r:l'~'J,j'
"I'1Q.~'J.r gza' nyima zaah-nyi-ma Sunday (Sun)
2. "I'1r:>:,jr<r gza'zla ba zaah-da-wa Monday (Moon)
-1\'::-,.
-il'';'.
3. "I'1Q'Jj"l'
"I'1r:l'''J''I''iJ,j,,'
'i.>J'" gza' mig limar
dmar zaah mig-mar Tuesday (Mars)
"1'1(:('111"1'<.1'
4. "1'1(:('21"1''1' gza'lhagpa zaah-Ihak-pa
zaah-lhak-pa Wednesday (Mercury)
5."I"r:l·S"·S·
S . "I-'lQ'S"'S' gza' phur-bu zaah-pur-bu Thursday (Jupiter)
6."I'1(:(·<.I·~!::.~.
6."I'1(:(·<J·~!:;' ~. gza'pa songs
gza' pa SOllgS zaah-pa-sung Friday (Venus)
7. "I'1(:('~a;
"I'1(:('~a:.'<J.
..<.I' gza'spenpa zaah-pem-pa Saturday (Saturn)

1.8.c Translate the following into Tibetan and write in Roman characters and express:
~

1. This is my school.
2. That is a bookstore.
H.';:,
3. Those are his oranges.
4. This is my ink.
5.
S. Those are our horses.
6. These are four deers.
&<1'
7. Today is Monday.
8. He is a farmer.
;'
~.'-h:
1.8.d Write down the correct possesive (genitive) case signs according to the above chart:

1. 'i!"I........
'l!"I........ 2j"l~<.I.
2j"l~<J. stag......lpags
stag...... lpags pa I tiger skin
1;&_~
1;b_~

,;:;·Oi·.>J.. ··..·c;
2. ,;:;·Oi·J,j....·.. e;G·
q' tsha 10 rna......
rna ...... khu ba orange juice
3. ~"I' ,;:;.......
,;:;....... J,j~"I.
.>J~"I. snag tsha......mdog
tsha ...... mdog ink colour
,-~.;;
4. ~G ......·.. :<."i·
~q""''''':<'a:.' deb ......
......rin
rin book price
5.
S. ,,!::........
,,!:;,....... i;:jJ,j~.
~.>J~. rang .... sems one's mind
6. Ji
k ........
......~ rna ..... skra her hair
!:;,......··ll'lW
7. !::..... Il'l'Jf nga ..... a rna my mother
8. ~"""f!::.·<.1·
~"""f!:;,'<J' su .... khang pa whose house
9 . (11J,j'
tl1J,f ...... -'1-<.'
~
-'1-<: lam ......zur
...... zur road corner
4·q......·,,·~·
10. 4·G·.... "·~· sha ba ..... ra co deer's horn
-(1,'i-

."-.,.-
J
r:>-:-;
 0';/

1.8.e Memorize the following cardinal numbers in Tibetan:

No. Pronunciation Spelling Transliteration

I. ~ chik "lil"l' gag

2. "I nyee "l~~r gnyls

3. ~ soom "l~"r gsum

<::::.
4. shi "1~' bzhi

5.
.... ngaa I'!.' lnga

6. '<> drook ~"l' drug

7. rJJ doon "15~' bdun

8. J., gyay "1$'" brgyad

9. « ghoo
"~r dgu
10 ~o choo "1~' bcu

II. ~~ choo-chik "1~'''Iil''l' bcugcig

19. ~« , choo-ghoo "1~Sj" bcudgu

20. "10 nyee-shoe tham-pa ~""j' .Ij«J"l.J nyi shu tham pa

2I. "I~ nyee-shoe tsa-chik ~""j" ~""lil"l" nyi shu rtsa gcig

29. "1« nyee-shoe tsa-ghoo ~""I'~"""l" nyi shu rtsa dgu

~ ~

30. ':10 soom-choo tham-pa ~«J'~' .Ij«J"l.J sum bcu thain pa

3I. ':I~ soom-choo so·chik ~«J'~" ~""lil"l" sum bcu so gcig

39. ':1« soom-choo so-ghoo ~«J"~"~SI sum bcu so dgu

40. <::::'0 zhib-choo tham-pa "1~" "1~' .Ij«J"l.J" bzhi bcu tham pa
<=..~
4l. zhib-choo zhe-chik "1~""1~"~""Iil"l" bzhi bcu zhe gcig
49. <=..« zhib-choo zhe-ghoo "1~""1~"~s:r bzhi bcu zhe dgu
50, '-'-0 ngab-choo tham-pa 1'!.""1~'.Ij«J"l.J' lnga bcu !ham pa

5I. .... ~ ngab-choo nga-chik I'!." <I~"c::"lil"l" lnga bcu nga gcig
59, .... « ngab-choo nga-ghoo 1'!:<I~·r:.SI lnga bcu nga dgu
60. '<>0 drook-choo tham-pa ~"I""1~".Ij«J".r drug bcu {ham pa

6I. '<>P drook-choo re-chik ~"l" <l~" "'""Iil"l drug bcu re gcig
 I U
~

69, '-'I" drook-choo re-ghoo ~"I'qil':<'"')':r

~"I'qil-:':')~r drug bcu re dgu

70, (lJ0 q"i"i'

q"id\' "I,,'.I1"'r<J'
.11,.1" If
doon-choo tham-pa ~ ~
bdun bcu
beu tham pa
pJ~
71. doon-choo don-chik q'5.d\'Qil'~d\'''Ii5''1'
q'5."i'Qil'~"i'''Ii5''1' bdun bcu
beu don gcig
'"~< '-\_'.
... ;-'. 79, pJl" doon-choo don-ghoo q'5.d\'qil'~d\''''j·
q'5."i'qil'~"i''),:r bdun bcu
beu don dgu
80, .1,0 gyay-choo tham-pa Q~'"
Q~,\' Qil' .I1J.J'r,r
Qil'.I1J,J'<r brgyad bcu
beu !ham pa

81. .I,~ gyay-choo gye-chik' Q~"'Qil'~IJ"Ii5"1

Q~,\'Qil'!'J"Ii5"1 brgyad bcu
beu gya gcig
geig
I
89, .1,1" gyay-choo gye-ghoo q~"i'qil'~''''j'
q~,\'qil'!r'\5' bgyad bcu
beu gya dgu
90, 1"0 '\5'qil'IjJ.J'r.j'
ghoob-choo tham-pa "'j'qil'IjJ,J'<r dgu bcu
beu tham pa
!h,_,r
t;;;,j~ 91. I"~ ,\!qil'iij'''I3
ghoob-choo go-chik ,,!qil'i;j'''I i5' 1' dgu beu go gcig
geig
(Z(Z
99, Q'5.d\'Qil'iij'''5'
ghoob-choo go-ghoo Q'5."i'Qil'iij''\5' dgu bdu go dgu
-tt,J~
-tt,;1-
~oo Ij.>r<r
IjJ.J' <r
100, gya-tham-pa Q~' brgya tham pa

1.9 Some Useful Expressions

Tibetan Transliteration Pronunciation English

~;g.
1. Q~'4~rQ~'ii)I\j~1
Q~,'r4~rQ~'ii)I5j~1 bkra shis bde legs ta-shi de-Iek Hello!
2. 8"1~'~·.L1
2, 8"1~'~'.L1 thugs rje ehe thook-jay-chay Thank you,
••
.'.,.~<

3, ~c:.'~d\'
,.~<
~",.:>-
~"'.,.').-
~c:.'~"i'"!E<OJ'
J.JE<OJ'Ucilc:.'
lc:.'1 sang nyin mjal yong sung-nyee jay-yong See you tomorrow,

/,"
4, ~~'.>r"'E<OJ'Ulc:.'J
~~' J.J'JJE<OJ'cilc:.'1 rjes ma mjal yang jay ma jay-yong later, .
See you later..
~L::' .ij~' ~c:. 'c:. ~I
55.,.ij~' shes song ngas shay-song-ngay Did you understand
6, Qt.1"1~'';;:''I~·''I<Ilc:.'1
Qt.1"1~'';::''I~'''IiI)c:.'1 bzhugs rags gnang shook-ro-nang Please take a seat.
7, "I'iij' I;jQ~1
i;jQ~1 galephebs ga-lay-pheb
ga-Iay-pheb Go slowly,
8. "I'iij'Q~"I~1
8, "I'iij'Q~"I~1
. ~
gakbzhugs ga~lay-shook
ga-Iay-shook Stay in peace.
peace,
9, "rii)'''I'iij'! ga le ga Ie ga-Iay ga-Iay Slowly, slowly,
slOWly,
ti.<#'
ti.<£--
10, ~~'~'q~"I~1 v ~
'di ru bzhugs dhi-ru
dhi -ru -shook here,
please sit here.

~3:i,

/i
/.

}~~,~
}t~

~"i~1
 / 1
f'·

if,"'·'
iI'."" - LESSON TWO
> •

~ ~

iljq' a:;~'Qj,?~'
ct;~ 'Qj,?~' J:.l
J:.!I1

2.1 Vowel Drill

Tibetan Translit. Pronunciation English

C>.~.
Cl.~. 'di (dhi) this
C>.~~f
Cl.~~f 'dis (dhee) by this
t;..
c;: nga (Nga) I
t;.~r
~~.
ngas
f.:-.~ (Ngay) by me
'~;,:
[ii' kho (Kho) He
fii~r
fii~' khos (Khoe) by him
'll'
~.
~ su (Su) who
~'ll'
~~. sus (Sue) by whom
1l'~,

g;t:
g;i: 2i~'
2!'ll' spos (poe) mcense
iiJ~'
ijJ'll" ltos (Toe) look (imp)

".
,
1<,;,'i
~,:"
de (De) that
~ , !
,,~.
"'ll' des (Day) I by that
1<"': ~nr til (Tee) seasame
'6:&-
.il"l'
,i)"l" mzg (Meek) eye
UI,,·
UI"i' yid (Yee) mind
~S ljid (Ieet)
(Jeet) weight
..."''ll'
..
Elf- i- ~'ll"
~~.
~.
ras
sras
(Ray)
(Say)
cotton
prince
Ol'll'
[1J~'
las (Lay) action
0<'1
;0::::
;0::::- "l"l~'
"l"l'll'. gyas (Yay) right (side)
"'...
'i;#

tlj....
'lj .... guT
gur (Gu) tent
.......
~

~
~
.::'S
,
thur (Thu) downhill
t;1
::! ....
::J.... ShUT
shur (Shu) groove
<6....
<6 .... tshur (Tshu) this way
g
.31
k~
~~
~Ol'
~[1J' sbrul (Doo) snake
''is[1J'
"SOl' dngul (Ngoo) money
.:.,;
~ '!j[1J'
'!jOl'
~.
~ yul (Yoo) country
::![1J'
::JOl" shul . (Shoo) trace
'?:!~.
'?:!'ll'
:2
~.J
~..!
Ius (Loa) body
tlj~
'lj~""
.... gsa (Say) gold
tlj~
'lj~ ..."
.... gter (Tay) treasure

'.'-~
'.'_':r
 I L

~nr drel (Day) mule

r:>.E:".
r:>.E:,," 'dzer (Dzay) nail
~"
~. Ice (ehe)
(Che) to~ue
to~ue
,11.
,11" me (Me) fire
fl"jil. khe (Khe) profit
r:>.~"
r:>.~. 'dre (Dre) demon
r:>.~'ll"
r:>.~'ll. 'dres (Dray) mixed

2.2 Nouns

A noun refers to a name of a person, place, thing, idea, concept, or activity. We have noticed
from the words in the drills we have practised that Tibetan nouns are generally monosyllabic words
which may be formed of one or more letters. Nouns also occur in disyllables and polysyllables as it
is shown in a separate section containing list of simple, complex as well as derived noun stems (See
Part One). Nouns with two or more syllables can be of either bound or free morphemes. Asingle
syllable word may be composed of one Or or more morphemes:

one morpheme two morphemes three morphemes four morphemes

''Ii"'.
W'r tiger 'Ii"'.o;",.
'Ii"r 0;<:: tiger nest 'Ii"r~'o;~.
'Ii"'.~. 0;",. tiger's nest
6j.
6j" mind 6j"~~"
6j.~~. intelligence 6j'~~'i5ili'
6j·~~·iSOi· intelligent £"~'lrl1(ili'<I'
£"~'ll·l1(Oi·<I· intelligent

'Ii"'. and 6j'

From the above examples, we can see· that the morphemes 'Ii"l' 6j. can constitute words by
themselves. They are called free morphemes.
morphemes_The bound morphemes are such as i5ili'
The bOund iSOi· and l1(ili'Q'
l1(Oi·q·
which are never words by themselves and are always parts
paris of other words. It should be noted
.that
. that both adjective and noun share similar second syllables such as <I.pa, i:i.
<I"pa, i:j" po, ~"
~. rna and g;. mo.
Unlike English, Tibetan nouns are prefixed to the adjectives,
adjectives.

2.3 Vocabulary

Tihetan Translit. Pronunc. English

I.
1. <:1,,'<1.
<:1"'<1' bodpa boe-pa Tibetan
2. "90i-g-
"9ili' g' dhyinji in-ji English
3_
3. ~'''I""cr
~r",,,-·cr rgyagarba gya-gar-wa Indian
4_
4, "lnr<l-
"lnr<l' halpo
balpo bay-po Nepalese
5.
5_ ~"'''l~'''''
~"."l~""- skadsgyur ke-gyur Interpreter
;:),
,:;;\
6_
6. ,11,,-<1-
,11,,'<1' medpa me-pa not to have
7.
7_ ~',;f
~-,;f nyima nyi-ma sun
8_
8. '1(-g-
(.g, sngadro nga-<lro moming
9_
9. r:>.i':i,,-<I-
r:>.i':i,,'cr 'bodpa bhoe-pa to call

~"'''~"
10,
10_ ~,,-,,~. khyedrang khye-rang yourself
II. r:>.~'''l"
r:>.~."l. 'groba dro-wa to go
:>j~,g;,
:>Fg;-
12_
12. grangmo drang-mo cold
13_
13. ~"N tshespa tshay-pa
Ishay-pa date
14_
14. ~'<I'
~.<I.
grupa dru-pa boatman
 73

15. qW,,'<J'
qW,,··r bstodpa toe-pa to praise
16. 4~'q~'q'
4~·q~·q· shingbzo ba shing-w-wa carpenter
shing.bzo
~.>J'q"r
~.>J·q·'r
.... ._- tshem
17. , bu ba tshem-bu-wa tailor
•
18. Q"I~'<J'
Q"I~'q' sbragspa drak-pa postman
/~
/- 19. Ui,,· q'<J'
Ui", yodpa yoe-pa to have
20. ll"l·q·
.ll"l'<J' thagpa thag-pa rope
21.
2l. ~'i;j'
~'q' nyebo nye-wo near
22. "~~''\''1 dgongdag gong-dak evening
24. "".q.
W<J' dadpa de-pa faith
25. B"'£' /chyed tsho
khyed khye-tsho you (pI.)
26. W~'<J'
W~'q' stongba tong-pa empty
27. .,;. q'
.,;'i;j' tsha bo tsha-wo hot, nephew
28. qS'Y:J"I'
qSJ)'!':j"l' bdunphrag doon-trak week
29. <J....
q .... q parpa par-wa photographer
30. qOj'~Oj' balyul Nepal
bay-yoo.
31. >lj~'<J'
>lj~'q' rkangpa kang-pa leg
31-
32. ~'
~. su su who
33. OJ.>J' lam lam road
34. ~Oj'i:i'
~Oj'ii' rgyalpo gyalpo king
35. .i'~F
.i·~F chechung che-chung SIze
/
36. ~q'.>J' gribma drib-rna shadow
37. ~r bu bu son, boy
38. q'Jj.
q'Jj' bumo bu-mo daughter, girl
~

39. £J)'.>J~'l/
£ili·.>J~'l/ mtshon mdag tshon-dok colour
I

40. "I~~r:<:
"I~~r:<: gangs- ri
gangs-ri kang"ri
kang-ri mountairt
41. is' khyi khyi dog
42. Jj~'
Ji~' mUlg
mmg ming name
43. p:l':.'
fl'.'q' <J' khangpa khang-pa house
44. ,rOj"l~'
q'Oj"l~r palags pa-Iak father
~'
45. ~.
~
su su who

2.4 The Auxiliary Verb tila;,'Ulili' ym

Another important auxiliary verb is tila;,'
Ulili' yin, It represents am, are, will, did etc. but does not
indicate number. It is mostly,used
rnostly,used in the first person and present habitual and future tenses as
shown below and is also used in the second person interrogatives. It is not used for the third
person. However yin can be used when the first person is speaking on behalf of a third person and
/
representing him so to speak. For instance r.>.~'fii~·~·UjJ)'
r.>.~·jii~·~·Ujili' 'di khong gi yin meaning "this is from
himlher" is considered much nicer than sayingr.>.~'fiir;,'<ir:<''\1
sayingr.>.~·jiir;.·<ir:<''\' 'di khong
/chong gi red although difference is
not a matter of being polite or impolite. By saying 'di khong /chong gi yin the person listening will feel
obliged to respond to the speaker if he has to, where as by saying 'di khong /chong gi red, he would nol
not feel
 74

q"l. pas,
obliged. As will be discussed later interrogatives in spoken Tibetan are formed by adding (J"l'
obliged,
Q"l' 9"l· gas etc. to the auxiliary verb yin or red
Q~. bas, 9"l'

2.4.a Examples
Singular
!'i'~t:.' (J'
1. !'i.~t:.. q. ~"i'
~". kho zhingpa
zhing pa red kho-zhing pa re He is farmer.
2. t:..",t:..q."l",.
t:.'aF (J'''lili' nga nangpa
nang pa ym nga-nang-pa
nga-nang -pa yin I am Buddhist.
3. !9" ..;j['l"l. q·:<S
19"i'.>J['l"l'(J':<S khyod mkhas pa red khyo-khay-pa re You are learned.
4. ~'~w~"i'
~·~w~,,· denyimared de-nyi-ma re That is Nyima.
5. r:>.~·~r::.·~9~"i'
r:>.~·~r::.·~9~"· 'di shing tog red dhi-shing-to
dhi -shing-to re This is fruit.
6. r:>.~,t:.a·Ulili'
r:>.~·t:.a·Uj",· 'di nga'i yin dhi -ngay-yin
-ngay -yin This is (from) me.

Plural

1. !'it::l·i5,,·q·:i.,,·
!'it.'l'Q"i'(J':<'''i' khong tsho tbod pa red khong-tsho bod-pa re They are Tibbetan.
d·§·i5·Uj",·
2. d'§'Q'Ulili' nga tsho skyo bo yin nga-tsho-kyo-wo yin We are poor.
!9,,·l·Uj9·i:j· :i.".
3. 19"i'l'Uj9'i:j':<'''i' khyod tsho yag po red khye-tsho-yak-po re You are good.
4. ~'l'.>J'~':<'''i'
~·l·.;j·~·:i.,,· de tsho rna he red de-tsho-ma-he re those are buffaloes.
5. r:>.~'l''i;'9':<'''i·
r:>.~·l·'i;'9·:i.,,· 'di tsho stag red dhi-tsho-stag re These are tigers.
6. r:>.~'l·£:::
r:>.~·l·[:: la'Ulili'
la·Uj",· 'di tsho nga tsho'i yin dhi-tsho-nga-tshoi-yin These are from us.

2.4.b Examples of the use of red and yin auxiliary verbs in sentences:

1. c:i5,,·qa·Ifj.;j·£·Uj"'1
c.·Q"i'(Ja·Ifj.>J'£'Ulilil nga bod pa'i em chi yin
nga bo pay em chi yin I am(a)
am(a) Tibetan doctor.

2. c.·~t:.'Q~·Q'Ulilil
c:~t:.·Q~·Q·Ul"'1 nga shing bzo ba yin
nga shing zo va yin I am (a) carpenter.

3. 6"·
6"i' .<J::.·"i9ili·~'''lili'(J''l1
-<J::.·"9",·~·"l,,,·q"ll khyed rang dbyin ji yin pas
khye rang in j i yim pay Are you English?

4. !'it:.·t:.a·"i9"W:<'''i1
!'it:.·t:.a·,,9·'ij"\":i."1 khong nga'i dge rgan red
khong ngay ge ghen re He is my teacher.

5. ~9'5'r:>.~'l'~a'~"i1
~9·5·r:>.~·l·~a·~"1 phrug gu 'di tsho su'i red
phi tsho sui re
took gu I:!hi Whose children are these?

6. 11l"l"l'~9"·r:>."
!ll"l"l·~9·'j·r:>." g'c.a·:<'''il
g·t:.a· :i."1 lags phru gu 'di tsho nga'i red
laa took gu dhi tsho ngay re Yes, these are my children.

7. r:>.~'~"i'~·~9'5·:<'''i'(J''l1
r:>.~·~"·~·~9·5· :i.,,·q"ll 'di khyod kyi smyu gu red pas
dhi khyo kyI kyT nyu ku re pay Is this your pen?
 , ~

8. nJ~~r:i."il ~·t:f.\·~~·5·
~·t:f.\·~~·5· :i."il lags red de nga'i smyug gu red
laa re de ngay nyu 1m re Yes, ~hat
that is my pen.
,..
9. "Q·r.>.~·~f.\·:i."il su 'f reb
deb 'di su'l
deb dhi sui re Whose book is this?

10.nJ~~'"Q"CJ.~.t:f.\'
nJ~~'" Q"CJ.~.t:f.\' :i."il lags deb 'di nga'i red
1M
laa deb dhi ngay re Yes, this is my book.

11. [iit:.t:f.\',\~'~"i'~"i·l.l~1
[iit:.t:f.\',\~'~"i' ~"i·l.l~1 khong nga'i 'dge rgan redpas
red pas
khong ngay ge ghen re pay Is he my teacher?

12. a"i·~·'\S"i·~·Uj"i·l.l~1 khyed tsho dbyinji yin pas

."" ..,
.",,' khye tsho in ji yim pay Are you (PI) English?

13. nJ~~·Uj"i·t:·~·"iS"i·N"i1
nJ~~·Uj"i·t:· ~'''iS''i'~'Uj''i1 lags yinnga tsho dbyin ji yin
laa yin nga tsho in ji yin Yes, We are English.

[iit:·.r;c::l.l·:i."i·l.l~1
14. [iid;c::l.l· :i."i·l.l~1 khong tshang pa redpas
red pas '.
khong tshong pa re pay Is he (a) businessman?
,..
15. ~~. :i.,\'[iit:' ~t:.l.l'
~~' :i.'\'[iit:. ~t:'l.l' :i.'\1
:i.,\1 .lags
, lags red khong !Shang
!shang pa red
laa re khong tshong pa re Yes, he is a businessman.
businessman,

16. ~·~·Q5."i·l.l·:lFJi·:i.'\1
~·~·Q5."i'l.l':'FJi':i.,\1 spyi zla bdun pa grang rno
mo red
chin dha doon pa drang rna mo re July is (a) cold (month).

17, ,,·~·q"i·~·~~<>rl.l·:i."il
17: "'~'l'j"i'~'~~<>rl.l':i."il de ring bod zla gsum pa red
de ring bon dha soom pa re Today is 3rd Tibetan month.
"",£
n<'£

2.5 Exercises of Lesson Two

..-'
~";.-,
~ (a) Copy out ten words with suffixes in Tibetan script from
from the above vocabulary.
'(b)
(b) Transliterate the following.into Roman characters and translate five words into English.

~'Jl'
~'Jr S·Ji·
S'Ji' ,\t:'Q' nJ~·l.l·
,\t:.lj. nJ~·l.l' ~"i'l.l' r::~' t:.~.
t:'~' ~'Jl'
~:Jr ~.i'i'
~,i'i' ''r'''f
''r-l'f ~.~.
~'~' 3j.~.
3i'~'
~ ~

(c) Render the following into Tibetan with possessive case signs:
.~,o
.~;;

1. Nepal's king
2. Tibet's mountains
,,"';'<
,,";f>f. 3. Leg's size
4. Whose house
5. My daughter
,..."
6. His father
7. Their dog .
8. Road's name
9. Son's pen
".,
",,'

,../
"'' ' '
 76

10. Hand's shadow

(d) Memorise the following

",,,'<:I' (dang po) to twelfth 'lil'''I~~r<r
fITSt ",,'il'
The ordinal numbers from [lISt Qil'''I~~r<r (bcu gnyis pay are
prefixed with §'.i'
§'<i' spyi zia
zla (Chin-dha), signifying the twelve European months. Likewise the
lunar or Tibetan months are prefixed with Q"i'<i'bodzIa
Q":.i·bodzla (Bon-dha) to the ordinal numbers,
numbers.
Tibetan use their own dating system called ~""~"J'ni
Q"'~"l'ni bod rgyallo (Tibetan king year) since the
fITSt king 'lj~o.'~'qi5"",'<i'
[lISt "I~o.'~'qi5"~'<i' gnya' khri btsan po but since 1027 AD. ~q'~,,'
~q'~'" rab byung, the
sexagenary cycle was introduced. 1995 is the nineth year of the seventeenth rab byung. AD. in
Tibetan is ~'ni' spyi 10 (chi-lo) meaning general year and century is called :i~r~q' dus rabs
(doo-rab). Memorize the following:

The 12 General Months

Tibetan Transliteration Pronunciation Months

1. ~'<i'''i'''<:I'
~·.i·,,"·il· spyi zla dang po chin-dha dang-po January
2. ~'<i'''I~~'l.l'
~ ..i'''I~~' <r spyi zlil gnyis pa chin-dha nyee-pa February
3. ~'<i'''I~<>J'l.l'
~·.i·"I~<>J·l.r spyi zIa
zia gsum pa chin-dha
chin -dha soom-pa March
4.
4, §'fil''l~'l.l'
§·fil·Q~·q· spyi zia bzhi pa chin-dha zhi -pa April
5. §'<i'~'l.l
§'.i.~.q spyi zlilingapa
zlillngapa chin-dha nga-pa May
6. ~:<i'§"I'l.l'
~:.i'§"I.q. spyi zia
zla drug pa chin-dha drook-pa June
7. ~'<i'q:s",'l.l'
~'.i.q:s~.q. spyi zlil bdun pa chin-dha doon-pa July
8. ~'<i'q~"i'l.l'
~'.i.q~".q. spyi zla brgyad
brgyadpa
pa chin-dha gye-pa August
9. ~'<i"'i'j'l.l'
~'.i''''j.q. spyi zla
zia dgu pa chin-dha ghoo-pa September
10. ~'ri'qil'l.l·
~·ri·qil·q· spyi zla
zia bcu pa chin-dha
chin -dha choo-pa October
11. ~'fil'qil·"I~"I·l.l'
~·ri·qil·"I~"I·q· spyi zia
zla bcu gcig pa chin-dha choo-ehik-pa
choo-ehik-pa November
12. ~'ri·qil'''I~~'l.l·
~·ri·qil·"I~~·q· spyi zia bcu gnyis pa chin-dha choog-nyee-pa December

The 12 Tibetan MOnths

1. q"i'<i'''i,,'<i'
q"'.i''''''<i' bodzlil dangpo bon-dha dang-po Ist Tibetan month
1st
2. q"i'ri'''I~~'l.l·
q"'ri'''I~~'q' bod zlilgnyis pa bon-dha nyee-pa 2nd
q,,' ri·"I~<>J'l.l'
3. q"i' ri'''I~<>J' q' bod zlil gsum pa bon-dha soom-pa 3rd
4. Q""ri'q~'l.l·
Q"'ri'q~'q' bod zlil bzhi pa bon-dha zhi-pa 4th
5. q"i'fil'~'l.l
q"'fil'~'q I bodzlilinga
bodzlillnga pa bon-dha nga-pa 5th
6. q,,\'fij'§'lj'l.l'
q"'fij'§"I' q' bod zlil drug pa bon-dha drook-pa
drook -pa 6th
7. q"'fij.q'S~.q.
q"i'fij'q'S",'l.l' bod zlil bdun pa bon-dha doon-pa 7th
8. q,,\'fij'q~"i'l.l'
q"'fij'q~"'q. bod zlil brgyad
brgyadpa
pa bon-dha gye-pa 8th
Q"i'fijS:j'l.l'
9. Q"'fij''''j'q'
9, bod zlil dgu pa bon-dha ghoo-pa 9th
q"·.i·qil· q ·
10. q,,\'<i'qil'l.l' bod zlil bcu pa bon-dha choo-pa 10th
11. Q"\·fij·qil·'lj~"I·l.l·
Q"'fij'qil'''I~''I'q' bod zia
zla bcu gcig pa bon-dha choo-chik-pa 11th
 77
/ i:i'\'ri'Q~'''I~~
12. Ci'\'ri' Q~'''I~~rrQ'
<J' bod zIa
zla bcu gnyis pa bon-<lha choo-n
choo·nyee-pa 12th
,
t<:

(e) Transl ate into English:

W"
1. fie:. .~. Q'
<J' ~'\I
~,\I khong gru pa red
2. jiie:.'g,r>
fie:.' g.r>.Q"I ' Q' ~'\I
.Q"I'<J' ~,\I khong tsho 'brog pa red
r1'"
1'" 3. ~,g'B'\
~. g'a,\'' -'J:..~. ~,\'<J~I
~,\'Q~I de tsho khyed rang gi redpa
red pass
.4.
. 4. e:.·<l'\·
e:.·<i,\·ri·Q~·Q
ri'Q~·<Jwwr>.~·~·
r>.~'~·a:a:ilil
ilil nga bod zIazla bzhipa
bzhi pa la
Ia 'gro gi yin
~.;.'
~.:-.
5. Zl"f <rr>.~' ~i'.i.'
ll"f ~;:.;: ~'\I
~,\I thag pa 'di su'i red
6. <l'\ri'Q~~'\'Q'
<i,\ri'Q '\'<J' bodzla
bod zla brgyadpad pa
7. ~'ri'\l!:<J'
~'ri'\l!:Q spyi zIa
zla Inga pa
t',,",,·
t""'"
8. ""~'ll'i'~'Ol"l~
""~'Il'i '~'Oj"l~'~,\'<J~
'~,\'Q~1
1 pha gi a rna lags red
redpa
pass
9. ur~'e:.i'.:?'~,\1
ur~'d'; i.·?·~'\1 ya gi nga'i rta red
'*~
w;~
10. ~'~·"IEl
~·~·"IElr>.·ri'Q
r>.·ri·Q'~'\1
·~,\1 de ring gza'a zia ba red

~:o
~:,
(f) Expre ss the following numbe rs in Tibetan:
/
/'

f.\''".
f.1':~1
P PpJ ?, cg ?l
'?( ~'?(
?,?l c<::. "c
,,<::. gg ?,C'
?'C'
'4 ?'pJ
?,pJ pJ
pJ gC A,
.t, V,
?l?, C' c"
<::." po C'?,
PP pJP P?' p.t,
PA. p~
P~ PC' pc
P<::' "0 pg
~'!
:r.~ "C'
P'4 ?,?, PpJ c p",
p.t, J.,C' PC' pp ?,O gg
~o

2.7 Some Usefu l Expre ssion s:

t'!'.;r,
~,r
"I~~'''I''I'.ti'IT
1. "I~~'''l''l'li'IT''r~e:.'e:
r ~e:.'e:. ~I
.~1 gzim yag po khug song ngas
zim yag po khoog song nyay Did you sleep well ?
{.O',~
r_o,~

2. Ol"l~'''I~,
OJ''l~·''I~'\·''l''l
\·''I''I·.t·li·~''I·~
i'~''I' ~e:.·1
e:.·1 lags gnyid yag po khug byung
lak nyee yag po khoog chung Yes, I slept well.
""~-

3. r>.~ili·~·
r>.~iIi·~·<ll"l'~"i'
<ll"l·~"i·~e:.'1
~e:.·1 'dzin grwa tshug ran song
dzin dra !Shook
tshook ren song The class is about to start.
<rf'

"l"fl:j. S~'''I~"
4. "I"fl:i' S~'''I~''i'
i' :l;"I~"Iili
;';"I~"I"ie:.·1
e:.'1 yagpo
yag po byas gsan rogs gnang
~
yag po jay sen rok nang Please listen carefully,
lly.

5. e:.·Ol·~~'
e:.w~~·~~~~"Iilie:.
"Ii1ie:.··';:"I~·"I
;';"I~·"Iilie:.·1
"ie:.·1 nga fa
la rjes zlos gnang rogs gnang
"',::;:,-'
::::., nga la jay dhoe nang rok nang Please repeat after me.

6. "Ie:.'~~'
"le:.·~~''I~''I''
·"I~"I·"'I~F
I~F :l;"I~'''I"
;';"I~·"I"ie:.'1
ie:.·1 yang skyar gcig gsung rogs gnang
yang kyar chik soong rok nang Please repeat it once again (for me).
/
 77

12. <:i,\'~'Q
<:i"·~·Qil'''I~~r
il·"I~~rLr
Lr bod zla bcu gnyis pa bon-<l
bon -<lha
ha choo-n yee-pa 12th
,
<

(e) Transl ate into Englis h:

1. fi"- .~. "I'·~,\1

fi"'·~·LJ ~'" klwng gru pa red
/ 2. jkg.r.>.
jkg.r.>.Q"I·LJ·~
Q"I·LJ·~'\1
,\1 khong tsho 'brog pa red
'1.: 0 '
'1.'".' 3. ~. g·iS,,·
~·g·§,\·",",·~·~
.:q;:~. ~'\.
,\·LJ~J
LJ~I
de tsho khyed rang gi red pas
4. "-·q,\~·
",·q,\~·Q~·LJwr.
Q~·LJwr.>.~·~·Uj
>.~·~·Ujilil
3i1 nga bod zla bzhi pa la 'gro gi yin
;g:.):
5. ~"I·LJ·r.>.~·~t"i·
>.~·~t"l·~,\1
~'\1 thag pa 'di su'i red
6. q'\'~'QS
q"·~·QS,\·LJ·
'\'LJ' bodzla
bod zla brgyadpa
d pa
7. ~'~'~'LJ
~·~·~·LJ'· spyi zla Inga pa
",f"
",f"'

8. ""~'Q'r<>
"'·~·Q·r<>J·fll"l~
l'Oj"l~'· ~'\'LJ~1
~,\·LJ~I pha gi a rna lags redpa
red pass
9. ur~·"-t"l
ur~·",t"i·?·
·?· ~'\I
~,\I ya gi nga'i rta red
~-:;";
10. ~·~·"I.e
~·~·"I.er.>.·~·Q
r.>.·~·Q·~'\1
·~,\1 de ring gza'a zla ba red

I:t';"
(I:) Expre ss the follow ing numbe rs in Ti betan:

)P )[lJ
PflJ "> cJ,.{
c)..{ 'I '1'1
1'1 c:. I;c:. )..{
J,.{ ">(>
~"'.
~>;

I;
'4 ">[lJ
">flJ [lJ -'I
flJ )..{c:.
J,.{c:. " '1'1
'11 (> c:.1; po
)0 (>1
(>'1
pp
PP [lJ)
flJP P">
)"> )-'1 )'1 p« pc:.
";".~
";".~
P" P'I P(> 1;0 p)..{
pJ,.{ 1;(>
/ pI;
)'4 ">"> )[lJ
PflJ c:. )-'1 p«
P(z
P" ,,~
-'1« p)
PP 1'10
0 J-lJ,.{
J-l)..{

2.7 Some Useful Expre ssion s:

%. 1. "I:il<>l'~
1lJ:ii<>J·~"I';:i"j~"
"I· ;:h~"I·~"
I'~"-'"-~
'·"' ~IJ
"" gzim yag po khug song ngas
zim yag po khoog song nyay Did you sleep well ?
f"C.>'
f"'""
2. OJ''l~'''
fll"l~·"I~,\·~"I
I~'\'~''I·;:j·~''
'iJ'~''I"r:FI
:FI ~
lags gnyid yag po khug byung
lak nyee yag po khoog chung Yes, I slept well.
i'i-'>c
'!t-',"

3. r.>.f!3i'~
r.>.f!ili·~·~"I·"'
'~"I' "'3i'~"-'
~·~"'·11 'dzin grwa tshug ran song
dzin dra tshook ren song The class is about to start.
'i.;r..-
fiQ:·-

4. ~"I'iJ'S~
~"I·;:j·S~·"I~"i
'''I~''i'·~"I~·"I
~''I~'''Iili"'·1
3i"-'1 yag po byas gsan rogs gnang
&IT'
E'IT'
yag po jay sen rok nang Please listen carefully.

5. "-W~~
",W~~'~~"I
'~~"IaF
aF ~"1~'''I''
~"I~·"I"ii"-'1
"'·1 nga la rjes zlos gnang rogs gnang
1)."'-
1)."" nga la jay dhoe nang rok nang Please repeat after me.

6. ~"-'~"""I
~"'·~"'%"I'''I~"
·"I%"I·"I~F
-'~''1~'''I''i"-'1
~"I~'''I'' i",'1 yang skyar gcig gsung rogs gnang
yang kyar chik soong rok nang Please repeat it once again (for me).

-,:-,
.c'·-·'
 lag ha go rna song
No, I didn't understand.
°pUelSlQPUn 1.Up!P I 'oN llUOS llW 08 eq gill
lags ha go rna song
:iiuos /JUI o:ii vlJ s:ii1J[
8. Ol"l'll','ilj""r"i"-'!
b~oti'o~o~olllb!tJ 08
Did you understand it?
i,l! PUelS1QPUn nOh P!G hellU llUOS 08 elj
ha go song ngay
ha go song ngas
sv:iiu :iiuos o:ii /J1f 1.&'J0'J~0~0f, °L
7. '5'~""i"-'"- "l"1
11)
>1/
 LES SON THREE
-
mq ' a:;e3i'I:
a:;c3i'l:!j~,;j'
lj~,;j' ~r

3.1 The Surm ounte d and Subjo ined Conso nants Drill

Tibeta n Trans lit. Pronu

ProDunciatio n Englis h
"i~~'l.ll
"i~~'l. dkrugspa Trook-pa
~ to shake
1J.§'lf'l.l'
Il.§"'l.l 'khrugpa Took-pa to quarrel
"i~llrl.l'
"i~llrl.l· dkrogpa Trok-pa to rattle
j'lf~l,f
j.,~l.j" sgrogspa Drok-pa to announce
<l~4~' bkrashis Tra-shi auspicious
/ j!3ill'
j!3i1J' khrom Tom market
;j' skra Tra hair
I!l'
J!l' khra Thra hawk
~'l.l' grvapa Dra-pa monk
;J'~"i' sgrasnyan Dram-nyen guimr
guitar
~'
~.
~
gru Dru boat
;Jr:;.' sgrung
~
~"i'l.l'
- skyid po
Droong
kyeet-po
story
happy
&"i"S'
&"i"s" sgyed bu gyet-pu oven
c<~...'<r
C<~""<r 'khyer ba khyer-wa to take
mke
~
~ ...'q'
.... q. skyer ba kyer-wa a wood
~q'
~q. skyo ba kyo-wa to be sad
6""f
i§'''f khyo ga khyo-ga husband
~...'Ji'
~""Ji' skyur mo kyoor-mo sour
~"i''J' rgyidpa gyit-pa tendon
;.;- (j'2jt:;' pivan g pi-wang lute
.rik·
'r'5r:;.· phabo ng pha-wong boulde r
~~''J' rgyaspa gyay-pa to increase
<l~"i' brgyad gyet eight
~r:;.'"i' spyan gki chang-ki jackal
~'lf'l:i'
~"'i:i' phyug po chyook-pa rich
Sill'll'l,f
SiIJ~·l.j" byams pa jam-pa love
IJ.l<ill'ij
Il.l<iIJ'ij' 'iamp o jaam-po soft
,-.to
Q'lf'!1'lf'
Q"'!1'" bragphug drak-phook cave
~f'S' sbrangbu drang-bn bees
"i'K'ij'
"i'K·ij· dbangpo ang-po senses
"iSr:;.'ll'
"iSr:;.~· dbyangs yIang tune
 81

de ISho
tsho nyi rna me tog yin gyi re I think those are sun flowers.

11. fic::fJ.e:.
fic::r:>.E:....· .;J'~'"\~'<il"\'1;:~' ':<'' \1
... ·.;r~·"\~·Ul"\·c:~r.:<."i1 khong 'jar ma ni nas yin nges red
khongjer rna ni nay yin ngey re He must be from Germany.

12."1' 'iifllJ' Ul"\'C: ~. ':<'' \'i1l

12."1· l·me. 'ilf'lj'<il"\'1;: ya tsho glang gog yin nges red
-f
ya ISho
tsho lang gok yin ngey re Those up there must be oxes.

13. fie.·l·~e.·~"\·r:>.~·1;:~·':<'''\1
fie.·l·~e.·~"\·fJ.~·C:~·':<'''i1 khong tsho sang nyin 'gro nges red
khong ISho
tsho sang nyin dro ngey re They must be going tomorrow.

14. ~·9rrs:·.;J·~d~·':<'''\1
~·9rrs:·.;r~e.·C:~·':<'''i1 zhi mi '0 rna thung nges red
shi mi ho rna thoong ngey re The cat must drink milk.
;'.
;'
--;

, 15. ~·~·.r,,,,·r.P'lr.r1;:~·':<'''\1
~·~c:.r,"'·'.r"ltrC:~·':<'''i1 de ring charpa
char pa bah nges red
de ring char pa bab ngey re It must rain today.

16. fi·~e.·Uj'lj·Uj"\·qi·r:>.5'lj
fi·~c:.·UjllJ·Uj"\·"Ii·fJ.51lJ kho drung yig yin bzo 'dug
kho drung yig yin w dook It appears that he is the secretary.

, 17. ""·"iiife.·.r, ...·t.j·qQ·Q~·r:>.5'lj

""·"\ilfe.·.r,... ·<I·QQ·"I~·fJ.51lJ do dgong char pa bab bzo 'dug
_J
do gong char pa bab zo dook It appears that it will rain tonight.

18. r:>.~·'lj~
fJ.~·IlJ~ ...·t.j·<il"\·QHm5'lj
...·<I·Ul"\·"Il~fJ.51lJ 'ill gsar pa yin bzo mi 'dug
'di
dhi sar pa yin zo mi dook It appears that this is not new.

3.4 Tibetan Verb

A verb shows action or denotes a state of being. In Tibetan to comprehend the meaning of a
sentence, one must be able to recognize the verb. As a monosyllabic language, a Tibetan verb comes
with a single syllable verb stem which can have various verbal affixes to suit the context, tense and
mood of the sentence. Tibetan verbs are not marked with number, gender and person of the subject
;'.
;'
or the object which considerably makes it an easy language. There are honorific verbs as there are
honorific nouns in Tibetan which will be dealt in a separate lesson. Tibetan verbs occur with or
without verbal affixes. Most verb stems chal]ge
change their spelling by prefixing an allowable prefix
consonant or suffixing (usually sa) to change their tense and moods. Infinitive form of Tibetan
verbs come with additive particles pa and ba ego

3.4.a Vocabulary Verbs

Tibetan Transliteration pronunciation English
~e..q'
~e. '''1'
~
thungba thoongwa to drink
r:>.~'q'
fJ.~'Q' groba drowa togo
-"" "~'fr.r
"~'ftr gyugpa yookpa to throw
q~~'t.j.
"I~~'<r btsugspa tsook-pa
lSook-pa to pierce
r:>.Q.q.
fJ.Q'''I' 'bri ba dri wa to write
~

Q'i!"\'t.j.
"I'i!"\. <1' bstanpa tern pa to show
r:>.~,,\.t.j.
fJ.~"i. <I' 'khridpa tree pa to guide
__0"

.......'
........
,
 82

"J,)q' <l'
"J')q' <r
~
gtubpa toob pa to chop
P.~"l'L1'
P.~"l'<,J' 'demspa dempa to elect
"i"Jp.' q'
"i"Jp.'q' dga'ba ghawa to like
"I"I~'q' gyarOO yaarwa to lend, borrow
"Irll' q'
"I(1J'q' yalOO yal wa to vanish

In spoken Tibetan, the verbal affix 5' gy~ q~"\' bzhin, ~' kyi or~' gi etc, are commonly used
in participle present and future tenses,
tenses. Action can happen at various times, namely present"past and
present"pastand
future, Tibetan verbs are generally expressed in three tenses called '.l'll'''J~''l' "dus gsum" which are "i'
'Irq- da lta
'Irq' P."i'll'<,J' das pa, past and m:k,'Il'<,J'
Ita ba, present, P."i'll'L1' m:k,'Il'L1' ma 'ongs pa, future tense. ~'!;,'
tense, If one says [;,'1;,'
!l~'arUi"i1 ngaja thung gi yod, (nga ja thoong gi yoe) it could either mean "1 drink tea" (present
!j[;,'i<j'Ui"i1
habitual) or it could mean "}
"1 am drinking tea" (progressive present).
present), However the prefered
progressive present form in modern Tibetan would be [;,'I;,'!j[;,'q~"\'Ui"i1
~'!;,'!l~'q~"\'Ui"i1 nga ja thung bzhin yod. We
will have a detailed lesson on tenses later,
later.

.ll[;,'q'
ll~'q' thungba (to drink) Infinitive
~

[;,'!j[;,'~'cJ:i"i'
~'!l~'~'cl:i"i' nga thung gi yod (I drink) Present habitual
q[;,'~'Uj"\'
q~,~,tlj"\'
~
nga thung gi yin (I'll drink) Future
]l'q'
Jl'q' zaOO
zaba (to eat) Infinitive
fl']l'q' ~"i'
fl'Jl'q' khoza ba red (He eats) Present
fl' Jl'~'
]l'~' ~"i' khozagired (he will eat) Future
q'lr q ' blaOO
blaba (to look) Infinitive
i9"i'q~'q'~"i khyod blta ba red (You look) Present habitual
i9"i'q~'~'~"i khyod blta gi red (You will look) Future

3.5 Vocabulary Nouns

1. ~"J'4"i'
~"J'4"i' rgyugshad gyookshe comb
2,
2. l'lJ"J'~q'
1'1J"J'~q' lag shub lagshoob hand gloves
£<'"1' ~'
~

3,
3. ~' jam rtse cham tse scissors
4, ~'l"i' chu tshod chu tsho watch (time)
5. ~q'~' ltebgri teb dri pocket knife
6,
6. mlll'''J!j'
m'lI'''Jlj' glog gzhu 10k shu torch
7,
7. 1'1J'"I'j'l'
l'lJ'"I'j'l' lamkha lam kha road
8, ~'''li5[;,'
~lr''1i5~' "lj'l"i
~
"lj'lOi glu gtong mkhan glu tong khen singer
9. "I~'"I'~[;,'
~

"J]l'"l'~~' gzim chung zimchoong bedroom

10, .llq'
10. llq' 0:;[;,'
a:;~' thabtshang thab tshang kitchen
11. ~"l'~'
\MIlj'~' lcog rtse chog tse table
12.
12, &q'~"J'
liJ<r~"J' skub skyag koob kyak chair
 Q,;:"F"1'
13. !:j,;:"F"1' branggog drang khog chest
14. ~'ll'.ij'
~'ll'.ij. pusmo poomo khee
15. ili'""!'
iii'",!' rla sha laa sha thigh
~'.ij'
16. ~ ..ij. grumo drumo elbow
i5",~",
17. i5".~". bodskad poke Tibetan language
,,9~'e.~·~,\·
18. ,,9~·e.~·~,\· dbyin ji'i skad injee ke English language

Location

/
/'- i9.
19. ili c: nr
ilit:::nr nangla nangla inside
20. ~'rli"1'(1j'
~'rll"1'nr phyi log la chi log la outside
21. ~c.'(1j'
~t:::1'r steng la teng la above, upstairs
-",;
-",. 22. 2j,,'1'r
2j"'(1j' shodla shot la below, downstairs
23. ZlJUl'll,g"1'll'nr
ZlJUI'll'g"1'll'nr gyas phyogs la yay chog la right
24. ZlJ Jiili'g"1'llW
ili·g"1'll·nr gyon phyogs la
La yon chog la left
25. ~c.'(1j'
~I::nr sgangla ghang la on top
26. r;:
0:Ilj'(lj'
llj'(1j' ogla hog la underneath
UI.o;.W
27. Ul"W yarla yarla upward
28. "J.o;,W
"J.o;.W marla marla downward
29. o.~'llW fa
'khris la ttee la nearby
.>J)ili W
30. .>l)iliW
30. mdunla doon la in front
31. ~qW rgyabla gyabla behind
32. ~crrli"1'llW
~crrll"1'll"(lj" rgyab logs la gyab log la behind

Verbs
/\
---.;-
1. q~'q' blta ba ta wa to look
2. =l'cr
-'I'cr zaba
mba zawa to eat
'~'l,J'
3. 'ili"4" nyanpa nyem pa to listen
-~

ii,,·l,J'
4. ii,,'<r sdodpa doepa to sit
5. <:l13~'ll'l,J'
<:l13~'ll'<r bzhugspa shookpa to sit (hon)
.,.j
6. <:l~c.'q'
<:l~I:.'q' bzungba zoongwa to hold
o.!'fq.
7. o.!'fq' 'bri ba dri wa to write
8. l3'q'
l3· q · zhuba zhu wa to request
9. <:It'\''1'l,J'
<:l~"1".r bzhagpa zhakpa to place
110.
O. <:l'llMl,J'
<:l'llM <r bsampa sampa to think
11. o.",,'q'
o.".o;.'q' 'darba dharwa to shiver
12. ciic.·q'
ciil:.·q· yongba yongwa to corne
13, ZlJ~"'l,J'
13. ZlJ~"'lJ' gcodpa cho pa to cut
14. ffillj'l,J'
ffillj'lJ' klogpa 10k pa to read

.,-"'
 ~4

15. :l"l·.c.r
':i~·.c.r dranpa drempa to remember
O1~'!.J'
16. O1"1' .c.r lenpa lempa to take
17. .>lie;,·q·
17. .>lic;,·q' mchongba chongwa to jump
18. P..IFq·
P.1Fq·
~
'thungba thoongwa to drink
19. mq·.c.r
ruq·!.J' slobpa lob pa to learn
P.9....·q
20. P.9....· 'byor ba Jorwa to arrive, receive

3.6 Expressions on the notion of time

1. jj'~' thorangs tho rang dawn

2. ~~. sngadro nga dro morning
,\'~c;,''i!'~'
3. '\'''Iqd' da nang snga dro da nang nga dro this morning
4. ~'~';"I''\:jr::.'
~·,~,c:;~·'\~r;;: de ring nyin dgung de ring nying goong this noon
;~''\~f'
5. ;"I''\:jr::.' nyindgung nyin goong noon
6. ~,~. phyidro chi dro afternoon
7. ,\ij[r::.''\''I'
,\il[<:.''\''I' dgongdag gongdak evening
8. 'i",\~r::.'
~,\~<:.' dadgong do gong tonight
9. ~"I'''I~' zhog kils zhok key morning
10, .>l~"I.gj.
10. .>l~~.gj' mtshanmo tshen mo
!Shen night time
11. .>l~"I''\:jr::.'
.>l~~·'\5<:'· mtshan dgwlg tshen gOQng
!Shen goong midnight
12, .>l,\r::.',\~r::.'
12. .>l,\<:",\~<:" mdangdgong dhanggong last night
13. ~e;,';"I'
~<:..;~, sang nyin sang nyin tomorrow
~'~"I'
"I~<:'~'~~'
14. "I"1e;, gnangs nyin naang nyin day after tomorrow
15~ F'~'
jil'~' khesa khesa yesterday
16. fl~';"I'''I'
fI~';~'''I' khasnyinga khey nyin ga day before
17. "I'~r::.'
~'~<:.' naning na ning last year
;~.
18. ;"1' nyima nyima day
19. q5"1'~"I'
q5~'~"I' bdunphrag doon trak week
;';;;'.,

20. Ii'q'
<i'q' zlaba dha wa month
21. .ij'll!"I'
,jj'll!"I' zla lhag dhalhak extra month
22. .ij·"I"I·
22.,jj'~"I' zlanag dha nak bad month (astral)
23. ~r::.'i4".
~<:"i4". sangphod sang phoe mextyear
ni·fi~·.>l'
24. ni·fi"l·.>l· 10 sngon nul
nUl 10 ngonma last year
25. ~'l'". chu tshod chu !Shoe
tshoe hour
26.
26.lij~',;r
lij.>;',;r skilr
skar nul
nUl karma minutes, star
27. ~"'''I' phyedkil cheka half
:ii~'!.J'nr
28. :il"l·.c.rnr zinpaln
zinpa/n zim pa la to (as in time)
29. Uinr"l~'
Uinr~~' yol nos yolnay past (as in time)
"I'l'",
30. "I'l'". ga tshod ga !shoe
tshoe what (as in time)

~
 85
31. "t.;
",.;fS<
fs;<\r
\j·. nam dus
32. ,)S
,,\S,); na m doo se as on
,,\;';'
dp yid ka
33. "\'j ch ee ka
')':1"t'f 'l'
",'['1' sp rin g
dg un kh a
''is,,'f
34. ,):1 ghoon kha
'l'
"'['1'
dbyarkha
wi nt er
35. Wili'j'I
li'j'l" ya ar kha su mm er
stan kha
sto
ton kha au tum n
1. t::m
t::rq-~'
uq-~'''r
·"'rr:>.
r:>.§j'~
§j·~'Uii
·UiiliJ
liJ
ng a lo b dr a la dr o gi yin nga slo
slab grva 1a
la 'gra
o gi yin
I wi ll go to th e scho ol.
o!. (Fu (Future)
2. t:'~q-1l
q-ffiIlJ
illJ'''l
'iir'di,
di"i)Jl
ng a lo b de b lo g gi yo e
nga deb Jdog gi yo ya d
I go to the sc ho o!
ol . (present nt habitual)
t:·e·~t:
3. t:'e .~t·.ij
:..ij"
"r:>.~t:
r:>.~t:.·Q~i
Q~ili·d
li 'dir
i"il:;1
nga ch u gr an g mo
ma 'thung bzhin
",,-;. ng a ch u th oo ng zh in yo hin yo
ya d
e I am dr in ki ng co ld
.... ........
4. t:·,,·
"·Ao."
')(i(,,:~
":~t:·t:·
fllflJ
·r:·o.
_
>.~~·u
rurrU/
....
U/iili
water. (present Progressive)
liJl
ng a ri dh ee gh an g la dr
nga ri di'i sg ang la 'gra
~.-:
~--.:
o ya yin o ya yin
I'll be go in g on top of
..V'."·
.'---
the hilL (Future Perfect)
/ a;·fll
5. t:. g'f lJ'~re
lreC:: 'flJ·r>
t:fll 't>,.§j§j'~
·~QQ"l'
"l·di'\
di,\1
l
"'" .... nga tsl
ISlw las kh un g la 'gro gr
'I),." nga sth o lay kh oo ng la abs yo
ya d
dro dr ab yo e We are ab
:~.~.,...
:~"~; ou t to go to the office.
(Future)
6. fii~fii~rr ~t: "'I""I~r:
~"i;'~
'~'' ~"il
<'"~ khas
os sh in g gc od
kh oe sh in g ch o ky i re ad kyi re d
He will cu t th e wood. (Fu
ture)
7. fiifiilll
~rU'Ujj·~'~'
·r>t>,.Q·
Q'QQ·~
'~",)1
\1
!lit>')
!lit"";
khos yi ge 'bri ba red
kh oe yi ge dri wa re
He wr ite s let ter s. (pr
esent Habitual)
8. fii"l·4t:·~·Q~" Q~i,·r
li·:>.
o.SS"l
"l
"'£ khas
os sh in g thu
kh oe ch u th oo ng zh in lh u bzhin
hin 'dug
do ok He is fet ching wo od . (Pr
esent Progressive)
.,ff>. ,jJ"l·
9. ,jJ< Q"~IlJ
\j' q-~ llJ'A~
·o.~'U
'U/I'~
' ~,)
"\1I
"'" mo e ba ch oo k jo ya re
mas ba ph yu g 10
mo 1a ya re d
She'll be mi lkIkin
ingg cow. (Future Perfect)
...,,".. fiit:·a
10. fit :·g·;·d
dit:
it:·~Q"
·~Ql·r:
~rr>.S;
:>.SIlllJJ
kh an
ong tsl
ISlw yo ng gr abs 'dug
kh on g tsh o ya ng dr ab
do ok They are about to come
. (Future)
,;d. ~·~'r:
11. ~'~ ·r:>.~
>.~<\j
"l·'..
..ecr~
r~·'~'
~'~~,)
"\1J zh i mi 'dis sh a za gi re d
zhi mi dh ee sh a za gi re
This ca t will ea t meat. (Fu
ture)
'-fd 'IIllJ·~"l·t
12. 'II1 "l·c;!Il
;jllJ·Q~i\t.
i\t.l·l·~~,)
"\II stad des lug bs od pa re d
taa g de y lo ok so e pa re
The tig er kills sh ee p. (pr
esent Habitual)
¢

Ie""

">;
1,_;

,,~::
,,~:.
 86

13. .>;'r>. ~~. ,!. ;l"':J~~'r>.'S"I

",·r>.~~·'!·;P'l~~·r>.'S"I ra 'dis rtsa
rlsa za 'bzhin 'dug
ra dhee tsa za zhin dook This goat is eating grass.

14. jii'i5"i"Ofr>.~'''l·~''i1
jil·i5"i"Clfr>.~·"I·~"i1 fa 'gro ya red
kho bod la
kho poe la dro ya re He will be going to Tibet.

<1l·r>.~·jii"r~q~'r>.'S"I
15. <li'r>.~'jil"l.~q~.r>.'S"I chu 'Iii khol grabs 'dug
chu dhi khol drab dook This water isabaut to boil.

16.r:..·1;~r:..·;~·~·r>.~~·~~'§'ill~1
16.e:.·l·~e:.·;~·~·r>.~~·~~·§·ilj~1 'plzrin nyan gyi yin
nga tsho sang nyin rlung 'phrin
tomorrow.
nga tsho sang nyin loong trin nyen gyi yin We will listen to the radio tomorrow,

d';·i5"i'~"i·~r:..'~·Ui"i1
17. e:.' ct· i5"i·~"i·~e:.·~·u:j"i1 nga tsho bod skad sbyang gi yod
nga Isho
ISho poe ke jang gi yoe We study Tibetan language.

18. r:..·"I~r:..·<.I'r>.l[q~~'Ui"i1
18.e:.·"I~e:.· q'r>.1[ q~~ 'u:j"il nga gdong pa 'khru bzhin yod
nga dong pa tm zhin yoe I am washing face.

19. r:..·g-"II1~·q'5r:..""l"ill~1
e:.·£-"II1~·q'5e:.""I"ilj~1 nga ISho
ts/zo gzhas btang ya yin
ISho zhay tang ya yin
nga Isho We will be singing.

20. r:..·g'OJ,>;·qii"i·~q~'Ui"i1
e:.·ct·.;J",·qii"i·~q~·u:j"i1 nga tsho mar bsdod grabs yod
ISho mar doe drab yoe
nga Isho We are about to sit down.

21. jile:.
jiir:..'''I!lJ.l" <1lr:..'~r:..'nm'S"I
'''I!lJ.l" <lie:.' ~e:."Clfr>. 'S"I khong gzim ehung
chung nang la
fa 'dug
khong zim choong nang la dook He is in the bedroom.

22. ~'~·Fr:..'<.If.i·~r:..'rli'r>.'S"I
~·~·Fe:.·qf.i·~e:.·ni·r>.'S"I tsi tsi khang pa'i steng la
fa 'dug
lSi lsi
lsi lSi khang pai teng la dook The rat is on the roof,
roof.

23. r:..·"I;~·OJ~"I~'iJ'Uir:..·~'Uj~1
e:.·'lJ;~·.;J~"I~·<:i·u:je:.·~·Uj~1 nga gnyis mgyogs po yong gi yin
nga nyee gyok po yong gi yin Two of us will come quickly.

jilt:.. ct'F'''l''l' !l'q~~'r>."i"l

24. jiir:..'g'F'''l''l' !l.q~~'r>."i"l
~
khong tsho kha lag za bzhin 'dug
'-,'-:,
'-,'"
khog tsho kha lag za zhin dook They are eating food.

25. e:.' g'~'''iiijr:..'

25, r:..' ct·~·"iiije:.· a;"I'<.I.>;'ffi"l'~'ill~1
a;"I·q"'·ru'lJ·~·ilj~1 nga tsho do dgong tshag par /dog gi yin
_.,:
ISho do ghong !shag
nga Isho tshag par log gi yin Tonight we will read newspaper.

26. ~6'~'OJ'>;'OJ,kii(""i1
~6·~·.;J",·.;J,kilj·~"i1 spre 'u de mar mehong gi red
tre'u de mar chong gi re The monkey will jump down.

27. '>;·~·Fr:..'<.Ir.;:
"'·~·Ft:.·qi:i.· ii"fF"Ofr>.'S"I
ii"fF"Clfr>.'S"I ra de khang pa'i thog kha la 'dug
ra de khang pai thog kha la dook The goat is on the roof of the house.

28. ~''Ijiir:..'~'>lF<.Ir'J:i5:''I'"m''i''l
~''Ijile:. '~'>lJe:.' qr'l.'i5:"I"Clfr>."i"l smyu gu khong gi kOl
kLl! pa'i 'og la 'dug
nyoog gu khonggi kang p;i hog la dook My pen is under his foot.
 ~ ,

29. ~<::'·~·$
~c;:~·$nrl'lf"i·ii
nrOf"i·iii·"i50i·1
i·"i50i·I'I·r.>.~·
'l·o.~·~·~· ~"\I
~,,\I khong phyi rgyalf a da 10 dgun kha 'gro gi red
khong chi gyalla da 10 goon kha dro gi re He will go abroad this winter .
30.. .lj'
30 .>;t;,.~<::
.lj·.>;C· ~t:.·J[~,
..J[ ~"\I
,\1 tho rang grang mo red
tho rang drang mo re It is cold in the dawn.
~<::.·g·i;§·g,,\·q~·
31. ~t:.·g·~· g,,\·q~·ll.l·C'lJ·U
.l·nrUit:i<::'·~·~"
.·~·~,,\1\1 khong tsho chu tshod bcu pa la
'<f."-~".
'<f. '-~".
Ia yang
yong gi red
khong tsho chu tshoe chu pa la yang yong gi re They will come at ten o'cloc k.
,,;-, 32. ~<::.'g·"i
~t:.. g·"i·'1rr.
,,;-,
·'1i·o.~·
>.~·~·rl.5
~·(),5'lJ
'lJ khong tsho 'da Ita gro gi 'dug
khong tsho tha ta dro gi doak
dook They are going now.
';-C,
<::.·..,iiji·~·r.>.5'l
33. C":..,iij·0 ·0i·~·O'5'lJJ nga mgo na gi 'dug
,. -
nga gho na gi dook I have a headache.
34. S'I'l'C'll
S·I'I·Cll'lJ·~·q~Oi"
'lJ'~'q~Oirl."i'lJ
'(),"i'lJ
\;c.;
\;'-.

~
bu kha lag za bzhin 'dug
bu kha lag za zhin dook The son is eating food.
-!i:,',
S·J[o.~·~·~·Uit:.·
35. S·J[r.>.~ ·Ui<::'·~~·rl.5'lJ
·(),5'lJ
-\i:"

bu mo 'di ru yong gi 'dug

bu mo
rna dhi ru yang gi dook The girl is comin g here.
tt.o;i
ti-.";i
c;: g'C'll'~·.J
36. <::.' g"Cll"~·.jjj·'1!.·(),5
·'1!.·rl.5''lJlJ nga tsho fa zhi mi lnga
Inga 'dug I
nga tsho la zhi mi nga dook We have got five cats. .
...
f4
3.7 Exerc ises of Lesso n Three

(a) Write the subjoined and surmounted consonants which are prono unced
~~~-:
i:"<"c' same as:
ca cha jl nya tta
tra tha dra
(b) Write the four labial consonants which take the subjoined ya.
(c) Write down the suffixes which modifies the sound of the root letter.
;;,,~
(d) Write down the consonants which can not be modified by prefix
es or surmounted letters and
explai n why. ._
(e) Write down the consonants which take subjoined la.
lao
;;0;:
>;0;:

(1) Trans late into Tibetan:

"
K~
K'.i 1. We have seven dogs.
;'.{'
,--~:' 2. He has one deer.
3. They are eating food.
Gt;."i-
4. I will be going there.
~':G-
5. My book is on the table.
6. Yester day was Tuesday.
7. She will go tomorrow.
~;fl. 8. I will read this book tonight.
9, The girl has a headache.
10. I am learnin g Tibetan.
,.:
fuN
(g) Expre ss and memorize the following Tibetan names:

~ 1. Tashi Tsheri ng q~'

q~'4"l'4"1'",'
-
",'.>;C'
:;.>-
.>;t;,. bkra shis tshe ring (m.)
2. Dondr up Gyatsh o ;;;Oi '(),~<r$'
'rl.~q'$' JIg. dan 'grub rgya mtsho (m.)
~
 ISIS

3. Kunga Khedrup 'j"i"""Ir.>." "Jfl'\r~(r

'j"i"""Ir:>." o>JF'\r~(r kung dga' mkhas grub (m,)
(m.)
4. Nyatri Tsernpo "I,?r:>.'~"q;5""i,q.
"I,?r.>..~"q;5""i"q. gnya' khri btshan po (m.)
5. Songtsen Garnpo ~c.'
~c..q;5""i'~o>J.q.
q;5""i'llI"J'q' blsan sgam po (m.)
srong btsan
6. Perna lungnay
Jungnay Q"'''J'r:>.~c. '''I''iZ\j'
Q""o>J'r.>.~C.'''I''i~' pad ma 'byung gnas (m.)
7. llamo Dolkar ~'~'~n.r""1""
~'~'~n.r""I",' Iha mo sgroi dkar (f)
iha (f.)
8. Ngodrup Wangmo "e:Z\j'~-Q'
~'~.Q' "qc.',;f lingos grub dbang mo (f)
(f.)
9. Migrnar Dolrna ~"j"" <lJ.... ~n.r "J"
~"1""«J""~n.r "f mig dmar sgrolma (f)
(f.)
10. Yangchen Butree S'f).~"·
"9C. ~·';"i·S·r.>.~,,·
"9C.Z\j',;"i' dbyangs can bu 'khrid (f)
(f.)

3.8 Useful Expressions

c..a;. a:;c.·"J'''J,?''J,q'ili''l'~1
1. c.'a;. a:;c.·o>J·o>J,?o>J·q·ili"l"~' klog do
nga tsho tshang ma mnyam po !dog
nga tsho tshang rna nyam po 10k tho Let us all read it together.

2. 6",-<..c;.·"I~"I'
6,,·-<..c;.·"I~"I· ::'ili"l'''I''ic.'"c.·1
::·ili"l""I"ic.·"c.·, khyed rang gcig pu !dog
klog gnang dang
khye
kbye rang chik pu 10k nang dang Please say it alone by yourself.

3. "i~c. '''''1 dgongdag

gongdak I am sorry. (purify your thoughts)

"I"iil'S"'~'
4. "j"Ul' o>J" ~'"
S,,·~· "J" ga ye byed kyi rna red :':"."

ga ye je kyi rna re It does not matter.

"I·ii:l·ili"l·"I"ic.·"c.·,
5. "I'ii:l'ili"l·"I"ic.'"c.·1 ga ie klog gnang dang
Ie !dog
ga Ie 10k nang dang Please read slowly.

6. r:>.~·"\Z\j'ili"l·"I"ic.'"c.·1
r.>.~·",~·ili"l·"I"ic.·"c.·, 'til
'di tzasklog
nas!dog gtzang
gnang dang
dhi nay 10k nang dang Please read from here.

7. "I'll"i'''I''ic.'"J' ~c.'c. Z\jl

"I~"i'''I''ic.'o>J'~c.'c.~, gsan gnang ma song ngas
sen nang rna song ngey Didn't you hear me (han,)?
(han.)?

8. c.Z\j'Ulc.·~",·ilj"l'i"l
c. ~·UlC. '~","ilj"l'i"l ngas yang skyar kiog
klog chog
ngey yang kyar 10k chok I can read it again (for you),
you).
 ~y

"

m
mQ' -
LESSON FOUR
1:::)" .:6
~
.t.I!I
Q!C\''I;,J
~ .L;j!C\
.:6~'

i.'i~-"
<-.-;.
4. 1 Substitution Drills

1. ~~·I·"I"1"1·~·~·.;j·
~~·I·"I"I"I·~·~·.;j· :0:.", di tsho gyag gi rnga rna
ma red These are Yak tails.
"
~: ."
~"I'~'l1:I"I'!r<J'
~"I'~'l1:I"I'!r<J' lug gi lpags
!pags pa sheep skin
"9'q~''''''~'
'9'q~''''''~' sha ba'i ra co deer horn
qrlf<:jA'~~~'
qnrij~·~~~· balpo'i
bal po'i sbrang rtsi Nepalese honey
~-.-

ClJ"I·<JA·~Q·.;j·
Cll"l·<J~·~Q·.;j· lag pa'i grib
grw ma hand's shadow

~,,:: .
2. ~'I'C1J'''''l'''''''IrilC1J'''I~Mril",
2. c;: 1'Cll'''''l....·''Id'iCll·''I~''fd'i,,' nga tsho la dkar gyol gsum yod We have three porcelain bowls.
~q..;jc;..ij.
~q'.;j~.q. debmangpo many books
/,;~>J-
1,;:". ~"I~'I'
~"I~' q'F'"9'!l'
ii'F''9~' grogs pa kha shas some friends
~. ~"I'q,,"t'
~"I.q,,"t. Ide mig bdun seven keys
~

j),IXc· 'iI'~Sj
'II'~Sj sta re dgu nine axes

3. f~·nr~·';r~·~5"1
fc;.W~·';j'~·~5"1 khong la zhi mi mi 'dug He does not have cats.
~
i)'''I~'!l'
'i'''l~~' rta gnyis two horses
f'l"l'.;jc;.'
fl"l" ij.
"It:.'<:j' khabmangpo many needles
1>*,'
1>*' l1i.;j"~"I'''Ii5''1
!1i"f~"I'''Ii5<lJ lham gog gcig one pair of boot
,. <J,,'4<lJ
<J"'"9"1 pad shag money
:;s~j:
:;s~l:

4. ~·Ol·51·jJ·.;j~·q·jJ"l
c;.wS·jJ·.;jc;.·ij'jJ", nga la bya mo mang po med I do not have many chicken.

.?tt{'
.?!l{i
4"1"
-9"1" shog gu paper
~Q'~ lteb gri pocket-knives
~'~"1
~'~"I zhasmyug
zha smyug pencil
!i;.~
!i.,~
~nf tirel mule
~"I'<J' rtsigpa wall
~

4.2 The Combined Auxiliary Verb Ui,,·~,,· Oi,,·~S yod red

~'j
The compound auxiliary verb ril,,·~,,·
d'i".~". yod red represents there is, there are, there will be, there
were, they have, he has etc. to express existence. It is mainly used for present habitual as we have
already seen in the previous lesson. ril,,· yO,d signifies existence and mainly possession meaning "to
Oi,,· YO,d
~~~
~~* have" ego ~'nr~'lJ"a"l'ril",
c;.W~"l·a"l·d'i", nga la lug drug yod; I havq six sheep (I to sheep six there are) and red as we
have already seen means it is, he is, she is, they are, they were etc. When the subject is affixed with
la .......yod can be used to express what there is in the speaker's possession ego ~'nr~'ril",
c;.'Cll'~'d'i"i. nga la
:;:,;.~
:;:,,~
so yod, I have teeth (to me teeth/tooth there is/are),
is/are). To express what a third person has red is
"
\;ti;

~
t@
 90

yo<! ego ~I;;.·OJ"~

suffixed to the yod ~I::. ·Clj·<\l·U
"Ul,,·
i,,· ~"I khong la so yadyod red, he has teeth (he to tooth/teeth there is/are)
Unless it is explicitly expressed, <\l'''I ~""Ii5"1
i5 ' 1 so gcig one tooth, it is usually considered plural.
4.3 The Comb ined Auxil iary Verb' yod dug

But it is different with the second person. ~"'Clj'<\l~""OJ·~"r:t)"I

.r:t)"I khyad
khyod ia la so 'dug (you to tooth/t
tooth/teeth
eeth there
is/are), for instance means "You have teeth" when the speaker is certain
that he himse lf saw the
person he is speaking to has teeth. Yad'd Yod'd ug can also be used as an auxiliary verbal compound
mainly in third person to express a sense of discovery or finding out
about something. This can also
be used for the second person by suffixing "I ga to express what one
knows about what the person II
doing or w~lI b~ doing" doing. It can be used for reporti
reportiv:..e.r
v:.,er~~ent ent as well as for definite future. However
by using r:t~""" ",,"r:t'5"1'''1
r:t~'"'' "".r:t'5"1 '''1 'gro
'gra ya red 'dug ga and r:t~'''I"''l
r:t~'''I'''l''"r:t'5''1"
'''r:t'5''1'''I
''I 'gro gi yod 'dug ga both makes
definite future. The tenses are usually indicated by the second syllable
after the verb 'gro.

Ist perso n I;;.WUl"

I::. wUi"11 ngaia yod
ngala I to have (I have)
2nd perso n ~",wr:t"
~"iwr:t"'''1
i"l
~
khyod la 'dug You to there is (you have)
3rd perso n ~I;;.
~I::. WUl"'"
wUi"i· ~"I khong la yod red He to there is (He/she has)
4.3.a Exam ples

~"'"~I;;."
~"i'~I::.. ~I;;.wr:t
~I::. wr:t~·
~"~"Ul"'
~'Ui"i'r:t
"r:t )"1""1
)"1'''1 khyod gung seng la fa 'gro gi yod 'dug ga
khyo goong seng la Ia dro gi yoe doog ga I realize that you are going away for holiday,
y.
~""~I;;.' ~I::.
~"i'~I::.' ~I;;."rlrr:
'rlrr:t~'''
t~'''l'~"'
l' ~"i'r:t
"r:t'5"1'''1 khyod gung seng la 'gro ya red 'dug ga
khyo goong seng la dro ya re doog ga I found out that you are going away for a holiday.

~"l" "r.,.,
~"l. "fl.'"iI::."O
<1)I;;."OJ"jJ
J' jJ'i5"1'"
'i5"1"""l,,' Zi'Ul"'" ~"'I
"l,," Zi'Ui"i' ~"il ldum ra'i nang la me tog dmar po yod red
dhoom ray nang la me tok maar po yoe re There are red flowers in the garden,.
JilQ" <1)1;;."ri
lil<:t jJ-Ui,,' ~"'I
"i1::.· riJ'J"j)-Ul"" ~"il thab nang ia
la me yad
yod red
thab nang la me yoe re There is fire in the stove.
~I;;.·OJ"
~1::.'Clj. !:l'''I~''l
!;l'''I~''l'Ui",
'Ui,," ~"I khong la bu gsum yod red
khong la bu soom yoe re He has three sons"
sons.
Ji"~·"'~I;
Ji·~·"i~I::.·r:t~'
;.·r:t~"~"Ul",· ~"I
~·Ui"i· rno do dgong 'gro gi yodre d
mo
rna do ghong dro gi yoe re She is leaving tonight.
'OJ"~ "r"lC;
I;;.I::.·nf~ Zi"Ul"'1
q""lc;"'Zi'Ui"i1 nga ia
la deb mangp o yod
nga la deb mang po yoe I have many books.
q'll<1)·~~<1)Nfll;;
"'II"i' "iw!'ll::.."<r"l~z;
· Q""I~z;rrr:t'5"1
r:t'5"1 bstan 'dzin la lag pa gnyis 'dug
ten dzin la khang pa nyee doog Tenzin has two houses.
I::.W~l;l"~I;
I;;. w~z;r~l:;."
:.· <>II;;."Zi"U
<>II::.' Zi'Ui,,1
l"1 nga la
fa gos thWIg
thung mang po yod
nga la goe thoong mang po yoe I have many trousers.
 91

~c: £·Of"l"l"l·\!!'" "1~r~r.:;· ~r.:;1

~e.'£'or"l"l"l'\!!.'''1~r~r.:;'~r.:;, khong tsho la
La gyag lnga
Lnga brgya yod red
,../ khong tsho la yak nga gya yoe re They have five hundred Yaks.
Yaks,
'"
~·",·~c;·~"i·~c;·9·~r.:;·~r.:;1
~,,,,, ~e. '~"i '~e. '9'~r.:;' ~r.:;, nyi ma sang nyin yang
yong gi yod red
nyi rna sang nyin yong gi yoe re Nyima is coming tomorrow.
tomorrow,

"I"i"'·Oj·llI...·.JJ'f'l' "'1"l'r>.5"1
"I"i",'or:;f-".',;j'f'l' ",,!"rr>. 5"1
5,
naam la kar rna kha shay doog
gnam la
La skar rna kha shas 'dug
There are some stars in the sky.

[§r.:;'or ~"'·"I5"1'
[§r.:;w ~-".'''I'i''1' 2£r>.5"1
2£r>. 5"1 khyod la sor gdub lnga 'dug
khyodLasorgdublnga'dug
"f" khyoe la sor doob nga doog You, have five rings.
rings,

[§r.:;'Oj'r.:;s OJ' ~Oj' ,;j'

Br.:;'orr.:;sor~or ""r>.5"1'''I~'
r>.5"1'''1"ll khyod la dngul sil ma 'dug gas
KS/ - khyoe la ngoo see rna doog gay Do you have some change?

.Ji·r>.~w:Jr~·~r.:;·r>.5"1
.Ji'r>. ~'or:ll' ~'~r.:;'r>.5"1 mi 'til La gla
'di la gLa rtsi yod 'dug
l5.'i: mi dhi la laa tsi yoe doog It seems that
thai this man has (some) musk.
musk,

~.
~'''ie. OJ' ~r.:;'r>. 5"1'"I"ll
"ic;.'or~r.:;'r>. 'i"l'''I~' kho nang la yod 'dug gas
~(;:;,
kho nang la yoe doog gay Is he at home?
,..:~
. :,,:~
~ gEO 'r>.~.
'r>.~' a;' ij' ~r.:;·r>.5"1'''I''l1
~r.:;'r>.5"r"l~' ja 'til
'di tsha po red 'dug gas
"",-,.J-'"
..-..-,.J-'
ja dhi tsha po re doog gay Is this tea hot?

i:l~'.
4.4 Negation
Known as r.:;"I"I'~ dgag sgra in Tibetan, there are mainly four negative particles used in Tibetan as
oppossed to the four affirmative auxiliary verbs we have already discussed. There are two negatives
.JJ ma and ~ mi that are prefixed to the auxiliary verbs or placed between the main verb and the
,;j

auxiliary verb and the other two, j'j"i' min and .j)r.:;'
,j)r.:;' med are postpositined to verbs.
verbs, There are other
negatives but these four will suffice for the time being.
being,
fl~

-
Affirmative Auxilaries
:is
"'-'\'
Negative Auxiliaries
J,f~r.:;'
J.f~r.:;'

~"i'
ii,';;
Ul"i' .Ji"i'
1'A5"1
1.5"1 Mr>.5"1
i
~,r ~r.:;' .j)r.:;'
,j)r.:;'

4.5 Examples of Affirmative and Negative Sentences

c;'~"1'
e. 'ru"1' ~"I'cij"i'
~"I'Uj"i' nga slob phrug yin
nga lob took yin I am (a) student.

c;'r.:;~''li"i'
e.'r.:;~''li''i'.Ji''i'
j'j"i' nga dge rgan min
nga ge ghen min I am not (a) teacher.

cW5"l·lr.:;·~r.:;I
e.'I'll'5~'lr.:;'~r.:;, nga la
La dus tshod yod
E0 nga la due tshoe yoe I have (some) time,

r
&;J,
 7L-
7"-

"\

t:.'or'<:'lj"rt.j' ~'\I
t:. 'or '<:'lj"f r.r .Jl,\1 nga ia rogs pa med
nga la
Ia rok pa me I have no companion.
companion,

t:. 'or~'lj"l'
'or~'lj"l'ij'<>Jt:.'ij'Ul,\'
iJ· <>It:.. iJ·"i,\·"-'\1
"',\1 nga ia grogs po mang po yod red
nga la drok po mang po yoe re I have many friends.
friends,

t:.'OJ'lj'Ul,\'<>J'''-,\I
t:.·OJ·lj·"i,\· <>1'''',\1 nga ia ku shu yod ma red
ngaia
nga la ku shu yoe rna re I do not have apples.

t:.'OJ'~',:.r~'lj'r:l.,\'lj
t:. 'OJ'~'J:.r~'lj'r:l.,\'lj nga la smyu guzhig 'dug
nga la nyu g;; zhig doog I have a pen.

t:.·OJ· 4t:.'5'lj'~'r:l.,\'lj
t:.'OJ' 4t:.·5'lj·~·r:l.,\'lj
~
nga la shing tog mi 'dug
nga la shing 10k mi doog I do not have fruits.

B'\'~'<>JQ'~'lj"l'ij'
B,\'~' <>IQ'~'lj"l' iJ· "',\1
"-'\1 khyod nyi ma'i grogs po red
khoe nyi may drok po re You are Nyima's friend.

B'\'OJ'~'~fl'"'l"l'Ul,\'
B'\'OJ'~'~fl' "'l"l'''i,\' "-'\1
"',\1 khyod la zhi mi kha shas yod red
khyoe la zhi mi kha shay yoe re You have some cats,
cats.

B,\·OJ'/'ll;.' t.jf.;,'~' ~'lj'Ul,\'.;r

B'\·OJ·!'lI:.·l.If.;,·~· ~'lj'''i,\'.;r "',\1
"-'\1 khyod la khang pa'i ide
Ide mig yod rna red
khyoe la khang pay dhe mik yoe rna re You do not have the house keyes).

B'\·OJ·I:.i'J.·fl· St:.·r:l.:i'lj
B,\·OJ'I;.i'J.'fl'St:.'r:l.:i'lj khyod la nga'i kha sbyang 'dug
khYOd
khyoe 1a
la ngay kha jang doog You have got my address,
address.

i§,\nrt:.i'J.·t.j,.: "'''l'~r:l.,\'lj
i§'\nrt:.i'J.·l.I ...·... "l·~(.l,5'lj khyod la nga'i par chas mi 'dug
khyoe fa
la ngay par chh
chay mi doog I You do not have my camera.
camera,

i§'\'nr ~q''lj~<>J'Ui'\I
i§,\'nr ~q·'lj~<>I·Ui'\1 khyod la deb gsum yod
khyoe la deb soom yoe I have three books for you,
you.

i§,\'nr'lj~"l'~nr
i§,\'nr'lj~"l' ~nr .1),\1 khyod la gnas tshui
tshul med
khyoe la nay tshoo me I do n()t
not have (any) news for you.

.<if.i'lll'<>J'<il~'
f§,\' .ijf.i'IIl'<>I'<il~'l.I'
t.j' "-'\1
"',\1 khyod mo'i a ma yin pa red
khyoe moi a rna yim pa re You must be her mother.

f§,\'~' ~'lj"l'.<i'<il~'
~'lj"l' .ij'<il~'l.I'.;r "-'\1
t.j'.;r "',\1 khyod kho'i grogs mo yin pa ma red
khyoe khoi drok mo yim pa rna re You mustn't be his girl friend.

f§,\'OJ' <il'~' <>It:..

<>Jt:.'ij,"l,\'r:l.'\'lj
iJ·"i,\·(.l,,\'lj khyod la
fa yi ge mang po yod 'dug
~.
 93
/'

khyoe la yi ge mang po yoe doog It seems there are many letters for you.

Ie'
6,\'(lfQtil\'.q'Ui,\'Jj'r:>.Sllj
6"'(lj' "til)·.<rUi,,· Jj·r:>.SIlj khyod la brngan
brngall pa yod mi 'dug
khyoe la ngem pa yoe mi doog It seems there is no gift for you,
you.

f"-'mQ'~~''\~'''il\'~'\1
f"- 'ru"'~~'''~'''il)' ~"I khong
khOllg sol grva'i dge rgan red
khong lob drai ge ghen re He is (a) school teacher.

:i; f"-'mQ'~~'''i~'''il\'llj~~' <r,;;'

f"-'ru"'~~'''i~'''il)'Ilj~~' <r6l' ~'\I
~"I khong sol grva'i dge rgan gsar pa ma red
khong lob drai ge ghen sar pa rna re He is not (a) new school teacher.
t;. f"-'(lj'"-' a;;~
f"-'(lf"-' ..q~'r:>.'Sllj
a;;~·lJ~·r:>.'S1lj khong la nga tsho'i par 'dug
khong la nga tshoi par doog He has our photographs.

ti '(If"-" a;;~'.q~'
f"-
f"-W"-' a;;~ 'lJ~' Jj'r:>.Sllj
Jj·r:>.SIlj khong la
La nga tsho'i par mi 'dug
khong la nga tshoi par mi doog He does not have our photographs,
photographs.

f"-W
f"-'[1J' i5'[1Jllj'~"-'
i5'(ljIlj'~"- ·lJ·"lIlj·;:j·Ui"i·r:>. SIlj
.q'''lllj';:j'Ui''i·r:>.Sllj
khong la ca lag rnying pa yag po yod 'dug
khong la cha lag nying pa yag po yoe doog It seems he has good quality antiques.

f"-'(lfi5'[1Jllj'~'.q'''l''l';:j'Ui,\jj-r:>.'S''I
f"-'(lj·i5·(ljIlj·~·lJ·Ul"l·;:j·Ui,\jj-r:>.'S"I khong ta
la ca lag rnyingpa yagpo
rnying pa yag po yod mi 'dug
khong la cha lag nying pa yag po yoe mi doog It seems he doesn't have good quality antique,
antique.
w-
f"-'[1J'Il'ri~'Ui'\1
f"-·r>.j·Il'ri~·Ui"1 khong la
La a char yod
khong la achor yoe I have (a) towel for him.
ifi
f"-'
f"-W[1J' Q!3llj~'~'
"!3Ilj~'~' .ii"il
Ji"il khong la bzhugs sa med
~~~ khong la zhook sa me I have no place for him (her) to stay,

f"-'"-~'ih'<5'~'\1
f"-'"-~' ,:b'<5'~"1 khong nga'i tsha bo red
~ khong ngai tsha vo re He is my nephew.

f"-·"-f.\· ,:b,,·;:j·Jjil)1
f"-'"-f.\'ihQ';:j·Jjil\1 khong nga'i tshab po min
iii,;;
khong ngai tshap po min He is not my representative.

~ f"- 'r:>.§C-~'~'f'l';;~' il)~'Ulil\'.q'

'r:>.§C-~' ~'F6l~' il\ ~'illil) 'lJ' ~'\I
~"I ,khong 'khrungs sa khams nas yin pa red
khong troong sa kham nay yim pa re I gather /lis birth-place is Kham (region).
i
(4 f"- '5'llj~'
'5'1lj~'"'illil)'lJ' 6l' ~"il
Q'Ulil\'.q',;;' khong rgya gar ba yin pa rna red
khong gya gar wa yim pa rna re He (she) mustn't be an Indian,
Indian.

f"-' "I'"
[1J' 4'lf"l"l~'
f"-·r>.j·lJ,,· 4"1""IUl~' "l'Ui,,·r:
"l·Ui,,· r:>.'S"I
. 'S"I khong la pad shag gyar ya yod'dug
khong la pe shak yaar ya yoe doog It seems he has the money to lend.

f"- W "I'" 4"1'''I''l~'''l'Ui,\' Jj'r:>.S"I

f"-WlJ"·4"1·"IUl~·Ul·Ui,,·Jj·r:>.S"I khong la pad shag gyar ya yod mi 'dug
khong la pe shak yaar ya yoe mi doog It seems he does not have the money to lend.

~j
 94

4,6 Participation Drills

Affirmative
C'.. _-.
"--- ~z:;;.,
-.
-..
r:l. z:;;.' a;' ~f'll' ~z:;;.l
t:l.z:;;.'a;'
-..1
c...
Negative
"'- ~-
t:l.~'
~_

r:l.~' a;'~f'll'a.l'
_

a;'~f'll'a,j' ~~1
~~,
-
_
-..1
Co..
-... c... -...
'lIj'e:: ar ~
....... c... ~ ~ ~

z:;;.'I:lj Ooll:lj 'I:lj'

z:;;. 'lIjOolllj z:; .1
~z:;;., ~'I:ljUlI:lj'I:lj·e:.' a,j' a,j' ~z:;;.1
~ 'lIjOolllj'lIj'e;.' a.lW ~z:;;.,
c... c... eo... ...,;
~'Jj'S'fi'iI:ljW
~' JJ' S't1'illjW Jj.t:l.~1:lj
C'..

~'a.l'
~'a,j' ~'f'llI:lj'l'lI't:l.z:;;.1:lj
~'f'llllj'nmz:;;.lIj JJ' r:l. ~lIj
t::..'a.ll:lj'-... ~ ~

.3i 'I:lj't:l.z:;;.1:l
t::.. ' a,jllj' <3i 'lIj' r:l. z:;;.lIjj
"
t::..'a.lI:lj'<3i
...". C'\()

t::..'a,jllj'~ 'l:lj'a.l't:l.~1:lJ
'lIj'a,j'r:l. ~I:!j
co...
co... "

- -_co..._
~Wz:;;.Sf'll'~z:;;.,
t::..' a;Wz:;;.Sf'll'Ulz:;;.1
__ Y'
~ ¥
"
_"'-_
---
t::..' a;W~Sf'll'
a;W~Sf'll' a.l~1
__v
~...".
~
a,j~'
"
__ __e-..-.
c...-...
t::..' a;'~'~I:ljt::..'t:l.~'I:lj'Ul~1
a;'~' ~lIjt::.. 'r:l.~'lIj'Ool~' t::..' a;S~I:ljt::..
a;S~lIjt::.. '(:l,~'I:lj'
'(:l,~'lIj' a.lz:;;.1
a,jz:;;.,
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

a,j' ~'1TJ'
t::.. '@j' a.l' <3i ~'Ul<3il
~''1j'.3i ~'Ool~' a,j' ~'1TJ'
t::.. '@j' a.l' ~''1j' <3i~'
~~' a.l<3i1
a,j~'
__ co....
e-.... __ c... eo...
C'...c....
c... """-
~

.......
....... C\.,.....-!
C\.,.....-! "-"
a;'t::..r:l.'Ool~'
z:;;.1:mz:;;.' a;'t::..t:l.'Ul<3il z:;;. .Q't:l.~'
.Q'r:l.~' a;'t::..t:l.'a.l<3i1
a; 't::..r:l.' a,j~'
-... ~
~ ... ~~'I:.I' ~~' a.l'a,j'r:l.z:;;.lIj
...", _
~
c...
~

flt::..'<3iz:;;.' I;J' ~z:;;.'t:l.z:;;.1:lj

jIlt::..' ~z:;;.'I:.I' ~z:;;.'r:l.z:;;.lIj

S' r:l. ~z:;;.' (lj' 7Tj tt::..

S't:l.z:;;.W7Tj
~ " -...
'1:.1' Ool z:; . ,r:l. z:;;.lIj'lIj
::..'l;J'Ulz:;;.'t:l.z:;;.I:lj'1:lj
~
jIlt::..' <3i~'I;J'
flt::..'
~
~

S't:l.z:;;.'f'll'7Tj
t:l.z:;;.1:lj
... "
S'r:l. z:;;.'f'll' 7Tjt::..'I;J'Ulz:;;.'a.l't:l.
- ~

::.. '1:.1' Ool z:;;.' a,j' r:l.~I:lj'1:lj

~
~

~lIj'lIj
~

c...
eo.. -.. e-..
c... -... "
...... ""'- ...... eo... ...... "
eo...
t:l.z:;;.'I:lj~ ~'!,<r 1;1 ~' a.l'
r:l.z:;;. 'lIj ~ ~'~'l;j~' a,j' ~z:;;.'t:l.~I:lj'1:lj
~ z:; . ,r:l. ~lIj 'lIj r:l.~'lIj~~'~' ~~' a.l'
t:l.~'I:lj~~'~' a,j' ~~' a,j't:l.~I:lj'1:lj
-
...flt::..
___
...... ~
...- "" - ...
'nrml:lj'l:lj~ 'Ul~l
jIlt::.. 'nrmllj'lIj~' Ool~'
" e-....
c...
-.
.......
.......
.......
~
"
~
-... -...
jIlt::.. 'nrr;]I:lj'I:lj~'
flt::..
"
~
.;,j'r:l.~lIj'lIj

'nrflJlIj'lIj~' a.lz:;;.\
a,jz:;;.,
~ "

z:;;.' a;'f'll~' Sz:;;.'Ool~' L,r ~z:;;.1

a;'f'll~' Sz:;;.'Ul<3i'I;J' ~z:;;., ~' g'f'll~'§~'Uj<3i'I;JW ~z:;;.1
~'~'f'll~'§~'Uj~'I:.I'a.j' ~z:;;.,

Translation
These are mules.
mules, These are not mules.
That is Yak tail. That is not Yak tail.
The cat is outside. The cat is not outside.
outside,
r have a headache. r do nbt
not have a headache.
We have money. We do not have money.
We are going tonight. We are not going tonight.
r am from America. r am not from America.
These are my books. These are not my books,
He is sick. He is not sick.
sick,
This birds seem to have legs,
legs. This bird does not seem to have legs.
This spoon seems to be made of gOld. This spoon does not seem to be made of gold.
rI have torch for him. rI do not have torch for him
They are officials. They are not officiaL
official.

4,7 Vocabulary

Nouns:
ldumra garden ~;;j'"'""
thab stove .ilL<'
mangpo many "J[;: <j-
aJ[;:i:j-

gnam sky "I",;;j'

 95
=----
"-----

skarma star l\l"o6l

~,,06l0
O

gosthung ilj~r
ilj~r!le:.
Ile:.00
,
,;;,
trousers
- ~

mgama
rngama tail E.W
dre1
dreZ mule ~r~o
/
4e:.o~~
;;:.~
;;:~
shing tog fruit
skudpa thread ~"oLJo

'lJ~~~rlio
<IJ~~~rlio
gzugs po
lortags
body
year sign -
(lJ0? 'l)'If
nJ"I')'l)'ll°
til°j'l6l~o
10khams
lokhams year element til°fl6l'll°
k'
tshespa date ~~rLJo
~~oLJo

bodtshes Tibetan date (l"o ~'ll0

(l"o~~o
Li.:
spyi 10
Zo C.E.
C.Eo ~otilo
~°til°
bodrgya11o
bodrgyaZlo Tibetan year (l"o ~nJ"til°
~nftil°
L"c.- zhingpa farmer ~e:.°LJo

dpecha prayer book ,,'l0a;o

Adjectives
lasslapo (lJ~0!ll0l:i0
rll'll°!il°l:jo
easy
~--
khagpo difficult j'I'l)0 t:i0
fl'l)°
rna po
rnopo ~olio
" sharp
t4- .'
'"",;, thungpo short ~e:.ot:ioo
!je:.ot:i
ringpo long ~'i:J.

sbompo thick fj6l 0t:i0o

:j0t:i 0o
phrapo thin :f t:i
rtsubpo rough ~ "f
"J"t:i
t:i
it§:_
it§._

Verbs
1lJ~-"
1lJ~.-
.>Jiljo~oQo
.;Jiljo~oQo
mgonaba headache
so na ba toothache <\1-,,\0Qo
<\1o"\oQo
~.~..•
r/wba
r!wba to dig ;fjoQ_
;vj0Qo
bshuba to copy Q1° Q
Q1- Qo-

gyarba to borrow 'l)"l"oQo

'l)"l"oQ-
Q~oQo
brtsiba to count
'tshempa to sew P.~6loLJo
p'~6loLJo

btsir ba to sqeeze Q~"oQo

'dri ba to ask P'~oQo

skragpa to fear ;j'l)°LJo

~:r{.--.
4.8 Interrogative Negatives

t~~~-
t:: ~. g',?nj'§j'
t:.. Ji",'<lZ\l1
g'.,(ll'§j'.Jl",' 'l'lll nga rang tsho nyal gyi min pas
nga rang tsho nyal gyi min pay Aren't we going to sleep?

jilt:..g'ffiz:rfjllJ'
jile:.' g'ruz:r fj'lj' J,f :<''i'<lZ\l1
:<''i' 'l'lll khong tsho slob phrug ma red pas
khong tsho lob took rna re pay Aren't they students?

q'3'~i:l.'Il'l'
q'3·~i:l.·Ifl· J.f q.~"l'r.l.,\'''''
q.~"I'r.l."''''' :<''i'<lZ\l1
~'i''l'lll be'u de'i a ma ba phyug 'di ma red pas
beu dei a rna ba chook dhi rna re pay Isn't this cow the mother of that calf?

~'i' g."l¢t:.."l~Z\l""f~'
g."I¢"-'''I~ZIl"''f~' ~'ZIl'
~'ZIl'li",'
,j)",. <lZ\l1
'l'lll khyed tsho gtsang gzhis ka rtse nas
nos min pas
khye tsho tsang shi ka tse nay mim pay Aren't you from Shigatse in Tsang?

-'lJ.f <l.r.l.'\.'lj'll....
'l.r.l.".'lj"l ....
zarn
zam pa dhi sar pa rna re pay
z:r,..'
z:r...':<''i'z:J'Il1
:<'' 1'<J"ll zam pa 'di gsar pa rna red pas
Isn't this a new bridge?

~. (l';nj'r.l.'\' g.~'i' ~ '9' J.f :<''i'<l'lll

~·cr;(ll·r.l.,,·g·~'i·~·9"J.f:<''i·'l''l1 sngotshal 'di tsho khyed rang gi rna red pas
ngo tshay dhi tsho khye rang gi rna re pay Aren't these your vegetables?

~'i' g 'llJ~nj'!:' .q~'Il'~',j)~

g''lj~(ll'E' q~"l'~'li~'.<lZ\l1
'l'lll khyed tsho gsol ja bzhes kyi min pas
khye tsho sol ja shay kyi rnim
mim pay Aren't you drinking the tea (han.)?
(hon.)?

~'i' g.!:, .l..!;jt:. ·9'.Jl~·

g'E'r.l..14"-'9'
~
Ji~' <lZ\l1
'l'lll khyed tsho ja 'thung gi min pas
khye tsho ja tboong
thoong gi rnim
mim pay Aren't you drinking the tea?
-"
~'i.r.l.~",.~-nrr.l.~'9',j)~'
~'i'r.l.~",'~-nrr.l. ~'9'li~' <l'lll
'l"ll khyod 'dzin grva la 'gro gi min pas
khyo tsho dzin dra la dro gi rnim
mim pay Aren't you going to the class?
.~

~'r.l.~' ~'9',j)",' <lZ\l1

~·r.l.~·~·9·Ji",·'l'll1 sgo 'di phye gi min pas
gho dhi che gi mim pay Aren't you going to open this door?

"l1l,..'~'r.l.~'~'q'''l~t:.'9',j)~'
"I11 ...·~·r.l.~·~· q'''I~"- '9'li~' <:IZ\l
<:i'lll1 gzim sgo 'di phye ba gnanggi min pas
zim gho dhi che wa nang gi mim pay Aren't you going to open this door (han.)?

4.9 Exercises of Lesson Foul'

Four
(a) Translate into English:

1. di'i·8t:.·r.l.a;",·~·iil~1
di'i·8"-·r.l.a;"'·~·ill~1 nga stod
slOd thung
!hung 'tsem gyi yin
2. t:.'nr'lj"l"l'j:j'il
"- 'nr"l"l"l' j:j'il nga fa
la gyag med
3. ']",·'illJr.l.·'Il·~·9·r.l.5."l
']",·'i'ljr.l.·"l·~·9·r.l.5."1 kun dga' (a name) a sa rko gi 'dug
4. ?'~'''l~''l'll'<i'
?~."I~"I"l.<i' ~'<i'cii'i'
~'<i'cii'i' :<''il
:<'' 11 rfa de gzugs po ring po yod red
rta
5. jil"-·g·:!j""I...·q·...·~'i1
jilt:.·g·:!i'''l...·qw:<.'il khong tsho rgya gar ba rna red
6. g."-f.\'';J''I''''' ~'il
':.rg.t:.f.\'';j''l''''':<''il
':'1' pha tsho nga'i lug rna red
7. ll'l'l'\t:.'nj'!'lr:<l' ~. <i·cii" ...·~'il
lfl'l'\"-Will"-' 'l'.><t:..<i·cii",..·:<''il a zhang la khang pa rnang po yod rna red
8. "-' g"iJt:.·~"l·q~",·~'6l",1
t:.. g·.iJ"-·~"I·q~"'·~·ill",l nga tsho shing tog btsir gyi yin
 9-

9. filc:lli~rc:nrl<~'lli' ~"i
(iic:il!~rt;:nrt:\~·il!·~"
" 10. ~. -'i'CS'()J';j"l'9'-'i'I<:i"l
-'i·CS·r>l·;j"l·lij· -'i.t:\:i"l
khong gis nga la 'dri gi red
zhi mi khyi fa skrag gi mi 'dug
zhimikhyiwsbaggimi'dUg

(b) Transliterate into Tibetan:

"-
1. khong bba
bkra shis bsam gtan lags red
2. pha gir bung
krung bung
krung dkarpo
dkar po gsum 'dug
0.;.._,
'0;;.._"
3. khong gi 'khrungs yullha sa nas red
4. khams dar rtse mdo 'di nas thag ring po red
5. nga'i a ma rgyang rtse dpal 'khar mchod rten la w yod red
6. tshong pa 'di tsho stod la dvagspa red
'ii:",'-
'(,:",'- 7. sa skya gong ma bod kyi bla ma chen po zhig red
8. nga tsho bod skad slob phrug yin
9. khong dbyin ji 'i yi ge 'bri klog shes kyi ma red
10. sku 'dra 'di rin thang bral ba red

(c) Fill the blanks and translate into English:

2;'.::
~.:.'V

1. I<~' .t'·r;J"I·2l"l~r J.j

t:\~ .,t"'r;J"I'2J"I~r J.j·······1/ 'di tsho lug lpags
Ipags ma .........
2. B"i·~e.·'-I ......··'-I'Il1
B"·~t;.·'-I········'-I'Il1 khyod zhing pa .............pas
"',,-,J-
3........~.'Il. "\'Il'Ul,,\''-I'Il/
3........ "\ 'Il·Ul,,\·'-I'Il1 lho sa nas yin pas
............ lha
" file.' .t'·r>l·~l;f<1i"·J.j········1,
4. (iit;. .,t"·()J·~l;fUi"i·J.j khong tsho la deb yod ma ....... ...... .
~,­
~.:;:,;
5. ....... ()J.'-I"i. "l"l'''I'''
.....r>l.'-I". "l"l."I'" ...."'. Jl"il
Jl"1 ....... la pad shag gyar ya med
6. e.·,t"·~·nrl<~·9"""·/
t;.·.t'·~·nft:\~·lij·······1 nga tsho ri la 'gro gi ..........
\:;"~ 7. ~'~"I'I<~'llj~"'''''1
~·~"I·t:\~·~~·······1 rgya leogIcog 'di su'i .......... .
file.·,t"·q()J·':j()JWI<~·9""·"~"ii
8. (iit;: .t'·qr>l·':jr>lWt:\~·lij······· ~"I khong tsho bal yulla 'gro gi .. red
9
9........ ~t;..r>l.t;.~." L). ~ ·<1i,,·········1
···.. ·~e.·()J·e.~·"i!)·~·Ui"i ....·..··I ..........sgang
.......... sgang la nga'i dpe cha yod ........
....... .
&.{

1O:...... J.j.(lJ.t:\~........ &!ilil

·"I-'1I<·~· J.j'(lJ'I<~""""
1O:·······"I-'1t:\·~· &1ilil ............. gza' nyi ma la 'gro ....... min
I~'
~-,"
(d) Transform the following sentences into negatives:

~
1. rkW~'lI~r2j·J.je.·2j·Ui"i·~"ii
rkw~llj~r2j·J.jt;.·2j·<1i"·~"1 khong la grogs po mang po yod red
2. e.·nr~l;f~q·r:l.'5."1
t;.·nrrul;f~q·r:l.'5."1 nga la
w slob deb 'dug
3. r:l.~''lI'Il'''''-I'
r:l.~.Ilj'll"'.'-I. ~"il
~"I 'di gsar pa red
~~

4. f§"i'ml;f~llf'~"/
f§,,·rul;f~IlJ·~"1 khyod slob phrug red
1"e.'l.J~' ,,\e.w.;rJ.je.'i:/'r:l.:i'll
5. !"t;..l.J~. ,,\t;.w.;r J.jt;.. i:/.r:l.:illj khang pa'i nang la mi mang po 'dug
't~-,.
6. e.·,t"·'Ile.·~ili·I<~·lli·Ulili/
t;.·.t'·'Ilt;.·~"i·t:\~·il!·Ul"i1 nga tsho sang nyin 'gro gi yin
7. file.' ,t"',,·~·qlj"l'll·r:l.S"l
(iit;.·.t'·,,·~·qlj"l'll·r:l.S"l khong tsho da Ita bzhugs 'dug
Wd'
~ e.A·J.jgq·Jj·()J·~"'·"I:iq·Ui"I
8. t;.a·J.jgq· Jj·r>l·~ ...·"I:iq·<1i"1 nga'i mdzub mo la sor gdUb
gdub yod
9. e.',t"WI"e.
t;...t'W!"t;.''-1' JJt;.. 2j·iil"l
.'-1.JJC,' 2j'0l"i/ nga tsho la khang pa mang po yod
:&.:
&.:
10. ~.,t"·e.A·~·.;r
~ ..t'·t;.a·~·.;r ~"l
~"I de tsho nga'i zhi mi red

(e) Express and memorize the names of the 12 animal signs of Tibetan lunar calendar:

"
~il;'{'
~"'{'
 70

Tibetan Translit. Pronunc. English

l.
1. S'Q'
S"Q" byiba jeeva mouse
2. me: glang laang ox
3.
4. -
'II'lj
'II'Ij
"'I'll'
"'I'll"
stag
yos
taak
yoe
tiger
rabbit
5. r:>.~'lj
r>.~'Ij 'brug drook dragon
6. !4rll'
!4rll"
~
sbrul drool snake
7.
7" '7'
'7" rta tab horse
8. r:.!'lj
r:.!'Ij lug look sheep
9. ~.
~" sprel trey monkey
10. ~r i bya jab bird
11. er
~

I!f khyi key dog

12. "I'lj
"I'1j phag paak pig

4.10 Useful Expl"essions

1. Q~'lj~·'lj"ili·r:>.E<'lj'll·
Q~'Ij'll"'Ij""i "r>.e< 'Ij'll" ~'lj~''ljili"-'I
~'Ij'll''Ij''i''"1 bzhugs goon
gdan Jags rogs gnang
zhook dhen jaa rok nang Please take a seat.

2. a;cw"'l""Q~c~'
a;cw"'l'""Q~C 'll" ~'Ij'll''ljilic'l
~'Ij'll"'Ij"iC"1 tshang ma
rna yar bzhengs rogs gnang
tshang ma
rna yaa sheng rok nang Everyone, please rise up.

3. 'lj'iii'i;jQ~' ~'lj'll''lj~C'1
'Ij"iij"i;jQ'll".i;'Ij'll"'Ij"iC"1 le
Ie phebs rogs gnang
ga Ie phe rok nang Good bye (Expressed by one staying)

4. 'lj'iii'Q~'lj'll''<:'lj~''lj~"-'1
'Ij"iij" Q~'Ij'll' .i;'Ij'll"'Ij"i""1 ga le
Ie bzhugs rags
rogs gnang
ga Ie zhook ro nang Good bye (Expressed by one leaving)

5. ,,·c·,,~"-~·~·t'r~·Ujilil
""C""~"'ll'~"(ir~'Uj"i1
~
da nga dgongpa
dgong pa zhu gi yin
da nga gong pa zhu gi yin Now, may I be excused.

6. ll'i'iil'I1i'~'~~'
l1i'iil"I!i"~"~~" J.l'J.lE<nrliic·1
J.l" J.le<nrUic"1 a Ie a ni rjes rna rnjal yang
a Ie anijey majay yang Okay I will see you later.

7. '·J.l·~·'Y~·~'lj'll·'Ij~C·1
'·J.l"~""i"~·.i;'Ij'll"'Ij"iC"1 ha rna go na dri rags gnang
ha rna go na dri rok nang Please ask me if you did't understand.

:, .
 LESSON FIVE
-
~!:I'
!:j' J;~ .~.
'~' q\
ql
5.1 Interrogatives
'6.,,'
'6." Interrogatives are about questions. Spoken Tibetan has completely a different set of interrogatives
Tibetan, When there are interrogative pronouns the interrogative particles 'lJ~"
from the classical Tibetan. 'lj~' gas

and Q~'
Q~r pas are not used. The general interrogative particles gas and pas are put after selected
f",.
auxiliary verbs and to the verbal sterns.
sterns, No question mark is used in Tib6tan as questions are
understood from the context of the sentence. Some modern writers have been introducing the use of
the question mark and various punctuation marks in their Tibetan writing which are unacceptable"
unacceptable.
:\,,-,
t<;-. '
Tibetan interrogative sentences have either the interrogative pronoun at the beginning of the sentence
or before the auxiliary verb. The non-pronoun interrogative particles are placed at the end of the
sentence. For interrogative future gas is used and for interrogative past pas is used. Out of the
ii,,"
10;-." ten suffixes ga, nga, da, na, ba, rna
ma and sa all can invariably use gas or pas in making interrogative
sentences. However 'a, ra and all vowel ending syllables use bas. instead ofpas in making
interrogative past
;'
J'
~i
5.2 General Interrogative Pronouns

«;,;,
<!;~;- ''lj'
lJ" q- gaba where 'lJ"'S~.
'lj''S~' gadus when
"I"",~" ganas from where 'lI.r.>.~"~"
'l!'r.>.~'~' ga'tirese
ga 'tire se how
"" '"'!l'
"I"~'S~'",Z\r
""~'S~'",~' ga re byas nas whylhow
why/how 'lIe."S~""'~"
'l!e.'S~·"'~· gang byas nas whylhow
why/how
IJii
IJ.i
~"
~. su who ~a· sufi whose
'lie."
'l!e.' gang what/who "Ie."'S"
",e.''S' gangdu where to
'itt;;
'iii:;
~"
~'
"Ie.''''~"
",e.' '"'!l' gangnas where from ci what
"r~' gare what "I"~" gam
""~'
ga ru where to
th';;':
th';.':

5.3 Participation Drills of Interrogative Sentences

~~
~;:W
Questions Answers
1. j§'\"I"",~""ie."z:rUi"'1
j§,\""",~'Uie.'z:rUi"'1 e."~"'lj"'"~"~''lJ"\,,,"",~""ie."
e.'~' "'.... ~. ~''lj"\,,,' "''!l·Uie.· "I"
"I' Ui""
Ui",1
khyod ga nas yong ba yin nga rgya gar rdo rje gdan nas yong ba yin
~t
khyoe ga ga nay yong va yin nga gya gar dor je dhen nay yon va yin
/'.:
/":
Where did you come from? I came from Bodhgaya, India. India,

ti
2, file;.""I"'SZ\l"~"'·Q"~"\1
2. fie;,·"'·'S'!l·~""l.I·~"i1 fie;,'~"~\
file;.' ~. ~\ Q'S"," q.(1J. ~","
Q'S",'l.I'(lJ' q" ~"\I
~""l.I' ~"il
khong ga dus phyin pa red khong chu tshod bdun pa laLa phyin pa red
m,~-
m,~,
khong ga due chim pa re khong chu !shoe
tshoe doom pa la chim pa re
When did he/she leave? He/she left at 7 O'clock.

i2~1
3.r.>.~·r.>.5i·"I"r.>.~·~"~"\1
3.r.>.~·r.>.5i'''I·r.>.~·~·~''i1 e;.","~"~".<i"\1
e;,·,·~·~·.<i"il
'di 'tira ga 'tire se red nga ha go gi med
dhin dra ga dre se re nga ha gi ki me
\::O).t
to).~
How did this happen? know.
I do not know"

4.1Il· ilJ·(1J"I~"'\"'~r"l·
4.1ll· Q' QIj'lJ~."i,,\.
iJJ'(lJ"I~'''i''~r''l' Q" QIj'lj~'Ui"i' ~"\I
~,,\I Ill" J,j·(1J"i~S'I!"
Ill' ~'" ·fIle."(1J" QIj'lj~""i"i"
J.I·(lJ"i~S'1!·~"'·fle.'(lJ' QIj9~'''i''i' ~"\I
~"il
1ff
;i'-f'

;u,j

a ma lags da Ita ga ba bzhugs yod red
a rna la tha ta ga va shook yoe re
Where is mother staying now?
5is'r:>,~' "I':': S~f ~ 'If,\'~e:.' 4' <r
"I'~' S~l"~~r,\·~e:.· cr ~'\I
~,\I
khyi 'eli ga re byas nas da nang shi ba red
khyi dhi ga re jay nay tha nang shi va re
How did this dog die this morning?
6, [!iS9~·"Ie:.·s~r~~·s·q·~'\1
6. [!iS9~'''Ie:.'S'I{'~'I{'S'q'~,\1
kho da byin
byill gang byas nas ngu ba red
kho tha jin gang jay nay ngoo va re
Why was he crying for, a little while ago?
7."I~
7, ...·§·~ ...·....rr<~·~~·~'\1
"I~..t.,§,~..t.' rr:>.~' ~~' ~,\I
gser gyi thur rna 'eli su'i red
ser gyi thoor rna dhi sui re
Whose golden spoon is this?
8.&'\' ffiq"'r:>,~p:ffi<r
8'&,\' ruq','r:>,~p:rucr ~'riil~' q~1
~'rUl~' q'l{l
khyed slob grva 'eli'i slob phrug yill
yin pas
khye lob dra dhee lob took yim pay
Are you student of this school?
'6'\'..t.c:. '~'~,\'''Icli''l'
9 fie:. ·6,\·..t.e:. '~'~,\'''Icli''r ~,\'q~1
~,\'q'l{l
khong khyed rang gi nod gyog redpas
khong khye rang gi ne yak re pay
Is he/she your nurse?
lO.9G·~·
lO.9G'~' a;e:.'~e:.'fll'~nmS"I'''I~1
a;e:.'~e:. 'ClJ'~nmS"I'''I'1{1
byi'u de tshang nang la nyal 'dug gas
jiu de tshang nang la nyal doog gay
Is the bird sleeping in the nest?
11. c:: Ji'fl'fll"l' ~.~
t:: l'fl'ClJ"I' ~'~ ~,\'q~1
~,\'q'l{l .
nga tsho kha lag za gi redpas red pas
nga tsho kha la za gire pay
Will we be eating the meal?
12....
12 ·~·fie:.·Ji~·~~·q·.>IJ~'\·q~1
...t.·~·fie:. 'l'l{'~'I{'q'.>I' ~'\' q'l{l
ra de khong tshosnyos pa ma redpas
ra de khong tshoi nyoe pa rna re pay
Didn't they buy that goat?
13.fic·"I~fll·I<·.>Ii,\·~·~r:>,'\"I·"I~1
13 .fie. '''I~ClJ'1< ..>Ii,\'~' ~r:>, '\ "1'' 1'1{1
~
/chong gsol ja mchod kyi mi 'dug gas
khong so ja cho kyi mi doog gay
Isn't he/she drinking the tea?
IUU
a rna lags da Ita sman khang la bzhugs yod red
a rna laa tha ta men khang la shook yoe re
Mother is now staying at the hospital.
§.~"~'ll"S"I" t:i"l" ~~.
§'~' ~Ill'S"I' t:i"l' 4"
~ 'I{' .<)' q' ~'\I
~,\I
khyi de zas dug phog nas shi ba red
khyi de zay dook phog nay shi va re
The dog died of food poisoning.
C '[!i'e.Ill' q"~·.>I·:lC·1
e. '[!i'C'll'
~
q'~'.>I':le.·1
~
nga kho
/cho ngus pa go ma byung
nga kho ngoo pa go rna joong
I did not hear him cry.
"I~"'·5".ll"'·.>I'~·];C·q'~~'
"I~..t.·5'.ll..t.' .>I'~' J;e.'q'~~' ~'\I
~
~,\I "
gser gyi thur rna
ma 'eli tshong pa de'i red
ser gyi thoor rna de tshong pa dei re
This is the businessman's golden spoon.
fll"l'll" ~~I C
ClJ"I'I{' e. 'ffiCl","r:>,~~'ffiq'~"r~~I
'ruQ','r:>,~~'ruq' ~"I' ~~I
lags min nga slob grva 'eli'i slob phrug min
laa min ngalob dra dhee lob took min
No, I am not a student of this school.
.~;.
fie:. .~~ ·fle:.
'fle:. .~"~
'~' ~ '\'"I "l" ~'\I
'\' "I cli"l' ~,\I
red pas khong
/chong sman khang gi nad gyog red
khong men khang gi ne yak re
She is the hospital's nurse.
9'3 .~. a;e:.'~e:."C1J" .>J*'''l" ~"r:>,
~e:. 'ClJ' .>Jilc.'''f ~'r:>, S"I
byi'u de tshang nang la mthong ya mi 'dug
jiu de tshang nang la thong ya mi doog
I cannot see the bird in the nest.
fll"l'll·.>I"~'\1 e.'J;·fl'ClJ"I' ~'~'.>I' ~'\I
ClJ"IIll'.>I'~,\1 C'];'fl'fll"l' ~,\I
lags rna red nga tsho kha lag za gi rna red
laa rna re nga tsho kha la za gi rna re
No, we will not eat food.
fll"llll' ~'\I
fll"l'll' ·~·fic· g~'~~'q'~'\1
..t.'~'fie.·
.... g'l{'~'I{.q' ~,\I
red pas lags red ra de /chong tshos nyos pa red
laa re ra de khong tshoi nyoe pa re
Yes, they bought the goat.
fll"llll' ~'r<,\"1 [!ic
fll"l'll' ~
[!ie. '''I~nrl<'
'''I~nrl<' .>Ii,\·~:~·r:>,,\"1
.>Ii,,\'~:~'r<,,\"1 ~
lags mi 'dug khong
/chong gsol ja mchod kyi mi 'dug
laa mi doog khong so ja cho kyi mi doog
No. he/she is not drinking the tea.
 1. U .l

14.§,\'.:z:>:.'-9t::.'~"I'~'l·.1l'~·~:li·<l~1
14.§,\·:q;,·-9[;.·~"I·~·l·.ll·~·~~·Q~' t1J"I~r ~:lil
~~, ~"I~"?'.il
~"I~'?'.i,
khyod rang shing tog de tsho za gi min pas lags min thugs rje ehe
khye rang shing tok de tsho za gi mim pay laa min thook je che
Aren't you eating those fruits? No, thank you.

~'"
~" ,--
;-- 15.B,)·nr i§·l,,·r.>.~·r.>.:i·.ii,\·
15S"'nr i§·l')·fl.~·fl.:i·.ii,\· <l~1
Q~' t1J"I~'t::.w"l~"I"~:li''>:"1~'''I:lit::../
t1J"I~'[;. w"l~"I·~~· ->:"I~'''I~[;..,
khyod La chu tshod 'di 'dra med pas lags nga la gcig stan rags
rogs gnang
khyoe la chu tsho dhin dra me pay laa nga la chik ton ro nang
Don't you have a watch like this? Could you please show it to me?

16.o>J~ill'
16..>J~i!)' ;:j'~'
;:j.~ .o>J~ill
.>J~i!) 'I"t::..J,t::.
'1"[;.' ~[;. 't1J' Q:t')' ~"r.>.'\"I'''I~I
'(lJ' Q:t". ~. fl. ,\"I'''I~'
~
t1J'lJ~'
t1J'l!~' jj-r.>.5"1
jj-fl.5"1 ~t::.'Q~"I~'
~[;.'Q~"I~' jj-r.>.5"1
jj-fl.5"1
, mgron po de mgron khang nang la bsdad mi 'dug gas lags mi 'dug khong bzhugs mi 'dug
dron po de dron khang nang la de mi doog gay laa mi doog khong shook mi doog
",:-
/l Isn't the guest staying in the guest house? No, he is not there.
ii,;".;-
iii,';-

17~o>Jw
~.>Jw ~r"l·"I·l,\·r.>.
~r"l·"I·l,\·fl. '\"1 ~o>J"t1J"~'''I' .>Jt::.. ;:j'~'
~.>J"1lJ"~'Ilj' .>J[;.' ;:j.~. :i"l' ~'r.>.,,"1
~'fl.')"1
khrom la~spru gu g~ tshod 'dug khrom kz spru gu mangpo zhe drag 'dug
Ia too gu ga tshoe doog
tom la tom la too gu mang pozhe drak mi doog
How many children were there at the market? There are not many children at the market.

18.~,\·r.>.~1>::lit::.-nri'\·~"I·"I·l,,·r.>.~"1
18.~,\·fl.~1>: ~[;. -nri1\·~Ilj·Ilj·l')·fl.~"1 ~". ~[;. wi'\'~"I'"j"Oi'''I~~'
~'\. J,t::. ".>J'r.>. ~"1
wi1\'~"I"'Oi'''I~~' ".>J'fl.
?;,:Jj-
;c{:Jj-

snod 'di'i nang La zho gog ga tshod 'dug snod nang la zho gog lei 10 La gnyis tsam 'dug
noe dhee nang la zho gok ga tshoe doog noe nang la zho gok ki 10 nyee tsam doog
~-
How many potatoes jXltatoes are there in this pot? There are approximately 2 kilos of
potatoes in this pot.
pOL

19iF·I"i:l·.!·"I·~~r~"I·~'tililll
19iF·I"i:\·.!·Ilj·~~r~Ilj·~·tili!)' "I.1lr.>.'~'a:Ji:l'~:li'~"I'
"I.llfl.'~' a:Ji:\ .~~. ~"I' ~~·etjilll
~ ~.ctji!)'
spang kha'i rtsa
rlsa ga dus dreg kyi yin gza' nyi ma'i nyin dreg rtsis yin
pang khai tsa ga due drek kyi yin zaah nyi mai nyin drek tsee yin
When will you mow the lawn? I am planning to mow it on Sunday.

20.J;·Oi"o>J"r.>.~·l·~i:l·~'\1
20.J;·0i".>J"fl.~·l·~i:\· ~,\I I .r;·0i· .>i·r.>.~·l"t1J"
1.r;·0i· Q'\"I';:j' ~'.r.>.,,"1
..J·fl.~·l-nrQ,\"I·;:j·~·.fl.,\"1
t¥{;;
t</0!" , ~

tsha 10 ma 'di tsho su'i red tsha 10 La ma 'di tsho la La bdag po mi 'dug
r
tsha 10 rna dhi tsho sui re tsha 10 rna dhi tsho la dak po mi dook .
!:;;..1'
Whose oranges are these? These oranges have no owner.

21.i§·l'\·"I·g"·~"1
2Li§·l'\·"I·g,)·~,\1
chu tshod ga tshod red
-
a;'
~

ehu
g".,,'lJ'''t::..~,\,''I'
g,\·,\'l!·')[;.·~')·"r
~
~
chu tshod dgu dang phyed 1m
~"I
:i.,)'
lea red
chu tshoe ga tshoe re chu tshoe ghoo dang che ka re

~.'J
. What is the time? 9.30..
The time is 9.30

22.5'\' .:z:>:.·2.·~·"I·~~·tilt::.·~·til:liJ
22.5'\·:q;, ·2.·~·"I·~~·tii[;. ·~·til~1 [;.t::...2."~. g". Q~'"
2:~'i§' ,t,\, Q~,\' <l'tiit1J.ill'\l'll["'" o>J"lI'!'!."1lJ"
Q.tiit1J. i!) '\l'll! -'" .>J' tii[;. .~.etj:li
."t1J"tilt::. .~.ctj~ I
,.. khyed rang snga dro ga dus yon gi yin nga snga dro chu tshod rgyad pa yoL nas
~1-:t>- skar rna Lnga la yang gi yin
k,iye rang nga dro ga due yong gi yin nga dro chu IShoe
tshoe gye pa yow nay kar rna
nga la yon gi yin
"J;-;:'
At what time will you come in the morning? I will come 8.05 in the morning,
morning.

23.~t::.·"1·5~·i;jQ~r~'~"I
23.~[;.·"I·5~· i;jQ~r~' :i.,)' ~t::.'i§' g'),
g". "~J
'\~J'I' QW ~",,"
ilill"<lW
Q'lli!)' ~-'" a:J' .l;J~"I'!.·r~" i;jQ'\l'~"
a:J·l;J~''1!.'r~' ~"1
i;jQ'\l'~' :i.,\,
,&,j.
tiJ
 102

khong ga dus pheb kyi red fa skar ma beo

khong ehu tshod dgu pa zin pa Ia
lnga fa phebs kyi red
Inga Ia
khong ga due phe kyi re khong chu tshoe ghoo pa zim pa la kar ma cho nga
la phe kyi re
What time is he arriving? He is arriving 8.45.

5.4 Vocabulary

;:'.Q.
;:"Q' nguba ngoova to cry
4·Q·'
4' shiba shiva to die
'lj'\·$'lj·'r
'lj'\'$'lj'<J' gadrgyagpa gegyakpa to sweep
~...jJ-r>.Q'Q'
~ .jJ-r>.Q.Q. rimo 'briba ri mo dri va to draw
~1'll'Q'
~1"ll.Q. rkolba kolva to boil
E:.Q.
E:'Q' rngoba ngova to fry
~'Q'
~.Q.
rdzi ba dziva to knead
'lj"jQ.<.I.
'lj"jQ'<J' gtubpa toop pa to chop
~

~'lj'<J'
~'lj.<.I. dregpa drekpa to mow
~"i'<J'
~ili·<.I· nyanpa nyempa to listen
~.z,'6J'
~.z,.6J.
thurma thoorma spoon
~<:"f'
~':::f· spangkha pang kha meadow ~
~
'<,.'
--
6J:>.iili·<.I·
6J:'.I"i'<J' mgronpo drom po guest
6J~"i'f<:"
6J~ili·f~· mgronkhang dron khang guest house
~.z,. <.I.
'lj~.z,.
'lj <r gnyerpa nyerpa manager
~<:"~"I
~~.~"I rungylg
rungYlg droong yi secretary .
6J·:1ili·
6J':1"i' mabyan majen cook
.l'lQ.'lj"l"l
.l'jQ''lj''l''l thabgyog thab yok kitchen hand
/:!'~'
/!!.~. khu ti
Ii khu ti kettle
~.z,'6J'
~.z,.6J.
sderma derma plate
.:£I"ll. !li~.
<£I'll'flj<:" tshal rlang tsay laang woke
-~
f'~'
f·~· kho rtsi kho lsi chop sticks
1<. o>J~ .z,..ii'
EO:.>J<:..z,· .;:j. jamngarmo ja ngaar mo sweet tea
-~
"] .... kophi ko phi coffee
~'lj·<r
~'lj.<.I.
thugpa thookpa soup
/!!'Q'
/:!'Q' khuba khoova sauce
flj<:"<J'
!li~.<.I.
rIangpa laangpa
laang pa vapour
~'<:"
~.t;.' rgonga
rganga ghonga egg
"'lj'''9'
"'lj'''''' phagsha phaksha pork '-"'"
~~

/iF...,'
RF"9' gIang sho laang sha beef
....,.
~'''9'
~
nyasha nya sha fish
'2l'lj'
'2l'lj' ...,.
"9' lug sha look sha mutton
 " v v~
/

q,,\"]' q
q,,\"r Q'' bdagp o dag po owner
~r:: tsong , tsong oman

s.s Adj~c
Adj~ctives
tives

Adjectives modify nouns and they generally follow the nouns they qualify
., Tibetan adjectives are
generally disyllabic and end either in l,fl.r pa, q'Q' po, JJ" ma and Jj' mo which are governed by the
final consonant of the adjectival syllable. e, There are some adjectives that do not have to have affixes
.'
"
~i.
though in some contexts they have to be used with affixes. Comparative
is forme d by dropping the
adjectival suffIX i.e.
i.e, pa and by reduplicating the suffix of the adjectival syllable. le, Those ending in ~'
sa or ~'nt:l
~'na are added with r:r 'a. Superlative is formed by adding 4~' shos
to the adjectival base,
For example: "I~~'lJ'gsar pa, "new"; 'lj'll~'~'
'lj'll~' ~'gsar
gsar ra, "newer"; 'lj~~"4'll'gsar shos, "newest." st," "Than" ~
formed by prefIXing I'll'll' las of the ablative case, to the adjectival base:
"I"1~·I'll
"I"1~'ClJ~~·Q.I.ij''
'O-I.ij''''rr gzhan las mtho
t~ ba, "higher than others.
others," By adding 5i'lj'lJ'dragpa
rag pa to the adjectival base it forms the notion of "too"
i,e, ~'5itlj
in English, i.e. ~'5i"'l'q ring dragp a meaning "too long",

Engli sh Adjec tive Comp arativ e Supe rlativ e

Good "I'lj'q'
"I"]'Q' yag po "I'lj''lj'
"I'lj''']' yagga "I"'I"4'll''
"l"l"4'll
~tE- yagsh os
light "I~'q'
"I~'Q' yang po "lC.'~
~'~' , yangn ga "IC:'4~
"I<:;'4~' yangs hos
heavy W"\'q'
W"\'Q' /jid po W,,\"'i"
W"\"'i' /jidda ~,,\'4'1f
~,,\'..i'j'lf ljid shos
fi rough .!<r q' rtsub po
~
~<rq'
~<rq' rtsubpa ~q'4'll
~q'4'll'' rtsub shos
soft ().€. 0-1' q.
(l.g01' Q' 'jam po (l.g 01'
().€. 0-1' 01'
0-1' (l.g 01'
0-1' 4'll'
'jam rna ().€. Jam shos
~~ loving Q.IE!A
O-IE!Aq'mdza' bo O-IE!A(l.'
Q.II"A(). mdza' 'a 0-Ie:r.l:4~'
Q.IE:r.l:4 'll' mdza' shos
red "iQ.l~.q
'iO-l~'q', dmar po "iQ.l~'~'
'iO-l~' ~'
,. dmarra "i
'i01,,'
0-1,,' 4'll' dmars hos
t&%- slow "i['lJ'q'
'i[1J' Q' dalpo
dal po oror
'iOfOf
"i dalla 'i[1J'4'll'
"i['lJ'4'l dal shos
beautiful Q.I?'ll,q
O-I?'ll'Q,' mdzes po .;i'll'().
.;i 'll' (l.'' rndzes 'a 0-I?'ll'4'll'
Q.I?'ll'4 mdzes shos
high Q.I.ij~'
O-I.ij~' £:i'
mthon po JUj'q'
O-I.ij' q' mthob a O-I.ij"4'll'
Q.I.ij"4'l
~. mthos hos
sweet Q.I~~'J
O-I~~'Jff mngar rno ~""~.
~~'~'
mngarra Q.I~"·4
O-I~,,'..i'j~'
~' mngar shos
clean 'lj;5~W
'lj~~w gtsang ma 'lj;5~'~'
gtsang "]~~'~' gtsang nga 'lj;5~'
"'I~~'..i'j'll'
4'll' gtsang shos
ii~
ik-~ ~~'lJ'
f~'lJ' ~~.~'
old rnying
rnying pa f~'~' rnyingnga ~C:'
f<:;'..i'j'll
4'll'' rnying shas
5.6 Adjec tival Interr ogativ es
~
By suffixing ni"i'
nl'i' lod signifying 'how' to the basic adjectival syllable, adjectival interrogative
can be forme d in modem Tibetan without the use of any interrogative
.~~ pronouns or interrogative
particles,

'i"f,,'q'
"i"f,,'q' dkarp o white
~

'i"f,,'[1J"\'
"i"f"'['lJ
~ dkar lod how white?
"iQ.l".q,
'iO-l,,'q' dmarp o red 'iO-l,,'{ij
"i 01 ,,'{ij,,\'
,,\' dmarl od how red?
iii,,'£:i' serpo yellow ~"'{ij"i
~,,'{ij'i' serlod how yellow?
~~'£:i' sngon po blue ~'{ij"i'
~'{ij'i' sngo lod how blue?
lijO-l'£:i'
JijQ.l' skamp o dry lijO-l'nl,,\'
JijQ.l'ni,, skarn lad how dry?
 IV'!

jIrZl'
jIl"Zl' khepo cheap ~'[ij,,' khelod how cheap?
~e::
~c: .>l grangmo
grang rna cold ~F[ij,,'
~c: '[ij,,' granglod how cold?
a;'<i'
a;'ti' tsha bo hot a;'[ij,,' tsha !od
lod how hot?
r:>.e..>l'ii'
r:>.e..>l',Q' 'jam po soft r:>.e.JJ'[ij,,' 'jam !od
lod how soft?
Q~'ti'
Q~'<i' bde bo well Q~'iii", bde !od
bde!od how well?
4"~llj't,r
4'~'lj".r sha rgyags pa fat .<j'~'lf'iii",
..<j'~'lf'iii", rgyags lod
lad how fat?
..<j'llI.Jfii'
.<j'JlI.>l",Q' sha skam po thin (body) '4'llI JJ'[ij,,'
/:'1' JlIJJ'[ij,,' sha skam lad how thin?
.i;~',Q'
.i;~'ii' chen po big ,i'iii,,'
,i'iii", lod
che !od how big?
~.>l",Q'
~.Jfii' zhimpo
zhim po delicious ~JJ'iii", zhim lod
lad how delicious?
Olc: ii'
Ole::,Q' yang po light Oll:;.'iii,,'
Oll:;.'iii", yanglod
yang lad how light?
JJ~ti'
JJ~<i' rnthobo high JJ~'iii", mtholod
mtho!od how high?
"iJJr:>.'<i'
"iJJr:>.'ti' dma'bo low "JJr:>.' n1"i'
"JJr:>.'cil,,' dma'lod how low?
Ol'lf',Q'
Ol'lf'ii' yagpo good Ol'lf'iii,,'
Olllj'iii"i' yaglod
yag lad how good?
'If'j~'Zl' gtanpo
gtan po stable 'If'j~ 'iii", gtanlod
gtan!od how stable?
1lj¢'I:;.'JJ'
'lj¢'I:;.'JJ' gtsang rna clean 'lf~I:;.'[ij,,' lod
gtsang lad how clean?
ll'lj' ~e::,Q'
ll1lj'~'ii' thag ring po far ll'lf' ~'[ij,,' thag ring lad how far?
~I:;.',Q'
~I:;.'ii' grung po
grungpo clever ~I:;.'[ij,,'
~c:'[ij,,' grunglod
grung !od how clever?
howcIever?
~

JJE~rZl' mdzespo
mdzes po beautiful JJE~f[ij,,' lod
mdzes lad how beautiful?
JlI"i'~~',Q'
llI"i'~~' ii' skad snyan po melodious JlI,,'~~'iii"i'
llI"'~~'iii,,, skad snyan lodhow melodious?
~',Q'
~'ii' ring po long ~'iii", lod
ring lad how long?
JJ§'lj~',Q'
JJ§1lj~' ii' mgyogs po fast .>l§llj~'[ij,,'
.>l§'lf~'[ij,,' lod
mgyogs lad how fast?

5.7 Examples of Adjectival Interrogative Sentences

1." q' a;r:>.~'l''lj~

1."iq' "'n:i", ~'"
a;r:>.~,g,'lf~ "'nl'" ~"I "iq'a;'o.~'l'.Q"i'
"q'a; 'o.~' g',Q"i' "i~'[ij''lf~JJ' ~"I
~

dpe cha 'di tsho gsar lad

lod red dpe cha thon nas 10 gsum red
cfza 'di tsho than
How new are these books? It is 3 years since these books were published,

2jiil:;.'~'?'r:>.~' JJ§llj~'n:i,,'a:i,\,
JJ§'lf~'nl,,'<ii,\, ~'"
~"I {iiI:;.'~'?'o.~' .>l§"I~''lf''lf~''I'
(iiI:;. .>l§"I~''lf''lfi5''1'JJ' ~"I
khong gi rta 'di mgyogs lad lod yod red khong gi rta 'di 'eli mgyog ga gcig rna red
How fast is his horse? This horse of his is not a fast one. one,

3.~' <i' '4'l'i~Sn:i"i'a:i",

ti' '4' g'i~Snl"'<ii,,, ~"I ~'ti'
~'<i' '4'lO:UlI:;. "''l!' .Q'1i~'~"1
'4'gf;:UlI:;. '1iM.'M.' "''1i' .Q'l!~' ,;J"I
tkJ bo pha tsho ljid lod lad yod red tkJ bo phatsho'i yang lji da Ita bltas med
How heavy are those luggage? I haven't checked the weight of those luggage,

.>l"0l'lf ~:~'r<Olllj'
4.Ill'.Jf0l'lf ~:~'r<Ol'lf' ~.>l'[ij,,'r:>.
~.>l'[ij"'r:>.,,"illj"I
~
1l'I' .>l"Ol"l~'~'J'l'Ol"l'~JJ'
.JfOl"l~'~'fl'Ol"l'~JJ' ,Q'~'~"I'r:>.S'lf
ii'~'~"I'r:>.S'lf
a rna lags kyi kha lqg Zqg zhim lad 'dug a ma lags kyo kha lag zhim po zhe drag 'dug
How delicious is mother's cooking? Mother's cooking is very delicious,

5'5"'~'''I'Q'r:>.~'l''lf'j~'[ij''i'o.Sllj
5 ,5"'~'''I' Q'r:>.~' g''lf'j~'[ij,,'o.S''l ~"i'.il'r:>.S'lf
gur gyi ka ba 'di tsho gtan lod'dug skyon mi 'dug
How stable are these poles of the tent? Not too bad,
 ,
'VVJ

60 §'\'
6. ~'~'lflC;'~
§,\0.:I;,C. 0,\~oQjil)°"l"l°iii,\°r.>.'S"l
"1''\~'''i;Y''lr,p'ii,,\'r.>.'S''I
o~olfle:. 0~ "1 d'i:~c::~
c:.i'i:~e:.0 ~ "1',,\~'''iil\'~"I~r
'Ir,\~oQjil)0 ~"1"10 "\JJ'q,r.>.)"l
,\.>l0 q0r.>. 'S"l
khyod rang gi ang rtsis dge rgan yag lad lod 'dug nga'i ang rtsis dge rgan sgrigs dam po 'dug
How good is your math teacher? My math teacher is strict.

7.~~·~·r.>.~·r.>.E.~·iii"i'r.>.'S"I
70~~r~°r.>.~°r.>.E.Jioiii'i"r.>.'S"l "1"1 0§.>l0 r.>. ~o r.>.E..>l0 qOIfl~0~o r.>. 'S"1
<;J~"I"1'§J.I'r.>.~'r.>.E.~.q'\ll~'~'r.>.'S"I
ql1
grum rtse 'di 'jam lad lod 'dug bzhugs grum 'di 'jam po a'u rtsi 'dug
Bow
How soft is this carpet? This carpet is quite soft, softo
t,,}
::;-,,-,
8.,,\iljil\'0~r:>, >. 'S°fle:. .~
~B. 'Or.r.>.'S'flC; o~o..ii"l' ~.ii'iii,\·!<)"'1 ij"1 0.>lij,\.>lil)0 <;J~'$'
q~O$0.>l0 ~FI
JJ'!FI
8.,\iljil)
dgon pa'i 'du khang de thog mtho lad
ij"l0 Jiijoiii,\or< 'S"I
lod 'dug
.ii"l'JJij,,\JJil\'
thog mtho timan
~ -
dman Ita rgyu rna byung
1/;:-
~";:- How high is the monastery's assembly hall? I did not check the height.

9.~· g"'l' ,hl"\·~il\'iii,,\'r.>.,,\"1

9.~0 gw £o~,\o~il)°iii,\°r.>.,\"1 0~o gr:>,'llI"\'''l'l\'
"1'~'
e:.e;, "1 gB.°lll'\°"l'l!° q'~il\'
qO~il)0 ,;J'\I
,;J"\I
.."",.,
'0
,.>.C.;
~

ne tso ya tsho skad snyan lod

lad 'dug ngas ne tso'i skad yag po nyan med
How melodious are those parrots up there? I did not listen to their sound properly, properlyo
~0. o.d'~'§JJ'~~~~'1jc;
1Ooe:.B.°§Jio Ji~~~o lie:.'Ifc;':4:'iii,,\'!<'S"I
°Iie:.o:..c:. oiii"or<'S"I §e;,'0JJ~~r~'1je;,'
§e:. .>l~"l0~o lie:.°Iie:. oilJije:. 0Jf
Ifr::ilJijc;' ~e;,"01
Jf~e:.
nga'i khyim mtshes kyi shing sdong ring lad lod 'dug khyim mtshes kyi shing sdong tnthong mthong ma byunt;
byunf;
How tall is my neighbour's tree? I did not see the neigbour's tree. treeo
;'i&.'t
;';&.''''

5.8 Exercises of Lesson Five

S.S

~.J' (a) Translate into Tibetan.:

1. I will chop the mutton.

muttono
/
2.
20 How hot is the sweet tea?
tt~
30 My math teacher is a clever man.
3, mano
4,
40 These trees are not long.
longo
5.
50 The fire in the stove is not hot.
[>,o...~
[,;o... 6.
60 Those parrots are beautiful.
7.
70 How far is your neighbour?
8.
80 My neighbour is not far from my house,
houseo
~ft
9.
90 My mother has five new carpets,
carpetso
10.
100 I do not have a new carpet.

~'J'
~..;.
(b) Express and memorize

Tibetan Translito
Translit. Pronoun. English
~,

4:(.0
4:(.' shar shar east
~

~'ri~
~'
~o lho lho south
~'rid

~<;J'
~qo nub noob west
SI;,:
!:F byang jang north
i£B
i£2
!F4:(.0
~F4:(.' byangshar jang shar north east
/
~·4:(.·
~04:(.0 lhoshar lho shar south east
is;;,
is;;.
~'~<;J'
~o~qo lho nub lho
Iho noob south west
9C;'~z:r
~F~z:r byangnub jang noob north west
\'i.t.;
"'i.t_;

~
 IVU

~c::
~C:: steng teng upward
~"I"
~"I' 'og hog downward
~"I~r"l~' phyogs bcu chogchu ten directions
~"I~r"l~' phyogs bzhi chogzhi four directions
JJa;.>J~f
JJa;o>J~f "l~' mtshambzhi tsham zhi
ISham four intennediate directions

(c) Complete the following sentences with the appropriate auxiliary verbs and translate:

1. 1;.' g·~t:.·I'l·C'J·r:>.§j·ilj···"··"·1
t:..g·~e:.·i'l·ClJ·r:>.§j·ilj··"""", nga tsho zhing kha la 'gro gi ...... ...
2. jiie:.'g'E,'/Ult:.'ilj'.>J..........,
jiit:: g·E.·/UFilj· o>J.........., khong tsho ja 'thung gi ma ...... ...
~

3. '11"1"
1"1' ~"I.~. a::t:.. ~e:.'ClJ'
a::e:.'~t:. 'J'.fr
.fr........... stag phrug de tshang nang la mi .... ..
4. ~·':Ir:>.~·ni·"l~·"I~Jf·
~·'j'r:>.~·ni·"l~·"I~Jf....·
·..·..·,·1 spu gu 'di 10 bcu gsum .........
5. 6'\' -<.t:.'''1'~~·Uit:.·
6,\·.<.c:. ~ ~rUie:.· "l........, khyed rang ga nas yong ba .........
6. ~r·I~·~~·
~r·l~·~~· ··1 ..·......,
..·.... smyu
,.
srnyu gu de su 1t ...... .
7. ~·>Tpr~·~ ........
~·>Tpr~·~ ..·..·...... nga rkang pa na gi ....... ...
,

8. "l.~.q'\'~'''I''1''1'''"''''''1
"I.~. q,\'~''''1''1'''1''''''''''' pha gi bod kyi gyag .... ...
9. ~'e:.f.\'~~' !It:...>J
~.t:.f.\'~~' !le:.' o>J.........(, de nga'i gos thung ma ...... .
10. :'~ie:. '<il"l'C'J"I~'
:'it:. ,\''11' "l~"I~·r:>.'\"I"""""1
'''l''l'ClJ''I~''\''Ii' "l~"I~'r:>.,\"I""""'"
-.l ~
drung yig lags da Ita bzhugs 'thlg
'dJ.lg .......
- -.1_

(d) Write down the comparative and superlative fonns of the following adjectives:

1.
1. .>Jg~'<:j'
o>Jg~'<:j' mdzespo
rndzespo
2.
2. JJe:. ....Jj.
JJt:.....Jj. mngarmo
3. JJjf.q.
JJjf'q" mthobo
rnthobo
4. ~t:.'<:j'
~c.'Q' rmgpo
5. i~·<:j·
~
a;';"<J'- chen po
6. ~t:.'<:j'
~e:..<:j.
chung po
7.
7. '\JJ .... <:j..
'\JJ....<:j dmarpo
8.
8. ,\o>J' <:j.
,\.>J'<:j' darn po
dam
~

9. te:.·<J·
tt:.·l.l· rnyingpa
1O.
10. "1"1' <:j.
"1"1'<:j' yangpo

(e) Correct the following sentences if incorrect:

1. r:>.~'g.~"l't:.f.\'~'\I
r:>.~' g.~"l'e:.f.\' ~'\, 'm tsho deb nga'i red
'di
"·ilj·t:.~·S·Jj·r:>.,\"1
2. E,j·ilj·e:.f.\·S·Jj·r:>.,\"1
3. fiit:.·C'J·~·r:>.S"l·SI
jiie:.w~·r:>.S"l·S'
-
~
pha gi ngai'i bu rno
khong la rni
mi 'dug
mo 'thlg
'dJ.lg bu
'dJ.lg

4. fiit:.·g·Uit:.·ilj"<il~·l.l~1
jiie:.·g·Uie:.·ilj·"l';'·<J~' khong tsho yong gi yin pas
5. i)·g·~·.fr.>J·~'\1
i).g.~..fro>J'~'\' de tsho zhi mi
rni ma
rna red
t:.'C'J'~·"Iwr:>.S"I
e:.w~·"I'Jfr:>.S"I nga 1a
la smyu ma 'thlg
srnyu gu rna 'dJ.lg
6.
--
~~
 ,

7. ~c:Uj'~·r.>.Q·~'r.>.5"1·"I~1
~c.·Uj·~·r.>.Q·~·r.>.5"1·"I~1 khong yi ge 'dri gi 'dug gas
8. Jf~·r.>.~C.·~·~"'1
Jf~·r.>.~C.·~·~"'1 mo chu thung gi min
/

(1) Transform the following statements into interrogative sentences:

<,-~-;,-
<--~-~- 1. d'·r.>.~'~·~"'1
c.·g·r.>.~·~·~"'1 nga tsho 'gro gi min
2. C.·"·'lf!l·~·Uj"'f
"-·"·'l/·!l·~·Uj"'1 nga da lta za gi yin
t. 3. r.>.~·Q~·.ij~·~·~J.l·~"I·~"1
r.>.~·Q~·.ij~·~·~J.!·~"I·~"1 'di bkra shis kyi lham gog red
4. l:.·J.l~·"i·~·r.>.5"1
"-·J.!~·"i·~·r.>.5"1 nga mgo na gi 'dug
5. ~l:.·~Q·ffi"l·~·~·r.>.5"1
~"-·~Q·ffi"l'~·~·r.>.5"1 khong deb !dog gi mi 'dug
'0;.
'0:

5.9 Useful Expressions

~>
~.S"l"iJ.l·"I.ij~·"IC.·r.>.:i·r.>.5"1
~. S"l"iJ.!·"I.ij~'''I"-·r.>.!'i'r.>.5''1 de ru gnam gshis gang 'dra 'dug
de ru naam shi gang dra doog How is the weather up there?
;;;:r
1:i:t

~C:~·JrA5"1'''I~1
~C':~. JrA5"1'''I~1 grang gi mi 'dug gas
,w2c drang gi mi doog gay Don't you feel cold?

~Hi
l;Hi §"'Uj"l'''I~"I~'''l''l'
§,,'Uj"l'''I~ "I~'''l''l' q. r.>.5"1
. 5"1 khyed yig gzugs yag po 'dug
khye yik zook yag po doog You have a good hand writing.

tl;,~

~"I' ilJ.!'
ii'J.l' Q~"I~·aiC.
Q~"I~.a;c:. ·Gi,,· ~~I
'l~1 tog tsam bzhugs long yod pas
tog tsam zhook long yoe pay Do you have some time to stay?
\i\',~;
li\',~,

C.'J.l§"I~·1'i·A~·
"-' J.!§"I~'1'i·A~· "~~'Gi"1
,,~~'Gi"1 nga mgyogs po 'gro dgos yod
~;fi nga gyok po dro goe yoe I have to go soon.

t,:;i
t,:i A~·~"I~·;j·.I;"i·1'i·~· !'i"l' ~"I
A~·~"I~';j·.I;"i· i:i'~' :i"l' 'di snyogs sgra chen po zhe drag red
dhi nyok dra chern po zhe drak re This is a big problem.

"'..
t;,'
~. ~ .,.J.l'''l''l'1'i'
',. J.!'''l''l'i:i' q~", .~. ~"I
~"il de ring nyi rna yag po bstan sa red
de ring nyi yag po rna ten sa re It is going to be nice day today.
@,iY
@,;}

"
it,,,.;:,
t..?'

~~s-

~:<-"

/
<ire'
<ire:;;;
 LESSON SIX
mrcr;~'~Qrql
l:
~

,
6.1 The Seven La-don Particles
.-',
,"",' There are number of ::I'i''ljl'\''i''iqt:.'i)''i'
::!'\''ljl'\''i',\qt:.'i)''i' phrad gzhan dbang can dependent grammatical particles
which have the function of English prepositions ie. ie, in, to, at, for, on, towards etc.
etc, but are put after
the syllable they are associated with. They are called nr~"i 'q'S"i' "the seven la don particles" which
consist of~f su,
sUo ~'ru, :t,. na,t1l' la and '2' tu.
'S' du,"i' no,tlJ'
:t,' ra,
ro, tu, Their application is largely governed by the
final (~~f~~l:lJ
(~~f~~1:lJ or Ult:.·~~'lj
Ujt:.'~~'lj ) of the previous syllable and are used for accusative, dative, durational
and locative cases.'
cases,' We shaH
shall also see them used for adverbial expressions as well as many other uses
of la-don in future lessons, However in modem spoken Tibetan there appears to be considerable
/, , flexibility of using mainly t1l'la
tlJ'la and ~.
~'ru
ru in place of the allowed particles.
particles, The seven particles are
~
m.j used as follows:

:sufiIx
SufiIx I Post suffix ladon spoken
I:ll:lJ q
'i 'i t1l
tlJ ,

t:. .>I :t, t1l

tlJ t1l
tlJ
i,1,
'i'\ "i 5 I
nt~-- 'll
'!l ~ ~ t1l
tlJ I

~ (and all vowel endings ~ t1l

tlJ
"
c;;c-
6.2 Examples of La-don Uses of Accussatives, Locatives, Datives and Durational

1. t:.·l''llt:.·~''i'll'r
t:.'l''!lt:.'~''i'll'r ~ :<""ft1l'(:\~llfiJl"il
:<""ftlJ'r:\~llfill"il nga tsho sang nyin a me ri ka la
La 'gro gi yin
,;U:
nga tsho sang nyin a me ri ka la dro ki gi yin Tomorrow we will go to America.
America,

2, §'~'lj·~~·Ft:.·<J~·"it:.
2. 'Cl!''?tlJ'5' ~'il
§'~'lj'~~'Ft:.'<J~'''it:. '(II"?t1l'5' ~,\I
khyi phrug 'di khang pa'i nang la nyal gyi red
khyi took dhi khang pai nang la nyal gyi re This puppy will sleep inside the house,
gyire

~d
~.j t:.' '\' ~'~' ")'(:\
3. t:..'i' ~'iijl:lJ'~I:lJ't1J' ~ '" 5' .iJ"i1
")' r:\~'iijl:lJ'~l:lJ"t1l' nga do
da Ita kri ka 'di
'di. yig lkag la sbyar gyi min
nga tha ta tri ka dhi yig kog la jar gyi min I will not affix this stamp on.
on the envelop now.
now,

J." 4. Ft:.' <Ji'3: ~'r'ii'ljw.iJ'.>It:.

4, Ft:.'<Ji' ~'r'ii'lj'tlJ'.iJ'.>It:. 'r'ii'i'~)"1
'r'ii'i'~)"1 khang pa'i phyi log la mi mang lod'dug
khang pai chi 10k la mi mang loe doog How many people are outside the house?

:;:..,~t 5. Ft:.' <Ji'l.'~·r'ii"l·Ol·

5, <Ji'3:~'r'ii"l'ClI' .iJ''i':j'~'S'lj
.iJ"i':j'~'S'lf khang pa'i phyi log la mi dgu 'dug
khang pai chi 10k la mi ghoo doog There are nine people outside the house,
house.

6, ~~'lj'i)'l·~t:.'t1l'(:\St1l'5'iJl"il
6. ~~'lf'i)'l,~t:.'(1J'r:\StlJ'5'ill"il me tog de tsho khong la 'bul gyi yin
me tog de tsho khong la bool gyi yin I will offer those flowers to himlher.
/
~-
7.
-
7, i9·::I'lj'~~·lW~~"I·'i'll·:'("I'll'l.r§'i·~'~'i1
i9'::!'lf'~~'l't1J'~~f"r'i'!l':;:I:lJ~Fr§'i'~'~'i1
- khyi phrug 'di
khyi took dhi tsho la sue ga due rok pa je kyi re
'di. tsho la sus ga dus rags pa byed kyi red
When will anybody look after these puppies?
kyi

O'~

fi(,,-i
f1;';;-i
 109

8. Ei' t!'lj'r.>.~' g."l' ~'ljZ\rS,,\'i>lflil\'<Ji"\'i>l'~"\I

Et;:t'lj'r.>.~,g'''l'~'ljZ\rS''\'<>Iflil\,a;''\'<>I'~,,\1 khyi phrug 'di tsho la rogs byed mkhan yod ma red
khyi took dhi tsho la rok je khen yoe rna re There is no one to look after these puppies. puppies,

9. WI:lJ·~r.l:~e:.W~"'·J.I·'lj~i>l·.i:i·r.>.~'lj·'lj~1
WI:IJ'~r.i:~t:.W~"'J.I''lj~<>I'.i:i'r.>.~'lj''lj~1 lcog rtse'i sgang la thur ma gsum mi 'dug gas
chok tsei gang la thoor rna soorn rni doog gay Aren't there three spoons on the table?
Aren'!

10. ~'lj·~i:\·~e:.w~ ...·J.I·'lj~'lI·~e:.·.;rr.>.~'lj

~'lj'~i:\'~t:.."l'~"'J.I''lj~'lI'~t:.'.i:i'r.>.~'lj lcog rtse'i sgang la thur rna gcig kyang mi 'dug
chok ISei
tsei gang la thoor rna chik kyang rni doog There isn't even one spoon on the table.

11. c:.i:\·$<:1w Qe:.· J.l"1:lJ~'lj·.;rr:>.'i'lj·'lj~1

c:.i:\'$<:1'''l'Qt:.. J.l'1:IJ~'lj'.i:i'P.'i'lj''lj~1 nga'i rgyab la sbrang rna gcig mi 'dug gas
ngay gyab la drang rna chik rni doog gay Isn't there one bee on my back?

12. nJ'lj~·.;j·r:>.'i'lj·Qe:.·J.I·
tll'lj~' .;j'P.'i'lj'Qt:..J.I' ~e:.·Uf
~t:..~, .i:i'r:>.~'lj
.i:i'P.~'lj lags mi 'dug sbrang rna rnthong ya rni 'dug
lag rni doog drang rna thong ya rni doog No, I cannot see any bee (on your back).

13. ~·.i'j"l·r.>.~·"l'lj·tJwr:>.~
~'.i'j"l'r.>.~'''l'lj'<JWP'~ ~'~'Uj"1
~'~'Ujil\1 mig shel 'di lag pa la 'ius kyi yin
mig shey dhi lag pa la joo kyi yin I will hold this spectacle in my hand.

i'le:.' tJi:\·'ljlJlZ\f~'lj~·"l·.ije:.·.;rr.>.'i'lj
14. !'It:.' £.!i:\''lj!JlZ\r~'lj~'''l'.ijt:.·.i:i'r.>.'i'lj khang pa'i gyas phyogs la shing rni 'dug
khang pai yay chok la shing rni doog There is no wood on the right side of the house.

15. "l'lj·tJ·'ljlJl~·tJw~"'·'lj,,\<:1·.i:i·r:>.,,\'lj
"l'lj'£.!·'lj!Jl~·£'!w~"''lj,,\Q'.i:i'P.,,\'lj
lag pa yay pa la sor lioob
- -
\loob rni doog
lag pa gyas pa la sor gdub rni 'dug
hand.
There is no ring on the right hand,

16. 'l5·r.>.~·g'~',·r.>.~·g·nJ·~"\1
'J'5'r.>.~,g'~','r.>.~,g'nr~,,\1 ku shu ~di
tsho spu gu 'di tsho la red
ku shu dhi tsho pu gu dhi ISho tsho la re These apples are for these children.
children,

17. iiic:.' gSiii·$·'lj... ·'i·r.>.~·~· J.I' ~"\1

g·,,\·iii'$·'lj"·'i·r.>.~'~· ~,,\I khong tsho da 10 rgya gar du 'gro gi rna red
khong tsho da 10 gya gar du dro lei rna re They will not go to India this year.

18. 1:lJ-'lr.>.'~'J.I'''l',,\J.I'lj'~''''''l''lI''\'a:i''lj'~'r:>.~'lj
18.1:IJ-'lr.>.'~·J.I'''l',,\J.I'lj'~'''''l''lI,,\'a:i''lj'~·P.~'lj gza' nyi rna la dmag sgar la ltad mo ga re 'dug
zah nyi rna la rnaag ghar la tey rna mo ga re doog What show was there at the garrison on Sunday?

19, e:.i:\·~·l:i·"lI:lJ~·~·fl·il\e:.·I'1l·~·.i:i·r.>.~'lj
19. t:.i:\·~·l:i·"lI:lJ~·~'fl·il\t:.W~·.i:i·r.>.~'lj . nga'i smo bo lags kyi kha nang la so rni 'dug
ngai rna
rno wo lag kyi kha nang la so mi doog There are no teeth in my grand-mother's mouth.

flil\' it...
20. flil\' ·~·ia·<:1'iil\·tJ
it "'~' ...·.,il\J.I'~e:.·Ji·
Ia' Q~il\'£,!"·"il\J.I"~:'F Ji' ~"\I
~,,\I khen be ra spyi zla bdun par gnam grang mo red
can be ra chi dha doon par naam drang mo rna re Canberra is cold in July.

"\S,,\"T~'
21. ''is,,\'''!' ~' g,,\·~tJ·"l·~·i>l·4"'· z:j' ~"\I
g,,\,~ £'!w~' <>I' 4'" Q' ~,,\I dpyid lea chu
clut tshod lnga pa la nyi rna shar ba red
chee ka chu tshoe nga pa la nyi rna shar va re In spring, the sun rises at five o'clock.

22. iiic:.'~J.I· ...i:\'a:,e:. '''l'''l~'''I'

"i:\'il\t:. '''l'''l~'''r S"\' £.!' ~"\I
S,,\'tJ· ~,,\I khong !dum ra'i nang la las lea byedpa
byed pa red
khong dhoom rai nang la lay ka jey pa re He works in the garden.

23. r.>.~' ~'~i:\'''l~'r:e:.'<Ji,,\'

:!-'~i:\'''l~'r:t:..a;,,\, ~"\I
~,,\I 'di ru su'i las khung yod red
dhi ru sui lay khoong yoe re Whose office is here?
 24.6'i·~·~·~·n
~·~·~'nr"Ii5"I·o.5"I
'o.5"I khyed rang gi ske la gcig 'dug
khye rang gi ke la chik doog There is something on your neck.
~'t:.~. ~'Oj'~"
25.0.~.t:.~. ~'Oj'~"ii'l
'l "r~'
,,!,~. ~'il 'di ngas su la stan chag gi red
dhi ngay su la ton chog gi re Who can I show this to?
6.3 Use of Hono rific Expre ssion

The use of honorific expression in spoken Tibetan has almost its own
vocabulary. Know n as
"zhe sa" in Tibetan, honorific is more widely used in 'iS~'dbus
bus and "!~t:.'
"I~t:.. gtsang provinces of
~,-'-
Central Tibet than in other parts of Tibe!. There is a joke about people
of
use of honorific expressions that they even use when quarrelling. One gtsang makin g excessive
form of honorific can be
more polite than the other. The basic idea is that the speaker should use
ordinary words and
expressions when speaking of himself or of his property and concer
ns, or when he addresses
,. someo ne younger or junior and discusses his concerns and property. But
the speaker uses polite
words and expressions which may be of concern to his parents, teachers,
nuns or to strangers. We will try to give the basic examples of Tibeta senior s, ordain ed monks,
~~,;
formation. In Tibetan there is an exclusive honorific vocabulary for mostn honori fics and their
nouns, verbs, adjectives
and pronouns.
....;.- 6.4 Hono rific Noun s .
iI
There appears to be at least some six general theories in explaining the
iormation of Tibetan
'l'r.~' honorific nouns:

6.4.a Deriv ed honor ific

1';
v,,-,.
~~

This is formed of one honorific word in its own right which is prefixe
which there is otherwise no separate honorific word, d to an ordinary word for
word. For example to transform the ordina ry word
<>1§;Q'Jj.j' mdzub rna into honorific, one prefixes the honorific word of hand
for finger .>1§;Q'J
'lX$ :1"1 phyag
since finger is connected with hands. The final additive particle Jj'Jj. rna is dropped in forming ~"I'
~'lj'.>1!g'
<>1!g' Q'
phyag mdzub. Likewise:
;;,.;;

Ordina ry Honor ific Englis h

'/;0-:;;
'1;0-'"
!it:.' Q' phren gba ::I"I.~t:;'
~"I.~t:;' phyag phren g
-. ...... prayer beads
.>1"!'''9O
jj'lJ'-9Oj' rnigshel ~"i'4nJ' spyan shel spectacle
~l
"'" M skra 'is';j' dbusk ra hair
~"i'Jj' rna ~"I'~"i'
~

::I"I'~"i ' phyag sen fingernail

~: rl"!
rl"l khrag ~rrl"I
~rl!l"I
~
skukh
skukJzrag
rag blood

6.4.b Hono rific by Natur e

'!¥t.{
.•.. This is formed mainly by focusing on the nature of the object for which
an honorific is required by
/ prefixing it with an honorific verb to express the use of the object:
i:~

',OJ'
OJ' a;~a;~ nyalchas "I3l<>1' if,~
"I3J.>1' gzim chas bedding
~~'~Oj' skyes yul o.&t:.~
o.&c:.~''~Oj
~Oj 'khrungs yul
',;::c
':",-", birth-place
",.>1''
';;<>1' 'OOJ'r zampa
wmpa !.iQ<sr;j.;j>1'
I.iQ'Sr ..r phebs zam bridge

,]:,(
 .1 1.
.I. 1.
1. .1

gdan
ugsgOO
dzhugs
dzh mattress
l'lr""\"I'
.Q11"1~r"l
.q11" l"'~"
"l"'~1'"
"1"\" gdan
goo
road
"'rlIO
I4<1""r"l.I
I4.q .;J"l' phe bs lam
0l.;J"'
OlOl lam

6.4 .c Ho nor ific of Or igi nat ion

cam e into
ed by refe rrin g to the orig in of the object to express how the object
Thi s is form
existence in the first place:
phy agb ris letter
j" yi ge :!'lQ""
'"
OJ"i1
Uj'il j'

6.4 .d Re lat ive Ho nor ific

ary
two or mo re syll abl e wo rd to exp ress the relationship between the prim orif ic
This is formed wit h e is changed into hon
to it. In this case only the first syllabl
object and the thing which is related form".
inary form
ordinar
wh ile leaving the second syl lable in its Ord
sy llab

r"l.l"' hell spectacle

:til'll'
.Jill!' :tj0l"
.Jlllj mig shel ~"".ijijrll
~",'. ansshe
spyan
,'~'
j;<I""~"
j;.q, ehibs sga saddle
'i'~'
?'~" rtasga
~"I'
~Q'lf~"I
~.q~ " zha bs kya g chair
~':r~~'lr
~':r 'lj" sku b kyag
~

6.4 .e Fu nct ion al Ho nor ific

ry form:
ction of the obj ect wh ich is not explicit in the ordina -'.--
,'.--
This is formed by expressing the fun
.;JEN,\
OlE N,\~~'
· /dar
mjalda sca rf to greet wit h
rrFQ.q'5"
'5"11'""" kha bta gs
\'
~.g",. ehu Ifhod :!"I.g.t'\'
:!''!" "," phy agt sho d watch
~'.t"
!l~"'
Q~"'.~",
.q~" bzhes thur spo on
!l~w
~ ...w thurma
fhu
,dbush ad
ldb comb
~"l"-9'\'
~"1'" rgy ugs had "'S"-9"\'
'\S'" 9"'"

6.4 .f Su bst itu tio nal Ho nor ific

ed by disyllabic
s is form ed by sub stit utin g the ord inary form by a totally new word form
Thi .
honorific wo rds :
thugs sra s student
~"1' ug ~"I
!l"l "'~
""~"'""
",ilj' ~"l"
,,\ilj' dge phr
mo nk
aJ"~q,,'
aJ'~. Q"" sku zha bs
~'Q'
~"Q" grw apa
,'~' servant
"1a:i "l' Q''
"la:i"l"l:i gyo gpo ~Q"'~"
~.q, zha bsp hyi
",<i~"l:i'
"\<i "l'ij' dbo npo nep hew
~'<i"' tsha bo
formed by prefixing the
bles, cutleries and so forth may be
fur the rmo re honorific nouns for edi feb becomes 'li'i'
i].q' bag leb Qi'i'""
the ver b "to eat" .. Thu s the ord ina ry wo rd for bread 'l'lj'i
Q'lj"iijQ"
honorific for m of
abl e of the honorific verb .q~~ 'Q' bzhes pa "to eat". Th e
Q~""Q'
hes bag " by pre fixi ng the syll
.t:I"I" "bz
.<:1"1' of honorifics.
ow ing hOD
hon ics
fics
OIif
OIi belo ngs to eith er of the aforementioned six types
foll

6.5 Ex am ple s Ho nor ific

Eng lish
Ord ina ry /jags
[jag tongue
1. ~'
~" lee 'li."I"
~rlI' I"~""
~r"l....,,' zha l ras face
"l~c:.'Q'
2. "1~c: ."Q" gdo ngp a
 ~~L-

3. <>19 mga
mgo 'I':!" dbu head
4 . .J,'Q'
4. maba . '*JiIi·.;j,t
'*JiIi' <>Ii","l snyan lcog ear
5. r:r kha t'\nJ'
f'\rll' zhal mouth
c
i;;
6. nJ"l'LJ'
rll"l'LJ' lagpa ~"l
7. >fJ~'LJ'
>fJ~'LJ' rkang
rkLlngpa
~'"
t'\Q~'
f'\Q~'
phyag hand
zhobs
zhabs leg
:t:.
:t:~
8. ~'IS"l snakh ug "F shang nose
9. Jl"I
Ji"I mig ~i1i'
~iIi' spyan eye
10. "I~"l~'i:j' gzugs pa
po al'''l~''
ar"'~"I~' l~' sku gzugs body
11. ~. chu a;'r
a;'l" chab water
12. <>1~'
<>I~' mchu f'\rll'
t'\nJ·.;j~·
<>I~' zhal
.'):
}), ..~
zhalmmchu
chu lips
13. <>1f[Q'
<>IE<Q'.if mdzub rna ~"l'.;jf[
~ mo ~""<>IE<Q'Q'~
phyag mdzub finger
14. ~"""l)" sor gdub ~'f"l)Q
~"I""I)Q'' phyag gdub ring
l£.-::
i£.-::
15. ~Jl'9"l
~Jf9'" /ham gog t'\Q~'~J
f'\Q~'~l'Jf zhabs !ham shoe
16. Jl"l':q>
Ji"l":q>ll'" mig shel ~i1i'"1nJ'
~iIi'"1rll' spyan shel spectacle
w,;~
17. >fJ~' ~'i' rkang sud ~Q~'~'i
~Q~'~'i'
' zhabs sud sock
18. j!j' khri QI.1"l~'i!
QI.1"l~'i!i'i' bzhugs khri throne
/: 19. "l'iili'
i'f;}' gdan QI.1"l~"l'
QI.1"1~"l'iili·
iili· gzhugs gdan mattress
20. ~~'<>19
~~'<>I9 mgasm ga
go "i't~~'
"i't~~. dbu
dbummgas
gas pillow
~6
6.6 Some honorifics have more than one level:

Ordina ry Lower Highe r Englis h,

h.
r.>.~'Q' 'gra
'gro ba 'i4Q~'L
"i4Q~'LJ'phebs
J'phebspa a;Q'll'Q~
a;Q'!rQ~""'·"lilil
'·"lili!;:.·
.· chibs sgyur gnang
,k'{;
to go
~"i' khyad
khyod 6'1' khyed al'~'i'
&'~'i' ~ sku nyid you
'&,i:}' 4'''
4"" shi ba ~l:.·LJ·
~~'LJ' grong
grongsspa
pa 'i9l:.~'L
'i9!;'~·LJJ·lf"l'll
·lf"l'!j·· dgangs rdzogs pa ~ie
dgongs pa rdzags <;lie
~.;j~'
~<>I~' sems .Ij"l~'
.Ij"'~' thugs
~
.J,<>1'
.J,<>I·<>I6
.;j6i1i·
i1i· mam mkhyen mind
"I~l:.·LJ·
"I~~'LJ' gdong pa t'\nJ·...
f'\rll· ...~ zhal ras "Iiil ...·f'\rll·
"liil...·t'\n J· gser zhal
1iYi' face
~l:.'.;j'
~~'<>I' chung rna \li.;j'
\li<>l' lcam "l~l:.'~
"l'!j!;.'Jl'
~Jf gsang
gsang yum wife
,!.;j·LJ·
,!<>I'LJ' rstarn pa "l~nJ'~Q
"l~rll'~Q'' gsal
gsol zhib 'I!"l'll'~i
'I!"l'!j'~iIi'
1i' [jags smin
!jags
.
1:£...;;;
~
tsampa
6.7 Mono syllab ic Hono rific Verbs
i
~ Ordina ry Honor ific Englis h

/1 ;j'Q'
;j'Q'
zaba
mba Q~~''l'
Q~~'<r bzhes pa to eat
~ .ljl:.'Q'
.Ij!;"Q' thung ba Q~~'LJ
Q~~'<J bzhes pa
~
to drink
rilili'<J'
rliili'<J' lenpa Q~~'<J'
Q~~'<J' bzhes (mcha
(mchod) pa to take/receive
Ia S"i'<J' byedp a .;jf['i'LJ
<>IE<'i'LJ'' mdzad pa to do
I ~'i'<J' sprad
sprod pa ~'Q' stsal ba I to give
4~'<J'
4'll'<J' shesp a .;j6i1i·<J
<>I6i1i'<J'' mkhye npa to know
S'Q' nguba Q4.;j~'
Q4<>J~'<J
<J bshum spa to weep
~ 10

r;,S;
 113

r.>.§<:'''1' tj' rkhrungs pa to be bom

~Ilr<r
~I!r<r skyes pa
~"I'tj'
~"I'tj' thugp a <>lE.flf q''
illE.f1rq mjalba ' to meet

",'q' naba ",<:.'q' snyungba to be sick

siek
~
~

ql'\~'tj'
ql'\~'tj' bzhon pa .¥;q"1'tj' chibspa to ride
~",,'q'
~-".'''l' khyer ba q~illllf Q'
q~<>lI!fQ' bsnam spa to take
q'lfq'
"l'lf"l' blta ba 'Ij~'Ij~'<tl'
'lj~"IIlo1' l' gzigsp a to look
<>lij<:.'''l'
illij<:.'q mthon gba 'Ij~'Ij~'ttj'
"I~"IIlo1' j' gzigsp a to see
~

~'q'
~'''l' nyaba 'Ij~'Ij~'ttj'
"I~"IIlo1' j' gzigsp a to buy
q~"i'tj''
qllol"i'tj bsadp a ~<:"tj'
~<:"tj' bkran gspa to kill

6.8 Vocab ulary

~

'Ij<:"
"1<:" gong gong price
~~'~~'I'
~IloI'~Ilo skyes tshes kye !she
tshe birthday
:>,~' tj' rmpa rim pa cost ~:.

Ill'",'
Ill'<%>' gla cha la cha
eha wages
;j'rK ' zakha ng zakha ng restaurant
"i'!ii'
"i'iii' dala da 10 this year
iii' ,I;~'ij'
!ii' chennpo
loche
10 po 10 chern po old (in age)
tj"i'",!'lj pad shag pay shag money ( paisa)
~' chu chu water

~'~"i' chu tshod due !shoe

tshoe time
'j'lj' 'j'lj
'5"1''5"1 tag tag tag tag exactly
I!j' ,I;~'
'Sill' dus chen due chen festival
Ilo1 ''''''
!ii'''I~-''. lagsar 10 sar new year
iii'''I
'jr:..'~<:"
':lr:.:~<:" gungs eng goong seng holiday
ll'
~<:"'Ij~<>l'
~<:"'lj~i theng gsum theng soom three times
a;-".'''l~'
a;",,'q~ tshar bzhi tshar zhi
!shar four times
oI'ij'
<>l~"I'~~'ij'
ill~"I'~Il mdog nyesp o dhogn yepo ugly

'S"I'!ii'lj
'S"I'iii"l dug log doogl o clothes
'
~f1f <%>IloI'
~nr",~ nyal chas nyal chay bedding
"l"i'lj'L:j'
q"i"l'L:j' bdagp o dhakp o owner:
"I~IloI' tj'
'Ij~~'tj'
~

gnasp o nay po landlord

r.>.~fll' tj'
r.>.~f1l' 'grulpa drool pa traveller
'lj~IloI'~ ",,'q'
'Ij~~'~~'''l' gnass korba nay kor va pilgrim

'ljW gdan dhen mattress

"IW
"I1lo1<:"~"i'
'lj~<:"~" i'
~

gsang spyod sallg cho

sang toilet
§~'['l<:"
§IloI'['l<:" khrus khang tookh ang showe r
"li"i'f'l
illiW< :.'<:. ' mchod khang choek hang shrine room
 114

"l"l"l-fl-
"l"l"l'f1' gyabkha yaab kba varendah
9!"l"f ~'
9!"l"l' ~­ leags ri chak ri bOlmdary
"iljili -<l-
"iljil)'<l' dgonpa gom pa monastery
~'J'lt::
~-J'lt:: lhakhang lha khang temple
.".>
,;j.':: .;)-
<>I":':" .;)' mar me mar me lamp
.......,
""",-"'

/'
~"f
~'f.r.r
.r.r rtsigpa tsik pa wall
<l":':" J,"l'
<l.:r:a;~- parchas
parehas patchay camera
iX..;.
i;];j:
<l~:Jj"l
<l~.1j"l pingshog ping sho fihn
~nr~ nyal/chri
nyal khri . nyal tri bed
''t;/
'i;; (" e. "l'
~-,;jilj
<>Iilj rngasmgo ngay gho pillow
Ill-.;)-"'-"\-
Ill'.;)'"""\' amerika ameri ka America
r," B"~"l
B-~"l khyiphrug key took puppy
Dl"l-Qj"l
Ul"l'Qj"l yig lkog yigko envelop
I
I" ij.:t.-,;j"
,ij":':"<>I' thurma thoorma spoon
t,d
t.1. ~

W"l'~'
W"l"~" lcog
leog rtse chog tse table
~e.W
~~W sbrangma drangma bee
·K.~
<il.:t.""l)q"
<ii"..:.:.'''l)''l' sor gdub sor doob ring
1-j'
1-j" leu shu ku shoo apple
.,,; ""J"I'
",;j"l":;j":'
:;j.:t.":" dmagsgar maagghar garnson
garrIson
~".,jJ'
~,,".jJ" ltadmo temo show
;'{:::~
<,::>; rll"l·r;e.'
ClI~"r:~" las /chung
khung lay kboong office
~'
~" ske ke neck

~~
~t;
6.9 Examples
Ordinary Honorific
fJij
fJi;
L
1. F'''I')''l·r:>.§..:.:.' "l' ~"il
fi""I")~"r.>.§.:t.-"l"~"i1 fi~ '''l's''ri4q"r q'
Fe:.'ZlJ''S''l'i4"l'll' '" ~"il
~"il
/cho
kho ga dus 'byor ba red /chong
khong ga dus phebs pa red
w kho ga due jor va re khong ga due pheb pa re When did he arrive?

/:
/l
2. F-"I'''l'A~'~'~"if
F-"I""l"r.>.~"~' ~"il fi~ '''I"
Fe. "l' i4Q"r "IiIi~ '~' ~"if
'.,."l'i4"l"l'"IiI)e:. ~"il
ti~
ti!4 /cho
kho ga ba 'gro gi red /chong
khong ga ba phebs gnang gi red
kho ga pa dro ki re khong ga va pheb nang gi re Where is he going?

-~
.~

3. ~~'~iI)'~"I·Uie.
3, "le. '~iIi' ~"I'Ui~ 'I ~'~ili'''Je.rll'Uiq
~'~i!i',;je.nrUiq
sang nyin thug yong mja/ yang
sang nyin mjal
h',;;;"; sang nyin thoo yong tomorrow,
sang nyin jay yong See you tomorrow.

"I.:t.'fii~'1
4, "l..:.:.'fiie.'f
4. "I.:t.'"l~e.
"l":':" "l~~~' '<:"l<:'""li!i~ 'I,
"l':<:ZlJ<:"ZlJilie:.'
t:t yarlong yar bzhengs rogs rags gnang
yar long yar zheng ro nang Stand up,

~,~'fi
 115

5. is''i·E.·~"-·''I''l1
is''i'E.'~",'''I''l1 EJ"i'''I.ijr,r E. '';j~ "l'"Iili"-."I"ll
EJ"i·"I.ijr,rE.. "l'"Iiii"' '''I"ll
kyod ja 'thung gas khyed gsol ja bzhes gnang gas
khyo ja thoong gay khye sol ja zhay nang gay Will you drink some tea.

6. "i·"-·r:>.~·~·Ulilil
"i·",'t:>.~·~·Ulilil "i''j''l'.o:.t:. '''i~C::'<J'13'~'illili'
'''i~C::' 'l'I3'~'iililil
da nga 'gro gi yin da gus rang dgong pa zhu gi yin
da nga dro ki yin da gu rang gongpa zhu gi yin Now I will go.
go,

,]"I'~'';j~'''ni"-'j)'''<J''l1
7. ']"I·~·';j~,,·ni",·j)"·'l"ll
tog tsa bsdad long medpas med pas
tog tsa day long me pay
l!r~"I'~.;J' ';j13"1"l'nic::' j),,' <J~I
~r~"I' ~.;J' ';j139"l'nic::'j),,'
sku khyug tsam bzhug long medpas
med pas
ku quook tsam zhug long me pay
Can't you stay for a little while?

8. i'ii':i:r>l"l'<J' <:j't:>.'1"1
::<.c.'tj.r:>.
i'ii':i:Cll"l''l':l<.c;.' i'i"-'~'
i'i",'~':i"l' :l<.c;..q.t:>.'i"l
:i"l'::<.c.'4'r:>.'i"l
kho'i lag pa ring po 'dug khong gi phyag lag ring po 'dug
khoi lag pa ring po doog khong gi chak ring po doog His hand is long.

9. r:>.~·"-wi'i"l·EJ"i·~C::·1
t:>.~·",·Cll·i'i"l·EJ"i·~C::·1
'di nga la khos sprad byung
- .-
r:t:>. ~'''I''lwi'i"-'~''l'''IiliC::
~'''I''lwi'i",'~''l'''Ii1iC:: 'S",'I
'di gus la khong gis gnang byung
'S"-'I

dhi nga la khoi trey joong dhi gue la khong gi nang joong He gave me this to me.

10. ~'i'ii!i'\7'~'~"i1
~'i'ii!i'\7"~r~"i1 ~'i'ic::.~.j;';j~'~'~"il
~'i'ic::.~. j;';j~'~' ~"il
de kho'i rta sga red de khong gi chib sga red ?-o,

de khoi ta gha re de khong gi chib gha re That is his horse saddle.

6.10 Exercises for Lesson six

(a) Translate into Tibetan
I
1. I have two long legs.
2..'He
2. He has no cows.
3. They have twenty seven pigs.
4. Who has a better camera?
5. I have the film for you.
6. This is the biggest dog in the shrine.
7. We will go to America in March.
8. She will show this photograph to my mother.
9. I will not go to China in December.
10. Where are the bigger oranges?

(b) Fill the blanks of the sentences and transliterate into Tibetan:

l.
1. ...............
........... .... khrom la 'gro gi min
2. khong kha lag za gi ma ........... ..
3. nga la La deb bzhi yod pa .............. .
4. khyod spyi zla zLa dang por yang gi yin ..........
5. .. ........... nga'i a ma lags
Lags ma ............
6. khong tsho bal yuL yul la ......................... ...
7. bod ......... gyag mang po .............. .
8. ........... sang nyin mchong gi ............ .
9. shog gu de khong gi yin ................
10. chu tshod 'di khyod rang ....... yin
 110

II.
11- zhva mo de da Ita ............. 'dug
12. ......... ......... .yong
.yong gi 'dug gas
13. nyi ma'i mdun ........ su bsdad 'dug
14. nga'i lag ......... sor gdub ...... .
15. 'di ......... laIa ston gyi ............ .
(c) Express and memorize the following Tibetan quotations:
" " e...
r~~·~.
c....
r~Z<\'!Jr' 'S'Ule;
c...
~'UlC;''aJ' ~Tf1I::.·
~Tf11::. 1 aJ' 'I sdig pa ci yang mi byazh ing
I~~'
~ "'"
I~z<\' .q'~5j
q'~5j '~aJ' a:;~~'
a:;Z<\~' q~'~~
!J~'~~1I dge ba phun sunt tshogs par spyad
......"" ",.,
c....'"
1~1::.
1~C;'Z<\'~aJ
·~·~aJ~'~'5j'UlI::. ~'~'~~
~'~'~~[lJ1
[lJ1 5j'UlI::. ~ ~ rang gi sems ni yongs su 'dul
"- "-
" p~' ili
iii '~I::. ~'~~ ..Q'i;l5j'
'~C; ~'~~. -Q'i;l5j'q!J'Ul5j1
'Ul5j[
"-
'di ni sangs rgyas btsan pa yin
/,
/;

Q;.','
<;t;.",'
Do not commit any non-virtuous deeds
And apply the perfect accumulation of virtues;
Completely subdu e one's own mind
w_l
This is the teaching of the Buddha. -----B uddha
"-
I1~~.
~Z<\'!J' 5j1::. '!J~'~
J:J' 5j1::..
"-
'UlC.: .qllj.ql
, ·Ull::.·-Q
q~'~aa, 1lj-Q/ rig pa nang par 'chi yang bslab
r~·~~~
1~'t:l.·aJfl~
~~' aJfI~'
·q~·aJ
!J~'·~~·~I
aJ'!:!!~::.·[
'~1::. 'I
...... C'o...
~
tshe 'dir mkhas par rna
ma gyur kyang
_ "

iii-
I~' -Q'~'aJ~' -Q'S[lJ'
q'~' aJ~' .q~[lJ' -Q'Ul[ .q'UlI skye ba phyi mar beol ba yis
~ "- ~
Ilili ~'(1r ~I::. ',?-";'[l
',?"'[lJJili'
iIi' q'~~1
·m~1 nor la rang nyid len pa 'dra
,·..i
" ..i Even if one is to die tomorrow
One should study knowledge;
For it is like claiming one's own
\,~ " Invest ed possessions in future rebirths.
"-
IaJfl~'
aJfI~'!J:J'
J' -Q~S
"-
.q~S 01::.' aJ'~~'
aJ'~~'!J1
qr mkhas pa rtsad cing rna dris pa
l -....
'C::~. -.... c....
" c...
c.... e-..
c.... _
I-";'Ul'
1"'Ul' .q~S~?
q~SZ<\?I::.·a
I::.'aJ
J·-,,;
'''!Jz<
q~~[
\~1 de yi bar du gting rni
~ mi dpogs
~
Ie:. 'nr -";S~
W"SZ<\ '~~·aJ' -Q~ili'
......,'Z<\~' iiiI
.Q~iIi' ilil rlnga la dbyug gus rna
ma bsmm na
"" ....... "
~ ~
~

,,-
-~
~

1-";'~-"
1"'~"'z<\f1i1i
;'~f1ili''"I::.
-";1::.'6' ~'Ul-";I
'S-";'" 'S'Ul"r de srid'gzhan dang khyad ci yod
I
The learned cannot be fathomed
Until inquiring and questioning (his background)
How is it different from .
A drum not beaten by a drumstick etc.? -------
-------Ssakya
akya Pandita
1
i
')::1
(d) Write the honorific forms of the following words:

1.
1. Iljc:~r
>ljc:~r
rkangpa 5. ~. skra
2. "l"l'
fll"l' <.I' lagpa 6. Q"I'ii)~
Q"I'ii)z:rr bagle b
3. "'iii mgo 7. g'
p
P
,~.-.;,

~t.-::
tt."
 117

4, .;)"1
4. Ji"l mlg 8,
8. ~Jl''<' rtsampa

(e) Make ten sentences by using the following adjectives:

"I~""'<' gsarpa new

"I~""""
"I~"""" gsarra
gsar~a newer
"I~"".ij~'
"I~"".ij~' gsarshos
IIgsarshos newest
ft:."l"
ft:.'Ll" rnymgpa I old

ft:.· c::
ft:.'c:: rnyingnga older
fr~:.ij~' rnyingshos oldest
Il"l' Zl'
ll"l'Zj'
~
thug po thick .,
"

~"I'''1 thug ga thicker :-:~":

:-~":

Il"l'.ij~·
ll"l'.ij~'
~
thug shos thickest
j;~'Zl:
j;~'Zj: chen po big
j;'q' cheba
~ -
a;'''1~' cheshos
bigger
biggest
_llt:.',IF
~
.....
Ilt:.·.\F
~
thungthung short
Il"-'t:..
llt;,'t:.'
~
thungnga shorter
Ilt:. '.ij~'
llt:.'.ij~' thung shos shortest
~

-
"""I'll'
"""I'Ll' . yagpo good
better
"""I',,! yagga
"""I' .ij~' yag shos best
Jl~~'Zl'
Jl~~'Zj' mthonpo high
"I~'q' higher
--
mthoba
"Ill' "1~' mtho shos highest

6.11 Useful Expressions

~ ...-
,\Q'Ul9' Q'A'\9
~q'Ul9'q'A~9 It is very good, Excellent.
C>...c.........
C>...C>........
" --
- -
'"' '\'"'''\ "i''~9'9'
r.l.~r.l.'~ '\ 9' 9' .:t.,' ~,\1
.:t,: .:t.,~l What is the meaning of this?
",,_.....
""_..... -~'1l1
,",'\,",' '\ "i' '\9'
r.l.~r.l.'~"i'
,,_.....
~9' q,\'
q~';):j~'fll'9'
-
;):j,\'n.j'9' .:t.,'1l1
r.l.~' ~.:t.,'1lI9' ~q' .:t.,9~' 9"iI:.'1
,",,\'~~'1lJ9'~q' ~9~'9"iI:.'1
__ e-..
C>... __ --
What is the meaning of this in Tibetan?

me),
Please spell this (for me).

~~'
~'\' .:t.,I:.'9~' "il:. '~I:.' S~'Ul~'J;.j~l
~I:.'9~'''iI:.'~I:.' S~'Ul,\'J;,j~1 Did you do your homework?
...- ...- ~

I:.~' "iI:.' ~I:.' S'\'f'lll:.' J,j' ~I:. 'I

6, I:.~'"iI:.'~I:.'S~'flll:.' ".r I did not have time to do my homework.
homework,
~ -.<
7IJ''9'~' a;'9'r.l.~'A~9
7, 1Ij'-9S a;'9',",~'A'\9 How are those apples?
" " ...
...-~
~ "
Ul9' q'I1'~9'r.l.~9
Q'I1'~9''"''\9 good, Excellent.
TIley are very good.
"
 118
11 8

LE SS
LES ON SEV
SON SE VE
ENN
m.::~(y
ru.::r r ~(Y.Q,\
oQ,\~~'I;JI
'I;JI
'>'>

7.1 Tense
7.1 Te nsess

WeWehave
hav elearnt
lear ntthat
tha tthere
therearearethree
threemain
maintenses called5l!r"l~iQ
tensescalled 5'!r"l~i':r.:£;"1
Q':r J;"I "dus
"dusgsum
gsumbya byatshig"
Tib etan . As in Eng lish
Tibeta n. As in Englis h there thereare tshig" inin
aresubtle
subtlevariati
variations
onsofoftime
timewithin
wit hin one tense. For
theverb
ver btotowrite
wri ter:tQ-G"
one tense. For exa mpleleififwe
examp wetaketak e
the r:>.Q-G"b'bririba,
ba, we
wecancaneasily
easily formform the
thefour
fou rsimple
sim ple (prese
(pre nt,
sen t,past,
pas t, future,
futu re, condit ional)
/, and the fou
and the fourrcompocom pou nd(presen
(presentt-perfec con diti onal)
/, und -perfect,t,past-p
past-peerfect,
rfec t, future-
futu perfec
re-p erfe t, and condit ional-p
by usi ng var iouss auxilia
by using variou aux iliary ryverbs
verbs and ct, and con diti erfect) tenses
ona l-pe rfec t) tenses
and adding
add ingverbverbcompl
com ple ement
me ntss totoexpres s the correc
,~ . pat ternof
pattern ofchang
cha nge s to the spe express the cor rectttenses
tenses.. The
The
,~ . llin
es to the spellinggof ofthe
theverb
ver bstem
stem inin formin
form g
ing differe
diff nt tenses
of ver bs pro
of verbs provid videded atat the
theend
end of ere nt tens es can
can be
beseen
see nfrom
fro m the
thelis!
ofthis
this manua
manual lll Tense
Ten seinin Tibeta
Tib n
etan is
is largely expres lis!
wh ich con sist larg ely exp res sed
sed by
by the
the verb phrase
which consis tss of
ofthe
the verb,
verb, added
added compl
com ple me nt and
ement and f1uxilia
fluxiliaryry verb,
verb.
ver b phr ase
i;SiO:
i;SiO:

7.2 The
7.2 Th e Simp
Sim ple Pre sen
,;
le Prese ntt
~c< The simple
The sim ple presen
pre sentt shows
shows habitua
habituall action
action and
and expres
express ses
es aa genera
generall truth,
truth. Gener ally
the ver b stem rem
the verb stem remain ain unchan
unchanged
Gen era lly the
the spellin
spe llingg of
of
ged for
for this
this tense,
tense. For
we will
will call
call here
For first
first person
per son ,
, either
eith er of
of the
the particl
particlees~'
s~' S' ~'
~. wh ict
whict
we her e "added
"ad ded verb
verb compl
comple ment"
ement substitutes
? " substit utes the second
second syllab
syll le
abl e of an infinit ive verb.
is the n foll owed
is then follow ed by
by the
the auxilia ~"i·yod.
ver b ~"i'yod
auxiliary verb infi niti ve ver b. This
This
. For second
second and thirdthird person
persons, an
an infmit
infm ive form of
the verb
ver b is
is follow
foll owed itiv e form of
the ed byby the auxilia verb ~S.
auxiliary verb
'k·~
Eng lish
Englis h Inf inittive
ive
Infini per son
1st person 2nd & 3rd pers
person
to
to eat
eat -'l'G
-'l'G"' -'l'~' ilj"i'
-'l'~'ilj"i' -'l'q'~"i
on
-'l'q '~"i''
'i,t::
tog o r:>.§ j.q.
'i,c:
togo r:t§j'q' r:>.§ j'~'~"i'
r:t§j'~'~ "i' r:t§j'<r~
r:>.§ j'q'~"i'
"i'
to
to cut
cut r:>.Q "I' q
r:tQ"I' <r' r:>.! l"l'~'~"i'
r:t!l"l'~ '~"i' r:tQ"I'<r
r:>.Q "I'<r~"i'
~"i'
to
to jum p iQa; C::'q iQic ::'~'~"i
iQ,k'~'
~;." jump iQa;C'q ~"i'' iQa;c'q'
iQa; ~"i'
C::'q'~" i'
to
to sme ll
smell qgiQ
qgiQ'<, 'l,ff q~J. f3·~~"i'
q~J.f3' "i· Q~iQ'<l'
q~iQ 'q'~~"i'
"i'
to
to hid e ~~rq'
~~~
;):';;£
hide ~l!r<r '~"i'
~l!f~'~" i' ~l!r<r~"
~~r< r~"ii''
to
to mil k r:>.{.q'
r:t{'q' r:>.€
milk '~'~""i'
r:t€'~'~ i' r:>.{ Q' ~"i'
r:t{''q'~" i'

L1...C::·~9"''I'~r;'
C'~9""Il1/ 'I·<J<J'
'''·R iq·~·rlfr: >.§j'
§j'~'ilj
~~
!i:o~ ' ;"1' <;ruq'~' (lfr:t "il
~'ilj"il nga
ngazho
zhogg leas
kasrta
rtag parslo
nga g par slob grva
b grv la 'gro
a la 'gro gi
giyod
yod
ngazho k kay
zhok kay tag
tagpar
parlob
lobdra
dra laladro
dro kiki yoe
yoe IIgo
go to
tosch
school
ool eve
every mornin
ry mo g,
rning.
2;2. fii"~ "I'''l~';' 'I'<J",'
fii"~"I'''Il1/';''I' <J'>;'Riq·~·rlfr:>.
ruq'~'rlf r:t§j'§j'q'Q'~"il
~"il kho
khozho
zhog
g leas
kasrta
rtag parslo
g par slob grwa
kho zho k kay tag par
b grw 'gro ba red
a fafa 'gro
ba red
kho zhok kay tag parlob lobdra dralaladro drova
varere He
Hegoe
goes
s totosch
school every
ool eve mornin
/t
/t ry mo rning.g,
t'f~
\:i":i 3.3.i§"i·~9"9""Il!r;"
i§"i'~ "l~·;"I·I'<J.>;'r
q"'·RiG'uG"~'ilrn
~·rlrn.§.§j'
j·q·Q'~"i'
~"il khy od zho
khyod zhogg kas rtagpar
kasrrag parslob
slobgrw
grwa
khy o zha g kay 'groba
a fafa'gro bared
red
,- khyo zhag kaytag par lob dra la
tag par lob dra la drova dro varere Yo u go
You gototosch
school every
ool eve mornin
ry mo rning.g,
4.4. is'r: >.~~·cr.;:
is"r:t~lI/' I'Il::<J'
::<J· q~f·q·~''i
Cr.;:I'II:: ~"il1
Sj
Q~f'q' khy i 'dis
khyi 'disnga
nga'i khang
'i kha pabsr
bsrung
khy i dhe ng pa bared
ung ba red
e nga y
khyi dhee ngay khangpapasookha ng ng wa
soong warere Thi s dog
This dog pro
protec
tectstsmy
myhou
house,
se.
",~-,
5.5, c::·l·"I-'lr:>. ·<r~c ~'; "f q... ·"i9"i·<J" ''().~·~·ij'~'ilj''il
C'J;'''I-'lr:t'<rll/C lI/';9" <J'>;'''i9" i'<l.>;-n.§ lj''il nga
ngatsho
tshogza
gza' pasan
' pa sangs rtagpar
gs rrag pardgodgon palala'gro
nga !Sh o zah n pa 'grogigiyod
yod
nga tsho pa san g tag par
zah pa sang tag par gampar gam pardro drokikiyoe
yoe EveEvery
ry Frid
Friday
ay wewegogototothe
themo
monas tery.
nas tery
~:'~ .
~:,~

,;0
 119

6. E::g·~'.>Ji'.l'5c:.'orS'rii"l'or~'-'l'~'<Ji"i1
t:.·g·~·<>J~·5t:.·nrS·rii"l·nr~·-'l·~"cJiz::;, IIga tsho nyi ma'i gung la phyi logs la lIya za gi yod
nga tsho nyi mai goong la chi 10k 1a la nya za gi yoe We eat fish outside during the day.

7.3 The Simple Past Tense

This tense expresses an action that has taken place in the historical past. This is formed by placing
the syllable ~'i'i4",'pa
~"i'i4",'pa yin for first person and ~. 't."i'
::<'Z::;" pa red for the second and third person after the

main verb. An infinitive verb which ends in~'

in~" pa remains unchanged. The verb stem itself may go
through some spelling changes allowed by the phonological rules governed by gender harmony of
the consonants.

English Infinitive 1st peI'Son

person 2nd & 3rd peI'Son person
to dig A~'q'
Il.~·.r ~~'<ri'i4""
~~f<ri'i4"," ~'11'~'
~'Il"~" 't."i'
::<'Z::;"

to purify ~c:.'q
~I;."" ~c:.~'~'i'i4""
~1;.~f~"i'i4"," ~c:.~r<r't."i·
~t:.'Il"<r::<'z::;·
to look q'I{q'
'l'lf"" q\y~'~'i'i4",'
"\y1\r~"i'i4",' q'li~'<r't."i'
'l'lj'll" <r ::<.z::;'
to write 1l.5j"
AQ'q' .." Q~'<ri'i4",'
5j'll" <ri'i4"," ~~'~''t.''i'
~'Il"~" ::<'Z::;"

t:. ~·rii"'·~"'·5'''i9''''~i'.l'~''i'~c:.
1. c:. 'Il'rii""~""5"Z::;9'" "~~" ~Z::;"~I;.'Il'
'11' .Q' i'i4"'1
.cri'i4"" ngas
IIgas Ion gron du dhyin ji'i skad sbyangs pa yin
ngay Ion don du in jee ke jang pa yin I studied English in London.

2. rk·~~·~'~,.::<i,,·~"i·~c:.
rk·~'Il"~"'Il"""<i,,"~z::;·~t:. ~'.Q'
'Il"~" ::<.,,'
't."1 k1wllg
klwng gis lha sar bod skad sbyangs pa red
khong gee lha Iha sal'
sar bo ke jang pa re He studied Tibetan in Lhasa.

3. ~"i'~~'m<:r~~'~"I'LJ~'~"i·~c:.~r<r't."i1
~Z::;"~'Il"ru""~"""~"I" LJ~"~z::;"~t:.'Il',," ::<'z::;, khyod kyis slob grvar sog po'i skadsbyangs pa red
khyo kyee lob drar sog poi ke jang pa re You studied Mongolian at school.

7.4 The Simple Future Tense

future" This is formed by pladng~'
This tense express an action that will take place in the future. placing~' gi
between the main v,erb and the auxiliary verb as we have seen with the simple present. The spelling
The only difference between simple future and simple presell\
of the verb remain unchanged. The. present is the
use of different auxiliary verb for the first'person.

English
to jump
Infinitive
<>Jit:.·~"
.>Jic:.·.Q' -
1st person
."" ""
~ ~
<>JJ,I;.""j"tll","
.>JJ,c:.'''l'Ul''''
2nd & 3rd peI'Son
.>Jk'~''t.''i'
<>Jk"~'::<'Z::;"
person

~ ~

to meet .>J!<OI'
<>J!<tll" ..
q'" .>JI<or ~r Ul",'"
<>Jl<rll"~·tll", .>JI<OI'~t
<>Jl<nr~j" 't."i'
::<'Z::;"

to suck A~q'.Q·
Il.~ .."". A~<:r~'i'i4~'
Il.~ lf~"i'i4~" A~q'~·'t."i'
Il.~ .."~. ::<'Z::;"

t:. tl'.>J'rll'A~'~·Uj~1
1. c:. ti<>J"rll"Il.~"~"Uj~, fa 'gro gi yin
nga khrom la
nga tom la dro lei yin I will go to the market.

2. ,;[~.>J·rll'A~·~'
,;[~<>J"nrll.~"~" ::<.,,'
't.", mo khrom laLa 'gro gi red
mo tom la dro ki re She will go to the market.

3. ~"i' g'~.>J'rll'A~'~' 't."il

~z::;"g"~<>J"Ol"Il.~"~"::<'Z::;' khyod tsho khrom fa 'gro gi red
khyo tsho tom la dro lei re You will go to the market.

7.5 Present - Perfect Tense

 lLU
Thi s ten se ind ica tes action that star
The imp lica tion oft ted in the past and con tinu ed into,
of the
he illustration used is that I have jus or nearly into the present.
t recently com ple ted writing, or is
eve n now in the pro ces s of finishin perhaps
g the writing. Thi s is formed by affi
bet wee n the ma in ver b and the aux xin g the wo rd ib.o:.'
· tsh ar
iliary ver b prefixed with the app rop
sho wn for the sim ple pas t. riat e ver b com ple me nt as

Eng llch Inf init ive 1st person 2nd & 3rd person
to eat -'1.,..'
-'1'q
-'1~ ib.o:.·q·U
.''J'Ujilj·
lilj' -'1~r ib.o:.''J'
.·q·~ ~"i"
"i·
to stu dy ~t::'
~t:;'q
q St::~
St:;~ib.o:
ib.o:.·'J'
.·q·UUlilj
iilj·
' ~t::
~t:;~'
~. ib.o:.·'J'
.·q·~"i'
to loo k q'1!
q'1!"'q'
Q' q'lJ~ ib-<-
ib""'qU
qUililj'
ilj' q\\,~
Q\\,~'' ib.o: 'q' ~"i'
ib",.'l.r
. to cop y q'5' Q'
q"'1'q' q'5~
q"'1~'
' ib.o:.·'qU
t~
qUililj'
ilj' q'5~' ib.o:
~~

" 'q' ~'\'

ib",.·'J' ~'\.

t:; ~Q~' ib.o:.

t:: ib""''J'U
q'Uililjl
iljl
If"'" nga s bris tshar pa yin
r,1', . nga y dre e tsha
tsh arr pa yin I hav e written,.
j'ii~
i6~'~"i'
'~"i'ib-<- q' ~"il
ib""''J'
~~~ kho s spr ad tshar pa red
kho i tre
Ire tsh ar pa re He has given,
en.

is''i'§~ q'5~ ' ib.o:.·''J'

q"'1"f q' ~'\I
~,\I khy od kyis bsh
bsfuus
ts tshar pa red
khy o kye
Iryee sho o tsha
tsh arr pa re Yo u have copied.
7.6 Pa
Pa st
st·- Per fec t Ten se
Thi s tense indicates an action that
started at som e time in the pas t rem
tim e me ntio ned . It is form ed by affI ote r tha n som e oth er pas t
Xing the wo rd iijt:
ifF:'my
my ong
ong (ha ve exp erie nce d) afte r the ma
~q He re the aux ilia ry ver b is not use in verb.
d for the first person. As for the sec
r~
infi niti ve form of iijt:: ond and thir d per son , the
tjt:;''q'
Q' my ong ba 'to exp erie nce 'is affi
xed to the ver b stem plus the auxilia
~'\'
~'\. red 'In the pas t per fec t tense, the ry ver b
vow el end ing ver b stem s do not cha
the sim ple pas
pas t.l nge their spe llin g as wit h

Eng lish Inf init ive 1st person

~'-% to har ves t 2nd & 3rd person
e.'q'
<:,'q <:"iij
e.'o@t::'
t;;. <:,'i
e.'~ijc.'
'q'~q'~"i
,\''
to sho ck ,\t::t:
,\t:;t:.Q'
:;.q "it::t
'\t:;t:;~'
::~'ii~t:;'
jt::' "it:;t::; ~'iij
"it::t: ~.~tt::'q
:;'Q'' :<.,,'
,,'"
W'" to exc ava te ~l:lj
~tIj~'q'
~''J' ~l:lj~
~tIj~r!it:
'iijt:;':'
" ~
~l:lj
~tIj~~'iij
.tjt:
t::'q
;'q.~
'~"i'
"i'
to roll t:l.~I
t:I.'lJ'.q
~nfq r.\~nJ'~t:
J'iijt::'
;'
/ i t:l.~I
t:I.~flJ't
'lJ'iijt;;·
jt::'qQ·~"i
'~"i'·
I
f~
t:;~
1. t:: ~·l:'
·15,
i"i·~
\·~·
'nJ·~
Ol,~
~'t:l
~·t:
. ~l'
l.Q· ~·1!
iijc.' nga s bod kyi 10 rgyus 'bri my ong ''4
'-41l
nga y hoe kyi Iryi 10 gyo o dri nyo ng
I wro te (a) history of Tib et (a lon
g wh ile ago).
2. F~'~t
F~'~t::'l:
:;·tIlj~<>
j~"rr
l·t:l
.>.Q·
.Q'ii
-!it:
jt::'
;·q:<
.q:<''''i1
''i1 kho s sgrung gsum 'bri my ong ba red
kho e dro ong soo m dri nyo ng va re
He wro te three stor ies (a lon g wh
;:;
ile ago).
B"i'~
B'\·~~''li
~''l!''l't
''l't:l.g~
:l.g~'iijt
· -!it:;'
::'q' ~''il
Q' ~,\I
khy od kyis sta g 'ius my ong ba red
khy
kby o kye e taa lkjo o nyo ng va re
i-:' .:, You cau ght a tige r (a lon g wh ile ago
).

r
 lLl

e - Perfe ct Tense
Futurre·
7.7 Futu
concep ts of future and past. In
This tense is a paradoxical weddi ng of the apparently contra dictory future, But by
ete until Sunda y - a time in the future.
one of the illustration used, the action will not be compl
will already have been
the end of Sunday, the action will already have taken place, the deed
This is formed by adding a::...
a;,,,;Ul'
·Uf
comsu mated ., So there is an added concep t of the past in the idea.
tsOOr ya or a::....
a;..,,~,~. tsOOr rgyu after the main verb.
verb,

Englis h Infini,tive 1st person 2nd & 3rd £erson

"lJ!!e:.'Q'
Ql!je:."l" a;"""I'illl"i·
Q~e:.~' a::...·"l·ii
"l~e:.~' Oi' Q~f~' a::...."l..
"l~f~' ..".
a; """1' ..,,,.
to hide
to discus s me:.·Q· ~~'a::;'''l.ti.i"i'
~~·a;;'''I·ti.j0i' me:.'a::...."l.:i.".
me:.' a;..,'''I' :i.".
Q"I' Q
~
Q' :"'-' ~.tlj').
Qilj"f a;..,,~.tl:
Qilj"ra: j')' "lilj~' a;"":i!'::i.".
Qilj~' a::",-':!!' i.",
to divide ~

~§'Q'
~§'Q' "l~"fa: j0i'i'
:"'-'~'Uj"
Q~'" a;..,'~'tl: Q~~'a: :",-'~':i.".
Q~~' a;..,,~, :i.,,'
to wash

ij'~~'''IP.·~·.>Jf
c.~'ill·ilj·~~·"I"
1. c.~·iil·i .i·~"i·Q~
''~'~·.>J ·a;",-·"l
f.i'~Oi'Q ·iil"i1
~·a;..,willOiI ngas yi ge 'di gza'ny ima'i nyin bris tshar ya yin
y.
ngay yi ge dhi zah nyi lll;ai In:ai nyin dree tshar ya yin I will have writte n this letter on Sunda y,

pi~'J'le:.''l'~~''
2, F~·j'le:.
2. f.i·~"i·Q
"P.·~·.>J>Jf.i'~Oi
·'l·~~·"I'I''~'~'. ;·''I·:i.
~~·a::",-
'Q~~'a;'> ''1
·"l·:i."1 khos khang pa 'di gza'ny i rna'i nyin bzos tshar ya red
built this house on Sunda y.
khoi khang pa dhi zah nyi mai nyin zoe tshar ya re He will have

3, ~"·~·S·~~~·~e:.·
3. ~Oi·(lj~·"I·a::"
~~·~e:.·~"i·(lj~ ·~·:i."11
·"I·a;"',·~·:i." khyod kyi bu 'dis sang nyin las ka tshar rgyu red
work. tomorr ow.
Your son will have finished the work
khyo kyee bu dhee sang nyin lay ka tshar gyu re

-Perfect Tense
7.8 Cond itiona l ·Perfe
in the past if the condit ion was
As the name implies, this tense is used to show an action occurr ing
ons, This is formed by the condit ional phrase consis ting of "i'
not affecte d by some other situations.
Oi' na

'" and then adding "l'~'"

(if) ... Q'~'" ba yod (would have) after the main verb.
verb,

e:.·(lj·~"I·a;·~"· ·"i·e:.~·ll·iij·~Q
"I·a::·~"Oi·e:.~·i Q·Q·Ui"1
iil·ilj·~·Q·Ui"1 fa snag tsha yod no ngas yi ge 'bri ba yod
nga la
nga la naak tsha yoe na ngay yi ge dri va yoe I would have writte n the letter if I had the ink.

F·(lj·;J
pi'(lj' ;J·5·~"'0 )·e:.W"l
i·e:.
·5'~,,·' "l",-·Q·
w"I"I"" ~"1
Q'~"I la smyu gu yod na nga la gyar ba yod
kho fa
kho la iiyoo gu yoe na nga la yaar wa yoe He would have lent me if he had the pen.

·f·Q·Ui''1"1
e:.·'l·p.~~·f·"l·Ui nyo ba yod
la pad shag yod na khang pa 'di nyoba
~"'(lj''l'"·"9"1·u:
~"·(lj·'l i''·Oi"J'le:.·'l·p.
'·-9''1·u:i"·"i'j'l khyod fa
1:>ought this house if you had the
khyo la pe shak yoe na khang pa dhi nyo va yoe' You would have bough
money .,

7.9 Table of Tense Term inatio ns

tenses, The main differe nce is in the past and
The follow ing table gives the terminations of all the tenses.
"l'ba for
particleeQ'ba
a;""tshar meaning "finish" and the media l particl
future perfect, which is characterized by a::",-'tsh
Ui,,· yod is used for all three person s in the conditional perfect
condit ional perfect. The termination Ui",
of present tense. While the
but it canno t be used for the 2nd the 3rd as it is used in the 1st person
media l particle are chiefly
follow ing terminations can be used on the whole for all verbs, their nol all
base, The choice is betwee n po and ba (pronounced wa) as not
govern ed by the final of the verb base.
classic al grammatical rules are observed in spoken Tibetan. n,
 ""-
""'"
-"-
/
Teses
Ten ns es
t{ 1st1st perpeson
rso n 2nd
2n d&& 3rd
Pr es
Pre senent t 3r d per
Deson
rson
"''j"O
j "j'i'' ' l ' i ' , . ~"\.
<1'<r~ ,,\'
.
Patst
Pas <riil...
<1'iil ...· · r.r<1'~'i'
~'i'
Fuure
Fut tu re "j·o...,...·
"l·u, · 'lj' ""i'
Pr es
Pre senent tPer
Pefec
rfe ct
t 'lJ' "''''
l.J'l~'
<J''' Oj~'
!i 'I'l.J'"
""\''''\'
Past
Pas Pe rfe
t Per fecct
t '!:Ie::
'!:Ie:: ii ~e::<
~e:l''',
: <1'",\'
'''\'
Fu tu II
'1,', Fut urerePer
Perfe
fecct
t a:;""O
.1)" ·"f"j'O
l,\·ji\' .1)" '''1''
a:;",'U l'"'',\''\'
O:md
O:m itiona
diti onal Pe rfe
l Per fecctt qO'i'
l:f"l j,\'
q" l'i
[0- rr Pr es
Pre senenttPro
Pr og ressiv
gre ss ivee
l:f"l 'i' '
QI'W
<l'1~ '''''
''l'i
i' ' <l'1
Q~.... t:\ '\'lJ
....t:\'\' lj
Pastt Pro
Pas Pr og ressiv
gre ss ivee '<
'<
"''5l'<:
"''5/,<:Ilfj~,\ 'Oj,''\'
1,\'''l ,\'
..,,'" oli"'·<:1::::,,\·(.l,
.l\" l'Q \W'i"1
i"l
Fu re Pr og re siv e
Futtu
i
~'. ure Pr ogresive_~_"l'
'-';c ~

''l~~~_ __._~~~~,
'<
~« OJ'Oj.l\' "l'\_.
~'\.
_ _ ___ _ J

.l\'<<:I':j'
oli' naba
nab a ~e::Q'
~c:.'< l' rny
rn yuung
ngba
llr.;:·...
.qc:. '\·l.J·.
.... '\.<J to
to bec om
thang
tha ng cha
ch add pa ~P'lr.;:
~'l'lc '.<l~(1J'l:f
:. '.<j~( 1J'q
be co mee sic
sickk
*
t:lCl"l'l.
t:l.C! J'
"l' 'I' 'khyag
'kh ya gp
paa
~'<

~. <:j(1J'
~'q~ ~(1J'Q
q''
slat
slat tha
thanngg mn yel
ye l ba to be
to be tire d
tired
a:;'Q'£ "l'l.J' '< slat
slat bsi
bsill ba to
to bec
~

~ .1)'''1' £"l'< J' tsh

IShaa ba ~f ';;' be coom
mee co
cold
~
)~-:;,

)~-:;,
ba tsh
IShig pa
igpa ';;'\'\' .!;1lj'19~c:.
.!;9· lj~c:.'Q
· q'' slatt tsh ad tsh
sla tshiigg gn
gnaanng
ld
g ba to fee
to feell ho
hott
7.1
7.111 K insh
shiip
Kin p Te rm ss
Te rm
1l'rC<<F
F aa zh anng
1l'rC zha g un
unccle
le (rn
(rnaate
temrna1
a I))
ll'i '~'
Il'i'~' an e
ane au nt
aunt (p
(paate
tern
rnal)
a;j'e'
al)
a;j'e' ak
akh huu
uncle
unc le (p ate
(pa tern
rnal)
al)
~'J
~'Jii'' so
somm oo auntt (m
aun (maate
tern
rnal)
al)
a;j 'Jf
ll'i'O f am
amaa mo
mothe
," II"'"
1/"'"' ap
aphhaa fat
ther
heer
fath r
r
';;'Q
';;'Q' tsh a ba
ISha bo ne phhew
nep ew
~,.
a:; 'Ji'
.;)'Ji' tsh
tsham
amao ne
~.[.
lcee
nelc
~.[.
ca jao
coj eld
ll'i, j;'
eldererbr oththe
bro err
Il'i,j;' aach i
chi sis terer
sist '--'.
a;j'E;Ilj"l'>li"i'q
a;j'E;9"">li"i'q aajag
.,.~.,,-

jagssrg annpa
rga pa eld
elderersis terer
sist
"l~ i\' ii'
"l~,\'ii' ce n pa
~:\
~-:c
cen po eld
eldererbrbro
oththe
er r
~'Q
~'Q'' pa ba
po bo grgra
annd-
d-fat heer
fath r
~,~
~,~.. mamosm smao gra
grand
nd-rnot he
-rno ther r
Q'
'< "I' uu soson
Q.Ji.
~
n
~ q'Ji' um
umao
r~
~
dadau
ugght
hterer
f
f
 123

Q.'lD.'ii!'
Q-'lD.'ii!' za'zZa spouse
is'''] hyoga husband
~r::.'.l'J' hungma wife
lifE."] ~'iS'
lifE,"] "]' jags khyo ga brother in law
~'~A'Q;ar:>.'ii!' o jo'i bza' zZa
zla sister in law
'lj~,,\'J:i'
'lj~"i'J:i' gcenmo elder sister
"l~r::.'ti'
"l~r::.'.t.:i' gcungpo younger brother
~

"l~r::.'.l'J' gcungmo younger sister

~"I'~ilJ'
~"I'~i<J' tog tsam a little (for a little while)
l>l~'
I>l~' las than, karma
Q~"I·tl'
Q~"I'tI' bzhagpa to leave things behind
~r::.rl' gling kha picnic

~"'~~' snodchas dishes

~'Q' 'khru ba to wash
If-'r:>.~,,\'
If-'r:>.~''i' rlung 'phrin radio
5l"l~tl'
5l"l~tI' sbragspa postman
5l"l'r<r::.' sbrags khang post office
'),,\':;'jr>r
'i"i'.:;'jr>r tan shel biscuit
Iilllf tl'
€l"l'tI' blugpa to pour (liquids)
r::.r>r"l~'~"]'q' ngaZ
ngal gso rgyag pa to rest

~.;"
7.12 Exercises of Lesson Seven
(a) Repeat the following by substituting the last part of the sentence :

r::.' g'lfl'5j'~'"l'l>l'
r::.'g·lfl·5j· ~'''l'I>l' r:>.§j.~'t'il"\J
r:>.§j'~'til"il
r:>.§j·"rt'il,,\!
r:>.§j"'rtil"il
r:>.§j'.gr::.'
flr::.'1J
r:>.~'Q'Ui"1
r:>.~'Q'Ui"1
r:>.§j'~'~"\1
r:>.§j'~'~"il
2. is'''l>l'mQ'~'']'
is'''I>l'ruQ'~'']' i<JC:: q'Ui '" q~1
ilJc:.·q'Ui", q~ I
"1"1'''1',,\'
"1"1'''1''']' g;",Ui,\!
g,,'Ui'\1
'lj~'"
'lj~"'Ll'Jl'r:>.'S"I
tl'J'j·r:>. '1"1
tl~'QS,,\·l>l~'~'D.'S"I
tI~'QS"i'I>l~'~'D.'S"I
"iilj~' tl~1
"iljz;r Ll~1
3, ""I'~r~ilJ'r..~,g,
""I'~i"~i<J'r:>.~,g, ~A'~"il
~A'~"il
c:.A'.l'J'~'i1
r::.A'.l'J'~'i1
'?l"i'ij'jj'r:>.'S,"I
i!.,\' q' jj' r:>.rs,"I
"Ic:..q,r:>.'i'll
"Ir::.,q'r:>.'i"l
v

r:>.~' '5' tl"l'll'~'<lj"l'q~1

tI"I"I'~'<lj~'q~1
 4. [iic:
[iic·.·"l~
"l~nfnr€.·
l:''- ,;jl'
.;jl'i·~·
i'~'rr<<~"l"
'i"l l"il
/ ~
"l"ll
r: -CJ~. "l0\c:
"l"ic.'·9·r.>
' I"r.>.'\
.'\"I·"
"I'''II"l1
''i1
~

-CJ~ "i'
"l.q- ~'\. <J"il
<J"ll
,;jl,
.;jl,\'~'
\·~· J:J'r<',\"1
J:J.r< \"1~

-CJ~"i'
l. ib·";
ib ...·Ji.r.>."\"l
.,,\"l
~

(b) Repeat the following sentences

by filling in the Tibetan equivalents of the Eng
lish words.
"K' . .
- g.
1. I'K· ~
............... "''\1
"',\1
merchants
Indian
Nepalese
students
v,s-:
.. fishermen
2. ........... Q~·i
Q~·i·~
·~?l·~'\
A·~ r
'\1
.. combs
~'
~- pocket knives
hand gloves
fruits
~':1::
~;1:: prayer books

3. c~ .............. ~·l
~i2
w;. see
sleep
bear
read
~
copy

4. l,f~. •••• •••• •••• •• "I"l"'·<J·~,\1

"f!
";;}
school
hospital
bookstore
Uf:
t& restaurant
student
(c) Transform the following senten
ces into' negative.
I
1. c:..Jl
c·Jlilj·~·
ilj.~.~·r.l
~.r.>.."i"l
"i"l
~

c· i·mc:.-rrnm~·~·~
2. c:.' ·~·~"'1
~1 ""-,-......,,..,
3. m-CJ·~''1"
~"I·~~·i·Q
·i·Qee:~·~
:~·~ll''l·
Clj·rr.>.'
.l.'55.''1
."l
4. i9'\·
i!l'\;'[::
·~·9·9·r;:
r;:j"j"lWr
lWr.l.>.§j
.§j·~
·~·~0
·~"\·
i·<J" i1
<J"l1
5. ~·fic
~·fic·~"
:.·~"l·l;
i·l;j ~~r<J
j~"l ·~"il
·<J· ~"i1

" (d) Tra nsl ate the following senten

Tibetan. ces into Eng lish and transform them
into sim ple past in

1. t:::i·~·ll
·~·Zlff",·n rr.>.l.~·~
...·nrr. ~·~·U·Ui'\
i'\11 !,-';)
f'·';)

2. c:.·
c:~'m~
~'m~·· i·;·
i·;·1;rU
9·Ujj~1
~1
B"\·-c:.·
3. S"\·" ~·~·~8c·~
·8c:. '~'Jl
·Jl·'~"\1
~"\l

~-

,....
(0" ~,
~,
 i ~J

"'I·ffiQr~·iija:,1
4. ,\z::rA~·c.c. "fffi''r~' iija:,1

fii"'l'~,\'a;"'I'A
5. fii~'~,\ <fAll~' :<','\\11
'a;~'A~'~' <fAll~'

(e) Translate the following into Tibetan:

L He will come to the school tomorrow afternoon.

1.
2 He eats apple every Sunday.
3. I will listen to the radio at 7.00 am.
4. I sat under the tree this morning.
5. We go to the garden every evening.
6. I am eating two oranges.
7. This is the tallest cat.
8. Where is his uncle's hand gloves?
9. When did he write this letter?
10. We will not go to the bookstore on Friday.

7.13 Usefu l Expre ssion s

_ _ _eo... e-....

1.
L 'l)9'~·I:.(
C:i)9·
c.. lj·9~·
;:S'c..(lj'9 ~9·9·r
2:\f eJ9'9' ~r9'Ul"~"'1
r:l.:<~·~· '1 I will go to rest for a while.
~ ...- ~

2, Q9~·[Q 9·.Q·~;;;'
I:.·"·9'.Q'Ult
Q9~'[Ilc..'t;;;' "· "'''I
""t;;;1 Where is the post office?
"- "-- ....... "
c........-"" ......
r:<,,' ) ~'l:!9
r:l.t;;;' Cl"\~.
"-
J:l9'"'I
' "'c.. '" "'''I
'(lj"'~lt;;;'
:. '(ljt;;;'U ""t;;;1 How far is it from here?
3,
3.
4.
~...-
~
1:.r:<·~Wr:<·
c..r:l.'~'
-
(lj'r:l.' J.l'J.l'
J.l' J.l' fiJ9~'
~
...-
...-
""9~'9"'1:.·1
fil9~' "'9~r9" ,c..·1 Please do not put any milk in my tea.
--.
'" ~
~
5. B'"
Bt;;;'""c "'I:.'(lj
.. '(lj'l)Cl j(lj'9
Q'4~'z::j(lj'9
'7"\) '4(lj'[Il'4~'z May I offer you some biscuits?
"-
"- _
_ c....
c....
-..... e-..
-..... e-..
t;;;. "'c..·
6. ". 9,,\J.'94~'U
"'1:.·9"'J.l ~9·q' J,j'r:l.t;;;1:lj
l·94~·l9' "m"l:lj ~
We do not have good weather today.
 12 6

L E S S O N E IG H T
....
""",
""". :lj.t:r cbil\ 'l;j
·l;j~.c:
~.c:;·l:
;' J:.JI
.J1

8. 1 Pr og re ss iv e
f!;.'.':!
f:<."!

Ea ch of the eig ht ten

co nt in ui ng ov er an extenses (we have studied in lesson 7) ca n be sli
gh
Th e pr og re ss iv e tenses ded period of time. Such continuity is indica tly changed to sh ow action
be, ha s been, had been ar e fo rm ed by combinin ted by the progressive ten
, will have been, would g some form of verb to be (is, was, will be, ses.
writing, wa s writing etc would
.). This is known as pres have been) with th e -in g form oo of an ot he r ve
Q~"i' bzhin, iit"i'gin or en t participle. Present parti rb (i~
~"i' kyin as the added ciple on the whole tak~
,. and auxiliary verb. ve rb complement. Th ey
ar e placed between verb
stem
8. 2 Pr es en t Pr og re ss
~ iv e
""
Th e present progressive
tense refers to an action
mO
m ommeenntt of speaking. Th e au or state of being that is
..,...,..'.. xiliary verbs "l'i' yo d an actually in progress at the
(third) person respective
ly.
ly.
"''
d "S i' re d ar e us ed for first person and se
cond

.".~-
",~-
1. t;.
c:.''~'
~'~'
~·~~llj
Jlj'r.>
't:l.Q
.Q.q'q~~,'i
~'''''l
'l'\1
,\! ng a yi ge zh ig 'br i bz hi
nga yi ge m ig dri zhin yo n yo d
e I am writing a letter,.
2. 6,\·
6,\·tI
tlj"j"i
iJ.l
J.l'flj
·nr'Q~'
Q~·Q~"
q~"i·r
i'I.>.
J.''i"
i"ll
~ kh yo d gnam la bU
blta bzhin 'dug
khyoe naam la ta zhin do
og You are looking in the sk
y,
y.
T:"-
3. jii'E' a;'ij'(.l..Il
a;' ij'f. l,.lt:..
lc:.q~"i
'q~"'r.>
i'IJ.'i"
. '1"1
l
~ . ~ kh o ja tsha po 'th un g bz
kh o ja tsh
Isha po thoong zh hi n 'dug
in da
doag
og He is drinking hot tea,.
-""-
4. t;.'
c:.·~·
~'''"iI
iIi'i·f
flj'll"
'l'~l~ff q~9' q~'
Q~'i'''l'il
v i! ng a tsh o rgan lags bs gu
nga tsh
Isho ghen lak ga gookak day yoe g bs da d )'o
yo d
We are waiting for (our)
'''}:
'Jo ; ,
teacher.
5. -tj
5. .tj'Q'
·Q·~'~
~·~'~·
·~·-'l
.or'q~q~d
.l\\·r
'1J.>..'i'i99
~ sh a ba de tsho rtsa za bz
sha wa de tsho ts3 tsa za zhin hin 'dug
iu da
doog The deer are eating gras
.'''}
.".~ s.
6.Qllf~~·'qQ'~
'~'' i''
i·"'lc
lc..'~
·~··1J
t:\.5'5"1
'1 bU
bl ta
a sk or ba de tsh o yo ng
ta ko r wa de !shIsho ya ng gi 'dug
gi da
doog The tourists are coming
.
8.3 Pa st Pr og re ss iv e
Th e pa st progressive. ten
se is used to show what
Th is is formed by addi was happening 'at a sp
ilill'q
,'e:
.'"
ng iIi'!!l'qll!'i
~'i'' na s bs da d betwee ecific time' in the past.
,. auxiliary verb, n the past ten se verb
,; and 'the appropriate
'.', c:.' ~''i'\l'~'9·
1. t;.' '9'~tI
~'lj·
r Ql!
Q'!l'iii''\I'
v ~ *1' q~'i
Q~'i''
'''l'l,'\1\! ng a de dus yi ge zh ig br
nga de du e yi ge zhig dr is na s bs da d yo d
ee nay day yo yae At that time I was writing
a letter.
2, 6'\S
6'\Sil
ilic
ic::.'Q
.'q~l!l
~'!l''
'''i'i'
l!l'
!l·q~,\
q~,'IJ.
\·t:\'
'i''
i''l l
~ kh yo d da na ng bl ta s na
s bs dn d 'dug
 1 L I

khyoe da nang tay nay de doog You were looking this morning.

Q~,\·r.>.5"1
r5c."l' il\~' Q~,\'r:>.
flC" .t·~il\·'\jc.·E.·J::r5c.><l·
3. flC:' 5"1 khong tsho nyin dgung ja btung s nas bsdad
'dug
tsho nyin dgung ja tooog nay de doog
khong !Sho They were drinking tea in the afternoon.

8.4 Futur e Progr essive

be going on up to or at a
The future progre ssive tense is used to express future actions that will
certain time in the future. This is formed by adding the word ~~. rtsis
betwe en the main verb and
the appropriate auxiliary verb.

c.'~'~'r:>.~i"
1. c.'~'~'r.> il\11
~~'~il\
.~i'~~'~ nga yi ge 'bri rtsis yin
nga yi ge dri !See tsee yin I will be writing the letter.

[9,\' Q'll"' ~ "l':<''\1

2. 19'\'Q'll ><l' :<',\1 bIla rtsis red
khyod bila
khybe ta !See
khyoe tsee re You will be looking.

3. jli'E.'r:>.~c.' ~ "l':<',\1
jli'E.'r.>.~c.' ><l':<',\1 kho ja 'thung rtsis red
kho ja thoong !See tsee re He will be drinking tea.

8.5 Futur e Cond itiona l Progr essive

shown below describe conditions that may happen in the future iljl
The type of conditional clause showo
the conditional particle ill'
il\' nL
one condition is fulfilled. It is formed by keeping the last verb between
i
i .
and the particle "I'
"I" ya .

'-'.,
c.' ;t; .... il\·iil·tii·
1. c.'il\r::.'~c.' \1
r:>.Q·"l·~ill\1
il\·ill·iii·r.>.Q·"r~i tsha,. na yi ge 'bri ya yin
nga nang sbyong tshar
tshar na yi ge dri ya yin
nga nang jong !Shar If I finish my homework I would be writing the letter.

r~c.·"r· ..I':<.'\1
·~·A· ..I'~c.·"l
·;t;"'·~·A· ..r:<',\1 khyod nang sbyong rna tshar na '0 rna 'thung ya rna red
[9'\·il\r::·~r::.·.>l·
2. 19'\·il\r::. .·~r::.·.>J;t;...
khyoe nang jong rna !Shar tshar na ho rna thoong ya rna re
If you do not finish homework you would not be drinking milk.

3. [§'\'~c.'~c.' ;t; ·~·Q'l/·"l·~'\1

...·~·Q'lI·"
;t;... I·~'\1 khyod nang sbyon g tshar na bila ya red
kbyoe nang jong !Shar
khyoe tshar na blta ya re If you finish your homework yon wonld be watching.

pede ct Progr essive

8.6 Prese nt Pede
1- _
This tense is formed with S"l·~"l· ·Q~,\·L.I·"lil\·
S><l·~><lQ~,\·L.I as nas bsdad pa yin (red) added to the prgen1
("''\")byas
·"Iil\· ("''\)by .
,
i~
I
has not been interru pted at all. This tense
participle. It emphasizes the continuity of an action that .
often used with a time expression:

L.I·fll·ni·~·~· '1' .ll.>l'Q

1. C.·'\9~· L.I·nJ·ni· '£'''l'
.lj.>J·t.r£" S><l'~><l' Q~,\' L.I·/ljil\1
><l· S"l'~"l' Q'/ljil\1
nga dgon pa la Ia 10 nyi su tham pa ehas sbyas nas bsdad pa yin
nga gom pa la 10 nyi shu tham pa choe jay nay de pa yin
I have been studying Dharma in the monastery for twenty years.

j
 J..L.U
..lL.U
/
I'"

6"·
2. 6'i' 'i;'l'i'''
'i;·l"·"II~i'I'
~i<I· .....t::..
.....t::.. ~"riJl"l'a
~q·iil"l·a:i"r
:,,"r q~,\" q'
q. :<','\\11
:'-,
khyod chu tshad
tshod gsum
gsurn ring deb 'di klog nas bsadp
bsad pa
a red
khyoe chu tshoe soom ring deb 10k nay de pa re
You have been readin g this book for lhree
three hours.
~-~

3. FsaF~·~'
FsaF~la;t::.w
· ~'l a;t::."i<I"
4c::qi5' 4e:.·i·~'''I"
qi5". ~Q~'i·q·:
~rq~'i·q<''i1
·:<, 'il
;t.'-'¢
kho snga thag
thog tshang rna shing bead nas bsdad pa red
:!-'-¢
kho nga thok tshang rna shing che nay depa re
He has been cuttin g wood the whole morning. g,
}.~-)
}.~-:;:'
8.7 Past Perfe ct Progr essive

This tense is forme d by adding ~~'Q.:1I'i

~~.q.:1l".~C::.
'~e:::' ("1.:<'''"
(Q':<''i") to thepa
the past
sl perfec t form to expres s an action
£- ..
compl eted by a certain time in the past. It empha sizes the contin
length of period: uity of a p~l
p~t action for a certair

~~:<'
1. e::::ni'''
c:::ni·"II~''I'~'~~
~"I·~·~~""l1fFe:::'
I1fFc::·iiit
ij" .ljQ'
.\lq. a;e.'''f~.J
a;c::."f~.J:,'
:,. q'l~'
q·l~· Q' C:: '~~'Q~'i'
-Q'jje::: .~~.-Q~'i"~C::./
~e:::'1
nga fa
fo geig gi sngan sngon la khong gi thab tshang gsar pa tshong tshang btang nas bsdod rnyong
nga 10 chik gi ngon la khong gi thab tshang sar pa tshon tang nay de myong
i7
i
7 About a year ago I was painti ng his new kitchen. nyong

m;
:2;;
2 i§'i'(.),~'
i§".(.\~.:3.
:3w
i<I.cJ:ic::: -Qf.\.' ~ili'nl"~t
cJ:ie.'Qf.\ ~ili ·nr~t::.
::. 'q'
.q. S~'~'lI"
S~· ~'1rq.:1l"
Q.:1I'i'~e
· ~C::.
.' Q':<''il
-Q. :<'' 1
khyod 'di ru ma yang yong ba'i sngon la zhing pa byas nas bsdad myang myong ba red
L
I.
kJiyoe
kIiyoe dhi ru rna yong way ngon la zhing pa jay nay de nyong va re
~~;:'i
~~;:-;
you had been worki ng as a farmer before coming here.

3. Fe.'lS~e
Fc::·lS~:::'
C::· ~"f~r a;nr~f.\·
a;nr~f.\· ......
~'JJ'5i~' ~~'q.:1l'
JJ.5i~.~~ i'cJ:i'i'
.q.:1l'i. q' :<.,,'
cJ:i".q. =<-'il
,,-, khong tsha
tsho da nang nags tshal de'i ri rno mo bris nas bsdad yodpa yod pa red
khong tsho tha nang naak tshal dei ri mo dree nay pe pe yoe pa re
/
This morni ng they had been making a drawing of that forest.

8.8 Futur e Perfe ct Progr essive

~'--
':' This tense is formed by adding ~~'Q:l!'i'
~~·-Q:l!,,''l'1ilili
·"r1llili·'q'cJ:i'i'
q·cJ:i,,· (will have heen)
been) to the verb. It shows an actior
actiO!
that will happen in the future:
future:

ft-,·
it-'· 1. "f~(.),'~'
"f~(.\.~. i'I'nre.' £·~e:::·n
i<I·nrc:: g. ~c:: ·rll·~e:.·
r~e.· -Q-9".
Q4'i'~~rQ:l!'i''
~~. -Q:l!"·"I
'l'~~'
·0l~· trcJ:i'i"
trcJ:i,,·/
gza' nyi rnama la nga tsho tshona nang ng fa sgrung bshad nas bsdad ya yin pa yod
zaah nyi rna la nga tsho nang la droong she nay de ya yim pa yoe
On Sunday we will have been telling slories stories at home.
2. i§'i'l'~e:
i§,,·l·~e:::. .~~'
.~~. "i "f~·"I~Q
"f~·"I~Q·rll·Rie:.
'nrRie."Fl" -Q'jC::.:' "i~'
yrQ'je:: "i~. Q:l!'\ur
-Q:l!'\ urUl"i· q·cJ:i"1
Ul"i'q'cJ :i'i1
khyod tsho sang nyin nags gseb fa gling kha btang nas bsdad ya yin pa
yod
khyoe tsho sang nyin nag seb la ling kha lang tang nay de ya yim pa yoe
You (PI) will have been picnic king tomorrow in the bush.

Fe:.· "f"ie.~'
3. Fe.' "f"it::.~. ~"i"
~"i.. ~~'
~~..lje:::'
.\lC::. (.),l!f "i~. Q.:1I'i'''l
(.\l!f "i'''I" -Q.:1I'i""I·Ul~· q.cJ:i".,
·Ul~· q'(;j""1
~ ~

khang
khong gangs nyin gos thung 'khru nas bsad bsadyya a yin pa yad
yod
khong naang nyin goe thoong too nay de ya yim pa yoe
/t
He will have been washi ng his trousers day after tomorrow.
 129

8.9 Conditional Perfect Progressive

This tense expresses what would have happened in the past if a certain condition were fulfilled.
This is formed by placing the last verb between the conditional particle "I' na and~'
and~' "''\' ya red OJ
~"l' "''\' rtsis red

1. c: l'F"l"~"i
l'F"l'~"i '''1' a; ....'l'
LJ' <>/. ,q,q"l' "I'?'~"I' ~ "l'"''\1
<>/•.q.q"l' "l' "',\1
nga tsho khas
/(has nyin ga char charpa pa ma babs na rta rgyug rt~is red
nga ISho
tsho khay nyin ga char pa rna bab na ta gyook tsee re
We would have been racing horse if it had not rained day before yesterday.

2. S,\·I1l'p.~·Oj·"i'\'''i·4e.·~''I·p.~·l·p'§'''·''i''l't<~·''r''''\1
S,\·I1j·p.~·I1j·Ui,\·"i·4c:.·~"I·p.~·l·p'§"'·"i"l·I<~·"r"',\1
khyod la ]0 fa
la yod na shing tog 'di tsho 'khyer nas 'gro ya red
khyoe la jo la yoe na shing tok dhi ISho
tsho khyer nay dro ya re
You would have been taking these fruits if you had a bag.
I

3. fie. "'i'"Ie.'aJ' "i' "i'~,q't<~. q-lj'''l'"''\1

fic:.·,\·"Ic:.·<>J·"i·"i·~.q·I<~·.q"lj·"r "',\1
khong da nang ma na na deb'di bshu ya red
khong tha nang rna na na deb dhi shu ya re
He would have been copying this book this morning if he had not been sick.

8.10 Vocabulary

fiic:~rq'5e.'l;r
fiic:~r.q'5c:.·.q· gling bu btang ba to play flute
,qe.',i;i!i'
.qc:.',i;"i' bang chen messenger
~;p'iji!i'
~;p'ii"i' bulon debt
,q~"I'LJ'
.q~"I''l' btsogpa dirty
f'l·'\LJ...·
fI·'\'l ...· khadpar telephone
:;j'\.'l ....
:l!'\·LJ...· skaddpar radio
6"1''''''1' khyagsphag ice block
,q"l"l'iii'
.q"l"l'iii· bsam blo thought
iii'~
iij'~ yige letter
~

t<1;.'I1l'
1<1;.'11j' ]0 la
]ola bag
S"l"~"1
S"l'~"1
~
byus tog interference
a;q tshab representative
"".q'
"",q' reba hope
'i"l"l"LJ'
'i"l"l''l' dwogspa
-
~

f'le.'rr
~
~

flc:.·rJ· khong khro

doubt
anger
ilj"l'LJ'
iij"l' 'l' gompa walk
~11l'''f
~11j'''f yalga branch
OJ. <>/'
iii' <>/. loma leaf
~',q'
~'.q' maba root
, "I~p.' ilJ'
iIJ' gya'ma slate
 ~
~ ~
~ v

.q;
.Qf"l
;f"'r"r
.JJ'
bt sa sm a halVes!
"I~t:' est
gzong chisel
i'l'~O
'~OJ"l
J~''
kha ch em s. : will
fr:.:
rdzong fo rtr es s
. ~' OJ,
OJar;O
-;OJ~f
J~'
sa mt sh am s bo rd er
~'~'
sp as e , pa ss (visa) ,
';;~J!
~J:Il'.Q"
"l"lIrl
CIJl''
dmigsbsal special
r.l.~.x.
~.x.'q'
'q'
,'.-.'.
i·--\
'gar ba to take time
.q,
.Q'",'"' ';;'
"''; ;' ba r ch ad
obstacle
"Ii
"I"liO
i.-J'~
r~'' gnamgru airoplane
:i,j.
I.l.Qq'lf<\f
CIJ(lj,;
Jl'C,rn
IJ'r
ph eb sla m la on th e wa y
llll j'tj '
th og pa to take time
r.l.~'" ~"I"1'
'lr
~~--
~~-.
'gro rags
fo1'..q'
fo1' Q' , travelling companion
~
~ zh ub a to ap pl y; request
~<>
~<>l"1
l~''<'1' ~llj' '1'
ga
gontS pa rgyagpaa. to go
walking
"l1'r bs hu ba
r.l.6"'
to ea py
6"'.Q
.q''
'khyer ba to ca
.i:'J"1''
"l''11''
carry
rry
sh es pa to kn ow
~
~
.I1"l"
"!"rl' thugpa
~J:
to meet, touch
~"1"
Il"r
r
sb as pa to hide
"I~c::'r
"r gt on gb a to send
~,,
~,,'
'qq
nyarba to mind, lo ok af ter
A§§.x
r.l. .x..'q'
,q,
'byaror ba to arrive, receive
r.l
r.l..~a
~<>JJ~'
"l''
<.r
1'
'd em sp a to select, elect
"11"''1'
bk od pa to appoint
~di'q'
do ng rk ob a' to di g ground
5~ ti'j'
5" 1't
rgyaspo detail
aJ
!j.-,fQ
rQ'
sb am
ompo th ick
~,,'Ji'
skyur mo So ur
'l~
l:l~~f
~fQQ'' bsdus po br ief
8.11 Co un tin g ov er
100
W he n co un tin g mo re
than 100, on e adds th e
added am ou nt ,. word ';;C
';;<:":: do ng me an in g 'an
d' be tw ee n 100 an d the
101 'lS'
l:lS'';;
,;;rI:.'
:.''''I~
'I~'''l'l
brgya dang gcig
10 2 q5'''I
''r:.'''I~~'
~~'
205 brgya dang gnyis
~~'
~"P'l~
'l~i''
i"<t:'
:"~~
60 7 nyis brgya dang !nga
:i"l' 'lS
qS',\r
',\I:.'q"",'
~
~
~
~
drug brgya dang bdLm
 -
l.I.'::lleb.&b'r.&bl'7.'rl'z
'-
.~l'£> .~'f>.'r b,tu.!'
'::lleb.&b'r .&bl'7 .'rl'z .~!'£'
' - ;

b~'tJ.ib.'r1;
b~ .~'r .b.!qt;
'tJ.ib.'r .~'r.b
-
£'tu.i>:zDl'7 ,Ie.'tJ
b.tu.l'£>tu.&bl'7.le.
.l'£>~ .'eJD
.lqB" .!'£'~
-.~<;l?'F.
lr:r .~';I? .'F. Ie.let;.tu.'::lie.
Ie .let;.tu. '::lie .du.l'£>
du.!'£'·O
....., I;
'- -~"...
- ~"... .....,,,..
.....,,,... ....., .....,- '01I
1&1'z.~'r
........
.........
.~m.I'z.~.bl:l.'r .&'::lb.&Ie.'::lle.~
l&l'z.~'r.~m.l'z.~.bB".'r.&'::lb.&Ie.'::lle.~
---....., - '-
I

lle~.m.~tJ.b.&b~'tJ.'t .&':Jb.&'£.'::lle.~.;!' .'::llle~.&btu

lle~.m.~tJ.b.&b~'tJ.'t.&':Jb.&'£.'::lle.~.;!'.'::lIIe~.&btu '6

1&1' .~m.b.tbtJ.b.fDb.~.
l&l'zz .~m.b.tbtJ.b.fDD.~.
,.... .....,,....
......,,.... ...... '::l~.3?
-,...-
'-
'::l'r .~h1..-
I~'r .l'£>.&.~m. '::lm.'::lb.&tu.b'eJ.l'z.'
.!'£'.&.~m.
'-",...
'-",...
:lm. '::lb.&tu.b'el.I'z.
.....,
'::l%. '::l~.tu. '::lle.~
'="..... "- ~..... "-
'8

I~'r .~m.m.fDb.'r
_...... .b.tu&b.&bl'£>~.tu.
I~'r.~m,m.fDb.'r.b.tu&b.&b!'£'~.tu.
'- "" '::lle.~
'::lle,~
"-

1~'tJ.1'z .~m.ib.'rb'tJ.b£:b.bf;.Ie~b.
1~'tJ.l'z.~ ,.........,.........,
"-
Ie.til'tJ.& Iele.b~.I'z
m.ib.'r b'tJ.b£:b.bPi.1e ~b. Ie.tiI'tJ.& .. -
.&l'£>b.~.'rb.
.b~.l'z .&!'£'b.~.'r
,.... .~.'iP..''::l .L.L
b.''::l:lieIe.~.';2 "...
"-

-~
- ~

l~'r,ib.'rb'tJ.~tu.
I~'r .ib.'rb'tJ.~tu.
--.....,... lefO.1e .lil'tJ.&Ie .l:7~.l'z
......... '::l'r.lefO.1e.tb'tJ.&Ie
'::l'r.
.....,...... .l:7~.1'z .&I'£'b
,....
. "-
l~m.m.lil'tJ.&Ie
....., -- .b~.1'z .&I'£'b.l~
l~m.m,Iii'tJ.&Ie.b~.l'zJ>:Zl'£'b.l~~
,....
~ .&!'
.&l'££>;Pl'
';P!'£'>.& .tum.tub.<;l?
.&-.tum.tub.';I?
,.....
'::l '9

-
"- "-
l. '::l11.!' '.b. ~.&'::l:~!'£'.~m.b.IiitJ.Iii.!'£'leb
:lG.l'££>.b. ~.& '::l:~l'£>.~m.b.liltJ.lil.l'£'leb
...... _-.....,....
"- "-
l&b.b~ tJ.b.liltJ.lil.l'£>~b. ''::l&.
l&b.b~tJ.b.Iii'tJ.Il;.!'£'~b.
~~
~~
::l&. '::l~.& Ie.tufO .tub·~
Ie .tufO .tub'~ ~

-
"- "-

J~'r
'-
.&b~.
J~'r.&b~.
- 'eJ.tu.b;P.'::lbJb. tJl'£>.~.tufO.tub.&.~
'el.tu.b;P. '::lblb. tJ!'£'.~,tufO.tub.&.~
.....,.....,.
.....,....., ......

-
-,,.
.;;-
- .......
"-
J~'r.&b~.bl.b.b.&.r&.Ie.!btJ.tu.~b
1~'r.&b~.bJ,b.b.&.r&.Ie.Il;tJ.tu.~b
.......,... ,.... 'v -
I~l'£>
I~!'£' .&b~b.l'£>.&
. ..&b~b.!'£'.&
......,....
. ...,- ~b.fD.~.l'£>
~b.fb.~.!'£'
....., .&b'r.1ii'
.&b'r .lil'tJtJ
.....,,....,....
.....,,....,...
ll'z.~m.~;p .b.!'£'.&b'r,1l;'tJ.tu.'::l'r
ll'z.~m.~;p
--
"...
.b.l'£>.&b .lil'tJ.tu.'::l'r .~h1 'f:
"..
"... .....,
.£
..- - -
l~'r .~m.l'z.bm.I'z.I'£'~.'::l!b.3?
I~'r.~m.l'z.bm.l'z.I'£'~,'::lIl;.3?.i>:zb-b.!'£'~b.&~.~
-.- ..-,.... .fub-b.l'£>~b.&
."
~.~ -
-
'- .
"-
I~'r .~m.~tJ.b.&b-b.l'£'leb.tu.~b
I~'r.~m.~'tJ.b.&b-b,l'£'leb.tu.~b .&~.~
. &~.~ ·Z
'- ....., ,
,- - - '-

Ilem.m.!b'tJ.tu.~b.tu.
llem.m.Il;'tJ.tu.~b.tu.
"..:>,.... ".,.. tJl'z.le~b.~
'::lie. tJl'z.Ie~b.~
....., .~.<;l?
.~.';I?,
...... ,... '::l
.....,,...
"-
llem.m.lil'tJ.&
llem.m.lbtJ.&
.....,
.b.tu.~b.;p .~h1
- ~ .b.tu.~b.;p
-""" '-
'1

gV.1llt! wnq,) 3pg

(mq 3v.1l(d gpg VA vs .~b'.b~.rt't:tJ
.~b'.b~.rt'tltJ b~b.tn.&·
b~b.tn.&' 0000001
201p) 2!:>2
(umq, 2ol(:» 2!:J2 gV.1lJd
gV.llJd wnq,
lUnq, .rt't:tJ.b'f b£-b.b~.rt'StJ
.rt'tltJ.b'i' b£-b.b~.t£>t;tJ 000001
~ ~

(vd WDl(l
UlDlJl !J1[Jf
!.11pf 21l(:»
21lp) mq 2v.1lJdgu01s
2v.1lJd gu01s .h.rt'ts.~.b,!, .§b'.b~.~~
.h.rt't!.~.b,!, .§b'.bf;;.~~ 00001
2n.1p
fJn.1p v2u mq v2Ul vtfiJ.1q
vtffJ.1q S!AU
fJuols 21l(:>
guOls
SJAU guols
guo1s g!lJ:>
g!lJ:J
2l1p ', gp2 gV.1lJd guols
b~.~.§b'
b~.~.§b'./(,.~b'.&~.~If..b'f
./(,.~b' .&~.~If. .b'i'
.~~ ,b,!, b~b.bf.7. ~~
--
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9~Z1
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0001

TrT
 IjL

(b) Repeat the following sentences by filling in the Tibetan equiva

lents of the English phrases:
1. He would have been cI imbing the mountain yesterday morni
ng if it had not
nOI rained.
he yester day morning rain not fall if mountain climb to . go would
have
f"" f'~"" ~,~. if,-';''-I'
a;-,;'q' «Pl"l<l f"i'
«l"l"l'!f"i' "l","r":(.
"l"''!r'':l.~"l''j'
Q~''l''j' (.l.~'''r3'
Q~'''r3',,'1I
'\1
,. ~

writting the letter,

leller,
(Conditional Perfect Progressive) meeting my uncle,
sitting on this carpel.
wearing this hal.
2. We will have been singin glndia n songs on Monday.
we Mond ay on Indian singing song will have been
",.g. ",!,'1Q'i
""g. ir"la' ~"i'
",!,'1(.l.'iij'''la' (lj'''l-';'S
(lj'''l-';'!!j'' "ll'l<l/'''
"ll'l'!l'''ll'j''''
'j'''' "i"r"l!!!'1'a:'UlJ
"i "r"l!!!,\'u:'!lj"i'j''-I'U/'11
q'U/'\1
eating pork.
pork,
(Future Perfect Progressive) hiding this old hat.
copyin g his will.
playing my new flute,
flute.
3. I have been working as a secretary in the governement office for five
years.
I govern ment office in year five during secretary ofwor of workk have been
"""II'l",'1
"""lI'l""11j' 11J"/'B""
~
flJ'!I'f!"" "i"" iii' 'l!.a,
'l!..a' :>;""
:l;",' ~",'Uj"l'~
~",'Uj"l'~'flJ'!I'''
'I1J<lf"l'I' :,/'lI'Jj'll' Q!!!,\''-I'!lj''i1
!'j'!l'''i'!l'''I!!!,\'q 'UlJjI
~

digging the ground

(Present Perfect ProgresSive) listening to this story
drinking cow's milk
wearing this old boot
,
4. We were singing the Tibetan national anthem on the roof.
, we two house roof all Tibetan national anthem sing were
C:::' "I~'lI'
<::' "l~'!I' flC:::''-Ia·
fl<::'qi:\' Il"l'fl-';' q'\'~'(ljf1"l'i!j'''I'j<
i'i'\'!2'(lj l'i!r"l5C:::'
::' 'ji'll'''l!!!'1
'ji'!l'''l!!!,\'Ui'\1
'Ui,\!
"'""'
reading this new book. book,
(past Progressive) looking at the sun. sun,
doing
doing our math home work,
minding our three nephews. s,
(c) Transl ate into Tibetan:
",
~'*'
1. He bough t fifty three horses,.
2. They have ninety nine pigs.
,:,
"j. 3.
3, He has been drinki ng sweet tea for two hours.
4. He is a clever tea merchant from Darjeeling,
5, I was cleaning this old English table this morning,
6, They will be copying the Tibetan national anthem,.
7. We have been hiding those new socks under the door.
7, door,
8. Sakya Pandita was born in 1182 AD,
9. I turned nineteen on the 6th of March,.
10. I will meet you at 10.45 tomorrow morning,
I

(d) Express the following into Tibetan: '

<,;;.
<,;;

57 65 102 531 972 2531 46 109 198 28 79

18 66 108 211 502 1945 57 707 818 52 97
 .L _'
.L _, .J
.J

8,13 Extracts from the Elegant Sayings by Sakya Pandita

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Il::.iI)' [.r '4[1r if,~' ~I::.''lJ'~iI)r

rF4nj" ~I::. 'llJ' ~iI)l r'lJ1::. '~O)
IllJl::. '~iI) ''lJ~iI) '(1j' l;J'lJ"\'.C,j~'
'llJ~iI) '[1r 51"\1
l;JllJ"\'!..I~· 51,,\1

f:1' I) "~r J)''lJ

r:r1)~' ~I::. ' ~~' !..Ir.1.'
J1'llJ~I::.' r,If:1: a:J ~1
a:.r~J 1~''lJ~1::.'llJ~iI)
~'llJ~1::. 'llJ~iI) '[1rD.l;J,,\' iI) ~'(:l.~"'1
W(:l.l;J,,\'iI) ~'D.~"'I

Wicked people usually blame others

With whatever faults they are themselves responsible.
The jackdaw diligently clean his beak·
With which he has eaten excrement, in a clean place.

e-..
c-.. _ co....
C'... co....
C'...
~ ~

FiI)'.C,j' E. '~~'q;:S~'~~'~FI
FiI)' !..I'E. '~~'.q;:S~'~~'~I::.·1 I ~I::.' -Cl~O)'
1 -Cl~iI)' -Cl.=::ll::.'.C,j'(:l.5!I::.' J.!' ~"'I
-Cl.=::ll::.' !..I'D.SI::.' J.l'
~ ~
__ co....
C'... c.... ...,.-
~ ~

1~(1j'
I~('lj'.q' (:l. .q,,\'
q' D. q,,\'"\' .q~~' iI) '~I::. 'I
"\' q~~' 1f!' "\'lJSrr~'
Ifl' -Cl'J.j' ~ "\''"1
"\llJSlJ~' -ClW "\' '" 1
~

However much one mends a wicked person,

It is impossible for him to sustain a good nature,
nature.
Although one has assidiously washed charcoa4
Its colour cannot possibly become white.
I

--
~

I!lr ~I::.
liil' ~ I::. ''~I::.'.=::l "" ' ~(1j'
~ I::. ' .=: l '"
~
-Cl~'1::.
~('lj' -Cl
~

a:J~1
~' I::. a:.r ~1
~

IllJr1j'I)'
~

zqJ.l' iI)'9'510)'(1j'(l.fll::.'I
JllJ[1j'1)' '4J.!' iI) '9,?iI) Wt:l.f!1::. 'I
-
1~~W(:l.a;llJ~'
1~~WD.a;llJ~' iI)
~
~
'D..lq-Cl' ~ "";ill::.
0)'(:l.Jq-Cl' "";;]1::.'I'I
.
-_....-...-'
-
IllJ~I::.'~~'51~'Cl)'\lillJ'·Hjl
IllJ~I::.' ~~' S~' iI) ')ljllJ"Hll -
The small-witted is easily satisfied with minor victories.
Ifhe
If he is defeated, he quarrels with (his own) friends,
When at meetings he instigate conflicts.
If there are any confidentail matters he discourteously disclose.
c-.. __
e-.. _
...,., -...
-....
_c...
_c.... _ c...
c.... -....
-...

liilCl)'.q(:l. '~O) ''50)'fl

lliJiI)'!..ID. 'Ujil) ''5i1) 'f! ~·(:l.51O)'1)1
~'D.51il)'1)1 Ii1-lfl~'.C,j(:l.
J.!f!~'!..ID. '~O)
'~iI) '1)iI) 'f!I::.S W\I
~
_

l~llJ' a:J'
a:.r' ~ '~'
c...-....
c....-...

'iF ""(:l.;jl
""D.;jl~
_
1
-
~

ICl)~'~'
1
~
~
iI)~'~' ~I::.' ""
'1)0)'fll::.S
q~ llJ'~I::.' D.SI::.
",'.q~
~
W,I
D.5!I::."'I
~

~
~

Fools speak boastfully oftheir

of their virtues;
The wise hides his virtue inside.
inside,
The straw floats on the surface ofthe
of the water;
If One
iJne places a jewel on the surface, it sinks to the bottom.
 13 4

/'
LESSON NI NE
ffiq·' ~~'~'lj' q!
q\
~

9. Fo rm ati on of Ad ver b

Ad ver bs are wo rds that are used

:~~ adverbs, phr ase s or wh ole sentences to modify oLa dd to the me ani ng of ver bs, adj ect ive s, othel
., As English adverbs are formed
and -ally, to adj ect ive s or nouns, Tib by the add itio n of -y, ly,Iy, -il)
etan adverbs are formed by adding
don particles. In Tib eta n, adverb eith er of the sev en f1l'"
f1l''\"a;' It:
Ie
/' s are formed from nouns, adjectives
placed mo stly before ver bs and adj and pro nou ns and they an
ectives they qualify,. The particles ",.
frequently used for num ero us adv ",' ra, f1l1a, ~Jsu, 'J.·tu etc. an
erbial expressions. The locatives
place,
ce. The re are som e loose forms are
of adverbial expressions in spo ken no dif fer ent fro m adv erb 0:
t any extra problems as they are pla Tib eta n wh ich we will deal if
this lesson. But they do not presen ir
Tibetan adverbs are placed. Negativ
es of adverbs are formed with neg ced exa ctly wh ere the c1a cJassica
ative prefixes.
~:'~'
~:,~.
Note: From here ibn
m ther e will be no tran slilq at0n s as stud
ents
ems are expected to be able to read
scri pt without having to rely tpan and write the Twetan um
the Rom aniz ed transliteration.

'.,'.'
"".' 9.1 Ad ver b of Pla ce

Adverbial expressions of place com

,,~
e after its direct object:
.;""'"

1. q"f
q.>J
.
S"l·')·f
' S"l'')'fl~·,
1~,,sQ·a
sQ' a;r:::
;~ ·"fR E(f1l·l' q ~'11
f1l'RE(f1
, ~
~ kitten the hou se of
ofiins
nsiide
de ent er did
The kitten entered the house.
k,,"
k'-'

~f.l·f1l"l
2. ~f.\'f1l"l·4q·'
'4q'')·~,;
)'~.>.r~ra
J'~ra;~;~ ·",·Jj·"S'!'j
'",'Jj'''S
~
~ ~ my gloves the box of inside not are
My gloves are not inside the box,.
':";~'

~·a:;·~·"\
3. ~'£' ~'''"I·f1
i9WRl·R§i
§i'~·~·Jj
'Jjiil)1
l)1 we China to go will not
/' We will not go to China.
,."
4. fi~' a:;''
4, g''''''§''l
§''l'''l'',:
'l''! :ri4q
!"i4 '~r!!
q''''! lw ~'11
jj' <>I' they that side to gow ill not
They will not go that sid e.
\l.»"';
\).>;,'.

9.2 Ad ver b of Ma nne r

'."
'" Adverbial expression of manner are
usually placed after an adjective and
spoken Tib eta n the phr ase 9"1' bef ore a verb. In
9"1'<,,\""
3)"1' bya s nas is added between the
see its usage in other grammatical adj ect ive and ver b. We will
expressions later.
1. ~.
~'g 'Q "."\
g'Q ". <3)"""I ' iOl '9""
"I'''1'!Ol' 9"1' a; "I'ilj
"I'!ljQ"r9'
r9'!lj< 3)1!
iij,,\ we her e from slo wly rea d wil l
We will read slowly from here, e.
i""/
i',"'-

'1~·ili"
2. '1~'i li"i·
\·§" I·"I
§"I'' ~~"''f<r'
'1~~' ·<f"l"l·
'l''1q·9~
,q'9'
r,,\ ,,,·
'r''i ~·~·'~'Jj
''l'~ Jj·P'S"l
'RS9 [tea
,teacher by said properly hea r not do
I do not hear properly wh at the teacher
;~,
;~'" .. is saying.
S'Jj''Q""
3. S'Jj Q""I'I'''
''It'\''''
1l'\ ~'1'~
''r~'1'~"\'q'
''i'9''1'
q's',,,''
'l'",'''
fq')~Q')~
'9'R,\''1'\9 girl this by son g rt;e
'~'R rtielodious£v sin g is
This girl is singing the son g melod
iously.
sly,
/'
 ,
4. c..g. "'I§"I""q'8"1'.3) ~rr:>.§]·~·iil.3)1
c.·l·«I§"I"'rq·s"r.3)"'rr:>.§]·~·iil.3)1 we quickly go will
We will go quickly.

9.3 Adverb of Time

Adverbial expressions of time are added to the adjective or noun before the verb. The la
fa doll
particle ra is usually suffixed to the last syllable of polysyllabic words otherwise any la
fa dOll
particles governed by the rule discussed above (see 6.1 lesson six) are applicable.

Noun I Adjective Adverb

"I-'Jr:>.'~'''-I'
"I-'lr:>.'~' «I' "I-'Jr:>.'~''''1'''''
"I-'lr:>.'~'«1"'" "I-'lr>.'~'
"I;jr>.'~' "'I'''l'
«I'r>!'
-
'i!:~'
'I!:~'
'e','r.r
Sunday
early 'i!:~
'I!:~"".
.....
1'I'!.·rg·
:,.<1.....
'i!:~N
'I!:~N
l'!.·qN
1':,'<lW
on Sunday
in the morning
re>:r.r fifth at five
::f q.<:
. ~-
~'q' late ::/.<I..... ~'qN
~·qN late at
'i"l.q.
'1"1'<1' permanent 1)"I'q",,'
1)"1.<1..... 1)"1''1' regularly
iij·S....·
iij'S"'" sudden iij'S"'S iij·S....w
iij'S""w immediately
¥l.3)'
1l.3)' before ¥l.3)S
1l.3)S ¥l.3)N
1l.3)N prior to
~'5"1'
~'5'\l' that time ~''l",.~.
~'':i'\l'~' ~''l''1W
~'':i'\lW at that time
~· ..r.ll"l
..r.ll"l immediate ~''''I'J:f''l''1'
~. «I'l!"I''1' ~'i'Hl"J'
~·i'r.ll"r immediately
r:>.§]·fIl· r:>.§]·fIl...·
r:>.§]·fIl ...· r>.§]·fIlw
,before going just befOre
before going
'\c..q. '\c..q....
"c..q....
"c..q. first "rqW
";c.-qW at one (first)
~''''I'4''''
~'«I'4-<" sunrise ~''''I'4''''£rili'
~'«I'4""£rill' at sunrise
"'I§"J"1.q.
«I§"I '\l' q' quick "'I§"J"'.q....
«I§"I'\l' q-<,' quickly
"J'iii'
"I'iii' slow ."riiiiii-<,'
."I· ...· slowly

L fiic.'
1. fiic."-'l·fIlc.wl)"I·q ...·Uic.·cr«l· "''\1
-'J·fIlc.wl)"J·q...·Uic.·CJ·"'I' "'''il he eat house in always come Ilot does
He does not always come corne to the restaurant.

2 c..g."'c..~.3).~.
c.·l·'\lc.·~.3)·~· q...·~"l·"'·(1m§]·~·iil.3)1
q-<,·~r>!·'\l·(lm§]·~·iil.3)1 we tomorrow early city to go will
We will go to the city early tomorrow.

':i'\l'I)"I' q...·51·"-IW~CJ"1··~f"'l~P:1
3. 'l"'·I)"J·q... ·51· «IW~q'\l"~f «I~P:I time always guru to refuge in
ill take
At all times I take refuge in the Guru.
i
4. c.'r>.~' :3·~·q·"'I·"J~"J"'·Uic.·~·
:3·~·q·«I·"I~"I'\l·Uic.·~· .<Jilil
.<JilIl I here at late except come will not
willllot
I will not come here until very late.

dJ:§]"I'\l·q·ill·s
5. d ...·':i·r:>."i~fl.r
J:§]"I"1·q·ilj·S...·'l·r:>.'\-"1· "',\1
'-I' "''\1 my friend suddenly die did
Suddenly my friend died.

C.S'lf -".<:.·~·<1i"Jwr:>.§]·~·iil.3)1
6. c.S'If .>:.c.·~·<1i"lwr:>.§]·~·iil.3)1 1 now very outside to go will do
111011'
At this very time I am going outside.
 ~
'--- 9.4 Vobaculary

"I~'''i'
"I~'''i' "1"-'5,'
"I~'5.' ~~"l':i'
~~Qr:r where
"i~'5.'
"i~'5,' "i~'''i' "i~'n:)"l'')
"i,,-'n:)"1'') inside
~

~'''i' ~.~. ~'n:)"I':i'

~'n:)"I''l' outside
«15,<Ii' 5,'
<Q5.<I\' 5.' Jj)"i'''i'
a.J)"i'''i' <Q)"i'n:)"I'~'
a.J)"i'n:)"I'~' in front
~ "1"1"1'"i'
"I"l"1' "i' "I"l"l'
"l"l"l'~'
J~!, "1"'''1' S"l"l'~'
"I"'''l' right side
~- ~~'''i' ~~S
~"-S ~
~~'~"I"l'~'
~"-'~"I"I'~' above
W 01« r'r"l'''i' ii:"I'~'
':;:"I'~' r'r"l'S"l"l'~' below
~~'.t' "I~'.t' "1'5,"1'
"1'5."l' at that time! when
"',
~'.

7"1'~' 7"1' q.o;' ~"i'~' always

JlI'\'~"I'~'
Jlj,\'~"I'~' ~'<Q'Jil"l
~'a.J'lij"l iii's.o;')' immediately
.;' "",~-'

~"i' ~"i'.t' ~"i'~fll''S'

~"i'~I'>l''S' formerly
5,"l' 5,"l' J~r
5."1'5."l' jij(J"l'
JlIq"l'JlIQ"l'~'
Jlj(J"l'~' '5:"1'jijQ"l'P."1.0;'
'i"l'JlIQ"l'f.>. occasionally
Li<c-.,
l·..i<_-., +-,,"110',
+-D"1Io" Cl,.tfY'
Cl,-tfY'

~'S"l"l' South ~~'6.o;'

~"-'6.o;' city
C3<>f Q,\"I'
C3<Q' landlord ~"I'Q' rich
Pl' god "I"ifll'Q'Q')q'
"I"il'>l' Q' Q')(J' prayed
§Jj'JilQ'
G«I'lijQ' wife Q,,'lj'
Q,,"l' was born
bom
I
Q""f~"i'
(J,,"f~"i'
~'--'
Q')"I"l' , named celebration of birth
S'Q~'~.o;'
S'Q~'~.o;' in order to ;,)'.>1£.0;'
;')'.>1£.0;' to the ocean
:;:,~' - ~.o;'f:rii1"i')'
~.o;'~riil"i')' to fetch jewels il"l"l'
ll"l"l' took time
r ~~'Q.o;''S'
~~'Q.o;''S' until then 4"i':i'
4"i''Z' extremely
;'~:~"
;'~:~'.
&'\'~"I"l'
&'\'~"I"l' '-l"l'
<l"l' force of growth fll~'£'
I'>l"-'£' youth
~"i' ripen f.>.~'\'n:)"1'~'\'q'
p'~,\'n:)"1'~,\'q' to cohabit
~"l''-l'
~"l'<l' said 1!!"i'~"I''2'
2!"i'~"I''l' together
w;':<i:
w;.:""
'\"If.>.'
,\"If.>.' happy P.5,'Q'
f.>.5.'Q' to see each other
P.~,\' wish (ij.o;'n:)"I"l'
fij.o;'n:)"I"l' return
~";,
-.. ~/
-.. <11/
(ijQ'~',?'
fij(r~',?' Q"l' about to arrive ~"I' wait
"
"I~'\'~"I'
"I~,\'~"I' kill is''I' Q~r'r'
is''l' thus said
/
. ,:\, ~'Q~"i')'
~'(J~"i')' accordingly "I"l~ 'fll<Q'
"I"l"-' 1'>la.J' secret road
~Q"l'
~(J"l' -r" f
..,." \lbout to :]"1':::"1
:]"1' :::"1 cave
..:~~:, ili"l'''I~'
ili"l'''II~l torch ~a.J,q,
~a.J,q,
tight
Q~~'Q'
(J~~'Q' to hold ~"i'I'"
~"i'fl' danger
f,\'<r
f,\'(f to find ~'Q'
hope
.<i
~'~"I"l'
~'~"I"j' preparation "I~~:
"I~c:.: depth
P.El"l' ~a.J' icycle liifll'
"iI'>l'(J'
<I' curtain
{-"
"I~.o;' "f
a.J' sacrifical cake §"l' <li'
§"l' blessed water
c."i'<I(
r:'."i'<I( gift "1"lf.>.' J:i(1J'
<l"lP.' discussion
:;;:';--
",,,'C-

icii0'.~'
".~'
c::.~"\.
;:::'~"\' introductioo

9.5 Classical Tibetan

Classical Tibetan refers to the literary Tibetan, however it should not be regarded as an unspoken
book language. tij"rJ~l\ yig skad or i"'l~~,,\' chos skad is the language of the learned
language, Literary Tibetan tij"l"lll\
and of the scriptures.
scriptures, The literary Tibetan follows a very strict grammatical rule set out by Thonmi
Sambhota in his ~~'i!'Q'
~61'i!".r sum cu pa and "!"I~r~to.~"I·Q·
"!"I~r~to.~"I'<i' rtags kyi Jug pa.
pa, Here onwards we will discus:
some grammatical rules of the classical Tibetan which will complement our understanding of the
previous lessons.
lessons,

9.6 Verb To be in Classical Tibetan

There are eleven completive terminations in the literary Tibetan which are formed by adding the
vowel sign a0 to the ten ir"'l·o.~"1 c:: ~ ~ q<I ~ i5, ;;;: !'Piii "i»I and i) are frequently
ir"'l'o.~"1 and 'J. iii ;:::
used with the present, perfect and future tenses. tenses, The preceding syllable need not to be a verb, it can
adjective, By merely repudlicating the suffix and adding the vowel
be either be a noun, pronoun or an adjective.
oa sign it become the verb to be of a sentence.
sentence, As they indicate the end of a sentence, they are called
~"I"'l' senten'ce, As a ~"I"'l'
~"I"'1' £"1 the final and completive terminations of a senten'ce. ~"I"'I' £"1 tennination does not have te
tc
be formed from a verbal base, it minimizes the use of auxiliary verbs.
verbs, A sentence which ends in 0.
suffix is not reduplicated but the vowel sign '0' is added to signify the verb.
verb, All sentences which end
in a vowel should be understood as ending in 0.. Technically no sentence should end in a vowel
except when~"I"l'£~
when~"I"l'£~ terminations are used.
used, Now -a-days sentences which end in "''' "'"' and ~ are
reduplicated but in old orthography they are replaced by 'J' and the vowel sign '0' is added to form
the verb according to the ,\':i"l
,\':1"1 rule.
rule, (See the above section on post suffix).
suffix),

ir"'l'o.~·
ir"'l·o.~Q c. Q ~ "l ~
"I '\ 6l ",
'" ""' 0.& Vowels

~"I"r£"I1
~"I'>r£"I1 iii I ;c::: : I ~~ I ql
<II ~l
~I »1/
"il ~ I ~I
;;;:1 !'iiI
Pil i'i.

1_
I ,\':1"1
,\':i"l 1I i) lI o.·WJ.l.llo.·-'l,\·
o.',,\c.'J.l.ljo.'.i),\'
,-- -- .. -~-

9.7 Examples of Completive Termination

r:l.:;"l·S"l·.IlJ.l"'l·i5')·Jj'''!''riii
f.l.:;"l'S"l'.ljJ.l"'l'i5,,\'Jj'''!''riii compounded all not permanent is
All compounded phenomena are impermanent.

"It'\",·~·q"·<:r~·ir"l·~'iij,\·~C.·C::·1
"Itl", '~' ':ii)' t:j'~' ir "l' ~'iij,\',>:,c. ';:::" other's happiness to after mind rejoice do
I (we) rejoice in others' virtues, virtues.

'\·~·4'''lC.·Jj·o.§\~1
'\'~'4'''lc.'j:m§\~, not regret do
now as to die even l10t
I do not regret even if I die now,
now.

p'FC.·9"l'q'9,\·Q'.\jJ.l"l·i5"i'q~""~1
ic.' 9"l' t:J'1,\' 'J' .ljJ.l"l' i5,\' t:J" ",'~' he by said all truth is
ali/rulh
 Everything he (she) has said is true,

"It'\"i'5''''''i''\'
'''''i',\·,\~'q'@jq'
,\~'q'@jq'ZiI
ZiI other's purpo se for virtue practi se do
I (we) shall practis
practi see virtue for the benetit of others,
l'
C\~'~
t:\~' ~ ''''11:;'
'""e:;' '\"1' Qr.;:'
qr.;:'Ct1l.<J'
1l.<J'.;J1 this as to perfec t ofpath
ofpath is
This is the perfect path,

"1t'\"i'iil.<J"rij~'
"I1'I"i'iil Qr.;:'.<Je:"i'ij~r.<
.<J"rij"rqr.;:'.<Je:"i'ijq'.<JJl:;il:r
e:;f'l:1
other mind knowl edge offore
offore-kn
-know ledge
owled ge there is
He has the clairvoyance of reading other peoples' mind,
i
~~'''I~I:;
~q'''I~e:;'ll''Jr.;:,~
~''Jr.;:,~-''.,-,<:
-''.,.'( (i])
('7) thus said as it is
Since it has b~n
been said thus,
<>.~,~'
"i'''i'.<Ji''f''l~''J-nr
.<J-nrS"I'C\i6 oriii (i])
S"I,t:\,boriii ('7) rare excellence three to homage do
I (we) pay homage to the Triple Gem,

t:\~'l1l'\'
C\ ~'~,\' ~"r~~'
~'ll' ~'ll' "il thus say did
It was said thus,

~'.<Jir.;:
~'''Jir.;:, "I'
'" .'(C1l"),~
-'<:t1l")'~"i'
"i'~~ ('7)
(i]) ocean other shore went did
(He, I etc,) went across the ocean,
",,:
,,~:

"iiij'q'''
"iiij.q'''II'I''i'~'''
It'\''i'~'i'q~'q-''.'
''i'q~'q.,t:\!]-''.'-
::C\~-''.,'<:.'((i])
('7) merit other purpo se ofded
~ ~ of dedica
icate
te becom e
The merit will be dedicated for the sake of others,
~.",
~.;,
~ ~

~'''I~«I'
~'''I~«1q'J~'~'' 'i~':':!'
I'1q 'J'll'~' 'I'C\i6C1
"i 'll':':1"1't l'C1l (7)
:\i!'Nt1l door three respectfully homage do
I shall prostrate respectfully from my three doors,
',-,.
-',c,;

9.8 Class ical Tibet an Readi ng

......
_

-~ 'rr ~'"
~"i '~'l:lj""
'~'I:lJ""<;!f
<;!f ::1l:lj""
..... _

::11:lJ"'r:I.r~~
....... ...,.,

'6,·'l::a;",'
l':I.r~~ '6",'a
...,.,"_

;"i' q":i;j'~
.'.......

"i'C')">l'' ~p:r
q":l;j'~' ",'«)""1
,
-__."
. ."

~p:J' "if
.,- -...

",r
'e-...
'c-.,.

6"'1' .Q';;9'
6<1-1' .Q';;9' ::19'q'
::19' q'C')I:lJW ~r
«)l:ljW
.............
...... ""-

-... ...,.,
e-... c-... .
_ e-... c-... "
I
<1-1';;' "i ""I''e)l:lj
"'I';;' '" ~'1)I:lJ'' l)'g{Of
7'grfll'll:lj""lf1
~
:lJ">lflj'.Q' .Q7,q'
j'.Q'.Q q~'
7,q'q" "l' ~'.q'.q
~'.q' .q~'''i
~'''''''' 1'6<1-1'~
~'6'''1 .q'f1rS'«)l:l
' ~.q'fll ' S'C')I:j'.q~""
lJ'.q~~I'71 V.l.' <1-1~
'7f ';;0.'
.........
........
"'I~ '~' a;",'
_ ....... c...:'
...............
......._
.......
a;"i' q'
_ c.... .

-
-.... . . . . " _~-
_~- ...... ,
,,-, - . . . . ......
-.-' . c.............
c........... .......
-... _ _
C')">l' S'.q "" .ql)l:lj"
«)""1' .q71:lJ"l' -"fl
~' ~l z;;r:r .q~""I'
';;0.' .q~">l' ~",'
~"i' ~""I'
~~' q",'
q",' S'
S' .qO,'
.qr:l:!j""L;j
!j"" l;l'' ';;'~' J,fa;
J,fa; ""
"" '""i ""
"" S'Oj",
S'fll "i''';;'
_
';;' ""I~'
">l~' .q'
.........
-... _

_ e-..."'"
c-..."'" _ e-.......
.q' ~

fll~'fll"'l'
jJ,f' ~w
~'fll' .q~'l:lj,
_C'...
_Co... -... c-... ...
....... : . . . .....-"
- C'... "e-...
.q~'I:lJ,?""I'
-...
OJ''''l'O ?">l' ~l:lj""l'''
~1:lJ~'''''I1
>lf
-... c-...
';;r.{' .q",'~' "'4""2
';;0.' "'4"i'.'~'"
2:~'" ~9""1'
~9~' q""l'Oj
q~'fll~'
~' a;'~",
a;'~"i '7' "'~ 'l:lj'a:.1
'1:lJ' a:.)'fll'
W
o'",,,'rl
r.{",,'rlil:lj'~';
il:lJ'~';;';' qW~9" "1' ~l
q'fll''5,9~' ~Q'~' <1-1""1' S'fll' ~""I'ql
"'I~' S'f1j' ~~'qf S'§"'~' ';;~'~'
';;~ '~"i" '~l:lj'2.
'~I:lJ'2''''l:ljo'
''I:lJr.{'
~~ 'O,,,'.q ""r.{ ~ '" '""i 'i§"'~'
'r.{ ,,'.q""0. 'i§,,'~'L;j'~'
l;l'~' <1-1 'fll~' (ij"::rli
"'I a; 'OJ""I,m l:lJ~' m.q'7'i~'.q~'
"i~'I'm.q'7 fllJ,f
jJ,fSS ~l:ljW
~1:lJ'fll' L;j'9~
..:l::rlil:lj""l''""" .q""l'f1 l;l'9~';;'';;' ~l:lj'
~I:lJ'
-...
-.... --
\'S~' .q~0"
'5""1' .q~r.{f
-..;:>
-..;:.

S""I'~
S~'~~ ~
-...
.......
S .q«)",' "...
" . . .....
.qC')"i' ';;' ....
';;' S""I'7''
, ' . .

.....-
......,
........, ..............
..............

'-;.',
J,,', S~'7''''I''''I~
~
l~~'fll'OjJ,f' ';;'l;l' .q""l';;'
'''l' ';;'L;j' ';;f
.q~,;;' ';;1
" ~
"
Semi- Litera l Trans lation
I
Previously - India - South of- city big - Vamn a - so-called - at / landlo
rd- rich-a to -son not
having -always - god to - praying through - months -ten- (time) - wife
born / its name - Mahadeva - was given, to the- son - son - was
Its birth celebration - lavishly - in order to do- the
father - to the sea - jewels bring - in order to - went -through- on the
road - years -twelv e - it

0-"
".j
took.
took, Until then - the boy - extremely - due to growing strong - youthfulness - ripened
- to one's mother - to cohabit - he proposed,
proposed. At that time - the mother - by - to the son - said -
I- together - happily - wish to live -~ if - your father - sea -from the- returning
son you - and 1-
back - close by - to arriving - at a roadside II and - wait and - kill the father - thus instructed - the
son also - accordingly - having done - at a secret roadside - father kill- did.
did,

9.10 Translation

Once upon a time, in a big city called "Yaruna" in South India there lived a wealthy landlord,
who did not have a son, By praying to the deities continuously, after ten months his wife gave
birth to a boy who was named "Lha Chenpo," In order to lavishly celebrate the boy's birth, his
father went to the sea to bring jewels but his joumey took twelve years, In the meantime the
boy having reached his youthful age of puberty proposed to engage in sexual activity with his
mother, At that time the mother said, " You my son, if you wish to live together happily with
me, you should wait at a roadside before your father reaches home and kill him on his way
when he returns from the sea," As instructed the son murdered his father at a secret roadside
accordingly,

9.11 Exercises of Lesson Nine

(a) On Visiting a Cave (participation Drills)

.......
........ "" ."., -,,~
-,,~
1. El~' ~~~r ,rC<'tGj'l)'r.<1;!r~q2~r
-o'C<ljGj'l)'r.<,;!r~Z;F~r S"":2'tl.l~r
S"":2'tl./~1
~

........
....... C'..."
c...e-.. "" ...... ......"
. ....." .".,
r::..~'~~~rtl.l'Gjr.<'
r::..~' ~~~rtl./'Gjr.<' 5JGj' ~Gj'C<'tGj'~'r.<~r~.q~'S~':2'tl.l~1
~Gj'C<ljGj'~'r.<~'~.q~'S~':2'tl./~1
........
........ ____ ...,.,
...,., " ,"
" , _
___ ,,,-...e-..e-...
,-... e-.."
2, ~r::..' ~Gj~'~'tl.l"" qr.<' J,J'",' a:;'r::..~'
~Gj,,~p~rtl./"" qr.<'J,J''''' cb'r::..~' ~'tl.lil)'
~'tl./il)' 4~':2' ~'r.<~Gj
~'r.<~Gj
~
~
. cc..."
..." _-vc
::JGj' ~Gj' a; Gj'E!r::.. 'tl./il)' ~r::.. r::.. ~''S'tl.ld\'~'
d\Gj'E!r::..'tl.lil)'¢'r::..'r::.. ~'-o'tl./a;'~' ~I:lr::..
0 r::.. 'f'I
~I:Ir::.. 'or::..
.."., ...... -... ............
...,., .......
3,I'IlGj'GjC<lj'(1.JGj' q~'~J,J'l:r
3,I'IjGj'GjC<'t't11Gj' 3\~' J,J' .q~r::..' a;'
q~'~J,J'l:.r S~' d\~' d\' -"lIlj''?d\'tl.l~'
-"lIlj',?a;'tl./~' ~~l
~~!
~
......
....... -_ ..;"
.".,,, -... ,,-... -
-...
........
4, El~'
4.
....... -_r::..'nrfi]Gj'Iljr<j'Gjtl./
r::..'nrfijGj'Iljr<j'Gjtl.l~'
-.-'...........
..... "
."-
~

. " . ,
.".,-...-
~r::..'F'~r::.. 'r::..' o;'~' I:ld\'tlJr::..'il) ~':!I':!IGj~'tl.lGj' q' S~'~~'q~l
El~'~r::..'F'~r::..'r::..'cb'~'I:Ia;'tjFil)~'~r~Gj~'tl./Gj'q's~'~~'q~1
. . .
q'C<ljGj' ~S qr.<'~'
J,JFa;'~Gj~' q'C<'tGj'
:r,,' J,JFil)':!IGj~' qr.<'~' q'tl.l~l
.q'tl./~!

"-- -................
-... ......... ..,..., ....... -...
....... ........
r::..r.< 'fi]Ilj'GjC<lj SF' ~r::.. 'tl.lr::..
r::..r.<'fijIlj'GjC<'tSF' 'tl./r::.. 'F~'r.<El
°F~'r.<El ~'tl.l'.qE.~'
~'tl./'.qE.~' il)~' E. ~W~~'
~w~~' L:jC<'tGj
L:lC<ljGj
~

5, ::JGj' ~Gj'~'Gj~t:'
~Gj'~'Gj~r::..' ~r::..'r'ii""tlJ'
~r::..'r'ii""Gj' g""u:i~' 5'1'~'u:i,\'q~lI
g""u:j~', '1'~'u:j,\' q~1j
" ,,"
c.... ,," ."., -...
-... ".......
" ......." ._ . .......
......,-...
~Ilj'Gjl)r::..' ~r::..' 4",r
.".,

::JGj' ~Ilj'Gjl)r::..' 4~'''''t11'r~rL:jC<'t'

,,\'(1.J'r~r L:lC<lj' L:j~'C<'t''E!.' ~J,J'tl./'\' q' ~~I
.q~'C<lj''E!.' ¢,J,J'tl.l,\'q' ~~l
~

~ ~ ~

6, 5JGj' ~Gj' a;r::.. W~Gja;''lj'D.El9' ~J,J' if>Gj'Gj'tl.l'\'d\!

d\r::..W"'Gjd\'7!j'D.EltlJ' roGj'Gj'tl./~' a;1
~
....... ...... ......-...
..............
a;r::..W~' J,J,\' q
5JQj' ~Gj' d\r::..W~' ..<:,:r.<EltlJ' ~J,J' roQj'
q~·r.<ElQ]' if>Qj' ~.q'tl.l'tl.l'\' J..!' ~~I
~.q'tl./'tl./'\' J.r .J;.~l

(b) Fill in the blanks of the following sentences:

1. f.l.~ili'~iJ.'ilic:.'
f.\~i!i'~il.'i!ic:.' , , , ., ·~·~·"I%"I·f.l.€:nr"i(::
'~'~'''I%''I'f.\€:nr''ic:.' ..
' , 'I'1
2, Q'ijili·f.l.~ili·nj"l~m~·c3··
Q'iji!i'f.\~i!i'nj"l~m~'c3" .,' ,..' T.lQ~·q·~'\1
, T.lQ~rq'~,\1
c:.~'~·Ji·f.l.~·~c:.·9'~"I· .' , , ...
3, c:.~r~'Ji'f.\~'~c:.'9'~"I' , , , ~nr§' " 'I'1
~nr§' ..

4, ~c:.' .....
4. ' , , , , 4c:.;~(J>'~·'ij·~"l'''I~'\'~'~'\
4c:.;~c:.'C\~''ij' ~"l'''I~'\'~' ~'\'.., , I
 /
r.+-'T
 141

(c) Repeat the sentences by substituting Tibetan words for the main verbs:

1. ~'<r~'
~-<r ~- g"l'~'
g"l-~- :i;c:,\5f1JPF"'flI
:i;c:'\5f1lPF"-f1l q7c.'~' :<''\1
g,yq7"'~'
g,y :<',\1
jj'~"l'PSf1J'~:<''\1
jj'~"l-PSf1l-~:<',\1
iiif1l-q- q~.>;'§'
iiif1J'q' "1~'>;'§' Jj':<''\1
Jj-:<',\1
"l~ '" Jj'PSfll'~'
Jj'PSf1l-~- :<.'\' '-l"ll
<!"ll
§~' ~'''I~.>;,§,
§"l' ~ '''I~.>;,§, a:J':<''\1
a:J- ~,\I

2. c.i'\'g'rl'jc.·~"l'''lc.'~il)'c.W''l''rq's~ril)~r
t::.i'\-g'rl'jt::.·~"l-"lt::.-~"i-t::.W"l"rq-s~r"i~r ~c.'~"I'
~F~"I' <;)4'\'5)':<''\1
"14,,'5)":<''\1
e:il)'"i' '-l'~~'~'~'
<!,~~,~,~- :<''\1
:<',\1
Uj"l'''I~''I''l'~q:~'
Uj"l'''I~''I''l'~q:~- :<''\1
:<',\1
(~'\'''I''ic.'~'
(~"'''I''1'''~-~,\1 :i'.'\l
3. B"- qa:J'~rc.i'\'['lc.'q.>;'~'
B'\' qa:J'~rt::.i'\-I"t::.'q.>;'~' q'S"l'il)"l'
q'S"l'''i''l' q~"I"1'
"1~"1"1- .o::"I"l'''I''ic.
.0::"I"l'''I''1t::. 'I"
"I~f1J''''
"I~f1l-'" a:Jl,\'.o::"I"l'''I''ic.',
a:J,t'\' .o::"I"l'''I''1t::.',
q"jP'J:ifll'''Iil)c.. ~-"I"1 t::.-,
.0::"I"l'''I''ic.',
"1"IP' JiCll'''I''it::...0::"1
"I~Jj' .o::"I"l'''I''ic.'!
.o::"I"l'''I''1q

(d) Repeat the sentences by substituting the Tibetan equivalents for the English:

jkg,
1. fit::.' g' q,\' 4~'§"I"l'~'
4~' §"I~-~' . p~flI'<r
p~Cll'<r ~,\I
:i'.'\1
farmers
monks
rich landlords
nuns
carpenters
thieves
photographers

(e) Translate into Tibetan:

L There are five apples on the table,

1. table_
2. He is a better Thanka painter from Lhasa,
'.,~ 3. I am the best student of my teacher.
4. She is my eldest sister.
5. I would have come to see you yesterday,
yesterday_
6. He ran quick!y
quick! y towards the market.
7. There are sixty nine nuns in this nunnery,
nunnery_
8. How many dogs are there in your house?
garden_
9. My neighbour's house is nearest to my garden,
10. Once upon a time his grand -father was a school teacher.
 142

J' 9,12 Extra cts from the Elega nt Sayin gs by Sakya Pandi ta

lli:/"i '') 0)' ~"i' "i'~' q' ~"il

,G:I"i'') 1""1'
IJ.!' q~~r
q~~r L:J->;' Ulc:.'
L:J~'C.t.jC::: ->;C?~·
~c:: ',?~'Q
r:l.~1
~I
~

e-...
c-... ........ _
........ _ C'-.
C'...
~
~
e-..
c-.. C'..."¥"
C'>..."¥" C'-.

Il:i'~"i
_
:i'~"i'' ""1'
J.!'') ')'=lJ"Q]'~F
~c:.' ->;c:.'U
~c:: 'C.t.jq
lq ISC::' q'
ISc:.' q'~"i':
~"i ':;)'
;J' ib Q]~' ql'l"\'
ibQ]~' qi<1O)r:l.fl->;!
'Qfl~1

If one has qualities, everyb ody will come (to you) by themselves,
Even if one does not gather them together,
;;. ,,,-
;,. .. ,.,-
Even though the fragrant flower is far away in the distance
The bees will swarm aroun d it like cluster of clouds.
, ~ ~

1rJ.lQ]~
1n.jQ]~' q.J1~' S~' L:J·l"lJ
~ ~

'I L:J' ill

~

L:J'l"IJ''rJ.l~'~
n.j~':!JCc:.
:: l""1fl~'
lJ.!fl~L:J'
' il\""1~'
J.!~' ili 'C.t.jc:: ~'.l~rrJ.
ili'UlI::. ~'.l~rn.j(f\1
l(f\r
c....
Co... c.... c... eo...
l:i'I'l""1
~

1~'fcjJ.!'' ~F
St::.' <3)' ->;' ~Q]~'~ ~

ili'~'
~

~
~Q]~':!JI
I Iii;!'' q'
1Q;l q'n.j~':
rJ.l~'~I ::. 'ill' ~
!JC:: 'rJ.lilill
~'n.j"i
~
~- <-

Wise peopl e thoroughly accep t

~,~L Elega nt saying s even from children,
If it is ofgoo
of good
d fragrance .
One takes musk even from the deer's navel,

~ ~

@, q'lJ.!
1~'.q-l ' L:J'~l'~
""1'L: J'~l'~~':!Jt::
->;'~q. 'I r~l' L:JQ'/S
L:JQ.'/S,,\' L:J~'})d"
,,\'L:J->; 'g,J"lIJ'J'L:L:J~' J.!~~I
J ->;' a;j~ ~I
--...C'>...
~£\- ~~
....... ....... ....... ..._
IJ.!' ili' ~ -"S fl' q'i}<3)
1""1'ili' ~
q'i}ili 'Ulc:.
~
'C.t.jt::. '!'I la)'~'§ <3) SQq-
1J.!'~':;Jili 'l'Q q~' J.!.I:lC:: 'f'r
q'a;j.ijl::.
>;' q'
~
~

~l If a sublim e person experience misfortune,

His continct will become exceptionally beautiful.
Even ifone
if one holds a fire downwards,
One will see the flame blazing upwards.
ii.i-t
!S1t

t.
 14 3

LE SS ON TE N
ffi .cr a; il).
ili ..q §.
~:r q!
q)

10. Co nju nct ion s

The re are num ber of imp orta nt gra

pre ced ing syl mmatical particles wh ich are ind
sylllab
ablele.
_ For ins tan ce, epe nde nt of the fina l of the
thE _
~
~
_

~.
~. we I will disclJss
uss con jun ctio n in this less on wh
f, par ticl es E.~·f
E.~·r.>.!>
-
.l.!>"I·nr"'-\\
«l·\\,"r(J
,"r(Jr.>.·
f.l.·~')·"
~')·"'C:·'
'I::·)<lC:
I ich is ind epe nde nl
nt
')ql:-i5o;
:·i5"·i'wh ich do not hav e
syllab
syll ablle.
to adh ere to the fina l of the pre ced
e. Co~uction ions s are use d to join words, I ing
co~unctions ns wh ich are dep end ent par
phrases and sen ten ces . We wil l also
inc lud e her e some
..
~,,,-,
~"- ,
10.1')C
1 ')1::':· is use d ma inly to join two
ticles.
es.

or mo re words or stat em ent s:

/

1. fii·
fii·')I:
,)C::·c.
·C·"·"I~
I~~-~·~~
~~·~·~·«
·"'-
I·"I
"I~"
~«I·
'·§·
§j"~
~~·"
~·"ll·4C
·4C.·"I~
·"I~,,·~
,\'~Ujo;
Ul"iI' he and I two by day thr ee afte r wo
Mt er three days he and I wil l cut od cut wil l
wood.
~:'.~ 2. ~'')e
~'')C::~
. '~'')I
'')d::j'''
'Jj'''jiC:
c. .~. =l'
-'l' qi5~
<li5~-' (J'Uj,,'
l'\' -".1:
-".I:.·C..(,:-I
god and ser pen t and hum an and sme
ll-eater along with min d rejoice did
The gods, serpents, hum ans and inc
luding the smell-eaters rejoiced .
-
.~~'":;
..
'":;

-
~~
~~~

3. «I''ie
"",\C.'«I'7
:' "''7'd'J' " '~,,·
';r5.
5.·~ a;;-"'.
,\·d «I'q 4'iJ
<l"J'iJ she and together talk not do
Do not spe ak wit h her.

* 4_ ~I::
4. ~c: ~'~
~'~~'')C
~'W:'I
IJ:~·"
£'~'''iC:
jC.·1-I ')iff
')ifr.>.l.5. "i·a;
. 5.0;- .l\"'
d'J~·
~''\"i"
,,"ioi·d'JJ:"I·
;'«l£ "I'3«'3''''
'''I'''I 1·JJ!Jil
Bud dha and Dh arm a and San gha are
flf:
~~l:
rare excellence three are
. Bud dha , Dh arm a and San gha are
the, three precious jewels.
10. 2 'il::'
,\C:' used for cat ago rizi ng or distinguish
¥:4
ft4
ing one from oth er com pon ent s:
1. f.l.~
r.>.~·q:<'
·q~"I''I'\
'lr::r::i'
i"l·~
'l·~r
r 21'') 1::'' ~'d'J'
21'')<::"1 ~'«l'Ul"i',
Ujo;-\I::"
"C:'I J4.'\< ::'/ ,\,\·r
J4.,\<::'f ",,·r.>.~·
.>.~·',)C:·
)C.·1I Ul·~"
Uj'~"I~·')
I~'')C.·1
~

livi ng bei ng rac es six as to gods,de ~

C:-' 'i:i(
,\:1(.•'.r·<:
.r.(:r.l\«
r.l\"I~·~'
'~-~'
L;\
L;.;; s,deJni-
mi-godS, s, hum ans , ani mal s, hun gry gho sts and hel l are
Th e six realms of sen tien t bei ngs
, gho sts and hell beings:
(co nsi
nsissts
ts of) gods, dem i-go ds, hum an bei
ngs , ani ma ls, hun gry
:,'.
,t:.\
,h\ 2_ f.l.'4
2. r.>.T,j"l~''
"1~''''l.<j'
ld'J' q~"i
<l~o;'' (J' qlii'
<l1ii'~1
~' "I"i·
"Io;-r.>
f.l.~
.~Fq
Fq~"i
~o;·
· (J',\I :', ~"l'
(J'"C::'! ~""<q~"l
l~"l'' "l~"i
q~o;' (J'')1
(J' ,)C:'
::'1, f.l.9"
nob lep
le pat
~ ~

athh truth four as to ori gin truth, suff ~ (Jr.t q~"i

r.>.9",·l· (JI\' <l~o;'' (J·,\t
(J'",C :', "ld'J
:;,'1 nr«l''~'q~
~'q~o"i'(J
;'(Jit>:,
J:,
The fou r nob le trut hs are: Th e trut erin g truth, cessation truth and pat h truth are
. h of the origin of all, the truth of
';::
:, ces sati on and the truth of the path the suf feri ng, the trut h of the
..
10. 3 'II::'
"C:' which sho w rea son :
1. 5.·q
5.·.c·d'J.
:r«l.ljc:·<
ljt:;,·q·'\I:
l·"c::·"I·" i"·<J...·4~i
·-'l·"i'\·<J -4~i smo ke see as soon as fire hav e kno
On acc oun t ofs wn
of see eeiing ng the sm oke , the existence of fire
was known.
2.l'r
2. fl·"l
nr"l·
"l·-'
-'l~·
l~·'J
<J·"i
·"je.c:·"'
·«I·S·s·"I
·"I~'~~r"l
ll·"l~')·E
~')·E!"I foo d eaten as soon as mo the r sonlWO
Hav ing eaten the meal, both the mo two sleep fell
therr and the baby fell asle
the asleep_
ep. '
 ..l ......-
'"T ~r

'\"" which expresses the notion of time:

lOA '\"'.

1, !il·iirqq",·<r,\"'·.>JE'(1r,\~·::!r'rq·"1<li1
iir iif'lq"l' <1",\'" ·.>JE'Df,\~· ::J[lj·q·"1<li1
teacher arrive as soon as meet scarfoffer
scarf offer did
I offered the scarf as soon as the Lama arrived,
arrived.

2. a;~'<j'qq",'<r'\""~'''I'l''l',:!ql
a;~·<l·qq"l·'r'\"'·~·"I'l"l·,:!ql rainfall as soon as umbrella open
Use the umbrella as soon as it starts raining.

1 0.5 ,\1::: which expresses order or command:

10.5

1. "I~:Fq"1,\'iii"l""
"I~:Fq4,\'iil"l"l' <j~'~~'
<l~'~~' ,\""1 speech saidproperly
said properly listen do
Listen to the lecture carefully.

-- -
2. "r"1'A~'~'~"""I')q''\''''1
"r"'1'A~'~'~"l'''I')Q''\''''1
Cut this apple with that knife.
apple this knife the cut do

,
10.611l
10.6 [lj used simply to join words and ideas:

1. f"'·~"'1'''''[lr''l~",'q~'E.~'<j'~'''l",was'q'''I~''I'AS.''I
f"'·~"'I·"'·(lf"l~",·q~·E.~·Q·~·"l",w.iS·q·"I~"I·AS."I
he by I to give that which present the light and big one is
The present that he gave to me is light and big, big.

"w')'f~w"1'\'[lr q~",'~"1
Cii"l"'l·<l"·"q·?·f~w"1,\Wq~,,,·~"I
2. Cii"l""<j,,,::
/'>

properly carefidly listen and mind in bear do

Listen carefully and bear it in your mind, mind.

10.7 Disjunctive Conjunctions

Conjunctions which show choice and imply inquiry are formed by reduplication of the ten
suffixes and') which are added with .>J. "I.>J' "'.>J' ,\.>J',
,\.>J'. ~.>J' <l.>J' .>Jiij'
~.>J'<l.>J' .>JiiJ" ON ~.>J' 11l.>J'
[lj.>J' "/.>J',
"l.>J' and ')iij'
')"l'
expresses 'or', 'or else', 'either.....
'either. .... or' and 'neither ..... nor'. They are used to enlist particulars oj
a specific catagory, express a doubt and form interrogatives:

1. ,\q",'<:j'~'~1
1, J:i"l'''I''l1 ~A.>JI.i,'qAiijl
,\q",·<:j·~·~1 J:l"l'''Iiij/ ~A.>JI.i,'qA.>J1 ~A.>JI ,?!",'q;;",'~/
,?!"l'q;;"l'~1
organ five there are lry!e,
lryie, nose, ear, tongue and body together are
There are five organs. ,They consist of eyeS, nose, ears, tongue and body.

2. ~'''I~iil'~1
~'''I~M~I ,?!"""'.>JI
C?l"'l'''l.>JI "-"I·,,/.>JI "1,\' q"""~1
t:: "I·"I.>JI "1'\' q'W~1
door three there are body, speech and mind together are
The three doors consist of body, speech and mind.

3. ~q'iij.ljA'~' ~I S'
~q' .>J.ljA'~· q' Q~' 'iiI S· Q"/'~' qA.>JI iij~'~'
Q"I'~' qP,.>J1 <lA.>J1 ~.>J""
.>J~'~' <jP,.>J1 ~.>J"l' ~iij'
~"l' <jP,.>J/
<lA.>JI '\3'iij' Q' q"""~1
'\3' "l' '-1' qi'i"'l'~1
doctrine exponent four there are particular exponder, Sutra group, mind only group and middlt
together are
The four (Buddhist) schools are: The Particularist, Sutra, Mind-Only and Middle way.

Q,\'fll' q~,\' ~ "'.

4. §'\' Q,\'I1l' "l' G,\'~'\'''l''l'
Q,\'~'\'''l''l' <:j' 4"" ~"-
<:j. 4"1' ~t:: ''''.>JI
you Tibet in lived having Tibetan language properly know did how
Having lived in Tibet, did you learn to speak Tibetan well?
 145
;:;- .

5. ~. a;Q~dT~'
a;Q~dT~''r~'f'
'r~'f'l~' qQ' ~'Oi"l"r
l~' ~·Oj"l"r~~fQ5,''r
fQ5,''r''''l<>l1
l<>l1
- our cat baby the house ofouts
of outsid
idee at is what
Is our killen qUlsid
qutside the house?

-1-
-l 6. "i"l'1lJ
"i"'·Ill"I"r~"r~
"l"r~"r~
' ·~~·a;~·
~~. a;~' r.rQQ~rb
r.r QQ~rb'ra;~·~ <>l'''l':
'ra;~·~< >l·"l"!F!F~'Q
~·Q5,"I
5,"1
teacher by today rainfall will it how say did
'The teacher is saying whether it will rain or not today.
k. c-

10.8 Exam ples of conju nction s of contr ast and similarity

{, .
{< '"~.
"'~.
'"~'
"'~'
..J and Q~' signif y 'bu.t'
'bu. t' , 'still' , 'yet'' .
'howe ver' , 'too' , 'also' '. 'thoug h' ,'any'
' . , 'in spitE
spite
of, 'however' and 'nevertheless'. As they belong to the dependent
apply: partic les, the follow ing ruI~
rul~
.

"I Q
Q "l "i'5;"1
~ "
"l JJ
JI
"':;"1
" 1lIIIJ
~~'

"'~'
""I:
Q
Q '"
JJfF,i)"i
JlfP-,il" QC::
QC::

(\J
(\:

L fi~'~'''''
fi~'~'<l'lf~~'~'iii'
'~~'~'ili"'l'''I«r~'
l'''I«r~'<
<>l'''-'l'
//.
1.
-. >l'''-'l''
'l'~~'a;''
l'~~'a;''I
his uncle's torch the down fall although break not is
I'Jl'Q''i'
'Ji'Q''''I
- 'l
";; His uncle's tor~h tOfJ::h fell down but it did not break.

2, ~i'i. '§j"l"l' ij'Q~' ~'4"l'~

~'4"l'~'' 0S1~ ''''l~ '~"I' Q"lJl' .!;-<:r"J
'1lI"I'Q"lJJ' ~"fa;", "I,
.!;-<:r"l~"fa;", '"
&~:. my friend this as to knowledge span small but sincer ity great a have is
This friend of mine knows very little, but he is a very sincere person.

3. ~"l'j!jJJ
i,;
iii 3,
-
~"l'j!jJJ'·"i'~·4"l
''·~·4''l''r..r~:f"
r..r~:f'''
'~'~' JJ.ij~' JJ'S~"
[ by marke t at face know who ever see not did -
1I did not see any body in the market who I know.

4, jii~'~'~
jii~'~'~""Q""I
"l·Q"i"l'~~'Q~"
'~~'Q~"II"l'Oj~
"l'Oi~·.'.jj"']
jj"i·il""'§'Q5,
'§'Q5,"I"I1
'
his sponso r also stay time not have say did
l.i
l. His sponsor also said that he has no time to stay.

5, S"l'q'p,
§"l'q'p' ~"l'''J'
~"l'''I' g,\,p'~
g",p'~ <:r~~'ii:'
<:r~~'n:' JJ"
JJ' QQ"l'~'
QQ"l'~' Jl.p'5,"1
Jj'p.5,"1
rL",
L. baby this by how suck ever milk come not do
In spite of how much this infant sucked, there is no milk forthcoming.

~hl
~u 6. ~ "l':ij,\',!
"l':ij"'.r;;"l'ij'S"
,,,' ij. S"l'", "l' Q4'\'~~
l'''l"l' Q4"'~~ 'ii'i:i"l'~' flQ·Jl'P,
-'jQ·Jin "i"l
//.
- -
""I
[ by voice loud doing by explain even then grand -fathe r hear able not
Even though I explained it loudly grand-father did not hear it. .
is
?/~
?}*
7. fi~,·tOi'
fi~' .tOj'''I·
''J·g'\'' 'i''l$·'i''l'q,,'~
g", "i"l'~c.' ,,· "'1lJ'P,§j
<)"1' q '" ~". '~'p,5,"J
"wp. §j'~'p. 5,"1
they year how age even if always circumambulate to go do
f~~' They are old people, yet they circumambulate (the stupa) every day.

8, §'\'''~
§,,'''~ '~'~' JJ,r;,\'§
JJ.r;,,'§j~ ''''~. Jl"l'<1i
Ji"l'<1i 'Q7~'
'Q'5~' "l"l'
ili "l' z:q"l'.ij"l
z:q",'.ij"f~'JI
'~'JJ ~"I
~'"
?i,'{
6,'{

i.~.
 <~v

your relative die even if eye water shed by benefit not there is
Though your relative has died, it will not help by shedding tears,

<I'i!<!i'(\E:<!i
9, <I'i!"i '<Alc"o.~' "I' Ji"i -:~
'o.E:"i 'Ujt:.'(\~'''I'J:i<!i' ~""'§'(\5"1
,,'§'o.5"1
Tenzin also go not say did
Tenzin also said that he will not go,

10. ~.>I"rJ:.l'
10, ~<>I"r!.l' <I-"It:.'Ujt:.'3;"I"l'§'\'!3<1'Jri\it:.',
<I-"Ic"Ujc,' ~"I"I' §'\'!3<1' <>I'i\ic,',
mind good even ifhelp if help do able not did
In spite of his kind heart, he could not he!p, help.

11. rq'"!,,,,'(\~' "IfJ.'Cll<>I'<AlC,·<1"1"1' "lt1"1'~,\'

rq'''I'''o.~' "lfJ.'C1l.>I'Ujt:.'<1"1"1' <lt1"1'~,\' J:.I'p.~,
!.I'p,~,
there go place road a(so prevent do it seems
It seems as if the road to there has also been,blocked. been.blocked,
I

12, ,\5Cll
12. C1l '(\fl"'Ujt:.'JJE'.C1l'fl'I1'"l'P.5"1
'o.fi"·Ujc,' a.JE'.Cll'f·I1' "I'P,5"1
Mandala also see request there is
One can also view the Mandala, Mandala.
~-~

13. j,f' ~"I':'

13, "I':':jCll' "lc',<I~ "I'
:jC1l'Ult:.' "l'JJfl<!i'
a.Jf"i' j)- P.5"1
P, 5"1
flower offer even ifaccept if accept one who not there is
Even if I offered the flower there is no one to accept it.

14. flt:.'~F'I~'~'~"I'<!i"l''i!(\t:.'<I~''l'5'J:i'p.,\''1
14, fic' '~c, '''1~'~'~''I'"i "I'<1!o.c,' <I~"l'5' J:i'p' '\"1
sicmess hetlvy owing to food also ~at not does
he siclatess
Because of the seriousness of his illness he cannot even eat food,
food.

10.9 Vocabulary
,~"
'~"

~<!i'''l,\''1
~"i'<l,\"1 sponsor ~"lW after
Qi' gods 5'-"1' smell-eater
@' serpents .' iij,\'""t:.'''l'
ill'\'''c''<l' to rejoice
~'\'
~'\. a:,
a:,. talk ~'q'
~'<i' late
''It:."l':!i""
"lc' "l'!!i"" Buddha ilj's""s
ilj's"s suddenly
i"l' Dharma ,\ilj'(\'\<!i'
,\ilj'o.'\"i' Sangha
~

~"I"l'~"1 six realms of existence "l"l.>I'''I'5<!i''

<l"l<>I'''I'5"i Sall1adhi
Samadhi
v
JJ'iij<!i'
iii' a.J'ill"i' demi-gods 5,\'(\:')
5'\'o.~ animals
iij'':i"l"l'
ill' ':i"l"l' hungry ghosts ,\~C1l'<I'
,\~Cll'<I' hell beings
"l~<!i'J:.I'
<l~"i'!.I' truth ~"I'"l~C1l'
~"I' <l~Cll' SUffering,
suffering, dissatisfaction
(\~"I'J:.I'
o.~"I'!.I' ceasation S"l'J:.I'
!J"l'!.I' infant
JJE'.[1J''\'"
a.JE'.[1j' '\ '" Tibetan greeting scarf ~'''IS''i umbrella -":.'
-":'

"I~FQ4'\'
"I~FQ4,\' lecture t:."1
c'''I speech
iij'\'
ill,\' mind q~"l'
q~"I' .>Ifl''\'
<>Ifi'\" one who accepts
~"''''''
~"'''' circumambulation ,\5J[1j'p,fi'"
'\5J[1J'P.fl"'" Mandala
~t:.'''I~'
~c""I~' illness
 I' 147
',,:

q")'pr
q"l'pr to block, prevent, stop Ui')'[1f<!lJt:.'Q'
Ui,)·"f<!lJc:.·q· to bear in mind
-"''r<'f
-'l''j""r to fall J;"l'q'
J;''j"''J' to break
(4"fq'
(4"f<.r to recogn ize J:j''r<B'''li)t:.'q'
J:i"l'<B'''li)c:.'q' to shed tears
.:t:"l"f 51,,' <,r
<.J" to help ~.>J"I'
~"l"l' q'q",Ji'
q'q"e:.' <j' kind -hearted
", 4"1'~'
4"1' :~j" <Be::.'
<Be:.' <j'
q' one with little knowledge ~"l'q"l.>J,a;",'<i'
~"l' q"l"l' a;",' <:j. Stncere
s lficere

I' 10.10 Classical Tibetan Reading

_ _ _
..... __ c... __ '""
'"'\, ,
t e-....
c-.... -...

~ 'II
~'11 ~a;' 51L;.
51L;, '~Il.J' P.fl:<"
~
(J.fI.J:,· amg, '5" ~Il.J'
a:m~ "I' '5' q' til' P."\'i5
~1l.J'.q' (J. "\' .:5 '~r 5p::me:: a:j'
~
~J RJr::.w
cTj' S' RJL;, '1l.J' "\qr::.'
"\ .qc, . ;;:p::mE:: 51"\'
e-..
c-.. _ ....... __ e-..
c-.. ....... "'_ _ e-..
eo...
.-\,-
q'"I-o"l'u.j,,\'q'"\
.q' '!f~' I.:l
"I-o"l'U.j,,\' .q' "\ ~r ~"i '~'~' I.:j t)"I~p)'
t)"I~p)' a;c,' J.I' iiIa;'.q' "\c" I.:j.:5
011:;: cT!'iilO)'q',,\r::.' I.:li5~' q' IjcT!~'
~r.q' -0"\' .q~~'
IjJ.l~' .:5,,\' a;~'.J:,c, '''I' ~Il.J'
I.:j~~r O)~':<,r::.
~ ~

~"\'~cT!~' -Oil)' IjcT!~W\w5jr::.~'

~"\'~J.I~' -00)' IjJ.l~\'5,,\w5ic'~· ~'~ill'
~f~il)' q'fl~'
q'fI~' iilr::.~'.J:F "\cT!' .qi5~'~l
iiIL;,~'.J:F ,,\J.I' q.:5~'~1 L)O: ~,&,.q,
<)0: ~.&,.q, i'.lr::.~'
I".lc'~' q'
&.- :
&. ....... ..",...., _C'...
_c-.... co...
eo... __ -...
IjcT!~' .q:g,~' :<,r::.'.o:,r::.'
-3S q:g,~'
IjJ.l~' '5'). "Ir::.'(;1. ,,\,,\WIl.Jt:.
.J:,L;,' .o:,L;,' "It:.'(;\ ')')WIl.JL;. ~' !j"\'"1'
q' illl
il)1 I~W';'jO)'l;JP"
"\(;\'';'jil)' tl.lil)''5il)' ill cT!~'
l;J(J.' UlO)''5O)' J.I~' flr::.
flc' ~'
-.. e-..
c-... e-....
c.... e-.."""
c-........ .."., _
...... co...
eo... co...
eo... co.._e-..
eo.._eo...

iL
~"I~' -0 ~ill
~"I~' '50)' iii '
~iIi ' ~ill
~il) ';;J~' J:l~r
Jq~r fl' ~"I'''\''I'''I
p:r ~"I',,\"I'''I ~'7T)ill'
~'7T)il)' ill~'
il)~' "\~"I~'l;J~' .J:,L;, '''I'~il\'
,,\~"I~' .q~' :<,r::. :<,r::.'q'E.'9!:<"
'''I'~ili' .J:,c,' q' E.'9!.J:,'
" ~
~
~

D:~,,\' q~' J.I"I' I.:j.J:,' ~~'

l;J~' cT!"I'I.:l:<" ::'l~' q~' iiI'J.I~' ~cT!'~'''I~''I'5j\
.q~' iil'cT!f.i: ~J.I'~'''I~''I'5i,,\, q'~'
l;j'~' cT!i,,\'~' q,,\9' trr::.O)'~~'
J.li,,\'~' q"\!:lj' t1'c'iIi'~~' ~O)'~r::.
~il)'~c' '''I~''\'
'''I~,,\'
~
-....
........ ...,.,
...... .............
.............. -.... c-..
e-.. e-......,.,
e........,., eo..._
co..._
:<'
:"-":' ~c,' cT!')'
~r::.' J.I,,\' O)'B"\'~~' "\' ~Il.J' fl(;1.'
,,\'B,,\'~~S~Il.J' ~o: .l:lq~' 4<11' ~cT!~'
.l:j.q~' 4<l!' ~J.I~' 4tlj'Il.JI
4tlj·1l.J1

Semi-Literal Translation
~~ . ,
Formerly happened - town - in Khormojik - king - Chandraprabha named - in the world - one
who ruled - there was - by him - former - examined causes - family members - together with
~:~'.' ministers - all - summoned - his - ruJership
rulership - to all sentient beings - completely - give away -
promised and took a vow. At.thattime
At.that time - people - all poor - were assembled - each of them -
whatever they so wished - enjoyed - at that time - his - popularity - qualities - arrogant - one
with pride - Bhinsin - by heard - he - due to jealousy - thoroughly - disturbed by - his - for a
long time - whatever - by desire - satisfied by - teacher's Brahmin - there was one - he was
honoured - I - being saddened by misery - sleep also - do not havehave·- by you - it
il - a means to
remedy - think of,
of.
!,~, .
Translation
f;;.;~
f::..~
Once upon a time in Ihetown
the town of Khorm6jik
Khormojik there was a king named "Moon-Light", who ruled
world, Having examined the former causes, (one day) he assem
the world. ass em bled his (royal) family
members together with all the ministers and (before whom) he promised and vowed that he will
<.",",--.
"",-,,--.
give away the entire royal wealth to all sentient beings. At that time, while each and everyone
of the poor, who had gathered there, were enjoying themselves with whatever they had
wished, the arrogant and proud Bhinsin heard of his (Moon-Light's) popUlarity.
popularity, Having been
;\-:,,:L
;\A;L thoroughly disturbed by his jealousy, he bowed to his Brahmin teacher, who he had made him
happy by providing everything he so desired for a long time, and said, " As I am suffering from
depression I have had no sleep, please think of a remedy to dispell this.
iiii.
b;~i_
10.n
IO.n Exercises of Lesson Ten
(a) Repeat the following sentences by substituting the appropriate phrase and
..,.-;.
"..-;. translate:

1. ik
L Fd;·C1J"I·")''''''I'''Ie:.'~",'
g 'Ol "1"'1' '""I' "1"-.~'". ~'<i,",'
~.<:j"",.
tkir:Oj'N :<''\'1
tkjr:Oj',>J'

",,"'i
g,""i
 14',1
14'01

4. ~. Jj q"r S'
Jl ...... "1"1' S···" .... '1'',"'\''If),
'1'',"'\''lf), '''I~Jj'
."l~Jl. ~& '~"i'
.~"i.Jj,I;,\'
Jl,I;,\. :<' '\1
:<',\1
j/ fir::.· '\~f '.r1i.
5S. fir::.' OJ' q~'
q~. qil········\lJ.·nf
qil········'i'.·f1j· "1"1'
q"l. Jj'Fq' 2·q~~,"'
Jl·Fq· 2' q~~,". .....,
·····1
,
(d) Translate into Tibetan:

L Those keys are either my uncle's or his brother's.

1.
2. Is Nyima younger than Pasang or Tashi younger than Pasang?
3. Tsongkhapa was born 89 years ago in Eastern Tibet.
4. There are also some apples, oranges and radishes in the kitchen.
5.
S. I did not show this radio to my mother. (use completive termination)
6. I will meet you at 10.00 am next Friday.
7. This is the best bamboo I bought from the market.
8. She will be slowly climbing the hill tomorrow morning.
9. As soon as I washed my shirt, it started raining.
10. There are nine and half kilos of potatoe in this bag.
~-~

~ ,

~>~-

~~~

~r

"7'
~t~
I

"c;
i'.-"i
~~

f}
i-}

f~f!
f~i,
 150

10. 12 Extracts from the Elegant Saying by Sakya Pandita

-
1Ilj "'l\5
",!\5 ili. -
'::r t:.Ilj'P-
[11" Ilj;J 1:::r
ili .~ [11' t:. Ilj' r.< EO. c>J'f111
c>J' f111 1c>J' qt')Ilj~'
Ic>J'
...... c.....
"'' 'l' '
~

c>J' qt') ilil

q~' Z;;;''''!Z;;;' c>J'qt')ilil
qt')Ilj~' q~' ~

...... "'-
~

1J.l·~JIlj~Ilj~'
1J,j' !JIlj~Ilj~' c>J~~'~' ~ili ·'''It:.·1
''''!t:. 'I 1"''''l'r'
Z;;;'",!'f!' ;J~' "Ilj'iE>ili''''liliI
Z;;;Ilj' iE>ili ''''!ili
~
~ .
1

The crafty who displays a good conduct and speak gently

Should not be trusted until he has been examined.
Although the peacock has a beautiful form and melodious voice,
It lives on great poisonous foods.
foods,
"'- ¥ ...,., ....... ~
~ '"
~

Iq~ili'5!~'l"r ~f11' qlij~'~'I1~1

Iq~ili'5!~'l"r q!lj~'~'I1~1 ili' .'?".
1~c>J' ili' ~t:. ',?Z;;;. q!i1~'
q!il.~' 1:.r"'!ilil J;.j·"'lilil
~

'"
~

f11 ili'Ilj'5Ilj' q~ili'

llf11ili'Ilj~Ilj'
~

~
·.r"
5,'~' L,rz;;; ~I
ili'5:~r
~

Iq"ili'
~
Iqz;;; ili'l:.J~'~~·~t:.
J;.j~'~~'~t:. '5Ilj~' J;.j·~1
·5Ilj~'l:.J·~1
- ~

-,
-;.::
-."::
If one thinks, 'I have tricked the others with a lie,'
Then one has indeed, cheated oneself
A man who has once told a lie, I
Will cast doubts (in
(itz other's mind) even (when) he tells the truth.
'"
~
I~[1j'5!'
1
-~
~f11'5!' q"Ilj'l;,j'I1'
-~
qz;;; Ilj' t;,j'I1' '''It:.''I1
~t:.' "'!t:. I~W
1 Z;;;IljD.' q~' q~ili .~
~'f11' "IljP-' .q~"1
'~'.q~z;;;1
'"
~
'"
~ ~
~
I~W i1jt:..'l:.J'r.<~Z;;;'5!~'
~'f11' iljt:. J;.j'P-~"'5!~' ili!
~
ilil 1~',?Z;;;'f11' ili'qiJili'J;.j
I~',?"W ili' qiJili'l:.J'' ql1ilil
t;<.'

Even if the OWfler of the land is wrathful

One should happily live in his accord,
;:c.
Just as, ifone's
if one's feet slip on the ground
One has to (nevertheless) support oneself
oneselfon
on the ground itself;

"".,
~,

--
 1-) I1
L'l
r

.,
~}
g
'i
.
'~ LESSON ELEVEN
mq "etil)"q:§"llj<5llj"
~ ~

' ctil)' q:§'llj<5llj' L:.J1

L:.J!
~. ,"

11.1 The Continuative Particles

In Tibetan, there are three suspensive particles known as ~"I'Q;s"r which are another form of
conjunctions, The three ~"I'Q;S~' particles~' ~. and ~. are attached to perfect and present
conjunctions.
root verbs as well as adjectives. As dependent particles they are governed by the suffix of the
preceding syllable as shown in the following chart.

I,· .
I'·
~~".
~~-.
?~'(>,!>"1
?~'fl.!>"1 ~"IQ;S~'

.l)'<;I1J~
.l)'<;i1J~ ~
"I ~ Q iJJ
ill (>,
fl. and Vowels ~
.~
L~

" _____ --------- - ~

11.2 Generally continuative particles~' ~. and ~. have three major uses. When used as
conjunctive particles as 'and then', 'thereafter' or 'having done...' done .. .' in English they are called
~, iJJa;iJJ~·~'<;"~"I'J:;j~~·.
illa;ill~·~'<;'~"I'L;j~~·. For instance, in the sentence ~~·§'.l)·~'~'I1J·Q:'i"1
~~·§'.l)·~·~·i1J·Q~"i1 (Having worn the clothes, (he)
sat on the floor), the particle i)
1) joins the act of wearing clothes with the act of sitting on the floor
in the order of the occurrence of the two actions. We have noticed that in the spoken Tibetan the
~~
>~,;;,
use of these three particles were largely expressed by d)~' i.e. ;g"l'Q'~"l'I1J'S'Ji"'d)~'~'Cll'''l~Cll'J:;j"Q')J:;j1
;g"l'Q'~"l'i1J'S'~"'d)~'~'Cll'''l~Cll'L;j'Q')L;j1
"Not having (a) son, a wealthy man prayed to the gods". This sentence will have the same
I
meaning if we replace its .l)~' with ~. i.e. ;g"fQ·~"l·Cll·S'Ji"·.l)~·~'I1J·"l~Cll·Q'Q')ql
;g"fQ·~"l·Cll·S·~"·.l)~·~'i1J·"l~Cll·Q·Q')ql

11.3 The other form of ~"l'Q;S~'

~"l'Q;S~' known as "iJJ'q;S(>,'~"l'Q;S~
"iJl'q;Sfl.'~"l'Q;S"f 'the suspensive particle of

promise' is used to add or fulfil a promise made by a preceding phrase. In the sentence ~iJJ·.I1Q· ~ill'l1Q'
Cll·S·Jj·~"l·J:;j;5~·~·fi~·9~·"~.l)'~'<;·iJJi"·r.lSCll·S~·~1
Cll·S·Jj·~"l·L;j;5~·~·fic:::9~·"~.l)'~'<;·illi"·fl.SCll·S~·~1 (After (his) wife gave birth to a daughter, (he)
~, },-~, made offerings at (the) monastery), the particle ~. facilitates the sentence to continue by co-
~~
ordinating the relationship between the first phrase "~iJJ·.I1q·I1J·S·Jj·~"l·Q;5~·
"~ill·l1q'i1J'S·Jj·~"l·Q<>~· (wife ga~e birth to a
daughter)" and the second phrase "fi~·9~·"~.l)·~'<;·iJJg;,\·r.lSI1J·S~·;;:j1
"fic:::9~·"~.l)·~'<;·illg;"·fl.Si1J·S~·;;:j1 (he made offerings at (the)
monastery)". If the particle~' is not used, the idea could be expressed in two short sentences,
but they will not express the relationship between the birth of the daughter and offering made at
the monastery.

11.4 In other words a Q!"l'Q;S~'

Q;I"l'Q;S~' particle stands as a punctuation to, facilitate the cOntinuation
continuation
of the sentence. It has almost the same use of a colon in the English language. The
continuative particle used as a colon helps to itemize. In the sentence, .l),;rS~·Q~·~1
.l)';P'i"l·Q~·~1 ''is'<;'['l'''~'1
~d)'['l'''~'1 "~d)·"I',\C.·1
"~d)'''I'''i~'1 ,,!l"·"I·Q.:s~·;;:j1 (there are four seasons: summer, autumn, winter and
spring), the particle~' functions as a colon and faciliates to list the four seasons. The particle ~.
expresses a promise to list what the four seasons are. Furthermore, these particles are also used
as a conjunction to express contrast, purpose, reason, interrogation and choice.
 1) L

11.5 Examples of Continuative Particles

1. 6.<J· Xf'rnr:l" "i'~"l'

6.<J·XlqTll':J" .jJ'~"l' Qil''\I·~·fC.
Qil''\!·~·fic. '~'\I'
'~'\!' "~il)' '1-';'.<J.L"'t:\
'1-';'.<J.L".t:\ snr S'\!· ~I
snl' S'\I'
wife to daughter a having born he by monastery at offering did
After (his) wife gave birth to a daughter, he made offerings at the monastery. (choice)

2. i'i"'fll'.L'\I'r;j"l'\l' <'f;",' ii'q~'~1

i'i".Cl!' .L'\!'r;!"l'\!' ,I;",' ii'Q~'~1 '\I'~I
'\!'~I "~'r;j"l'\ll q"F q~"1
"~'r;!"l'\!1 Q"F tt;,w Q,W~I
Q~"I tt;.·.<J· Qo'\!'~1
Tibet in Dharma traditions great four there are: Sakyo, Sakya, Geluk, Kagyu Nyingma they are
In Tibet there are four great Buddhist traditions: They are Sakya, Geluk, Kagyu and Nyingma.
(promise) .

3. ~''1'S'\I'~'~'if,'\I'~'''l-';'~il)1
~''1'S'\!'~'~'if,'\!'~'''l-';'~il)1
monk done having monk robes buy in order to went
Having become a monk, (he) went to buy monk's robes. (reason) :--:-_.•..

4. '\I.~C..~'\I.~."
'\!.~c..~'\!.~." -';'~"l' ~c.·ii·~"l·
~c.·ii·~"l· q~"l'\ll
Q~"l'\!1
earth ditch dug having flag pole long a installed
Having dug the ground, he put up a long flag pole. (reason)

5. "~,,,·~c.·~·"S""·f'r~1
"~,,,·~c.·~·"S-';·f'r~1
winter cold but summer warm
It is cold in the winter but warm in the summer. (contrast)
~ ~ "--
S'\!I
~,,·r;!"l··ifaF~c.·.<J· S'\II
6. ~"·r;j"l··ifaF~c.·.<J·
lazy due to home study not done
lazy , (he) did not do his homework. (reason)
Being lazy,

7. Oi·n;·<i:-~·"~il)·<g·.<J·S"'1
Oi·n;·.t·~·"~il)·q-';·.<J·S"'I
laziness great due to monastery to not went
Due to laziness, (1) did not go to the monastery. (choice)

i§"'>lj,,,'ii't'l:j", '~'i§,,'~'\I'
'~'i§,,'~'\!' -';'';f''K(Ui''l'~''f
-';'';f'K(Ui''l'~'" .<J~c.' q'\l'
Q'\!' ~I
-
8. i§"'>lj",'ii'ii:l",
.-
you thief are as you by goat stealing my eyes by saw due to is
You are the thief as I saw you stealing the goat with my own eyes. (reason)

d:l::r~'
9. c.i:l.':l' ~·til· ""·~·~Q~>I'~.<J·~'\II
.<J·Cl!·""·~·~Q~·~.<J·~'\!1
til· .<J·fll·
my daughter Lama to faith having refuge vows received /
On account of developing faith in the Lama, my daughter took refuge vows. (purpose)

o. c.'\I'f'
1O. ]"1'\1' Q~"'~' :il",'","f
c. '\!'fi'"'"j"l'\!' "l' ~"i'<rii:l"'1
q't'l:j",1
I by he strength generate having pulling by expel did
I expelled him by vigorously pulling him out. (purpose)

1O. ~. i5' ~'fll"l' q'\!' "l'r.>.~

~'Cl!"l' q'\l' .;J'r.>.~ '\I'<rii:l"'1
'\!. q't'l:j",1
that why hand by not hold did
Why did you not holf! it with the hand? (interrogation)
,
 153

;St::' ~t::.
11,6 ;St::.
11.6 ~t::' and 4t::·
4t::' The Gerundial Terminations
f
These three particles are widely used as participle terminations in the classical Tibetan and
English, They are frequently used as conjunctions and also co-ordinate phrases
signify --ing in English.
"" 00

as by, and, while, being, but etc.etc, as in English.

English, Although they may also be used as aLL'l:iliary
au,'l:iliary
verbs, they do not end a sentence unless followed by completive terminations.
terminations, As dependent
<
particles they are added according to the final of the preceding verbal syllable.
syllable,
r
~-

~"r(J.~"I
~"I'(J.~ "I a:;"1< ~".
,f;"I< ~'\' I
'I ,\':'i"l i5t::.
i5t::'
"I
t:: "
'\
"i JJ (J. ~ fll
OJ and vowel endings
"':'i"l
~c:
<\I
"I 4t::·
4t::'

".-.
~"'--"
11,7 Examples
11.7

t:: "1'01"1' q<\l'''I'iil~'

1. t::<\1'01"1' q"l'''I'iil~' ~"I';SI::.'
~"I';SI::.' q,,(J.'~"I'
q,,(J.'~"I' '1')1::.'q'Uj"i1
'1')1::.' q'il:j"il
r'
~::
L I by hand by slowly touching signal a send did
By gently touching with (my) hand, I gave(him) a signal.

I::. "I'fii' ::Ffii"l'nr~"i'

2, I::.<\I'fii'
2. JI"I' "l,\';Sdl"l'~.Jj~'
::Ffii"lw~"i' JI<\I'"l"';Sdl"l' 'I' JJill::.'~t::.,
~'Jj~' q'JJijl::.' ~t:: 'I
I by he chest on nail with scratching eye water shed see did
I saw him shedding tears while scratching finger nails on his chest.
~~
3, ~.
3. jj'i\' ~"I·q~t"~q·nr"lq·k"r~·~·(J.:S"l
~'jj'i\' ~"I'q~t'!)jq'(lr"lq'k"l'~'~'(J.:S"l
cat the wall ofbehind
of behind at hiding earth diggmg
While hiding behind the wall, the cat is digging earth.
earth,

4, "l1::.·~I::.·"Idi·z;r
4. "lI::.'~1::. '''Id/'z:r ~1::.·~·JJcb"i·~'i·~'
~I::. '~'JJcb"i'~'i'~1
~ .
t~·A light and moving wind ofcharateristic'areof charateristic<are
Light and moliility are the charateristics of wind. wind,
/

5, 'I
5. JI'r:>.,\' "I~<\I'
'3'JI'r:>.'" q8"i 'r:>. ~<\I'''I::.'~''i
"I~"I' q8"i·r:>. ~"I',\I::.'~"i '~I::.' JJij'q''il::.'<lI"i'q'
~
a:.JJ"l"fll""I<\I'l'j<1<\1'.t.q'r:>.,,"1
JJij'q' 'il::. '<lI"i' q'a:, JJ"IW"I"I'f'j<l"l'.t'q'r:>.,,"1
~ ~

girl this two diligent andpossess and possess high and seniors to respectfUli respectfUl! are
These two girls are diligent and respectful to their superiors and elders. elders,
L 6. SI::.' ~<1'
6, SI::.· ~<l' ~JJ"l'
~JJ"I' "q"l';S-';S-' ~wi)"I' 'l"
"q"l<':5":5" ~wi)"I' l' q:ii".
q:ii,\' q' q~JJ'~1::.
q~JJ'~1::. '~"I<\I'
'~"I"I' q~' 'I,,'
q~'.>.Ie:: '" ~I
",EO".
Bodhisattva by mouse the to always patience practising heart loving do
While always practising patience, the Bodhisattva loved the mouse. mouse,

il:j,\' ""I(J.'~I::.'''I''l'q''l'
""I(J.'~I::.'''I'\rq''lSF "OF q~fl'j'fll"l"ll
q'~ff'j'fll"l"ll
7.
7, Uj,,'
~~
-
~

t~ mind happy being respectfUlly happy receive show do

Being happy we respectfully welcome you. you,

~fll' q~' q'll"i'q':i:."i'

R !)jOj' q'll"i' q' :i:."i'q.
q,.t'
--
.t. ~"I"l'''l''i'')'''·":~qlq·
~"I"I'''l''i'')''' ,,'~qlq' q....
~ ~
·S....·~,
q"'S"'~1
~
victorious one's doctrine precious direction everywhere flouishing expand did
~

The doctrine of the victorious one flourished and spread in all directions. directions,

!ir.>.1'
9, !if
9. ' 1::.' .>.I~nr~t::
"",\1::.' "'~fll'~t:: 'Uj".~. 'I' 'ic:~"i
'il:j,\'~' q' 'it:: '~ili .~t::'
'~t::' 'I''!" ,,' S~·~,
i;jq"l'qq .....
q"l'l;jq"l' S~'~I
,.
"
Lama and meeting mind joyfully restful became
While meeting the Lama, (he) became happy and restful.
/

>;;,.
 154

11O• .>JF~r'1
O. <>JF~r ~'i;j'~"
'1~' £'~"l'J'~~'4~
~~'4~'' 41:;. q-<.'~
'iij' q-<.'
41:;, 'ilj' ~"J'~'
"l'~'~f
~f ~''1' .;),,'
j.J'\''1i'
'1('\'!jj~'
\'!jj~.q~'
q~' ~"I~'
~''I~''1-< ..Jj.
J)' ~
'1-<" ~"l'
"1' ~I
learne d by intelligence with wich hlOwi ng able is study not with fool by realis e no able
This can be understood by a wise person with intelligence and unders
tandin g but it canno t be
realized by fools who have not studied.

11.8 Instru ment of Reaso n

Although the instrumental case itself is dealt in a different section, we
will discus s here the
instrument of reason which is somew hat similar to the continuative and
gerundial particles we
have just seen in this lesson . The two specific particles used for instrum
ent of reason s are '1~'
q~', They are used both in spoke n and classical Tibeta
and q~'. n and primarily signify: because, due
to, by, through, since and therefo re when they are affixed to the
past and perfect participle form.
When affixed to nouns and pronouns they also express comparative.

! ~'>j'r:>.~"1
~"l'r:>.~ "1 nj~'~f;rz:r
f1l~'~f; rz:r i
!

"I ') ~ q<>J"

q.>J'>lj
')'~"1
')'~"1 '1~'
i

I:;, r:>. -<. nj

I:;. f1l and vowel endings q"l'
q'>j'
I

1. ~')'-<.c
I, ~')' ;.·~~'nj"'l''1~'(~r
-<.c;, '~~'f1l"l '1~'(~r q'
q'<1i~'r:
"> ~'r:>.~~
>.~~''1~'''
' '1~'''Ii<1,
It'\<1iW
,> w ,K.>JW ~,)I
.i'j-<.'q' ~,)l
a;1:;,' <>JW.i'j-<.'q'
yours elf
elfby by hand with handle from hold therefore other to all not lost is
Becau se you held it with your hands at its handle, others could not take
away all of it.
2. f\~'''I~1:;,
2, ;. "l' '1"l·iij,)·fl
"J''1"J'U l·r:>.E.. "I~'
l')'fll'r:>.E "I~r '1-<".>Jif
'1-<" <>Jif'). iS"I
')';\"1
thus said since mind in bear make do
As it is said thus, please bear it in your mind, mind.

f1l'~r"l' a;-<.'
3. nj'>j'''l'a ~ '>j'<1i L:; 'fll'ni"l'
;-<.' ~~·">L:; ,wni"l· '1'>j''lI''I
'1~''lI''I'' ~"I'''I~J.I'')I:;.'!:l
'')I:;,'!:l''l
''l
work finish having home at retun by tiger baby three and met
Havin g finished his work when he returned home, he met up with the
three cubs,
cubs.
t::') ..l\ J.I~'§')
4. t::')'.l\ J.I"l'§')'~'
'~' '4''!.ifll'7
'4·'!.ifll·7·r:>.~·
'r:>.~' q"l'''II:;,
q"1'''1I:;.' q~-<.'Ul''
q~-<.·UI·"i')·
'i')' ').>JI
we your father land to - -
£0 go since what send to have do you?
')<>JI

Since we are going to YClUr ycmr country, do you have anything to sent with us?

5, I:;.~'-6i''
5. I:;,~' -6i'''Tr:>.~
'Tr:>.~'' q"f
q..cr q~ ~"I' ¢o<
¢'o< q~"I':<:"I
q~"I':<:"I~'''I,,>I:
~'''I<1i1:;,'1
- -
I by stanza this copy therefore little while wait help please
;.'I

As I am copyin g this stanza, please wait for a little while.

6. q,)"I' q~'''It'\<'>1i'''I~~'
q')"I' q~'''Ii<1' '''I~~' ''1-<"
1-<" q~J.I' Q' 4~''j'''I
self than
£han others dear medita medi£a£e -
4~'7'''If''1'~~I
ll' ~~I
te to extremely important is
It is extremely important to meditate to cherish others more than onesel
f.
7. 41:;. '~I:;.''lI' ~~'qi5')''1~'Ul''1''
41:;, '~q/' 1~'Ulfll'''I'iij''l'
'I'iij''l' J.liijwgzl:;. ~I
l:;, "ll
wood trunk axe with cut from branch a head allOil fell
On account of cutting the tree with an axe, a branch fell on (his) head.
head,
 1::>:'

8. ~·q·<!i<!i·§~·s~q"r~·~·<!i"'1
~·q·"i"i·§~rS~(J"r~·~·"i"'1
< ,•
request repeatedly doing by grand-mother said
By making repeated request, the grand-mother said:

e:.iJ:!lr J,l":;;e:.' .Il"l.~.~.

.Il"l'~'~' a;Jj' J:i"l' ~~. "14"1' q~·riic:.-
q~'riic:.' J. Jl~'
.>l~' "I"1~' "1"<: 5!~' ~I
--
9. <::.iJ:llr".l":;;<::" a;JJ' Jl"l'
my mother and meet to doubt not have thus said from they happy became
-
Mter
After explaining that they will definitely meet my mother, they became happy, happy.
,.
?
10. Oi·"I~Jl·q~Jl"'-I~·~(1j·q·SJj~·'-I·"I<::'"Jj"JjENq"r~Jj~·~rrl
0i·"I~.>l· q~.>r ql~r~rlj' q' SJJ~' q' "Ie:. 'Jj' JJEJ'lj' q~'~JJ~' ~il:1
year three meditation doing victorious MaiJreya Maitreya and not see therefore mind sad
He was saddened since he did not see Lord Maitreya after meditating (on him) three years, years.

1L <::"q~'fic;:-:J"I~'<fl<::"1
11. e:.·q~·fic:.·-:J"I~'~e:.·1 (J
(I than he powerful small) He is less powerful than me,
me.

11.9 The use of <!i~'

"i~' and (1j~' Ol~' for Ablative of Reason

Of these two particles, <!i~'

"i~' is primarily used as ablative of reason, motive, cause etc,etc. which
f:~ : is associated and used identically with the things we have studied in this lesson,
lesson . It is used to
express reason or cause = 'because of, 'by', 'through', 'on account of and 'owing to', to'. It is
[::,
[".
'thereupon'. For instance ~'"i~r is affixed to the perfect root of the
also used to express 'then'or 'thereupon',
$,:;
W,:;-
'from'. (1j'll'
verb as well as nouns and pronouns to signify 'from', Ol'll' is used to express ablative of
comparative 'than' or any words which have comparative meaning, meaning. They indicate the source of
~~:j any action described by the verb which can be time, place, thing or person,
person.
~;
,

I, q~Jl'''l7<!i'''I7Jj"q-'l<::''~'ii~'"i~'~~~'
1. q~.>l·"I7"i·"I7«rq-'le:.·~·ij~·"i~·r.l.~~· Jj'q~"I''-I~'~§j'q'
JJ'q~"I' q~'r.l.§j'q' "'''II
~ Samten news good the hear after here not staying go did
,.
I After hearing that good news, Samten left here. here,

2.
2, JJil.' Q"I~'(1j'
l·f Jj!>.' JJ''7"i'"i 'Il'mQ'~~''7(1j'
q"l~'Ol' Jj''7"i'"i 'Il'ruq'~~''7Ol' Q~"I' '-I' ~"I1
q~"I' q'
parent's command to not listening school at sleep did
Disobeying his parents, he slept at the school.

3.. "I~' q' a;~'qi3"1'

a;~'qi3"1' "i~'''IJj''l'''I<j"i'~'
"i~'''IJJ''I'''IQ"i'~' Q"1~'~1
q"1~'~1
enemy destroy having military commander to appoint did
~~i After crushing the en~my, he was appointed as the military cammander.

5e:.·"1e:.'5' Ji'c'4~''-I'''l~''l':'FJ:i'i'
4, 5<::""1<::"5'Ji'c' 4~'q'''I~''I':'Jd)'i' "i~'''1"1~'<::'(1j' &<!i'<j' ~f'<r
"i~·"I"/r.l.·c:.0l· &"i'Q' ~c:..q' "'''I'
"'''II
Hong Kong in people face know one even not having difficulty great arise did
Because there was nobody who he knew in Hong Kong, he faced great difficulties. difficulties .

c:.·Ol~fic:.· q'i'~"I'''l''l'''l'
5.. <::"(1j"ffi<::.' q'i'~"I'''l''l'''I' 4~''-I'
4~'q' "''II
JI than he Tibet language better know does
He speaks better Tibetan than me,

J:i'(1j~' ~<::"~'~"I'
Jiil.'j:j·Ol~'
6, Ji!>.' .Il(1j·~1
~c:.·~·~"I·.IlOl'~1
other's fire than one's own ashes warm
One's own ashes is warmer than other people's fire.
 LJU

~(1j""I1'\"i'~ "r'.!.'
7, ~(1f"l1'\"i"~ ?' ~d\' <!'[lj,,!"
<I'[1j,,!""l"i"ij"l" '1-<-' ~ .J;"fii"l"~
"ld\'ij"l' JI,,' <1-<-" ,>;'fii"l'~
land other a to went from benefit not having back return did
Because of not having benefitted from going overseas they returned back,

8, ['1' J;f.\'i~''2!''1~"[1j~'ii:j·:r
J;f.\'i~''2!''I~'[lj~'ii:j':r ,Il'",,'"
"If"'
'I' :<'''1
<I':<'''1
Islam of religion traditiontraditwll from Christain
Christaill different is
Islam is different from Christianity.Christianity,

9, 5'
9. J.lijc:.' q"[1j~'
<rJ.lijc::
5'<1' q'[lj~' j:j.tJ:j". 4~' ~I
'I-<--:I'j~'
jI'tJ:j,,' <1-<-'
smoke see from fire exist know did
On account of seeing some smoke, the existence of fire was known.
known,

10, ~'J.l£·"i~·~"·S·o.Sc:.·1
10. ~'J.l£'''i~'~'''S'r.>.!:FI ~

ocean from jewel arise

Jewels originates from ocean. ocean,

11.10 Vocabulary

J.li,,·o.SC1l·
J.li,,'r.>.Sn.j" offering ""Io.·q~f
""Ir.>.'q~f welcome, reception
~[1j'q'
~[lj'q' victorious ones q~"i'<I'
q~d\'<!' doctrine
Sc:.·~q·~J.l~·"<lo.·
~F~q'~J.l~'''<!r.>.' Bodhisattva ~"I~' mind (hon.)
§"I~' direction :<..
"i' :<.' said
J.l['1~' <1"
<j" ,-
J.l['1~' wise, learned ~c:.~'<f
~c:.~'''l' education, stud y
~"I'<I'
~"I'''l' wall @"i'ij'
@d\'ij' fool, ignorant
~"I~'<I'
~"I~'LJ' realisation ~'~~' intelligence
il
~'£J.l'
£J.l" doubt "If",,·
Jij'",\' different
i~''2!''I~'
i~''2!''I~' religious sects "'\ -<-'~"I'
-<-'~"I' flag
'1';0.'
q"r.>.' signal, sign ~q~r~J.l·
~q~r~J.l' Refuge vow
'\'\' LJ'
"".<f faith ~'a;~ monk's robe
"i" :<..
0)' :<: said ~'''I' stanza
'\ -<-' q'
"-<-'q' to spread "I;S~'<I'
"I;S~'<!' to cherish
;.~.
;~.

q1i,\' <I' q~J.l' 'I'

q1i", LJ' <I' tg practice patience sq'<I'
sq'LJ' to pervade
~c:.'q' to fall "I q'<!'
"Iq'<I' to hide
ill,,·""10.'q'
ill,\''\"I().' q' to become happy 'j~'<I'
'j~'LJ' to be respectful
~""<I'
~,\'LJ' to scratch ~O)'<!
il"i'<I . to pull
n(q
ffJ'q to steal i'll'\'N'q'
ill"'N'q' to be happy
~

q"l'f;jq~'<I'
q"l'f;jq~r<!' to be cheerful ')~r<l'
,:!~'<!' to be able to
:<'' 1"<I'
:<'''1' LJ' to touch ~c:.'~'q' to dig a ditch
~"'<I'
~,\'LJ' to expell
expel! ~"''2!''I'
~'\''2!''I' "1" to become idle
q~"I~'<I'
q~"I~'LJ' to pierce, pitch, stab
 i'lUl)j
2uDj - JO W10J gql gq) U!
ul - xls
X!S qllM
q)IM - :ljSOl
)jsn) - :lllqM jUllqd;)13 :;Hn
;»)lljM - jUBqd:lI3 ::lql 0)01 SIl
SB -P:l:lp
-P;);)P - UOI)d;):mo;)
uOljd:l:moO) - U!
qWOM - S,lgqlow
S,lgljlOW - PUOO:lS
PUOO;)S - JO gAFiMl
gAFlM) -sp:l:lQ
-Spg;)Q 'p:lAl:lSqO
'pgAl;)SqO - 01 0) :lAIJ
;)AI] - :lS:lql
;)S;)q) - lAgpeABW
IAgpeAIlW - l:lqlow
l;)q)OW -
pue - .to
JO l[nBJ
J[OBJ :lql
;)q) looqllA\
)noq)IA\ - UO!lelgU:l2:lp
UO!lelgU;)i'l;)P - :lUoq
;)uoq -pUB
-pUll - leAOl - :lO)el
;);)el pue -ed!Apoqwef
-ed!Apnqwef - PUB[ PUIl[ - pue -
P!lJuoo
P!lJUOO - El;)
Bl:l : :lAlJ
;)A!] UOI1BAl:lSqO ;)q) 0)
UOI)IlA1;)SqO - :lql 'P!P;)4 - pu;)O)sgp
SV 'PIp:lq
01 S\f pUX)S;)P - :ll:lq
;)1;)4 - wIe;u
wlE;u uewoq Ed!ApnqwEf
uEwnq - ed!Apoqwef
- U:l:ljBjJgptio
U;»)jEjJgptin 2U!Aeq
2U!AEq - :lAg
;)Ag - UOljBAl:lSqO UJIIl;)l IlA;)P
UOI)IlA1;)SqO - W01J UJIB:ll BAgp - Il)!qsnl,
Bl!qs0l, :0) :01 SIl
SB - JO sp:l:lp PU;):)S;)P
spg;)P - PU:l::>Sgp
- 1l)lqsn.L
BllqSOl, UJ01]
UJ01J - )SJU
jSlg - JO :lAI:lMl SP;);)Q ';)le
;)AI;)M) - Spg:lQ ':lle :lp[dUJOO)
;»);)[dUJo;) - :lpISU!
;)PISU! - :lA[:lMl
;)A[;)M) - SP:lgp
SP;);)P - S;)UO )UEjlodUJ!
sgUO lUBjlOdUJ!
)SOUJ Aqd1l120!q - S,Bqppog
jSoUJ - AqdB120!q s,llqppng ., :lSB:l[d
;)Sll;)[d - U:ljS!I
U;»)S!I - AUOP1BJ
AHnpleJ .'lj:l) l!:ll lI!M
I1!M - IIB - P!lq Aqdllli'lO!q
];)!lq - Aqde120!q
- s,eqppng
s,Bqppog - :lW ;)UJ Aq - P;»)jSB
pg:JjSB seM - II:lj
II;») - A101S
A10)S :lUO-
;)UO- lU:lPOjS
jU;)pn)s :lUO ;)UJ 0)
;)UO - :lUJ 01 - AepOl sju;)pn)s
Aepo) - SlU:lPOjS
uonlllSUll.l~ lll.l;/m-!Was
UOnll\SUll.l.L lll.lal!l-!Was
l~
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':J1n.'fkJb. '::l~.1'f> .;!,'cJ.&.l':r.
.;!,"cJ.&.I':1.'fiU. '::l~
'fiU. ':J~
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r .&b5£' .~.ttl£'.~.I':1.&b&.ttJ.~£'
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- ~ ~ - ~
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:ro.l':r .I'»bl'»
:ro.I':1.&b&.ttJ.' £G.FD.'£.'£klb."cJG:6-
...... .ttJ. '£G....., .!'it '£. 'fklb.
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J1'f.>.e. '£~tr.l':1:ro ~
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.&tzll'f>.ttJ. '£1:.&'£. '£~.~kl'f'.I':1.&
..... ':Jg.rS.':Jfr. '£~.I'»~
'::lg.':r S. '::lfr. '£~.I'»~
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b~.tr.~b bh.~tr b~.~tr bs..b.~.'fsb 1.':J~.~.'::lIn.'£kJb
b~.b.~.'fsb bs..~.':JIn.'£kJb
~ ~
bb.&£'
bh.&£' I. '::l~ .&b':r .bln.& 'f. ':J~:CJI'f'.h.'£l':1h.bJg."cJ1':1
I.':Js..&br.bln.&'f.
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tzll'f>f'.ttl.& cJ t::b.l':r
~b. '.....,...... .klb
t::b.1':1.klb .r;;.&tl,b.~b.I':1.S. ~I'f>I
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fh"cJ.17 .ttJ~. 'cJb.':r Rib.
&b.'cJttJ.':r tzl'tJ. .I'»b"kJb.~ ':JI'». '£. ':JG
:Js..1':1 .&~.& ':JI'».'£.':JG
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lttJ&b.
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s: .blb. ~ ~b .&~ .ttJ~.& r;;.....,....., ':Jl:t-.&'
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.Ie"S.b.'£hb .b~b.b s."cJ.1' b'cJ.1'f>f' .bl':r .bs.1'f> .ttJ.ttJ6-.
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.....,
rtr.r.
':rtr.':r. '-'
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£s.tr.1':1.I'f'b.rkJb .....,
..... kJb
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':Jl:t-.&I'f'rt,b
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':Jb.I'f>.~ .I'»rt.'cJb
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;3"cJ.& .....,....., .ttJ.bkJ.b.ltJln
.ttl.bkJ.b.hJln
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II.
L C; I
 1) (5

Shuddhodana's - queen - molher

mother - Mahadevi's- righlright side - from - womb - entered.
entered, Deeds -
twelve of - third - birth - deeds of - as to the: mother - Mayadevi - city Kapilvastu - from -
Lumbini garden - to - having sel set forth - tree- a branch - by hand -held - sky to - as soon as she
looked - wondorous omens -many - together - was born - four direction to - stpes seven - each -
touched - wherever to - flowers lotus - eight petalled - seven - seven - blossomed - by father -
prince Siddhartha - thus - was named,
named. Brahmins - omens (signs) - who were expert - if ordained
- will become enlightened - if stayed at home- universal monarch - king - will become-
predicted. he royal kingdom. Deeds - twelve of - fourth - sportsmanship - skilled - become -
deeds - as to the: thereupon - knowledge - five fields - learned - tutors - many - from - many
written scripts - astrology - furthermore -lingustics - philosophy - arts - medicine - knowledge -
fileds numerous - time- in short - study - completed - in all - became learned. Deeds - twelve of
- fifth - queen - attendants- enjoyment - as to the: Shakya -youth - Devadatta etc. - five hundred -
together - jumping - and - swimming and - archery - etc. - sportsmanship - many kinds -
respectively - through competing - prince Siddhartha - having won - Shakya Dandapani's -
princess- woman's qualities - many - who possessed - Gopi - and also Yashodahara - etc. -
received as his queens.

11.12 Exercises of Lesson Eleven

(a) Fill the blanks with the correct continuative particles and participle terminations:

L fir::. ·"I~"J·r::.i:l·§j"l~·q········1
1. ·"I~"rr::.i:i·§j"l~·q········1 ~~. -<'''l·,\r::.·1 "l'11;'ili·r.>.E:ili'
-<.<l·,\r::.·1 <l' ,\r::.·1 ~'''J'
l)·r.>.E:il)·,\r::.·1 ~."l' "lo~'
<lo~· ~I
~·"·~·t1r::.·~·.>l,?.>l·,\·r.>.§j'r.>.~,\······?·C1l·~·~"l·~"l~·S"·~'r.>.,\"1
~·"·~·t1r::.·~·.>l,?.>l·5·r.>.§j·r.>.~,\"·"·?·clr~·~<l·~<l~·S'\·~·r.>.5"1
-
3. ~~·"·3\"J~r"lili"JW"J.iC""""·~W~"I·l.l-<'·§'\·~1
~~. ". 3\.>l~r"lil\"l·Cll· "lic....·.... ~"Cll"~"I.l.l-<.. §,\·~I
-
4.Qiliil) ...... "I~-<.. q:~i:l'
4.Qiliili...... q:~i:i. "Ja:;ili'~,\'~1
"la:;il)·~,\·~1 ".:.;

Y.lf'l~"""" .>lE(C ~·l.lP: ~ili'

Y.ll"~.""'" ~il)' q' "J"I-<"~r::.'
"l"l-<"~r::.' "l"ili·r.>.I~f ~'~C1l' ~'\I
<l"il)·r.>.I~f ~'~Cll' ~,\I
6~~'f'l'l.l-<"
6~ ~.I"'l.l-<.' Q')C ...... '\.~. <l-<"Cllil)
z;l'JC...... Q-<"C1lili
I
I
·fl.S".
·i'J.S"."l'
"J'Sr::.·1
Sr::.·1
_
~

(b) Repeat the following sentences by filling in the ,Tibetan equivalents of the English words:

1. E:,\·t.l·S·"I~~·
E:,\·t.I·S·"I~~· <>i,\',\"Ir.>.'~r::. ',\,\'l.l~'
<>i,\',\"Ir.>..~r::. ',\,\.l.l~. r.>.~·§,\·"l·r.>.SC1l·a:i1
r.>. ~·§,\·Cll·r.>.SCll·a:j1
we father son two mind happy and faithful this you to offer
While being happy and faithful (to you), we father and son will wiJl offer you this.

living in Lhasa and rich

being tall
taU and kind
being young and strong
being Losar and your birthday

2. ,\-<'·-'l"l·r.>.~·~"l·kUlr::.·"l~·
,\-<""<l.r.>.~'~<l';k'''lr::.'<l~' '\'~'§ili'~'J1ili'~1
'\'~'§il)'~'Jlil\'~1
silk this fine and light therefore now wear not will
As this silk is fine and light, I will not wear it just yet.

As this cott0J;l
cott0I;1 shirt is cheap and heavy
As this shoes is beautiful and expensive
As those hats are old and cheap
As that shop's gloves are thick and light

3. J1·"~'-<'~·~"I·"IUl"l·~r::.·
Jl'''~. -<'~'~"I."I"l<l'~r::.' ~·[1J·~'gj·r.>.~·Q~ili·r.>.'\"I·Qj
~"Cll":<: gj.r.>.~' <l~il)'r.>. ,\"1' Qj
man that by cloth waving earth Oil
all drawing is -
~

While waving a piece of clOlh,

cloth, that man is drawing on the ground.
 1 :J'-;J
1:J'7

While playing flute and standing on the roof, that man

While drinking milk and lying on the bed, that man
While listening and writing a letter, that man
"'.
:~ ,

4. fi~·~'~f~<rii\"rq';Jl'~r<j'Sl' JtJli::.'ii,Jt'\"lQ·q-'>;·~-'>;·~1
fi~·~~f~<rii\"rq';JJ'~rq'Sl· JtJJ~·ii·Jt,\"lQ·q~·~""·~1
he by book a wrote since people many not happy became
'c-
\<
".;
Many people became unhappy with him since he wrote a book, book.

By singing Indian national-anthem

national 'anthem
By showing a picture of Mao
Since he is a thief
As she read his story
By meditating three weeks

(c) Answer the following questions by using an appropriate phrase on the right:

1. f"~'<j'A,,\' £. ~~'iii,\' ~'\I

f"~·q·Q,,\·£·~~·ii'i'\·~,\1 ~~'<j'~'~"1
~~. q'~.~"1 ').~,~.
').~,~.
--
~;.
~;'

~i~~
~:~~
"I'Sl-'>;'<j'
"I'Sl~'q'

~~' ii' l'l"l'l'l~'.l:l~'

ll"l'll~ 'IF J.i'Oj'~I'\' 'llW
t: ~
2. ~~'§-'>;'A,,\'6i'll'l'l"l'~·ii'A5."l'''l'Sl
~~'§""'r:>.,,\' 6i'll·ll"l·~·ii·r:>.5."l·"l'Sl
3. ~q':2"l'A"\'~i'\'~'\1
~q·:2"l·r:>.,,\·~I'\·~,\1
ll"l'~~'ii'
l'l"l'
~
--
Qjil\'£1l"l'Sl' ~I'\'fjJl'
Qiili'£1l"l'Sl'
'Il'£1l'
JJa;'Sl' ~"I'Sl'ii'
~f.('fjJJ' Jlg'Sl' ~"I'Sl'ii'
~j
4. fi~' £1'\'ql'\"l'll''ll'''l'q'
£1'\' ql'\"l'll''Il'''l' q' ~'\I
~
~,\I §'~£1l' H~' ji)'ili'~'
jil'il\'~'
5. §,\',>;~'~',k£1l'''l'~'~-'>;'~'cJi,\
§,\·",,~·~·jj~·(lr"l·~·~~'~·cJi,\ Ae::Jl~f,\SC-'Sl'
r:>.E::JJ'Sl',\SC-'Sl' ~£1l'Jla>ili'
~£1l' JJibil\' ~ili'Q;K'
~il\' QlK'

Qjil\'£1l"l'Sl''\''lf''l' ~'''lili~'~'A5.''l
6. Qiili'£1l"l'SlS'li'''l' ~'''lil\~'~'r:>.5.''l "I~'\'E;"l
"I~'\'E;"l f"'£1l"l'q~'
f"'£1l"l.q~'
7. fi~ 'a;Jl'Sl'~q'ro"l'~'A5."I'''IJlI
7, ·a;JJ'Sl·~q·ro"l·~·r:>.5."I'''IJJI f"'<j'>;''?ili'<j'
f"'q""',?il\'q' ii1'~'A~'Q'
iil'~'Q~'Q' e::'Q8~'q'
E::'Q8~'q'
ji;;~
ji;;S<
,,;:5<
8. ~i'\'£1l"l'QI'\'6i~W"l'~'A5."l
~I'\'£1l"l'<li'\'6i~"£1l""I' ~'r:>.5."l ~'''I
~'5 I!!Jl' "I~'~,\' Q.>;'
I!!JJ' "J~'~'\'
"" <I"'"
9. 13,\'£1l'')'Ul~'~'l'l-'>;'Jl'cJi'\'<j'Sl1
6,\·£1l·')·'ll~·~·ll""·JJ·cJi,\·q'Sll
10. [:;:£'''I''S:~f~'iii''lWQ~'~'~'\1
[:;:£·"I·'S.'Sl'~·ii'i"lWQ~'~'~,\1
JJ~'ii' f"'''9'Sl'
;j;ii'
i!i'£'\'''l~Jl'<j'
~
i!i'£'\'''l~JJ'q' Jl§"I'll'ii'
-
P<'4'Sl' qil'q5.6i·
q,,'q,\6i'
JJ§"I'Il'ii'

(d) Render into Tibetan:

~l
I 1. They will be washing the patient's clothes this afternoon,
afternoon.
2. I have been eating bread for two hours.
3. We will be coming to see your kind friend at 5.45 pm.
4. She saw my two neices at the restaurant this moming,
moming.
5. Do you sing the Nepalese anthem at your school?
5,
6. Do you have sixty two dollars to buy a pair of trousers?
i,i 7. While cutting this wood he held my arm.
8. These are my three brothers, Tshering, Nyima and Dawa,
Dawa.
9. Since I am old I cannot walk to the hills.
10. As it is cold in the winter, I bought this woolen hand gloves for you.

i (e) Copy out the sentences, replacing the verbs by changing the infinitive form of verbs given
t~ on the right into the appropriate tense and terminations given in the sentences.

1. fi~'llj'Sl'
fi~ 'llj'Sl'll'Sl' q'£1l''ll''l' ii' 8~' :<:"l'Sl'''lili~'1
-'l'Sl'<j'£1l'Ul"l' :<:"l'Sl'''lil\~'1 "l':J~ 'Sl'<j' '?ili'<j'
"l':J~'Sl'q' ,?il\'q' Q~'q'

2. ~ 'll'q":!'Sl'<j'A"\'§,\'
'Il' q":!'Sl'q'r:>."\'§'\' ~'nrJl~~
~'£1l'JJ~~ '~'Ulilil
'~'t'ijil\1 A~'q'
Q~'q' Wili'<j'
Wil\'q' "IUl-'>;'Q'
"l'll""'Q'
r:>.,,\' £'~
3. A"\'
3, £.~ 'Sl' QI'\"I't"l~<r
QI'\"l't"l~z:r <j'Ulili!
q't'ijil\1 ~'Q'
~'Q' ii'\' <j'
q' ll'Q'
.'l'Q'
~
:
4. iii'
ii\'J.i'~'Sl'~'~'''lUl-'>;'Q'~,\!
J.i'~'Sl' ~.~."l'll~. Q' ~,\I "l'Sl'\'<j'
"l"1,\' q' q-'l~'q'
qll~'q'
~
 .tdtJ~b
.0 .ltJ~O .b:rtnb
.o.'rt<lb .h.~lI.o
.1>.l;>l1.b I~'r.h ........... ....,.
...... .'rg\:J.f,.~~.ltJ_~_~b::Jt1I.~tJ
--.., -6
.I>.tf~
.h.tf~ .b.":ltll:J
.0.~tltJ .0.1;
.b.t: b!?_'rS!' .":l~lf.P.~.i';,~.~.i';,;f
b!?rsP _~~fi'_ .~'c).b.1:t '8
P.~.~~.~.~;f .~\:J.o.1:t
.b.":l1ib.~
.0::J1io.~ .0.~'l'tf
.b.":l'Plf 1~~.~.~o.~.~I;.ltJ.P.~~tJ.!! .L
1~~.~.~b.~.i';,t:.ItJ.P.I\l~l:J.!! 'L
-, "9
11;>t!>.t<l.~l:J.bltJ.aI.ItJ.€J.I\l":l '9
1~t!'.t<l.~\:J.bltJ.tzl.ltJ.€J.~~
.b.~
.o.~ .I>.~~
.h.~~
.0
.b.ltJbl:J.I>.~!lf .b.ltJsPl:J1G
.ltJbtJ.h.~!fi' .0.ltJS!'\:J1G 11;>.l;>l1.ti.~.ItJ.tf~b1'Plf.l;>lu~
1~.~lI.ti.~.ltJ.fi'~b1'l'fi'.~Iu~
..-....... . - .~
..-...... ".--"."
AAT
 ~

11.13 Extracts from the Elegant Sayings by Sakya Pandita

Co\.. -v" _ Co\..

1,,\"ID-'U'.j'U'.jil) '1)il)' JJ,,\' a; eJ,j~'

~ ~ C'\.. -v" -.... C'\..

I'~'
!U'.jil) ',),,\ '~<3\'
ltAlil)'')<3\ '~il)' z:,rtAlil)'')<3\'flll
q'U'.jil) '')il) 'Cll! I,,\IljD-'tAl'tAl",'7<3)'Jl,,\' a~il) 1
J,j~' a~il)!

fQ~'
!Q~' ~'D-EA' J:.!'
q' J1'~Ilj'flll
J1'~"I'Cll!
~ ~ ~

1 ,,\"ID-'U'.j ,..11' Q~'"\'~'

',,\IljD-'tAl'4' Q~' "\'~' J.1il)1

t
L Those with knowledge are fond ofknowledge
of knowledge
But it is not so for those without knowledge,
knowledge.
The honey bees show delights in the flowers
~,
~- .
:j But it is not so with the bluebottle flies.

_
-....
.....
.....
C\..,.""-
c-.."'" _..... .....
..." ~
~

f>.
0;.: I~~' J,jd>"I' ~~ 'Ilj'~il)
!~~' eJ,jct>Ilj' '''I'~il) '(lj' I;J~I
I;J~! w f~'I;J'~ il)' q'''It'\il) ,~il) 'D-c&flll
I~'I;J'~ il)'J:.!'Iljl'\il), 'D-c&Cll!
~ ~ ~ ~

!iffS'
lJ:(S'~~'Ilj'~~W'7Ilj
~~ '''1'~~'Cll''7''1 I~il)' S'Iljl'\il)
S'''It'\il) w~~'~
'(lj'~~'~ il) 'Ilj')~
'''I')~ 'I
~;;
The wise look for their own faults;
Knaves seek the faults of others.
~:~~ The peacock examines its own body,
(But) the owl signals a bad omen on others.
,
~r§
}r§ e-...
c-... e-...""'"
c-...""'" ......
cEil)' r:i'I;J~I;J'
r:i'I;J~I;J' J:.!f.i'.3;1
~;;:
IS'I;J'
!S'I;J' cE<3\' qf.i' d;1 q'U'.j~' "i2\'~Ilj~'I;J~~
r\d
/,

f:'~ f<3\ Ilj~'

Iil) "I~' ibfll'ct>il)'
-
~
...........
-""'
ibCll' d>il)' J:.!'
......
......
q'Jl~'I;J~Ilj~'
J,j~'I;J~"I~' <3\1
il)1
ID-I;J "\' J:.!'tAl~'
ID-I;J"\'
Ifi}~
e-....c-..
C\..,. 'c-...
'~"I~'I;J~~ ''l;J'iJil)
_

't'\ "I ,-is' il)~'':l]Ilj~'~'

fi}r.. 'l'\Ilj'';),<3\
~
1;J'iJ<3\1
"\"1 ~I
~'':l]''I~'~' ,,\Ilj
1
_

When one has to accomplish an important task

One should diligently rely on good friends.
friends,
When one is setting a large forest into fire
It definitely needs the wind to associate with.
~

b
 /
LESSON TWELVE
~ ~

~L:r ib"i'l;J~'l:lj,?~'
<bO)' .q~' "lj,?~' l;,Jr
l;.Jr

,-
We have already seen the use of syllable "\ "i in locative and durational cases ofr>J'~"\'
ofr>J'~"i' in
In an
'-
less ion, In this lesson we will see some of its other uses which expresses emphasis,
earlier lession.
condition, reason, doubt, hypothesis and interrogation, Generally added to the end of the verbal
phrase"i is used to express though, although and other similar expressions in classical Tibetan,
phrase"\

12.1 The Use of "\

"i to Emphasize a Special Point

1. i<J~''':Ql!f"i1
i<J~"'Q~f"i1 i<J~"'-'"i1
i<J~"'"i1 In brief
,\<J'i£;Q~'l"\1
2, ,\<)'.:r;Qf"!'l"i1 ,\<J"'-'"il
'\<)"'"il For example
3, 'lfc.'r>J'lf'lr~'"i1
3. 'lJc:r>J'lJZ\r~'"i1 Because
4, ,\e: ~r qi'\''lJ"i'\I'r:.!'lJ~-r"l'lJ'
'11' qi'\''lf"i Z\l'r:.!'lj~f"l'lj'ij'fj'lr<rUj"i'"\1
Z;'fjZlr q'Ul"i'"i1 If I were to explain properly the actual situation

12.2 The Use of "i to Express a Condition

'l'. 1. '\I,.q"i'Q?Q'"i'o.Q'\l'S'~1
Z\I,q"i'Q?Q'"i'o.QZ\I'5),~1
seed sow iffruit
iffruit grow will
grow,
If one sows the seeds, it will grow.
~ ,
2, "I"ii<JW~"i'
"I"ii<JW~"i' <1'
q' J:j"i'"i'
Ji"i'"i'if, ""'" 'r'lJ'flI'QQQI
q''lj'I1I'QQQI
k,',-
k-",'
sky in cloud not have rain how fall
,;;.;- If there is no clouds in the sky, how will it rain?

3, ~,\·J;"i·q'~Q'"i·~c.,g<\j·~'8Q'~'~"i1
3. ~'\' J;"i'Z;'~Q' "i'~c:.,g<ll'~'8Q'~' :l'."il
ill
~i1
voice loud make ifthey
if they hear able will
, If one speaks louder, they can hear it.

~:~ ~'\''lJ~'\I'flI''lf~
4, 1:
4. ,\,'lj~Z\I'I'll''lJ~ "'-'~i<J'''I~JJ'
"'~i<J'''I~JJ' ~"i'"i'~ ''Ii'''-'
''II'" S"il
we two
rwo to gold coin three find ifwlzat like do
What shall we do if two of.us of ,us found three gold coins?
~i

5, c.W~flI'f'l'IjQ'"\'f!i"i'l1d"i''-J'~,\'~'Uj"il
5. c:.W~I1I'f'l'IjQ'"i'f!i"i'l1d"i'q'~,\'~'Uj"i1
I to victory gain ifyou
if you to present give will
~;.;;~
prize,
I will give you a present if I win the prize. I

I
12.3
12,3 The Use of"i in Interrogative Reasonings
~~
1. '\~'>1i"i·~'\I·~C.·~4'\1'"i'mQ'~"I·~'\I''lJ·nr4'\11
'\~'>1i"i'~Z\I'~d1'4Z\1'"i'mQ'~"I'~Z\I''lj'nr4Z\1I
teacher by also not know if student by how know will
How would the students know if the teacher does docs not know?

,~1;.~
,~;;-~ 2, Uj'~'iij'lJ'~c.'
2. J' 4Z\1' "i'Q~''lJ'flI'
Uj'~'iil'lj'~c:.' i<J'4'\1' "i'Q~''lj'I1I' 4'\11
4Z\l1
,-,~

letter read even not know kllow if write how !mow

1000W will
If he does
docs not know how to read, how docs he hc write?
-:~~
 163

3, r!",'r.>.~'t)"l'::J<:;'
3. r!",'r:>.~'t)"l'::Je;' .<6j''I"0;'qe::S"l',,!'nrIi"!
Jj'lj"r 0;' qe:: s~r"l'nr li"l
load this horse by also not carry if donkey by how carry
If the horse could not carry the load, how could the donkey carry it?

4, ~'~<:;'~'
4. Jl''-'l''j"q'.'J" Q'i!o;' o;'<:;'r.>.~'~'
~'~e;'~' Jl''-'l''fq'Jl'Q'ijo;' o;'e;'r:>.~'~' ~0;1
today sun good not shine ifI if I go will not I
I will not go today if it is not a nice day,

12.4 The Use of 0; to Express Contradiction

1.
L m'lr'
'1"1'r:>. ~'fl' ~<:;
'1,,!'r.>.
~
~
~e; 'ii)'nr' i5o;'~"I'iii
"i '~' ~'<li iii
-
:>.O'J"l' aio;' q,r:>."\"1
"i''r.>.:'J"l'aio;'q,r.>. "1"1
~ -
student this yesterday lazy with a though today diligent is
Although this student was lazy yesterday, today he is very diligent.

~'i.l' ~'''li'\'Ric:::
~'''li'\'liic::: ~o;' ~'"r
'~filr ai'<I'~"fU1o;' "i'Q' ~"I"l' Jle;'
<I'~"j"U1o;' iIi'Q' Jl<:;' q- r.>.,,\"!
2.
2, ISff.l'
Africa's
Africa'S continent famine great a though cow many have
- -
r:>."1"1

Although Africa is a famine striken continent, there are many cows,

0;"1' 'r~'
3. 0;"\'
3, LJ'~' a;' Q' ai'<I'~"I'o;'
j;'<1'~"1'o;' olil'r.>.:F~'Jj'r.>.)"I
>lil'~e;'~'Jj'r:>.)"1
patient the fever high a though water drink not is
The patient has high fever but he does not drink water.
;.:,,'
;.::;;'
4, ~fo;"I',,\<:;'q"\'''I~''l'~o;'~''I''rq'U1o;'o;s''\~rq''';S",,'i)1
~f 0;"1' "Ie;' q"l'''1~''l'~o;'~''1''l'q'U1o;' o;s "I~r q''';S-';'i)1
China and TiJfet Ti1fet formerly friends are howe:er howe'"ver now enemy become did
Although China and Tibet were formerly friends, now they have become enemies,

12,5 The use of 0; in Making a Wish

12.5

"I't1j'e;i'\'B"I'ljQ'fll' S'~"I'
1. ,,\'t1j'<:;i'\'B"l'ljQ'nr S'~"1' ~<:;'
~e;' o;'''\''Ir.>.'Q't1J'lfl<:;'/
o;'''I''1r:>.' Q'fll'ijK 'I
this year my wife to son a become happy how
How happy would we be if my wife gives birth to a son this year?

2, ~,,\W~<:;'U1"1'~'~"I't1J"l'~'
~"I'fll'~C:U1"1'~'~"1'fll"l'~' ijQ'o;'~' "l'
"I' ~'I
you to secretary of work the obtain if what not all(Jw
How wonderful if you could secure that secretary job?

3, ~"l"ri5O;'lj"l"l'
~"I"l'i5o;'lj"l"l' i5"Q~' Q"F
Q'''F Q~'Qi'\'~',,\<:;'~o;'''i'~'
Q~' Qi'>.'~' "Iq~o;' iIi'~' Jl' ~FI
sentient being all happiness and happiness' cause with endow endow. what not allow
What if all senteint beings possess happiness and the causes of happiness!

4, ~"l"f
~"I"l' i5<l)'lj"l"l'
-
i5.J) 'lj"l"l' i5,\'~"I'
i5,\'~"1' <I'i!.nr
-
,,)e;' ~"!'
<I'i!.t1J'"\<:;'
~
-
~"I' Q'i!.l1r~'~'
Q'i!.fll'~'~' ,,)e;'
~

sentient being all suffering and suffering's cause and separate ifwhat
5jl1f o;'~' ar :3q
"\<:;' 5Jfll'
if what not allow
What if all sentient beings become separated from suffering and the causeS of sufferings,

12.6
12,6 The use oro; in Expressing Doubt

,kfl<:; 'r.>.~'
I, ,kfle; Jj'''Il1.J) wfle; 'Ill' Q')e;' 0; '~' Q-'le;
'r:>.~' Jj'''Il1<l)wfl<:;'IlrQ')I::.'0; Q5l<:;'Uj<:;'<:;"l'Jj'Uj<:;',
'Uie; 'e;"I' Jj'Uie;'I
shop this people other to rent away profit will or not will
I wonder whether it will be profitable to lease this shop,
 .10"+
.lO"f

2, e:. '''f~r'I''r
2. c:. '''f~r'I''r .ii""I'nf'l 'f a;j' r1rq
ii'''I'nf'l 'fa;j'[1 t. iliiii 'r,I'~"I'
r<:J( 'r.j"~"I' q~""".l)'(.
<:J~""".l)"(~r.;'<Jic:
(.(~,\'<ije.'c:.ilfJj'
:.'e:.ilfJj''ic:.
'<iie:. 'I
J by post by on mothe r to presen t a send ifreac if reach h will or not will
I wonder whether my present will reach my mother if I sen! sent it by pas!.
post.
3, ~r.;'~"l'f
~,\'~"rfii'
ii' [11'
(lj" ~r.;'
~'\' J;
J,' ~"I''14r.;'.l)
<:J-.Cj,\' iii',?.l)'Uic:
''?iIi'Uie:.' c:.a;j'J:i'c iic:.' 'Y9'
e:.a;j'.1:r "ie:.' '5"9' Qr ~r.;1
~,\I
you by he to talk a discuss ifliste
if listen
n will or will not know will
If you talk to him you will know whether he will listen to you or no!.
not.
i 12.7 The use of.l)
of iii to Expre
Express
ss Certa
Certa inty

1. QI"l' q~r.;'
2I"r<:J~, \' .l)'J:i"l'
d)'J.j~'''lr~'~''l1
l!'~'~~1
~,
god by pay homag e ifhum if human
an by what need say
If the deities pay homage, what is need to say about human beings,
i}:;- 2, ik~"l'r:::
ik~~'e:.'[1r"l.l)c:
(lr"ld)e:.'.l)'c:.
.'d)·e:. "l''11'~''l
~''l!'~~' ":r~,
.<i·~1
/
he by JI to give ifI
if J by why not accep t
If he gives it to me, why would I not accept it?
V·c_O:
'.""

12.8 ~'The
~. The Emph atic Expre ssion
'\' ''..-
,",,-"
This particle is used in several expressions which have several Englis
the meaning something like with regard to, concerning this, as for this, h equivalents which has
certainly etc,
etc. It usually
comes at the beginning of a sentence after the word it is emphasizing,
, .
:kk
L q~.l)'r,
1. <:J~d)·L.j·<:J~·~1
rq~'~1 ~"I"'1'i!.[
~"I''1'i!.(1j'q~.l)'L,
lj·<:J~d)·LJ'r.;c:.',
.j·,\c:.'1 1.l)'P.~c:.
1d)·p~c:.·'1~iIi'L.j
'q~.l)'L,J'·,\e:.·,
r.;c:.', (.(9"1'L,J
(.(9"1·L.jf.\·'1~d)·L.
i:\''1~.l)j',\r::.',
'<j'''FI [1ja;j'§'
(lja;j·§·'q~ili'L,J
1~iIi·L.j~~11
truth four as 10 to suffering truth and origin truth and cessation truth andpa
Ii and path th truth are
t,~~ The four truths are: the tmtho f suffering, the truth of the origin (of sufferi
ng), the truth of
cessation and the truth of the path, path.

~!S
~,,::;- 2. ,jj[1j' ~.l)''~'(.(~'
,jj(lj'~d) ~'(.(~' .l)"l'.I;"
d)~' .I;~'l'Il"l':<'c
Il"l' :<'r::.'E:,
:.'1::1
Melbourne regarding this from very distance far is
Asfor Melbourne, it is very far from here,
here.
~~,~j-
~~,~,

. 3. r.;L,J[1j'''
.3, ,\L.j(lj'~'&'L.jf.\'
l'&'L,Ji:\'::!i(lj'"",
li[1j'"",q'''1~'~'
l'~'
glorious Sakya's genealogy regarding
~ Regarding the royal genealogy of Sakya,
;'

4,~r.;'~ '''Il'\.l)'[1j"l''18
4.~'\· ~'''If<\iIi iIi'('( ~~ '.I;r'5:,
'(lj'll' '18.l)'(.(ij"l ..I;i>:,
you as for other than diligent great is
As for you, you are more diligent than others,
others.

".-' 5. ~"I"l'Zi"l
~"I'll·Zi'll·"I~r:
'''I~c:. :.~'L.j'~
"l' L,J'~'4.l )''i'q~.l
'4<l)·'i· )'~'
'1~d)'~'
friend by said as to. very true is
What my friend has said is extremely true,
true.
'U~
'~..i

6, c;:~'Uic:.
e:.·~·Uir::'~',
.'~',
JI as to come will
I will certainly come,
tr)
\0
>-<
~
"'7
• I {Q .
. ~ .
.
•• .
;q
"'7=
"'7= e!: .."""?
,,<y. ll?
•. F-'" to
<y.
t7 ;q !Ie F-""
!I'"' C!
e!: f{ I{ .
~ Iw' ir
Iw II!' ~? f:
ir 1:7 Ii!' f3 ~ t1JJ !1- GiiI
GiiI g<?
[!? W?
[I?
,;'f» ~? I~ ~ Q e!: ~ Er P:
W 1:7 f{I{ H~
}::7 Iir-- 10 lIT? IL1
11.1
"'"?'
""?'
~
'r.
~.so
0.0
i.f
i.J
10 it' }~ :"
10 iC
~ }IZ...
;:;.
. . to ll?}2"
l8:.... Lf ~}m:
~ lm:-- P:
l(T?
ll7}2" i.fi.J
~ if!'
;:;. ~ r;q i:JA
:f
;q '"
i~ r;;
,-... .S
V) I:: ~ tn ~ P: !7P
!7'P I>(? ~ ~ to ;q . .?
"@ c: oc ..0
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l~ t7
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~ ~
0..
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g ~
o """
J:i
'--' c ~
~
§ B 8 E
8 iii to iii
io ll? ~ ~ ~
1r?!'O
'C: cc:: ~I~ ~ ~ ~
.!l 'a ~ 1:' .~ !:5i7~§e ~
cL) ,.... C\l
C\I . t7 Lf 'r. i.J
~c:>
~c:>.d) .d) ...
""
'" .Q · I{
f{ iii ~
ib• . 1:7 ii8
8
II i.f
_1<1 9V) ..0::l8 -0~ '" ~ l~ cr}
~}~ 'r
>7 V"
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~
L(7?
1.(7? •
E
E 8 -
~ ~ J:i ~ 8 Q) ==
B:9 c::" ,,,gl
B : 9 c " , , §
cr l~
~ ~? ~ if-
i1- ~ i~
,~ i:f ~ Er
B5'n..
V)
""" 0 ;;J
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0. :> "0 n..8Q9
8Q9~ ~ i~
,~
'r. t7
1:7 iii
;q [r-.?;N
ir--?; N ~
~,~i<9' iii >J
;q '-" ;,;- q-?
:;'"
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~
I'( IO?!' cr' 1:7 '" crEr cr" '"'" .
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Er I>(? ~ ~ '11)\
!.!
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= Li .
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ib :7 .,,-?,
10 im:-
Er7
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III
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i~ tc ~ ~ . In'
111" ;;r
'6' ~ Ir I~ io
II fo" t7 iu--. ir
Lr e! e!: ib ~ >6- u'
f-6-
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lu
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err·
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tn
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t13 C
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ic ;w :n
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t7

uITT
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om t7
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t7 ''''
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ILr ill
lir
iii
ib ill
iii ~ 'U1 li
10
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ib
iii - li
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t7 '''' II i.f i.J }!'O
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i.1 l!'IT !",?
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Ir iii
II ;q ir iii
~ i!'fll
i{ I!'fl> I~
lib i~ ,~ i~
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1'7 ir E;Jl /8 cr
E:J) i8
lif.7ll ~ ~ ~?
ir? III lif.7)I
o= iQ Ie!: q--eerE fo" to cr' i.f
i.J ir ir cr ~
ib Ie
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~ iC:Ie: ;N}1l;N}I\ !' ir ~ ~? 'U1 'UI ~ }~...
l!U' II£' Lr?
II£" ir?
~? 4m:- ~ ir i!& '!'1 ~ ::r
;;= • ,m:- 1:7 cr 48"
t:7 ,8" Lf
'!& i.J i!'1
Li Er f{
::r 10 li
I{ 10 tuf }ii/<
i.J it;
}iif< t:77
f!'? ~ !W? iW? ~ }'ic! l;;C ? II Ir t7 I~ l~ ¢P: i.f
~'" ~ cr
i.J Qe!:
" .~ ·•
cr'~ i~ fQ
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lir
lir :f
Ir cr II£"
it; i.J
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II£' en? 'CI
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iC: I!-, 1.(7 ,e:
L(7 IC:
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= };'f»:-
};'f»:<, 'C]' Lf
Li W 10
(!.)C:: >-.,
c
4,,)~0)
4,,)~
~
0) ..... C
~
0.0 ~ ~
-ogjl
c:: ..... -ogf 'E"
::riC
::r,e : ilB
~ cr? ~ Qe!: i/lf
'IB cr iC: ,e: .
::r::r ~ Ill!'
to [r-.?
fo" ,m
ir--? i~ If!' 'f!' 10 'iu
0..9
0. ,9 t
E",
E", ,,~
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8E u -;:; c;;J
08V08V )"'
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c .Q ..c cr? ,/If
cr II\.C" i:7 iii ~ i!'fll Iir ~
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B'' "8. ""
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1.(7 f{ 1-6'
1' 6'" I~ ir
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E::: i~ ,~ liiI__ ~?i' iii liB
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Cc:: lts "= ..3
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U .~ (iiI__ lIB ir? lir!7 (ir!7 I~
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oo....c 0.. co rn"c 11) bOr.f.l iii i( t{ :- io fo" Lf !&?
V) V) tlOr.f.I Q"l.o
Q"1.o ...... ~
~ 1<9'
!&? ~ ib ir ,e!:
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C' ill
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lp 'iP ir ~ I~
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~ II!' 10 f{ I{ cr !'1 !'1 illl
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c' if. .' -=..... ~II cr
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tn Inlcr
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 >vv

9~9'9'r:<et'
9~!lr9·r:<ct· L:r q~", '~~ ''1j'2jr::.
'Qj'2jr::. '9'~' q' q~l'~''''1r:<' q'
q'l~l'~'~r::.
l~l·~·~r::. '2:'r:<E:",'(1j' d-l,?",r t:p; qC<1'l9
'C:'r:<E:",'(1j" d-!'?d-!'l:P; qC<19'Iij
-...
-.. ~ "" .....--
~q~f'" ~'Uiq' .:;j~'9~(''''r::.'
~q~f",.o:,·Uiq· .:;j~·9~(·"'r::.· 4:;)'q'
r,J' 4:2' a; a:.I~'
a:.J~' "\ ~'~C11' SD,'fCjq~'r:<::F ·",·QjUiQj·'i!.·
~'~C11' Sr:<'(cjq~'r:<::F' q7r::.· q'QjfCj",:
",'Z<jUiI:!j''i!.' q~' q7r::.'q'I:!j(cj",:
Q ~
e:-....
c:-..... _ ""- C'>... .,..... ......
/'
J\J\a:.J~'
a:.I~' ::l"':
:;l"':mQj' ~'r:<:Jr::. S q~l'
or::.' a:.J·'i!.·fCjq~·D,:Jr::.S
mZ<j' or::.'a:.I''i!.'(cjq q~l''''1
~
"'I

Semi-literal
Semi -literal Translation
Deed - twelve - of - sixth - becoming monk - deed as to the: thereupon - prince - palace from -
outside - set out - city - Kapilvastu - of - direction four of - east, south, west and north - gate
reached when - old-age - sickness, death of - suffering by - suppressed - human beings - from
seeing - cycle of existence - suffering of - self nature - having seen - mind rely - devoid of -
knowing - mind - sad become
b=me - immediately - northern gate - reaching - peaCe subdued - mindful
- endowed with - Bhikshu - one seeing - just like him - become monk - mind - intending - father
Shuddhodana - to permission - not given - even if - royal rule - renouncing - horse Kanthaka -
riding - Candaka - attendant - taking with him - stupa - Samyak - in front of - having come -
horse-.ornaments - to Olndaka
Candaka - dispatched back - at that place - became monk "SO "sohehe did.
Deed - twelve - of - seventh - six years - asceticism practice as to: thereupon - heretic - teacher
-Lhakcho and Ringphur - and others - from them - meditation -learnt - peak of the universe -
upto - meditation realised - however - mind- dissatiSfied
dissatisfied - by this - Nirvana - will not result -
left, Then - Brahmins - cemetery at - went to - than those - double up the effort -
thinking thus - left.
finally - river - Nairajana - bank of - six years - upto - sesame seed - juniper -.rice grain - one -
sustained - speech cut - asceticism - meditation into - entered into.
into, At that time - father
Shuddhodana - and the Shakyas - prince's - attendant - servant five hundred -_sent sent - most of
them - were sent back - five men - attendant remained,
remained.
I
12,11
12.11 Exercises of Lesson Twelve

(a) Make short sentences by selecting appropriate adjectives from the list on the right and use
with the noun on the left.
"It'\~'
1. "It'\~' ""I",,'<:j' ~<l\'<:j'
'\"I";'<:j' ~"i.<:j. ~c..q.
",c:::<:j'
..'-,
'-,
2, '7'
2. <)' ,\.>J";'<:j' "I~";''l'
"JJ",,'<:j' "l~""'Q' ,,\JJP"q'
,\.>Jr:>..q.
3, Jl"l'S'
3. P,E<JJ'<:j'
r:>.E<.>J' <:j. o;'q'
J;'q' ~<r<:j'
~"r<:j·
4,~~'~~'
4.~~·~~· "l~'
"'~'a:i'
-'l ai' 'l:F'E'
'l:1~'E' Uj~'q

5jj<ro;<l\'
5jj<rJ;"i' "I~""'<.r
"I~";''l' ~~'m'<:j'
~"I·m·<:j· ~<l\'<:j'
~"i.<:j.

~'JJ' .>J~ ..;' Ji.

JJ~",,'a:i' "l~'a:i'
~~'Ji' q'
~

6,
6. ,?'.>J' J;'q'
0;'

fc:~r
~

7. "ilr'li<l\'
7, ,\"r<li"i' ~"I'q' f~'q' ~'q~'
~f"1~'
8. F~'<r
F~'q' JJ?'lrZj'
.>J?~rZj· ma;,'q'q ·
m"i· ~'''l~JJ'
~'''I~.>J'
~c:§",,·
9.~~·§"·
9, :i"l'Zj'
;t"l'Zj. '!j<l'<:j
'!j<rZj·, -
.L<l\,<:j.
~
'"'''i''l'
- I

(b) Transform the following into interrogative sentences,

sentences.

1. "p:r~,g'~'~"I~'<l\~'Ui~'<l'~"1
"r"1'~' g'~'~"I~'''i''l'Ui~'<I'~,\1
2. ~~'mq'~"I·p,~·'
2, g. <Ii"i'p' ~"r .L"i'<:j..<l'p''\"1
~~ 'm"1' ~"I.p.~. g'q.!<l\·P'''l'sr.L<l\'<:j',<j'P'''''I
~ ~ ~

3. jii~'''l~~'
3, jii~ '''I~~' q~<l\'
<I~"i' ~"I"~"i'
~"f~"i' .>J,,' ~'p. ~"'''I<l\~'
JJE< nm
JJ"'".>JE< "1' ~"I
~,\'''I''i~' "I' ~,\I
""If ~,g"'<l~'''~'~'''''I"~<l\',<j.p'~"l
4, '\''Ii'
4. ~.g,\'''1~''\~'~'\'''f~''i' ~.p'~"l
5, ~~ ~'S"l' <l;5JJ'I1ia;,'p'''\'Sl'''jJJ'q'
5. "1;5.>J·Ili"i·p.'\"I'Oj.>J,q· ~""'&'
~"'&' <i'l!JJ"l' Q' ~,)1
<I'Ii.>J"I' 'l' ~'il
6, ~,g'q"\'~"\'~~~'a;,~'~'JJ'~"I'tij<l\1
~,g,i'i,\'~,\'~~~' "i~'~' .>J·~"I'tij"il

/'
 167 c'.""

7. f~'l'~,\'(l1" ,)"1"1' <li"rUi~

fie::'l'~,\'(l1" ')"1"1' "i"rUie:: 'li'\'l~
'li'\'a;e:: '!'-.J':<''\1
1' :<',\1
8. f~
fie:: .~. "la>a;,' C1l' ~'~"I' $"1" J.la;<li'C1l"l"l'~'
"la;a;, '!1l' "la;"i'!1l"l"l'~' 'l':<' 'l' :<','\\11
9. r.>.~·"I~"I·f~·~',r
r.>.~·"I~"l·fie::·~"l· 'l'jc:'li'\''ll:-<li' !.J':<''\1
'l'jc: 'li'\''l", "i''-1' :<',\1
.--;
--.J
10. ~'l'''I~''I'9''1'<li'''I~'~<li'Ui~'~'Uj<li1
e::'a;'''I~''I'9''l'"i'''le::'~"i'Uie::'~'Uj"i1

(c) Give the opposite of:

1. c.'''I~''I'~'~'
c.',,!~"l'~'~' ~·l.,\i<:l~'
~'a;,\i<:l~' !.J"·.I'l"l·~·Uj<li1
'-1"'-'1,,!'~'Uj"i1 ~

2. f~·g·'~fUja;,·~~·'j·~·~·Ui'\1
fie::·g·~·Uja;,·e::~r'j'~·~·Ui,\1 ~rfi
~rfl

3. 14' J:'B'\'~'
g'B,\'~' 'l' ~"I"I'~'\'!.J~I
~"I"l' :<.'\. '-1"l1
4. ~.g.C1l'~'
e::' g.['lj'~' a>C1l·<>I~·q·t:\'\"I·"I~1
a;['lj' <>Ie::·lj·t:\'\"!·"!"ll 7'~71
""71
~

5.... ~.~.~·C1l·r.>.gj·"r
5. -".'~r~· ~·['lj·r.>.gj·"r :<','\\11
6. ~~'liI~'rlj"l~'~~'''I~~
e:: "l'liI~'['lj"!"r~'!l'''I~e:: "I' q'''l''!'lj.'j'~'~~'1
"l'q'''l''l'q' 'j'~'~e::'1
r·~
-~.~

(d) Make short sentences by giving the Tibetan for:

1. on the 9th of March
e_'"
2. on Friday the 19th of 8th lunar month rc'.'"
'-.-)
"-;;

3. in April in 1987
4. on the 6th of January
5. at the meeting in the school
6. in the early of this Saturday
7. in his house with my aunty
8. on the 15th'Of 4th lunar month
9. on the right side of his shoulder !Ii
;:~

10. with his uncle and nephew

(e) Fill in with the correct continuative particles and translate: ?-5·f

1. lS<>I'<li"I·"I4"1"1
lS<>I'"i "l·"!4"1"l··· ..·.."II1<li·rlj·
··"!11"i·['lj·14r.J"i<li·'il"!'
ij"l'<>1£:<'
<>It< ,\1\1
g;~ ~
2. g"f ~"I~ ..·..·il"l·
~-".·~"!'!l· <:I'!l<>l' a;<>I' '\"1'
ij"l'<:1"1<>1'a;<>I' 9"11
,\"1' :I"ll
3. IiI'<>I '\'\ ..... ~. i\!<>I"I'
IiI' <>1-".''\'\..... i\i<>l"l'g"lW'l~"'1
g;"lW'l~-".1
4. "'-rll'~'
-".Cll.~. :-J"IW 'l~<>I"f""
'l~<>I~'''' Jj·>1j~·ffl ..c:~rr.>.S'\1
Jj·>lje::·ffl'c:~rr.>.S,\1
5. ...~ w ~'\ ......"II1<liWUi'\·!.J'" 4"11
-".e::w~'\""""!I1"iwUi,\·'-1"·4"l1

12.12 Conversation/'between
Conversation/between Prince Siddhartha and his charioteer
....,., ........ ........ "-
Ifl'll.j· q~.:z:.' q'"l'
Ifl·n.j' q~.=>::.' .:z:.~',?"l~r ~I:.. 'I'Fl
q' "l' '=>::'~',?"l~r~C, '«Fl !'9'~'l]'l1j"lW
1--9'~Qr~"lW ~~'!2lGJ~'~'
~~'!2ltlj~'~' ~~' ~~~I
~~'~~~I
- ~

f"ll:ljSTJ'=>::"~'
-.....
"l~'!;]z.:'l' ili'
f"ltljSfJ.:z:.·~· "l~'l;]z.:'l' 0)' .=>::.q'l1j"l~·ll.jl
.:z:.L:r~"l~'~f
........ .....
lD.fl.=>::.'q'qt']ili'
"
"I:..' "l'
Il'J.fl-".' q' q t)O)' "C,'
_--
.............
........ ....,.,
q~'I'J.E! -".'r.l.~~' '2i1
iJ.l' q"i'D.E!'=>::"r.l.~~' '2i1

o charioteer! This man who is frail, weak and whose thin flesh,
Blood and bone are wrapped up by his miserable skin
Has an extremley slim body without teeth but with some grey hairs.
Who is this man who is uncomfortably wobbling on a walking stick?

" ........
II)ftlj-o;.b.""l'I'J.~'ijj'
1\15''''1-0;.\ l'D.~'ilj' qZ'l'
"
qz.:'l' ~Il.j'~~'
~~'~~' iliili!
O)O)!
........ " .....
I"i
~ qc..
...,...........
41:.. 'li1:!tlj.
r.r,?a:.I~· 4t:.·
ql:.. 'r.r,?a:.I~'
~
1:!GJ' q~Il.j' --
q~~' q.g "i' ~q~',?a.I~1
~q~',?iJ.l~!
 loa
IDo
?
-....
....... <:> ...
<:'... -- -.-'
-.... ""
" '-
-...,.. .......
......
___
___ c-..."
C'...C'.. -....
-.... "".....
..... __

I'l/'?"i ':;)'~'
ItlI'?"i ':;J'~' q~fq%"'l''9~' "l"l"i' "ll'~->;I
q~fq%"'l''9~' "ltll"i' "ll'~-";I Il"i' Q'3ll' "l' "'~' "i "l~'~l"9("'
fl"i' Q'3ll'"l' 'lj~'~l"9(" '')1->;'q->;I
~
'')1-'';' q-,,;!

o prince! This man is tormented by the suffering ofold-age

of old-age
Suffering from the deterioration of his senses, his effort and power has collapsed
Overlooked by relatives, he has nobody to protect him;
Unable to do things.
things, he has been abandoned JUS!
just as trees in the forest,
forest.

"" ....... e-..c....

" " "co...
" " ....... -:-,e-...
-:-,,, -....
-.-'" c.... -
-"""
" , """'-v'
__ c...

,. fQZ::;;'Uj~'
!QZ::;;'Uj~' a;~'QZ::;;' ->;'1]~'~'C'lil)' "i"l'QiI)'1)'
-";'1]~'~'Uiil)' 6)"l'Qil)'l)' "'I fr:<~',cmZ::;;'lIlil)
1D-~',cmZ::;;'lT!iI) '(lrC'l~
'(lj'Ui~ '(:lS~Z::;;' Z::;;'~~' '9IlJ
'(:lS~Z::;;' Z::;;'~~' '9IlJ
II "" '" ~
I£'1]'Q ~'C'l~
I£tlj'Q ',,)Ilj'g' q~il)'
~·Ui~ 'z::;;tlj,g, q~iI)' ~~ ->;'Z::;;'
-";' "" ~~'4"l'
"'~
'" ,,':!:l
~~' 4'lj' "'~ '['I I~~'"i~'~'
~~' "i~'~' q~il) 'i:\
q~iI) "i 1I11'Q~'~'~(lj'q~il)'
1(lj'Q~'~' ~rlr q~iI)'
q"'l"ll

Is this condition caused by his caste or why did this happen?

Tell me ifthis
if this happens to all sentient beings,
Tell me in such words which expresses the truth as it is in its reality
Having heard i~ [I shall properly contemplate on its meanings,
meanings.
"
"" " ......." ..,..,...,., -.- "-
IIl5'Q Z::;;' .:l:.tlj~'
IIJ5'QZ::;;' a:J'U-.liI) '~Cll'Qfl.:l:.'
.:l;.Ilj~' a;~' a:J'U-./il) '~[1j'QR.:l;.' a;~' a:J'Clltlj~!
~r[1jIlj~1 I~f q'2/"i '~~' -";w
'!!!~' '" ->;'Cll' qq~' "J'~'
q'~' q~'

QE'a:J~1 1§""~C'lq'
1§""~Uiq' "'C.:~a:J'
"'C.:~a:J· "'C:~Stlj~6)'
"'C:~S"l~"i' g'1]~'~c:.
gIlj~'~t:. 'I 1~'Cll~' cr.J' £1-";' Q~'
l~'[1j~' cr.I'£1->;'
~ ~ ~ "'"
LJQ' £1q~'
"JQ' £1q~' "i 'tlj~"i'
'''l~''i' a:J' a:Ja;~1
, a:Ja;~1

o Lord! This is neither due to caste nor due to regional factors

All the people are destroyed by old-age in the prime oftheir
of their youth;
Even your own parents, relatives and all the friends
Are not free from old-age as there are no ways to10 escape this.

I'
IRW q~.:l:.'
IflW
-_
"
q~.:l;.' q'J.!' ~.::r~~'~'
,,- C'..

~.::;r~~'~' a:J"'tlj'c'''i'CllI
~
a:J"'''l'c:.''i'[1j1
"'-

'"qc:.'l;j'
-.."
...... "
Q""",?cr.J~' '9c"
'" qt:.'.I;1' £1a:J~' Q''''',?cr.I~' '9c:.' Z::;;S9~'
"'S9~' "'~F ->;q' -";'::1'
...... "

~
" - / " " " "
c.... "
7'''\ IT!r:l.l
1)',,\'T)(:l,! lUi"i '[1j"l'lT!"i' q*a:J~',¥'
lC'lO)'Clltlj'lIl"i' q*a:J~',¥' q~' "'~tlj~' '9t:. ',?a:J' £1tlj'~
"'~'l/~' '9c:.',?a:J'
v
£1Ilj'!!! ->;1
-";1 I-";t:. ''l/''l/Q"''i' 5'l/'
I->;c:.'tlj'tlj-<5"i't')Ilj'
'"
-....:.
-....:> -...:> -...:>
-...:.
~ ~

~ "" qr:l. 'Iljil\ ~' "i'(:l,

"J(:l,,tljil\ "i 'r:l. ,,\llj'
,,\Ilj'(:l, ")' ~ I1
r:l. Z::;;'
~
'"
o Charioteer! With a rpugh andpoor
and poor physical complexion
This man's senses are'
are" all impaired and he is having great difficulty to breath.
He is indeed mi~erable
mi~erable as his frail limbs are shakened by his abdomell.
abdomel!.
Who is this man who i~ sitting on the foul place amidst his urine and excrement?
"
"c".c....c
19rtljQ'Ilj'a:J'(:l,"'.'9"i
.......... . . "'"
""
.c
19r"lQ""l'a:J'r:l. "'. '9"i'7'
.-
. . .".
-...:>
'"
"i ""~~' ql) q' LJ' ~I
""~~. ql)q'"J'
c..._ ,,-
""
1"i;;;;':2·r:l.E.tlj~'
l"i
_
........
q',?' q.:l;.' Clla>~'
r;;;'~'(:l,E. Ilj~' "J',?'q.:l:.' Clla>~' .z:.1~f(:l,
.z:.1~fr:l."la:J·[1r
'"
tlja:J'nj' ,..,
"
c....c...
c..."
£1tlj
£1Ilj
~
.......
........

-
"

~
~
~
-
Iil\""
1"i "" a:J""tlj~'
a:J"""l~' q~ "'.a:J'
"" a:J' Jla> ~c:.' J\ a:J' "J->;',?a:J~1
"la> "'l'~q";r ~c,' LJ-";',?a:J~1 1a:J"lJil\' '" c:. '~q~'
1a:J"ljil\ '",c,' '" t:. 'me:. ."\ e:. .Z::;;:8e:.'
~ q ~. z::;;c:.'me:.'r;;;e:.' '" :8 e:. '
~ ~

tlj'?"i' a:J' J.!

Ilj'?"i'a:J' a; ~r Clltlj ~I
J.!a;~r[1jtlj~!

o Prince! This man is in an intense pain from disease

And due to the fear ofdisease
of disease that has raged him he is about to die;
Even without disease, there are the collapses of glory and power
~land nor any saviour.
There is neither protector, nor refuge, nor (a safe) island
"
 169

c...
c.... e-..
c-.. '"
ii "\' r~'CAjc' Jj 'D.jJJ' di'~'~' ,\c,' JJ~c'
d>j' ~' ~',,\e::,' JJ ~ e::, J:;{j
C'o.,. <="..

1a:1"\' ii'\'
1<>1"\' r-j'CAje::,''Jj'D.jJJ' 2:;{1 1"\ "':9'
13) ,,\';9' 0,E:. Q,,\'~' 4di'1)'JJ'-Q-"l'\'l
l:lj "'I' .z:ro.,\·~·
QE:.l:lJ2:;{'l;J' :.Jl
4d>j' 7' JJ' -Q-"l ,,\'l;J1
~

@~r:::1' JJ~J:;{'l:.g:'r
JJ~2:;{'l:.g:'r a:So'~'
a:SQ~' JJ~c,'
JJ~e::,' ,,\'E:'~' S~l
S~I ~w "-\'1]('<' ~c.' ~9' l;JQ'Q 5' 42:;{' -Q~"-\'l;J~'
-... C'o.,....... -....

!!~w"I1j(.r,\c.·~9'l:.JQ·Q5·4"'1·-Q~"·l:.J~·
Q~.J:'1
Q~.J:'I
~

Not having a disease is just as (seeing oneself) playing in dreams .,-,-,'-t,

:-,"'-t,

This fear ofdisease

of disease is indeed very ferocious!
If wise people saw this state of woe
How could they find etijoymem
enjoyment from the fondness ofplaying?
ofplaying?
f'-:l?!
~ '~

'--.;,
--;,

':.1;
 \.
I. I 'j

LESSON THIRTEEN
~

I'
;' (ijI:r <til)' G:if9~J.J· ql
ct"i' G:if9~J.J·

13.1 Abilitative Forms

:,I(r or ~z:;r
Tibetan forms abilitative verb forms by adding :]"r :,Iq'q' or ~'\r
~"r or t4". of the infinitive :]"r<r ~2\r
<r or t4"'q'
q' t4,,"f to the present or past root of the verb; thus the formation of these verbal expressions
signify can, able, could and daring, In the spoken language it can be followed by any of the
auxiliaries we have discussed but in classical Tibetan they can end a sentence by using the
completive particles as we studied in lesson nine. The following examples are according to the
abilitative forms in the spoken language. Various continuative and gerundial terminations in
lesson eleven can be affixed to the abilitative forms.
forms"

13.2 Examples of the Abilitative Forms

2\I"rll' q~'
c:.2\I'rli'
L .::. Q~" ,,"-" ffi" <r ~"I'"\
"C'.' ffi' ~"I""i 2\1' "S'""\'''l''l' Q'IJ.~'~<r~'U!"1
"S"iI"i""l"l" Q"IJ.~·~<r~"Ui"1
I by year four and month six in U-chen properly write able was
I was able to write the U-Chen script well since four and half
halfyears
years ago.

OJ''l" a; '~'IJ.~.>I'\I'
2. !1j"l' "~"IJ.~.>J'II" Q'U!'" o'l;:c:.' a;2\I''\I'''I~C'.
Q"Ui,," 0'1;:'::'" a;2\I"'II""I~"-'-:~,c:.'Q'~'
~.::.' Q'~" .Ilq'SC'
.Ilq":1"-"1.·I
~ ~

tool varieties available therefore we by earth depth long dig able were
I'
Since there w~re many kinds of tools we were able to dig the ground deep,
deep.

3" c:.'9~
3. '::'"9~ "I'll" Q' q~'
"1'\1'Q' Q~" Q'U!"':i2\I'g,r"l'§M '8q'~' "-"II
J.l£<~q.~"
0'.>J" J.liC'.
q"Ui,,":s2\I"g.!""I,§M 0'.>1' "-"\1
1 body well have when cubit three about jump able am
-;.:
-;-:
I can jump about three cubits when I am in good health.

§,," ""- '~2\l'~"I'\1'

4. §,,'""' Q" S2\l""i 'f2\l'
"~2\1" ~"I'II" q'S2\I'"\ "f2\l" <)'~'''1~"\':,Iq'5)'
<)"~'''I~"i':]Q"5j" "-"I
your by help did ifhe if he by horse the ride able will
He will be able to ride the horse if you were to help him. him"

5. ~'.'<.C'.
~"~"- "Qnr q"io;' q"Ui,," o'('ik a;2\I"!'l"-" q'''I'''~'''
'Qnr(j'io;'q'U!"I'o"C'.·ika;2\I'f'lC'.' !J"\"~q".>J" ~C'."
'-I""I""~"" 9"'8(j'.>I' ~"-"I
today busy great is therefore they house clean do able not did
Due to the busy sChedI,lle
schedI,lle they were unable 'to clean the house today.
," :
6" ~'''I'<1J"\'q'~'
6. "':'~"'"
".:.~....,
'II' -9"1'11' ~2\1'"\'
~'''I'<1J"i' '-I"~' .i'\I'"1"1'\1' 'II" '4"1' "q........,.Ilq'~'
~2\I'"i" '\I'"4"1'"Q.... .Ilq"~" "-"I
children older those by strength did ifearth if earth block carry able will
If the older boys worked hard (we) could move the bricks, bricks"

c:. '\I'r.>.~'
7. .::. 'II"IJ.~' "'~1·"Idi.>l'~'~·"l"l'
o;~1""Iili.>J"~'r~""l"l" q'
~
~ -
J-llj"- ".IlQ"iil
q".>IljC'.'.Ilq'ii,
I by this from sky boat the properly see able am
~

,. I can proper!y here.

proper! y see the aircraft from here"

:;JJ-l"~' a;'II" ~'l","I~"I'~'

8" :'j"d'a;2\l'
8. il)C'.' i'''I'r.>.~di'8q' iii
~"l"""I~"l"~""i"-'l'''l"IJ.~ili"~q"
Brahmins hour one within rites chant able are
The Brahmins
Brahinins can perform the rites in one hour.

/
 171

c:.·"I~"r"l"i<>l·
9. c::"I~"r "l"i"r .!1c:.''''''ic
I two sky plain to come able are- -
Jjc''''''ic:. .J). -\j<r qf
-\l<r;;il
~

\Ve two are unable to come to the airport.

~:r~'a:J.r
10. ~:r~' a:J.r;"i.jJ
;"i.jJ.r.>.
.r.>.~'
~'a.r'!i"l·
a.r'!i~·~~·fil""·"i<
·fil"'·"i:::C ''S' r1J''l'9
son the night go IWt /Wt daring again home to return did
Being unable to walk in the night the boy returned home.
~ "}
F'}

....nr~·OJ· :<'''I'''i''l
11. ...
swqrd
:t."I·"i~·'<>lFili
-~

-
a:JF"i·.;rw::F
~
sc:.· q"l'~""'~
q~'~""~~''';;f
"l''';;f
sword to touch dareh e who not become therefore there remain did
Since nobod y dareq to touch the sword, it remained there. ~:

12. ff~·'1I"l·,;j~,;
'·a:J~a:j·'S·8'1
J·'S·8"i·jJ·~'1W
·jJ·~"iw'!i"l·~·
'!i~·~·~~""·Q~·"
"'·Q~·";;;1
;f
dog the tiger together play do IWt /Wt daring backward run did
-,
.,-'":1

Not daring to play with the tiger the dog ran away.

jii"l'J1j"i'nJ"l~'OJ
13. jii~'9"i' nJ"'~'OJ''1<
1<iii wj' "i~' q' :t."if
he ieache
teacher to lie tel/IW -
~
'-Q4'1',;
"i·.q4"i
tell/Wt dare did -
~
:<''11 .1

He didn't dare to tell a lie to the teacher.

.,
14. ~"i'-Q'1'
~"i' .q"i''r~'
'1'~'~''i
~''i 'OJ"i '''l'';;''l
.",..;;~.'~''~'
~,,~. jJ.'j"i''
jJ.'j"i'"i"l().' .q...·~ ...
1"lr.>.'-Q.... ·i)"11
....·i)'
sponso r's kindness repay able being people all happy become did
Being able to repay the kindness of the sponsor eyeryo everyo ne becam e happy.
·,0
15. r:. ,;j'OJ"I~~~
C. "fll'l' a:J'OJ"I ~ "l..;;....."I'S-Q'r.>.~'
"'..;;.... "I'S .q'().~' ~"i' "'J'
a:J' 74,,·~·r.>.
C4".~.(). ~Q 'Q"I"r
'Q"I'1' ~"l'
~~. q~"I·q·Uj"i1
j"i1
I by mothe r to ring this show not daring this ofund of under er hide did
Not daring to show this ring to my mother I hide it under this.

16. r:.' g"l·q'~~r'l!

c,' g~·q,\ \~~r"@r·~'Jlf'1'
~'llf"i' ~"i'l:f S"l'"i"l'
S~· "i~·.q'j c· a:J'C4"'<
-Q'jc'<> 1'74,,·<1':<'
r :<',',\1\1 ;~':1~

we by Tibetan national anthem voice loud sing IWt /Wt dare did
We did not dare to sing the Tibetan national anthem loudly.

13.3 Expre ssions of Oblig atory Form s

"i9~'q'' ~. t~· and .\j-Q"l',i)

'19"l'q .\j.q~'.il,,\'q'
,,\'q' are used to express obligation or duty, what is expected, to give
advice and to express necessity, which are equivalent to have, should ,
Englis h. ought to, and need to in
.

c:.' g."lC':~
1. <:::. g.~C":~"i '~"I'''I''l''1!'
"i '~"I'''I~' '1!' .q'{lJl:;'
q·OJr:. '''iilf''l'~'
'''iilf~'~'cii''il
cii''il
we tomorrow morni ng early wake have to there is
Tomo rrow we have to get up early in the morning.

~. ::<.c:<::: ~·iJj'9·
2. ~'::<.t::r:. ~·iJj·9·r.>.~·Q"l·
().~'Q~· .r;.... ·-Q·§"i·"i9"r~·cii
.r; ...·.q·§"i·" i9~·~·cii"ii
"ii
today I by letter this written finish do have to there is
I have to finish this letter today.

3. §"..... '''l'~'''''<li'i' i"i'

§,\' ...r:.<:: '''f~''''<l l'1'-Q'S "i·q...
.q'S"i'q ·~-Q·{r'1i9~·~'D.
...·~.q·{r" 9"l·~'D.''S"i
S"i
yours elfther
elf theree at hour seventh arrive need there is
You must arrive there at 7.00 o'cloc k.
 (iie. '~' "91:: "rr:>~"
4, pe. "ro~' Xjq'T .il,," ~"I
.il,,' :<""1
he tonight not go means not have there is
He has to go tonight (there is no way that he does not go tonight),

5, §,,' -'l:J:. 'ilj' qi"ior:>

§'\' ""- "i'0 ~~'r1l" q'li"l" "i 'r:>~
~~n1r q'l!"r 'o~ "i '~(.l'''ie. §le.' "Ie.' lj' .ljq' "9"1'~'
'~i'l'''ie. 'C§le.'"e.' "9~r '>1' :<'''1
"'''I
of diligence to look if class in grade first gain ought to there is
yourself ofdiligence
With your diligence, you oughtto come fiist in the class,

6, ~'"Qjc.'~'
~'"Qjc.'~' q'~"r'ii"l'(1l"
q'~'t'ii"l'(1r Q~,\"~"I'Ul"Ui,,'ilr
Q~,\"~'$j'urUi,\'ilf :<'''1
tonight late outside at stay need have not there is
There is no need for you to stay out
(Jut late tonight.

7, §,,' "e.
7. -'c.''''I' "l(.l'Q"lr>.'f1l'~"i'''~''I'
"f "li'l' Q"1(J:(1r~"i' "~'$j' QQ'Ui"1
'Ui"I
your parent ofcommandof command to listen should have there was
You should have taken your parent's advice, advice.

8, c.e.~'iQ"'oriQ"e.
8. ~ri'i'ori'ic. '~(.l' £"1" q,,' ~'" Q'5e.
'~i'l' £"1' Q'5c. ,,,~"I'
'''~'$j' ~e.',
~e.'I
I'
I by he to hatred of word use do had to
I had to use harsh words to him,

9, ~'" &'~' :~J::c.i'l:

9. :~.c:c.fi.' "l~"l,,,'Uie.'
"l~"l,,,'Uic.' ,,~"r~r.>.
~
"~'$j'~r.>. ""I ~

you today my together come need there is

You people ought to come with me today. today,

iQ"e.' il\"l~'fllIl'I'~'
10, i'ic.' il\"l'>1'flIIl'I'~' "i ~''lQ~~'
"r'lQ~~' :<'''1
"'''I
they road the from come have to
They have to go through that road,

11. §,,'r>.~" 3' Q'55 ~"I'''Ii5''1'QI5,''I''1'Ul'

§,,'o~' 3'Q'55 '!!"I'''Ii5''1'QI5.''I~r''r :<',\1
"'''I
you this to seven set one stay to is
You are to stay here for one week,

12, c.' -,c.' &''7''1'Q-'' ~'f1l'r>.~',,~"IW

e.'"e.'&''i''l"Q'" ~'fll'r:t~'''~'$jw :<'''1
"'''I
we always mountain to go have to no there is
We do not have to always go to the hills,

13.4 Permissive Expressions

3C.'Q' Qil"l'Q'
Tibetan permissive expressions 3e.'Q' Qil"l,Q, i"l'Q' and '?"i'Q'
'?"i'Q" are added to the root of the
verb, They are used in expressing permission and seeking permission, whether it is granted or
refused, The latter is used more commonly in speech than in writing:

1. ~e.'''I''i~"~''i'~'~'f'l'f1l''l'.'l'.<l'
~c.'''I''''>l'~''i'~'~'F'fll''l'.'l'.<i' 3t:.'(1
3t::'(1
fasting day afternoon fOOd
food eat not allow
On the day of fasting (ritual) it is forbidden to eat food in the afternoon,

2, "la;"i' Ji':!I'f1l"l'R,,'!ll'" -,' S'" 3e.'ilj'

!!I'f1l"l'R-,'!lj,,'~,,' 3C. 'ilj' JJ' :<'''1
"'''I
night road on shout do allow not is
/ It is not permissible to shout in the street at night time,
 173

3. <1i'~'-::J'
3, <1i'~'-::J' JdOj'q~''1;lffir:.'Oj'~J.I'
J,' ~"i·lJ~·'1;liilr:.·9·~J.I· <r~' :3I::-'
:3t::-"i(?''1' lJ ''ll
Oj':?''1'q''ll
year twenty not reach Bhikshu of vow receive allow is it
Is it ailowed
allowed to receive the fully ordained monk's vow before reaching theage of twenty,
twenty.

4. (Qr:.'
4, l\ J.I"l"~'1' ~ ~'~'
(Qr:.'..J\J.I"l" !J"I'o, ~'Ul'''1'
~.~.!J"I'o. i"l'J.la;"i'~Jil'q'
~'Ul'01' i"l'J.la,0j '~lil'lJ' :?''11
they SwitzerLand
Switzerland to relative meet go for permission note apply did
They applied for the permission (visa) to viSit relatives in Switzerland.

5. '\~"\'lJO;'~'o.'1"l',\r:.'
'\~"\ 'qr.;;.~.o,'1"l'''r:.' q~-<"l1IJ.1'S' "1,\' ~"I'''I~''I'.Jl'
q~-<'·I1IJ.1·S· "1'\' h"l~"I' Ji'i"l'~
monastery ofnear of near by and circumarnbuLatory
circumarnbulatory path on rubbish throw notpermitted
not permitted ,,-.
It is prohibited to litter around the monastery and on the circumambulation path.

6. "I"\J.I'~O;'
6, "I"\J.I.~r.;;. "\r:.·;:F"I"\J.I·~Q.'
"\r:.·;:F"I"\J.I·~Q.· "l"l"l' .ljC.S~f J.I"I'r:>.f)ili'a;"I'''rJ.I' ~'\I
J.I"I·r:>.fi"j· cJ;"I'''r J.I' :?''\I
~,~
~\~
sky boat ofinside
of inside sky boat of landing ground on cigarette smoke permission not is
Smoking is neither permitted in the aircraft nor at the airport.
".":;:
7. 'i9"\'lJO;·<l\c;·<1i'T"11'!J.I'~"\·~"\·~·J.I':<''\1
'\9"\'qr.;;. "ie;·<1il:lJwl'iJ.l·~"\·~"\·~· J.I':?''\I
monastery ofinsideof inside at shoes wear allow not is
You should not wear shoes inside the monastery.
.-~-

8. S~f lJ'.J\J.I'Il'
q' .l\ J.lq'.Q'\'E, 2j'!Jr:..~"\ ,~.
.Q,,'E. '' 1-<'' q'!Jr:. '~w J.I':<''\1
:?''\I
children Tibetan tea strong drink allow noi is
';i;
';l;
Children should not drink strong Tibetan tea, tea.

9. r.::.'J:j'<!i·i"l'lJ'G'11
9, r:::J:j'"\'i"l'q'G"11
II die if wish could
I wish I could die.

1O,~ r:. "l'§'1'~t:.

O.~ t:."l'§'\' ~e; W"l'''I' ,\r:.' q~"\' <r J.lt:.'
WUl''''' '\t:.' J.lr:.' Zj' q1jt:.'i"l
q'jr:.' i"l :?;;;.

I by you to letter andpresent

and present many send will
I shall send you many letters and presents,
presents.
:~.

11. ~J.I'Il'
1L i5"\'.ljJ.l>;ri5'\' q~' q''it:.' q~' "lO;'~''\t:. '~"\'"\'~' J.I' ~'I
~J.lq·i5"\·IlJ.ll";r",\·q~·q·'\r:.·q~·"lr.;;·~·,\q~"\·"\·~·
of endow if what not allow .
sentient being all happiness and happiness cause ofendow
,'- ~
How nice would it be if ail
all sentient beings possess happiness and the cause of happiness,
happiness.

12. ~'~'
12, .ii,\'lJ~·1l1t:. 'FO;' "\t:.So.
~·~·.ii,\·q~·1l1e;·Fr.;;·"\r:.So,§j·"lBQr9·:?,,\·qql
. §j' "lB"I'Oj':?',\'lJ'Ill
~

pass without having garden inside at go allow is "

Is it allowed to go inside the garden without a pass?

13.5 Causative Expressions

Causatives are formed with the suffix "lB"I' or S'Il' q~Qr';.r and S,\'<r
sq' of the infinitive qB'''P:,j' S,\·<.r III

conjunction with faLa don "1'«0\'

01'«"\' terminations which are put in between the root of the verb and
suffix. The principle feature of its fOrmation
the causative suffix, formation are the appropriate use of the fa La don
particles according to the final of the verbal root and that the causative suffix can take
terminations such as continuative or completive or any auxiliaries to end a sentence. All the
verbs ending in vowels insert ~ or:3' before the causative suffix: e,g, e.g. o.~'
o,~' 'go': r:>.~;"qB'''1
r:>.~;,.q~"1 cause
go;:r 'eat': -'l'~'''lB''I cause to eat. When qB"I
to go;:l" q~"I is used in imperative mood the application of La
 i ! 4

don is not required as weshafl see in a future lesson,S"!'

lessoil, 51'" is the perfect form ofS,\'<j'
ofS,\'<f also
signify cause to do,

L ~'£'~.'l.'''\~'f1J'p.g<1l''2,'q~''l'''f''i~'1
~'£'~.'l.'''\~'f1J'(l,g(lj''2'q~''1'''f''i~'1
we water ofinside
of inside enter to allow not did
We were not allowed to go inside the water.

a:j'''1i'\''\' q' £.~"\

2, a:j'''li'\''\'Q' £'~"\ 'r~' q~"i·'5.·q;a"r~·p.
q~"i''5.'q;a''r~'(l,'5."l
'5."1
year younger ones first sit to allow do
The younger ones. ones are allowed to sit in first.

3, ~r
3. <1' a;''1j,\·J:i'p.~'~''I''l'qr:r
~'<1' a;''1j,\'J:i'(l,~':<'''I''i'qr:r ~'q~"l'~'<>I'
~'q~"r~'''I' ~'\l
~,\I
monks show this kind watch to allow not do
Monks are not allowed to watch this kind of show. show,
f

4, jii~' JI"'l"l'
4. JI"I"i'~'\' J:j- ~ "" q;a"l·~'fJ.F.:,,\·~·f1J·<ii'~·.>r~~'1
q;a"1'~'fl.F.:"\'~'f1J'<ii'~'.>r~~'1
they play game allowing class to come not did
Being allowed to play, they did not come to the class.
class,

5, qgili'Q'~' ~'fl.IF'\' "I'q~"r~'~"I"i',,\"i' 44'" q'"1' ~'\I

qgi!i'q'~' £, ~·fJ.Il~·,\'<>I'q~"I'~'~<>I"r,,\"l' ~,\I
5.
--
prisoner those water drink to not allowing thirsty from die did
Not being allowed to drink water, the prisoners died of thirst.

6, '? '~' .t'ol)

£'oli '~"i' q~'S"l' i!i"i'Jj'(lj'f'l"i' ~,\'fJ.,\"1
q",'S"i' ili"l'Jj'nff"i' ~,\'fl."i"1
~
fISh those water not having die about become -
There being (made to be) no water the fish were nearly dead,

13.6 Idiomatic Expressions of Genitive Datives

There are numerous Tibetan idiomatic expressions which signify purpose and reason. reason,
Phrases such as ~~.
~"" ~~.'\.
~""'\' m"iS
.......... ~ili'nr
~i!i'nr ~ili""i'
~"\S ,3;'\S
.3;,\,,\,
.........,. lind
\md a;,\w which all mean ~for
'for the sake of..
'because of, 'in order to', 'for the purpose of, 'for the benefit of and 'fdr' can be referred to
as postpositional dative expressions. Such constructions only occur at the beginning of a
sentence or in the middle of long a sentence.
sentence,

r l,fl. ~'nr
LfJ. '<i!i' !1~' "'I~ "l'
~'(lj' '<ili' "i' ~"l'fJ.~q' q ""4l"l
~"i'fl.~q' Q
sentient being benefit for Buddhahood attain may
May I attain Buddhahood for the benefit of sentient beings.
beings,

2, ~~'~'&j'\'f1J'iij"'l"r
2. ~~'~'&j"i'(lj'iij"l'll' ~ ~'~
""~ "l'fJ.~'
"i'fl.~' "18
q8 JI"l1
JI"i1
oneselfmind
oneself mind to familiarise for I by this wrote
I wrote this in order to familiarize my own mind. mind, (Shantideva)

3, ,,:[W!!)'~ "\' 'S' '<ili'

":[W!!)'~ili' '<i!i' ~"'l"l' ~"i' Q"i'f1Ji!i' q'&ji!i'~f
~"I"i' Ji"i'Q"l'f1Jili'Q'&jili'
ofpurpose benefit intention not having fault is
other ofpurpose
/ It was an error since it lacked the motivation for the sake of others.

4. ~.'l.'i1j'\':i'fJ.~'~~
~.'l.'i'lj'\':i'fl.~'~~ "l'Q""s~1
"i'Q""s~1
that offor
offor the sake ofthis of this send should
This will be sent for its purpose,
 ...
-' 0

having eaten his food

having found his pen
having seen my mother
having dug the ground
having washed the shirt
will not tellm the story.
sat on the throne.
stands with the students.
will be buying ink from the shop.
yotir father.
will be coming to see your
I'
2. qnrih:>'~·£·.Ile.·a;"i·~·
q(lrih:>'~·£·.Ile.·a;"i·~· iil·~·r.l.~·.ljQ·!.rJj·r.l."i"l
~ ~

will be unable to sing.

will be able to lie down.
will be unable to return home.
will be able to sleep.
will not eat the apples.
Not having a good pen Tenpa
Having a headache Tenpa
Being a farmer and a father Tenpa
Having lost the paper and ink Tenpa
. Having met my uncle and nephew Ten pa

3. e."r~e.·~"i·<i·~"I·Q4"·Q'~r
e."r~e.·~"i·<i·~"I·Q4"·Q"r file. .£."I~,).~"I..ljQ.
file.. ..ljQ.Jf ~e..,
~

she was able to forget her father's illness.

my mother was unable to cry or sing.
, I was unable to remember your father's name.
Since the baby was playing
,~-,
~~-, Since I was playing his new flute

4. !;r~"I"f
!:r~"I"f ~"l"l.
~<>I"l. ~."l.
~.<>I. ""l·~F ~ .r.l.~e..,,"i"l·1!t
"ilj"l·1!t ~'\,
have to go outside the house.
/
must be able to walk to the fields.
must be unable to jump high.
Although she will be eating
Even though I have eaten

"
 177

CN~c;'~'~c:.
~'~c:.,c.::'r:<E
'C::'r:<E:ili '(1j' ~'7~' .q..>;.'
:ili'(1j' q!'1<lr9
.q..,:: Q!'1 tl 1 r91 f.l.' ~~",'.q.
1)9'.q qz:;;Z:;;'.
,)9'.q'' QZ:;; q'5(1j'qqf.l.,
I)' .q'5(1j' q' ~I ""cr
il),cr
_e-........-
_C'>.......-. C'>.. ...,.,.
"-:) ~ ~
"..:l
"..:I

'"'"n:
n: ~')W
~I)w Q,,\
qz:;;""
""
~
i1i<lf'5' '5il)' ~~~.
i1i tlr'5' '5",' ~ ~~' ~F' ~cr ~~~.
~~~' I)
.......
-...

z:;; .q~' ~~
~~')'
1)'1:.
l:.lW~
1W~'
' q;;jl)'
q3ilZ:;;'..q-l:.'CA
q..,::CAiZ:;;'
c....
jI)' "9'"'7
"9 il) '7''
....,.
..". ~.
~

.......
........ e-....
c-.... .......
........ ~

r:<§9~
c-...
r:<§9~''5'
"
''5'q5
Q5S:2'
s~r"'
'''~9'
~9''''''~F
'~F",.q9'Z' ~"" .qr:<'Q(1j'.q''
(1j' .q''i'i' ~~'q
~~' q~r
~r q'",c:.
....-
q'z:;;c:.' ~,bO)'
~a=;il)' (j, '~'a)I
"- ~
~

'~' a=;Il[~r
lj~r..qQ' .'~

J<lq~;:
J<jq~;:2c:.'
2c:.'~c
~

(j,">;"
(j, "'" :.'~
~I:;.' ~ q' ~~~' I) '" .q~'
.q~r JJ' ",JJ9~'.qf.i.'
.qf.i.' ~c:.'~I:;.' ~~'
~ ~r ~ il)'",'l:Jf.l.
l:Jf.l.,'JJ'9a
JJ'9aJJ'qf.l.'1
' qf.l.'l)l)c:. '2:' r:<E: il)'
:;.'2:' ",'(1j'
(1j'
-... c... e.... e-...
c-... c-....... .-.:
e-.......
~"9'59''5'
c-....
e-....
''5' q!'1Ilj~
q!'1Il[~r .qr:<'SO
' .qr:<' Sil)')' ~q~':
~q'~r:2~'
2~' J,J,b",'
~a=;il)' (j,Q' a;",,'
"._.
J<lq'.q' ~J,J~'
<1;">;" J<jq'.q ~~~' '5')'J;p
-.......".
-.....,.
)Ilj'Z:;;c
'51)' ~'7Il['Z:
.-" .
. "
" c-... '''~t
'''~:t
~ ~
:.' q~' "9~'.qQ'
;;c:.' Q'
..,.,
..,., _
..". e-....."
c-....." ..".,. .
.."., ,,-._
" . c...
~~' ~'5 "'"
-l:.' "'~'
il)~' J,Ja;",'
~d:S .q'Z:;;I:;.
.q'');::.'' q~')'.q
q~I)'.qr:<' Z:;;I:;. ~'.q ""'5"'"
r:<' z:;;c:. -l:.'5-l:.' q~' q')Z:;;'
-.."..
ql) Z:;;' ~Ilj'7'
~Il['7' '5",'
c...
v
'5il)' ~ J,J~':2
~~'~'I"Ilj~(1
l[~(1jjTl,l~'
Tl.j~'
~ ......- .y<~
".;<~

ill~'.q
a;~' .q..>;.'
"'" ~(1j' q""'~"
q..>;.'~,,>;,'
"'~r ~I
~

~ (~'j

13.
13, 11 Exerc ise of Lesso n Thirte en
(a) Answe r the following questions in Tibetan on the above readin gs:

~r~~'5'o<le;,\'<l'
1. ~c ~r~~'5'O <Ie;,\'<''I~'
p'I~' ~'q'''I'l'\'~'\',\
'\'~'\',\6J1
6J1
2 ~e:.~'3~
~e:.~' 3~'~'''lq
'~'''lq'' !JJ.f''l~
''!JJ.f'' ~'~'6Ja>i
l~~'~'6Ja li '''Ie:.'01ili
)ili '''Ie:. '''1ili 'ili6lJ ':·-"1
':-"1

3. Se:.' <li q'~6J~',

~6J~',\\qQ
<lQ'!:fQf!J.c
'!:fQf!l.C. ~''!Jnr~
~''!Jnr~cc'§.':~"
.'§-<.'~- ,'~·
<,'~' ~,\'''6J''
~,\'''6J'''Ic
'Ic.'Ulili' ~~I
4. 9C.'~q'~6
4, :;Je.' ~<r~6J~
J~',\qr.l
',\.',\"IQ'I
<lr:l.''\''I?("i'ili~
Q'I?(i!i' ili~'
'J.fr.l.Z i'qi'i'~i
J.fp.i;i' qi'l'~ili
li''\'''I
''\'''I~''
~''I~'q''
I~' <l''e'.'''I
e'.'''I~'
~''I~'
'I~'q'
<l' ~6J~'
~6J~'Q
~
Q~r
~r -~.-'
-",

5, ~c'
5. ~c.'qi'i'
<lQ' ~:rJ1'~
~:rJ1'~~s~e:.'~tl'~
se:.' ~<l'<>l~'"qr.
~<>l~r"l.'(lr"lc .'~nr!r"1
<lP.'C'1'''Ic' ~C'1' <r01ili'ili
ili'ili6J 6JIr
,
_"_/35.
(b) Fill in the blanks with the correct expressions:

C' a;'/'l'~
1. c.' a;'fl'~c.'<1jOj'
c·<1jOj'fll"l~'(
C'1"1~W~lr~F~'q4
F~'q4'\' J.f ' , , "il
'\'J.f
2. c~'p.~'l
c.~'Q~'l'''Ic.'U
·"Ic't1ij''i'4~'
i!i'4~r ': , , , ~'jj'Q5
~'Ji'Q5"1
3.
3, iiic.' a;~'c'rl
itic.' a;~'c."1rr~<l'p.~
~q'Q~'a;'
'a;'''IU
''I''l-<'
l'''w
'6J' ,' , ~I
,~

4C'1',\J.fp.~Q·'h9
4. 4fll',\J. fQ~i'i"h9"1'''I'a;
"1'''I'a;,\'lJlili
,\'Ujili··q')r
q')r ' , ~'~,\'<l"
~'~,\'q"ll
5. C'''Il'\il
C.'9I'\ili'(lJ'''ili
i'C'1'''il'~<>I~'S'\
i'~<>l~'S''\'., , Ul'\1
"i,\1
":1

(c) Render the follow

followiI)g
ing into Tibetan:
,1
1. Althou gh I have a friend, he is not taIL
tall.
2, I have three cats, they are Rani, Nyima and Pasan
Pasangg,.
3. You should come with me to the market on Sunda y morning.
3, g,
4, I was unable to show you my drawings this morni ng.
5, These medicine is for your sick aunt and sister.
6. Since he does not eat fruit, he ought to eat some bread.
bread,
7. If she is happy, she will be allowed to sing a song on my birthday,
8, It is prohibited to eat food in my mothe r's bed room.
S.
9. I can tei!
9, teU you a brief life history of Sakya Pandita,
10. Will you be able to jump five cubits high?

Cd) Repeatl the following sentences by filling in the Tibeta n equivalents

(d)
of the Englis h phrase :
1. jj"r "idC!":f1
L Ji"l' ,\d'l":f1JJ"I~r
"l~r 01'9"" q~<>I"'
i "1'9"" q~d'l"'~~'' Q5'fl~''§"l'<f
Q'S'/'lc. §"I'<1'~f
~f i;jq",'~' ~'il
~,\I
 179

13.12 Extra cts of Sayin gs by the Budd ha

~ ~ ~
........ c...
!.q~r'
"'-...."
!.q~r 4~r 'Dr ti-<.',,
"
9~r~r
'_
CI\'~ '[l.j'
~r di'~ ti-<.· '"' Sdil ........
SCI\I r,,'
I'" -<.~'~ 'nj'.g'
'[l.j'.g' CI)'" il\'e:I;il
iii' c:I;iii\''r.\
(:\ !31-<'
..., 1
~-<'!
~ '" " ~- " '"
r,,~~'
I"~~'''~'
,,~' .q-o~' qr.r.q",,' "i'.qua.!'
.qu~r qr:r.q ",,'"I'.q-oa,r' di~'~r
CI\~r~1
'"
r~F
I~F ~.q' "a.!' q'r<r.q ~
~.q' "a,r'q't<r.q' -<'I:!j'q-<.'(:\5-<'1
' -<'''l' q-<"r.\!]-<'I
...,
'"
Oh! Sw~ti ka! Quickly give me the grass
SW(lStika!
Today the grass will have great significance for me;
By subdu eing the troops ofthe
of the Maras
I will be reaching the sublime andpe
and peace
acefUl
fol enlightenment!
""
c...
~ c...
~ c...
~

r~i!\'
l~iIi'r(:\,,~'
.\"~' .qZ:;;I:!
.q"i"l'9'Qj~ i!\' Iq9~'
j'9·Qj~'' iIi·.q~
.q~a,ra.!~'~~
~'~~'· ~r::.'1
~r::. 'I Iq9~' q' ~~' q'4' qa,r~' ~I:!j'~~'
~~'~~' I
c;o.".

~~' q''9' qa.!~'f1\"l' ~~ 'I

........ C ' o . . . . . . ........
..
%'" ,,'IF e-....
........ C'o... C\.. __ .............
c-....
1 a.!r::.' %"'Z: ;;"FS~' ~.q' a:r ............. '"~
C\..
rq~[l.j
q~nj''a,rr::.' a:J'x:j.q'.q-
l::j.q'.q-<'<'II 'r.\
I~"i'(:
I~"\ \"'[l.j
"'nj~' iii
~'i!\ 'Qj~' .q~z:;;'
.q~,,' a,r'Sf"),
a:J' I SP.I
Even if my body become dry . >!

Even ifmy
if my skin, bone and flesh falls apart on this mattress;
I shall not move my body from this seat
Until I reach thefnl ighten ment which is difficult to obtain for many aeons.
:, -'{~

,
-;:~

~. 1i,
'ii,
 16V

LESSON FOURTEEN~ ~

I'
:w::
:w::rr ~ a:;' q~' 'CWP·ll
q~p::j«r I.l1
14.1 Various Auxiliaries Used in the Classical Tibetan

As we have become reasonably familiar with most common forms of auxiliary verbs in the
spoken and written Tibetan, now we can introduce Some some additional
additionai forms of auxiliary verbs
Tibetan. They include: "'cr.>.'
generally uSed in the literary Tibetan, .<J:E~' :lie.'
a:Je.r.l: a:JifAr ~F "I,)fl.'
"I')P.' t:l.'5,"1 ~')'
r:>.5,"1 "I;;;~' t:l.ibnr
~'). "Iili"f r:>.ibnr
[lj"l~' and
fll"l"l' "111"1~r.
Q~"I"I'. The following sentences all end in an auxiliary verb but it can still be suffixed
1i"l~' .j;"I. In order to express negative of these
with the appropriate colnpletive suffixes known as 11"1"l'
a:J' and ~'
auxiliary verbs, the two prefixable negative particles ill' ~. are used i.e.M.<JCt:l.', iIl'.<J:E~' and
i.e.Ma:Je.r:>.·, a:J'a:J£"l'
in some cases ~;;;'
~ili' and ~'"
j)'i' can also be prefixed i.e. ii"'t:l.ibnr, ~ili'Clj"l"f etc.
ii'i·r:>.ibnr, .<i;;;'Cll"lZ\[

5J1'l~' 'Jr.t
1. a:J!'l"l' <Jr.t '''i;;;''j;;; ''5.'..ill'r .<Jc:.t:l.1
'''iili''jili·5,· a:Jc.r:>.1
learned ofquality
of quality many IrUlny are
(}-Je) endows many qualities of the wise.
(He)

2. "1~'~C
Q~' ~e. .,~". 'J~"i"ft:l.'CCll'''IC
~'i' <J"l' 'i"lr.l:"Clj'''Ie. '''le.'
'''le.W iIl'.<JiS ~I
a:Ji5 "II
well and happy therefore difficulty whatsoever not there is
Since I am well and happy, I have no hardships Whatsoever. whatsoever.

«1flili' q~r~' <11' >.j.J;''JR' .<J~'iii"l'~ilj· ~C'!

I'
3,
3. «1F;;;' q"l'~' "hl'>;'<JR' a:J~'ili"l'~i!j' :lie.'!
abbot by Pratimoksha ofSutra reading is
The abbot is reading the Pratimoksa Sutra, Sutra.

4, ~C'''1~'i';;;C''5.·~'''I"r.>.1
4. ~"·Q~'i"ilie.·5,·~·"I'ifl.1
fall receive (begging bowl) inside what there is
What is inside the begging bowl?

5. r.>.~'
fl.~' ;;;C'')«1' 'JR,g;'>j'~'~'~'
ilie.·')«1' <JR' g;"l'~' ~'~'.;:je.' q' Q~"I"I!
.<Jc·q'''1I1''1'>j!
thiS inside
insUle sacred ofDharma ofDharma volume many lie
Inside here there are many sacred Dharma Dhanna volumes,
volumes.

~'S'~"·'J.J;'''Iifl'>jl
6, ~'S'~'i'<J'>;'''Iifl''ll
6.
what do to not having remain did
Without anything to do, he remained (there).

7,
7. "1')"1'
Q')"I'f"l.j' .>J iti:\' il\'"
[lj' .;:ji(f.\' il\ 'i'ii",r. >.ibf1J1
ii'i·fl.ibfll!
I to leprosy ofdiSease of diSease not have do
I do not have the disease of leprosy.
/
~''l!.J;':!iflf''1'
8. ~''l!'>;':!jflf .l\.<J~'f1J"I~1
:<'''I''1·'I!.R· i<libil\' .l\
Q' :<'''I'>j'\'!.R'.<Jibilj' a:J"I'Cll"l"l!
that like victorious ones race five of names are
arc
These indeed are the names of the five Buddhas,
Buddhas.
 181

14.2 Exclamatory Expressions

Vocatives or interjections are expressed by the intuitive voice of surprise as in most languages
associated with 'a', 'ha', 'oh', or 'aho'. As no exclamation mark is used in Tibetan, the
exclamatory expressions come mostly at the beginning or end of a sentence or phrase. However
when at the beginning of the sentence the single stroke 1 known as 4"i' is used to denote this
expression. r.>.q"i'~
expression, r.>.q"i'~ which literally means "vocative" is mainly used to address people or to
express extreme emotive feelings of surprise, grief or joy. Exclamatory expressions are rather "-",
sentenc~s for
amorphous sentences for anybody who expresses a strong feeling do so without logical
consideration of his ideas but adequately draws the attention attention of his hearers. Due to the
emotional character of amorphous sentenceS sentences the actual meaning of each depends to a great deal ::_'.1
on its tone. The exclamatory expressions
expreSsions included here are used both in the spoken language and
li'j'JJ'51 and 11'1'51 are both used to signify interjection expressing pity, sympathy
workS: ijij'JJ'51
literary works:
and joy. Some examples of conventional "interjections"in
"interjections" in English such as alas! hurra! Thanks
ThankS
alot! Nonsense! Poor fellow! etc. might help us here. Grief is expressed by ~'JJ'~''2''i' in songs
and writings but the rest of the expressions shown below are used mainly in the spoken
language. Emphatic exclamatory expressions are formed by reduplicating the final of the ~"~

auxiliary or main verb and when with comparative adjectives it is further augmented by or i.e ii'
r.>.~'''I''r''ror
r.>.~·"I"r"r~· "How nice is this person!"; §"i·~·Q"I·ii)(rr.>.~·~i>l·JJ'(lr
§"i·~·Q"I·iil(rr.>.~·~JJ·JJW "Your bread is indeed delicious!",
fie::
fic: ~'Sl·i'lr::.·l.I·~~ra;"I'Sl·l.I·::<'''i·&·Q·t'11
~'Sl·i'lr::.·l.!·~'Sl·a;"I'Sl·l.!·"-"i·&·Q·~1 Their house caught on fire, how pity!"

1. ~·JJ·5·t'1·~· JJ<f...·.E1 Il.I"i·JJI3.·~·'l~r::.·~'Sl·~r::.·ii)"I'SlJ

~·JJ·5W~·JJa;",'.I;1 1l.!"i'JJI3.'~·Q~d'Sl·~r::.'iil"l'Slf
Alas! wondorous! lotus ofsmell of smell permeation by all means good.
Oh! How wondorous is the aromatic smell of the lotus flower!
.--::;-;
2. lI'I'5'''I~3\·~''I·~3\·.E3\·JJI
2, ~'5·"I~"i'i5"1·~"i'.I;"i·JJI IJJ·~r::.·SW ~'Q'''I~''i1
IJJ·~r::.' Sw~' Q'''I~''i1
Oh! listen kind-hearted mother! not distract son to ear lend do
Oh listen my kind mother! Do not be distracted and pay attention to your son! • ,.',. -,-~,:;;,
':-:;;,

3, "f~f.\·~·~·~·i!ir::.·Q·orll'll
3. '<l·~f.i.·~·~·~'i!ir::.'QW~1
there ofparrot
ofparrot the small how
This parrot is so small!

4, r.>.§"I' J:rr1j.
4. \f Q'~·"i·'1!·QI1"1'Sl·"i·"i"lr.>.·QWll'lr::.'1
Ji-r1j. If Q·~'''i''1!·Q~''I'Sl'"i'''i''lr.>.'QW~C.·1
Drogmi Lotsawa he now alive if happy how will be
How happy would it be if Drogmi Lotsawa was alive now!
"
5. 1'~'''I~"i'~"I'~'JJ~"i'~'
1'~'''I~"i' i5Qr~'JJ~"i'~' JJ'(lj"l'Sl1
JJ't'1"1'Sl1
hi! listen mind compatible Nyima
Hi! Nyima, my dear friend Listen!

6. 1Jl'
lJl'UlI
' l1 ,iQ'Sl'''i Q3\·t'1' 1'Sl1
.iQ'Sl·"iQ"i·(lj"l~1
hi! horse master
Hi! Mr. horse trainer!

r::.' ~'i'l'L.J""'?"i'5'Uj"i·"i1
7. c.'
7, ~·i'l·l.!"'·'?"i·5·Uj"i'''i1
we voice listen will
We are listening to the radio!
 ',>J§r'1""rq·~·n;"
8. "-"-',>J§ri rq·~·n;"IIWt:\§j·9
Wt:\§j·9'·O:;"i·,\
O:;"i·'\1 1
I quickly afternoon at go will
I am soon going our! our.!

14.4 The Imper ative

Imper ative expres ses the idea of reques ts, cdmm ands, orders or polite
sugge stions which are
genera lly implie d throug h the tone and facial expres sions of the
speake r to be exact with the
meani ng. There are numbe r of impera tive signs exclus ively use-d
in the spoke n langua ge and in
the literar y. In the literar y there are three main imper ative signs
which corne
come at the end of the
., senten ce which has to agree to the suffix of the root as shown below.
They genera lly expres s a
"comm and" or "order" from the senior to the junior . In the spoken
langua ge, polite reques t is
expres sed by adding :<:"I"r''1
-'<:"I"r''1''iI::.' (help do) to the root which signify "pleas e help me do".
The
writte n langua ge impera tive form is accord ing to the follow ing chart.
As in most Cases, Tibeta n
imper ative verb has severa l forms, each of which are used for
a partic ular kind of social
relatio nship or standi ng the speak er has with the secon d person
, the hearer . The major
differe nce is with the comm on and honor ific expres sions. The
root conson ants of the verbal
root which have either the suffix "I, Q or <>J <>I are made imper ative by adding the letter·'
letter ,"l
\l as a "ll::.'
Ujl::.'
""1>"1 'post suffix' which are listed in the Tibeta n diction aries as impera
tives. (See the verb list
. at the back of this book). Prohib itives are formed by prefix ing the approp
riate negati ve particl es
to the verbal root.

~~rQ1>"
~~fQ1>"1
Q~flj"¥;"11
QlI!"l"¥;"1
,, "I"I
"\"I Q ".~"I
"i'~"1
I::. <>J
<>I Q flj
"l
is''f
is,,!,
I
"i
OJ
" Vowel endings ~''r
~,'r
I
'lj
~
4"1' j

14.5 Exam ples

Ordinary Hono rific
1. l::.·i·~·
l::.·i·~·"iQ·Q~'
"iQ·Q~'~1~/ ,,-'i·~·~
"-' i'~' ~Q'
Q·i;jQ'l1
i;jQ'll''<.r"l"iI
<f"l"il::.::.·~'
.~/
~ Let us go tonigh t.t.
2. §"\'Q~':
§"I'Q~':3'4"1
3'4"1 ~"i'Q~':
~"i'Q~' :3'i;jQ~'
3'i;jQ'l-Z:"I'll'
j,.z:"Iq "lOjq
"f"il::.'! Come here.
3. "l§"f"l' q'Q ~'l?ll
"l§"I'lj' ~'l?l/ "I~·q'Ljq"
"I~' q' I:jq,,1'
r.z:"l"l'' 'I''iI::.·
-Z:"f"l'''f''iI::.·11 Go quickl y.
4. ~·"l'r.>..s:j
~·"l·r.>..s:]I::.·!§!1
l::.'l§ll a;q'~'Qii\'
a;q'~'Qii\'ll1'':<:''I'
l'':;;:''f'''l'''I''i''
l'''f''i''-'-'1
/ Have some milk.
5. f'l1::.·<
f'l1::.·<.r~·~~·
.r~·~'lj·a;··;Q·s
a;"·Q·S'l~/j' QI1"1'l1'f
Q'1"f'll'f'lI::.'''f
'lI::.'''I''i'~''I'~
''i'~'lj'~Q'Q'Q'q'""li@'''i/
li@'''1 Finish cleani ng the house.
~ ~

6. 1::.·"I~"l·"I·'1,r<li'
,,\·'1r<li'Qiljflj·~1
Qilj"l'~1 <':"\·"I~
<':"I·"f~''l1S'1ra;
llS'1ra;Q·Q·q>1jl1J
q>1j!1J·"f
·"I"iI::.
"iI::.·i)/
·i)1 Let two of us swim.
7. fiil::.·Q~
j'ii1::.·Ql'!"I·"l·W"i'
"\·'lj·W3j'll'r/
Il'l'! fi"-'~'Q~
fi"-'~'Q'1"f"l'''I'W''
"I"l'''l'i'-'<:''f''
W3j':<:''l'''f''i''-
I'lj'''I3'/jq Please show me where lives.
8. <>J'~'3j·I:
<>I·~·"i·I::.·l1J·r~Q'
:.·!1J·r~Q·!§!/
l§l1 <>r"l'l1"i·O j·I::.'l1J''I::.·-'<:"f
<>f"f'll"i·"i·I::.W"f~ 'I~I::.·:<:'"I'''f''i''
'I''r''l''i'-'/'-'I Please tell me if you canno t hear.
9. ~'~'<>J'Q
~'~'<>I'Q:;I::.'~"
:;I::.'~"11 "Ill"l'~~'
"Ill"l'~~'<<>rQ:;I::.
>fQ:;I::.''·':<:"I"l'
:<:''I''1''''IOjI::.·
'I''iI::.'/1 Please do not bang the door.
10. ~"IW~'
~"IW~· a;'M"I~,,
a;'M"I~"I'i5"1
\'i5"1 ~"I·"l·~·
§"f·"l·~·aa;·"I~"\'
;·"I~"I'''''l'''I''
l'''I''iI:iI::.':<:
:.'-'<:''I''I''l·''
''I·''I''iI3jq)leas
q)lease do
e not kill those ants.
11. "l~iy?:i
"l~il)·?:·nr""Ir.
i·nr"i"lr>.'Q~f~'
.>.'Q~f'1
lj·4"1
~·4"1 ;;j'<>J~"
;;j'<>I~"ii'''l''''
'flj'''i'''IQ'Q~'I1
lQ'Q~''1'''':<:"I'll'''I
12. :<"Ji'&"i
:<:Ji'&"i'''''i'~'
'''3j'~'QQ~Q'll'4'
~Q'l1'4'''fl
-
:<",ij'&"i
:<".ij'&"i·"3j·~·q~q
·""i·~·q~q"l'':<:''l
-
:<:"I"l'''I'''iI::.'/
"l'':<:''I''l'''I''i
'iI::.'' Please greet the guests .
'll'''I''iI::.'I
I::.'1 Please rub the mistak en drawin g.
f'l'!1J"I' ibl::.· a1'~'~"l
13. f'l'C1.j"l' a1'~'~"f Q~'lj'l1J
Q~"l'!1J9' 9'ibc:"l
ibc:"l'q'q~>;j'
~"l' ':<:"I'lj'''I
':<:"I"I'''I''i''-'1 Please eat all the foods,
foods.
14. W,,\·~I::.'
W"I·~I::.''''I'l1-''.'
'I'll'''<rnq'n~'§''i',
~'§''i'''II
,\I::.'1
::.'/ ~n'O,"f"l
~'D.'O.,,!,9'll"'!,j
'l1"'!,j''Q~'''li''
n~'''li''l'''I''i''
\'''I3j''-·''F/
-'''FIP lease wear this new shirt.
Please
 UJ
lO J

jec tiva l and adv el" er'bbiaiall cla use s. of time

14. 6 Th e Use of var iou s Ad
low ing
dea lt adj ecti ves and adv erb s in our ear lier less ons . In the fol g the
We hav e already me d by dou blin
ectives (mainly qua ntit y) are for
exa mp les we wil l see how som e adj adv erb ial
not e the pre dom ina nt use of the Cll'~ li' particles in forming var iou s
Cll'~i3i'
syllables and wil l resses the idea
val exp resi ous
ons ,
. The red upl icat ion of the final of the auxiliary verbs exp
and adjecti g.
g,
of "I wa nt you to know" as a warnin
;~.- ";~
>-~~

",' <N''1j~''I
l.~e:.·' ill'
,,!~'f:>.~c:.
C:9~·~· a.;z~rr j~''I ~'F'a ;'lr~'~''i
~'F'a;llr~ '')1
' ~"i'' 'il
E,' ib·q'
L E.'
1. :.·'Ze:.·9
,,·~c:.''Z
ib,q'i1'~e
k ifu esss mo uth bur n it wil l
nles
if unl ,
tea hot the little little by doi ng drin
little, it will burn your mouth.,
Unless you drin k the hot tea little by

~il.'n.·:i.,,
l·fl.r:>.~ ~""§"l'
'lQ'·~""§
:i.a.;'!·'lQ f?'1j'1j''5
"l·:?:?f,) ~'). 'i1
''l'~"i·"
·7"l· )1 ...
..ih
ih~Cl~Cll·
;,.:~
,~

2
2..
ricee rup ees sicty exactly it is
ofpric
pap er roll this ofp
exactly sixty Rupees.
The cost of this bundle of pap er is
'-~
'.J

"e:.'~'"' ~.::
~' ill~' i"l'C
::l"l' ll~'n
Cll~'C tlQ~~'
ll'ri.lQ ·l.r
Q'or ~c:.'c
<N' "ie:.·e :.'(
:.·1
3, lSI'
3. j"l~'~·~<
<N'(1ll"l
lSI' o.rC N~·~' Q' "j' <ic:
iil<N
work to go not did
mo the r min d extr eme ly sad bei ng rk,
not go to work.
Bei ng very depressed, mo the r did

e:.~·'-'4'
4. c:.~·' 5i"r~·
·ii·~·'~·~"
-'4'1j1j·ii .I'lQ·
r~·.I
- ~·~·r:
'lQ·~
I by pro per very hea r abl e not ther
e is -
.,,\''r''l
·~'fl>.,,\' 'r''l

I cannot hear it very clearly.

rly,

S"l'"q~~
fiie:.·1ij·j' S"l·
5. fiic:E ""Q·'''q
~q~~""Q' ,,\'
~·fl '''· i!i~'Qe:.' QI'l
"i·~ 'i"l'''ll
rr:>.'i"l'''
QI'l""rfl. .'3,
'..;~,,:,

soak did it is
his boo k new the totally wat er by
water.
His new boo k is totally soa ked in the
i""J.
i':;.:t.

fie:.' g. 4Cll ·"\"J

6. iiie:.· · Q....'S. "''?''
·ge:.·Q
·"\"! ...·gc:. .>.§u·''fr ~"I
Jl''i-r>.§·
<N,?'·'i-r.
will be
the y She lka r Do ng upto equ al at go
upt o Shelkar Dzong.
ng,
They will be going together
'·Cll ·Q"l·
"(1j· Q"l'f 'nlr:lr>.e
flc=.!C.'n ~·~~·Ul"'i
·r:>..~·~~
>.e:.:.·fl ·Ul"' 1i1
1j·r>.~·~"
~<N·(ll·r>
e:.~·~"'·C
7. e:.~· .~·~"
also go wil l be is
I by ma rke t to go while pos t office
ce on my way to the shop.
I am also planning to go the post offi

"-IF"!';·"',?
8. me:.' "'fla. 1j' 'l~')
~',?(Cll' "lW :r~'''l' Q'P.'i"l
ljQ"lW
'l~'i' Q~illQ
boy the whe re is
beg gar the sleep remaining tim e at
the beg gar was lying down?
Where was the boy when

~;r~'e:.·
9. :r~·e :.' g. <J'l·fu Qil..g2\'(
J'l·fuq· Qn.·g · ib....
l·~"ll'
2\'Cl1j'~" Qto,'1lj
ib .... QIO,"
had did
boy the we not reach bef ore escape
hed there.
e,
The boy has escaped before we reac I
r>.~"
?'>1'(1j'r l·~i:
>.~"l '~i:l ",e:.wfuQ ili·~~'q'
nrfuQ· 3i'~
l.·.' ",e:.· ~,\I
~·q· :i;,)l
0, ~c:.'~
1O. c:.' 'l)c:.
~e:.'~e:.' '<.lnl.'.. ?'>lw
'l)e:.'l..li
bel l ring afte r class ofi nsid
of insi dee arrive if late it is
s after the bell rang.
You are late if you arrived in the clas

:y'i·~II' ~.~.a.;''
~c..~''''
o.· ~e:.' "-I-"-'·ro"l'
a.; "l'1' "'... :;:"I~>1·"Ia:
ro"1' :<:"I' c.·1
r"Ia:,,C.·1
iijc5">i"
11. iije:.' ')'qp:
help do
abo ve at exist nam e list fro m read
 •
Please read from the above name list.
/

12. t;..
12, ir;- <ft;.';.' ~'JJ'7~''
t;.',or;-<ft ~'JJ'7~''S'D.~"i
i'D.~ili''~'§''l'
~'§''l' q~'~"'I'f
q~'~"'l'[lJ'
ll'~·q<1j
~'q<1in-f§
o.f§'ii:j"
'ii:jili'i
i'i
we all equal at cia~s cia~s finish after at water bath will
','Ie wiil alJ
''Ie all swim together after the class is finished, d.
13, "- '\rD.~·"i
~rD.~' ili "'l""I'
"'1'''1' a;')'q'l
a;,,'q'lJ"f~F§il
J"f~F§"ii'
' "i'>{' ~~"-' ~q'~' j)·D.'l"r
ili"f j)'D.'l"r"ll
I by this from howev er many look did even if see able not it is
I canno t see at all despite how much I try to look from here. here,
14.7 The Alpha betica l Notat ion
Just as Europ eans use notationotati on'
n" by means of Roma n letters , Tibeta n works use the
alphab etical enume ration in association with the short short andand long vowel s if the enume ration
excee ds thirty. Althou gh cardinal numbe r can be used when referri
ng to the works of learned
schola rs and masters, they are usually marked with the alphabetical
order. In citing the volum e
numbe rs, the alphab et is affixed with <J~' or <I'o.f <J~'0i"-'' which expre
<J""-f or <18'0\"- expr~sses ses "in" of the
particu lar ordina l number i.e.
i,e, the sixth is expressed byby t:j,,'
t:i"."..
".<£"r
<tor or t:i,)·i];·1;J otr asa;'
t:j,,'a;'1:jr.;.·O\t:.·
r.;.'Oit:.'n asi];' is the
sixth letter of the alphabet. Likewise:

1. ''r 31. lTr 61. J 91. '1' 121. ",. 151. 'JI' 181.~'
181. ~. 211,'!j 241.~' 271. ]'
2ll.,!! 241.~' ].
// - 32, fl' 62. ('1'
2, J'l' 32. 92,~'
92. ~' 122.
122, fi' 152. r.r 182. It
1[ 212, F.l 272, ~.
r.'l 242, F,l' 272. ~'
3, "I' 33. ~.
~' 63.5'
~

63, "I' .....

93, ~' 123,
123,~'
~' 153, "I
153. 183. ~t:t 213,Qj
213.~~ 243.~·
243,~' 273. ~
q
Q,
Q. Q,
4, "-' 34. 2: 64,
64. r;; 94. 2:' 124, (- 154.
94, 154, ca' 184,~'
~' 214.
~' 184. ~'274
214, IiJ 244. 'i,' . ~.
274. ~'

14.8 Voca bular y

'7"- ''7"-'
'7"-''7"-'
~ ~
few ')"/"'')''1
')"1"'')''1 exactly
"5' is"-'
"j"iK very ~'5i"l very
4"i'')'
4ili'?: extremely :2"1':2"1 crooke d
,.
~

" q,,''''
q')''\' totally ii l<fClJ'~~
"'''l.~~.'
: almost
......'S.
«'<;''1' untillupto ~'7"l''l'
~'7<>JS together
~iliW
fZ"i W before ~"'IW
~"'lW later
i'\.<;w
ii\"'w while doing ~<::'S.
~C:::''i' above
/

"I4~S
"I4~''S' below ')"'I''>{'
""'l'~'
~
~
~
~ at the time
~Q"'IW
~Q"'l'nr at the time Q"-'
QC:::' '"')'
-"'" little
'1S"-'q'
QSC:::'Q' to bang ~''1<1j''l'q'
~'Q<1i"l 'q' to swim
~"I'''l'
~"I' <>J' ant "I"i'1' <J' to kill
&Oi'oOi'
&O\'iSO\' mistaken q~q'<r
q~q'q'
-- to erase
"It:.'''lt:.
"IC:::'' lC:::'. ~'~'
anytljing ~'~' volum e
a:Jit'
JJF-' leprosy "lJ'lO\'t:i
<>JJ'l0i't:j'' abbot
~'''i'.lj~'<JiJ.'JJ
iii'''i'.lj ~'<Ji'i:a:J~'
~' Pratimoksa Sutra 'J{c:::'q~,
~t:.'q~')' ,' beggin g bowl
3ClJ'~C:::''
3"l'~"- cross-legged JJ,J,'''I'r::"'l'
a:Ji"l'r:: '''I' offerin g substa nce
ili~'i'JJ'l r:\'
"i~' i'JJ'lr:\' sky q'S')'~'')'F
q'i')'~'' ''JC:' troops of maras

/
 2
...fi
0--'1
u)
.Ji
I:'.
~
'-.J1

-
2
01)

. .li

_9-!

.......
'::t.G .ltJ~6.~
C
2:
~
3i)
_.:0:1?
~7

... ... .
--. .:> ""'
J.l'f'ltJ.[t;.tuU;.\e~.b\,)..h~I'f' .~.6h
.J]

. . . . . . . . . .~/'
"'"

~
14

~
~7

·l:r.~.k<~b.£.b'.17 .~~I'f'l !~.~;J1'f' :rh .~6 v.lt

~-...:>
2:

1~;J1'f'
1:;
jj
i' ,--'1
}I

.....,
I:'. ~

...Ii { 2:

'.t:r .ltJ.'rtxh~ .les: .b.&'J1'n.&/;

L:!

......
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14.10 Exerc ises of Lesso n Fourt een

(a) Transl ate the first senteh ce and repeat it by susbtit
susOtituting
uting Tibetan words for the underl ined.
1. Let us all go to the picnic when the sun rise tomorrow.
/1 ~.g"i'~'
~.g"i.~.q.>;.
q.>;'

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2. Please bringa clean spoon and afork from the kitchen.

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3. Take those towel away and come here after one hour.
~·l'\'''I;
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(b) Repea t the following sentences by filling in the Tibeta n equivalents

of the Englis
, h words :
1. ............................................................................9·n;"I'(l.
9·n;"I"(lj"q~"I·ql
j'q~"I·ql'":i'\·
:i'\· q' ~'\I
~"il

Being unable to eat the pork

Being able to sleep for two hours
Being unable to find the umbrella
Being unable to see his neice.

2. c,' g·~·"1.>
g·~·"1.>;·w;·w···· ··..··· ···········
······················ ·..··..·..·· ·· ·· ·········;·
······················ ·· ~~'~~'\'
···~~·~~'\·
Ul'\1
Ul'\1
tomorrow
summ er next year
~
" with your friend
after singing the song
 LES SON FIFTEEN
~ ~

!ill:r cb"i' .qi5'~' (JI

15.1 Verba l Comp ounds
In this lesson we will learn how Tibetan nouns are converted into verbs
verbal compo unds formed with auxili ary verbs or compl etive by affixin g special
termin ations , The verbal
compo unds signif:r -ize, -ate etc, as in "to moisturize" or "to fertiliz
e" etc" in Englis h. The
three most comm only used verbalizers are ~1<l',
~Qj'<r, "to act" "I~C:'''''
"I~C:'''l" "to send" and 9"i'<l'
9"i'z:r "to do".
They are used as independent infinitives as well as verbalizers, The
applicability of these three
depends entirely on the Iloun to which they are affixed and are not as
/ want them to be. I have yet to analyse linguistically what determ flexible as we would have
ines their applicability other
than my intuitive knowledge of their every day use in modern Tibeta
n, ~"1 is more comm on in
the spoke n language than in the literary where as the other two
are a comm on featur e in the
classic
cIassi callan
al langua
guage
ge.. The following list of nouns with both the ordinary and honori
the verbalizers are some of the standard expreS honorific
fic forms and
expressions:
Noun Noun Hon. Verb Hon, Trans lation
rr
1. Mouth
2. Mouth F'
F'
t'jnr
~q'
~z:r

-
"Ii)'c:'
"I,)C:''
Q5"i'
Q50i'
"I"iC:'
"IOiC:'
to close a lid (to kiss)
to criticize
3, Saddl e
3. ~
~ ~q"r~
~tJ"l'~ ~Q' q5"i'
Q50i' to saddle
4. Salt , ~ 'l!"I~'~'
\l!"I"l' ~' xX xX to add salt
5. Moun tain pass nr nr xX xX to cross a pass
6, Tea
6. E:
e:' "I"inrE
"I"inre;:: tJ')c:'
q')c:' "I"iC:'
"IOiC:'
, I
to gIve
,to give tea party
\~.
7, Horse i]' ~q~'<l'
~tJ"l'Q' xX x to run a horse
8, Mouth f'
fl' I'jnr
I'\nr ~"I' Q5"i'
Q50i' to kiss
9, Needl e
9. q'
fflQ' !:l"l'flQ'
~"I'fQ' x x to inject
10. Stand ~"1
:!l"l ~"1
:!l"l x x to put a stand
11. Shout ~"i' "I~,F~"i' x x to shout
12, Cough
12. iii"
m- "l'jI1l'm'
"l'jnrm x x to cough
13. Meditation ~"l'
~.>J' ~"l' xX x to meditate
14, Power .>fil'
d'fil'~
'l!"I~'''l-
\l!"I"l' 'l'
"lll' x x to curse
, ~

15. Mattress "I"i"i"

"I"iOi' ql1"1~'r"lW
tJl1"1" ''Iw x x to layou t mattress
16, Photo graph q~'
Q.>;' ~'Q'>;'
~'q~' x x to take photograph
17, War
17. "i"l"l "i"l"l x x to wage war
18. Busin ess £C:' 'l!"I~'£C,k
\l!"I"l' :' x x to trade, do business
/
19. Pain !l"l %"i'!l"l
%Oi'!l"l x x to feel pain
20,
20. Reply 11l"i'
fllOi' \l!"I"rfllO
'l!"I~'I1l"i'i' x x to reply
21. Whistle :!"
:!' "J
"j' x x to whistle
22, Teeth
22. "i' a;"l~'
.J;"l"l' x x to bite
23, Call
23. ~"i "I~F:\I"i''
"I~F~"i tJ')c:'
q')c:' "I"iC:'
"I0iC:' to call
24, Boat
24. ::J"
~'
- qQq~"
qtJ"f~'
- x x to row a boat
 £,,' xx totopai nt
paint
Paint
25.Pai
25, nt ,,
£,,' £"1'
£"l' xx
t''1' xx totosin g
sing
Song
26.Son "It'"t"1'
"It'"t "l' "I~~'''It'"
"I~~'''It'"t''l' XX
26, g
xx totosha ke han
shake ds
hands
Hand
27.Han d [1Jo, j"'-l'
[1j"l"l' ~"1
~"I xx
27,
E:'~[1j' q[1j'
q[1J' 9"i'
9'1' "I"l~'
"1"1~' totopro test t
protes
test t
Protes
28.Pro E:'~[ 1J'
28,
:i;q-
:i;q- ~"I"1,~. xx totohop e
hope
Hope
29.Ho pe ~"I"I'~' xx
29, rk
[1j"1''']' ~"I"Ol"1' xx xx totowowork
3D, Work
30.Wo rk [1J" I''']' ~"I'Ol"l'

,).>J·cl' ,).>J·'l' xx actgre

totoact edy
greedy
Aggre
31.Ag ssion
n ').>r ef ')J.I" -l' xx
31. gre ssio
res ent
32, Repre
32.Rep ent ativive
ressentat
a;z:r ~'a;
e a;<:r ~·a;'r
Q' Xx Xx totorep
repres
totopre
ent
par ee
.,
~'~"I I Qt1"Q~"1"1'~ "1
1"1'~"1 xx prepar ,-
Prepar
33.Pre ation
par atio n ~'~" xx ~

33. h con t
ceiit
~'~[1j'
1J' '~[1Jj'
~"1"1'~[1
~"I"I ' xx xx actwit
toact
to with conce
34. Con
34, ceiit
Conce t ~'~[
e
'i"1P'.q. 'i"lP"q'
"q' "i"lP "q' xx Xx to be fon
to be fond in lov
at; in
d at; love ::-,.~

Love
35. Lov
35, e "i"lP .:-'.~

used h Ve
with'
d wit rball Co
Verba mpoun
Comp ds
ounds
15.2
15. Exam
2 Ex ples
am ple of Sen
s of tennces
Sente ces use
'~"":~

~~'iOj"1'' 5lQ'''I~I:
']Z\l''~'~r5lQ' ,'e:''~[1j'~Q'
a;Q'5,.e:
''It1I:.'.'a;Q"5 Lj'~"il
~r>l'~Q'Q' ~'il
~il:~tr
1. ~f.i:
1. ~<:r ~"I' ~"I'!j'l'
q5'~\~"1'
~"I'q5'~\ tl' ~~'iOj"l''']''I
ningg Chi
mornin e emb
nesse
Chine embas at dem
y at
asssy demon trationn did
onsstratio did
my studen
my stu seven
den tt sev by yes
en by terdday
yester ay mor
nes e Em bas sy, -'.s '."ll

testted
protes terday
yesterd
ed yes ay mo min
morni g
ng at
at the
the Chi
Chine se Embas sy. ,-'""
Seven
Sev my stud
of my
en of entts
studen s pro

fS,,'~"1'
"IZ\l'fS"i'
jiil:.'"J"I'
2. jill:.' ~"I' jjr P.~iJ.'
j,jrp.~ ~q'~~ 'OJ'
iJ:~q' \I:.'Q
Lj'''I"\1:.
'OJ' -''<:"1"1'Q'''I" Q'~"I
.QQ' ~"I"I'.. "1"\I:.'~'
Z\l' .....'''1"\ P.5"11
.~.P.5"
2, _~I'
of study
tudy to hel help p t!lo minmind d hop
hope e do _~I'
he by
he by you you by man
by ma n this ofs y,
He is hopin g tj~att you wil
tj~a willl help this per person son wit
with h ,his stud study.
He is hop ing
~'p.:i"l
"--;1

s'''IiOi"\' Lj'' ~"I'I:.

Z\l'I:.Q' S·'a:!'p.QI:.' Q'~'r>
a:j'P.QI:. l'''i'''lP.
Q'~'[1j''i 'Q' §"i'
'lp. 'ii' §'i'~·P. 5"1 ''--;1
'3, §'1'
'3. ".r::: "I'
§"i' .".r::: "J'S '''IiOi'"\'Q Q'S
er middle
daughtter fon d of do
middle the to fond
you r son
your you ngeerr by my daugh
son young er,
fond of my middle
son is fond middle dau ght
daugh ter.
you ngeerr son
Yo ur young
Your
t;::~

£"i'''l~''I'
~' £'1'''I~Z\
S'<fl' l' :'i.r::::)jQ ''I"\I:.'q-"
:'i.I;::ljQ''''I"\I:.' '''il
q-"''11
4. 1:.'
1:.'a; "I'.;.rail:.'
'!5J.1'"\\ Z\l'
a;'j5.>J'" QQ'
.>rail:.'Q ¥i."\'[1j'
Q'¥i '4'.>J'''I~Z\l'
."\'[1J'I.f J.I'''I~''I'"\"1' Q(ljQ'
Q(ijQ'S'
4. did
do did
dur ing do
two during
from not come before
befo re at
at paren
par two from
entt two hou r two
advice hour
fro m advice
we house
we hou se fro m not com e
two hours
for two before we
hours before left the
we left house,
the house.
par entss advise
My parent
My advised us for
d us

[1j"1·~·:i
''l'''i'']p.w'r
q'ai"i'''i\l·'1"]p'·
a;';'q·ai'i·'1Z .llQ'~'jj-
~"l'.llQ'~'
"l' ~"I'
~':i''l' p."i"l
jj-P.'i"l
5. .... ii'~"I'
5, \111l1"'" J.I!tl"\'~' £'~'.>J'
~'~"I'.>Jj'l"\'~' £'~' J.I'a - ~- ~ ~

have if
hot have ifd ifficulty
difficu very do
lty very do able not isis
able not
constr
constru ction man
uction ma n those sun hot
those sun
builders unable to
are unable
rs are wo
to work rk har
hard. d,
Wh en the
When thesun the builde
hot, the
sun isis hot,

6,g;.~."I~I
6. g;,~,"I~I: .>lj'l<li'
:.'.'.>I P.~'P.~'
!tl"\'p.~' p.~':3'
""
:3'.>J.u:jl:.' QQ'
J.I'u:jI:.'q ¥i."\'nl',?' "'' "'11' £1:.
iJ.'¥i."\'nl',? :lj"l'.>Jj'l"\'
' £1:.'':)j"l' "''11'il
.>I!tl"\'"''
"

hereat
thishere notcome
atnot comebefore beforefish fish seller sellerisis
car driver this
cardriver a fish
fish seller.
seller.
this car
here, this car driv
g here, driver er was
was a
Bef orecomin
Before com ing

J.I'~q'Q"'S~.>J' ''1''1' ~"1'ljQ'

ii·'I'llq'Q'''''''i''l' :i"l''j,j'P'
a;"i'~'~"I
. ' a;'i'~'
''i''l
jj'P''1"1
'!ii':i"l'~'~'.>J'~Q' '~'~' Lj""'iZ\l
7.7. I:.I:.'!ii':i"l' ..., '1''l
q""s~...,.>I'' ....,..
.... ..
,... ...,....
~
~

pro per
ionprope
tion r do doable timevery
abletototime notisis
verynot
yea rsixty
I Iyear sixt ynot reachbefore
notreach meditat
untilmedita
beforeuntil ch six tyyears age,
ofage,
yearsof
to be able
abl etoto me
medita ditatete pro
proper perlylybefore rea
beforeI Ireach sixty
I Ido not have
do not hav e very mu very much chtime
tim e to be

8,8,j,j·"It'"t"\ 'l1'!tQ')~'~'~'
·n.rj'l· l' q')~'~'~'''1''1'.ti'~·:i"l'
''1''1' rJ'~'~"I'..;.r>r"''il
:<'''il
jj'''It'"t"\'!
goodvery
thegood
criticiseethe
oth ercriticis verynot notisis
peo pleother
people
,
ItItisisnot notveryver ygood goodtoto criticize oth people,
criticiz e other er people

lf "\"1' ~"I'~q-"\P.~'D.§
-'l"l'"I'"l'~"I'!!!q- 'i'i'Lj'Q'il
"\p.~'p.§" il'il"il
"I'~"·r:>.~'i'r
9,9,I:.I:."1'~"\ \ 'P.~"i''Jf "\"l'ElZ\l'
 I by medicine now on eat ifpain come even if regrta t have /lot
not
I will not regret if I feel the pain even atler taking this medic ine now.·

fir:.· g;·ml::rj
10. fir:.' :.· S,\·r:>.~,\·Ui'\·d\r:>.r:.·mer
g;·ru"rjrr:.· :>.r:.·ruc~.":r:>.~C
r~.":r:>.~1j·~·J.l·
C1l·~·J,j· ijer
ij<f ~"1"J,j"
~"1W '!l'\'
'!i,\' 'J" ~'\,
~,\I
they study do wish have even if school at enter place /lot not gain being not /lOt admit did
Even though they wished to study, there being no places (left) they
could not get admis sion.

153 The Use of S'\'q

S,\·rr Verba l comp ound
"
Let us look into the literary Tibeta n verbal compo und S'\'Q"
S,\·Q· in associ ation with the tenses . S,\'
'.r
Q' meani ng 'to do' comes from the noun S-lf
S-<r "actio n". It is a widely used verbal compo und
which can be affixed with the auxilia ries. S,\"Q"
s,\"rr can also be used as causat ive when the princi ple
verb is postpo sitioned with'th e agreea ble C1j'~d\'
C1l'~d\' termin ative particl es i.e. "':
:<: .
Noun Presen t Perfec t
s-q.
S-"" S'\' S'lf
9'1f
FutUre
Future
9·
S'
Impe-rative
S"1·
§"1'

1. ~'~',\'
~·~·,\·~~'C1j' ~"'Ji'
·C1l·~,\ ~''''-t,'S
·Ji·~·q" '\'~1
·S'\·~1
parro t the water in play does
The parrot plays in the water.

2. ~r:.·lJ·,\
~r:.'Q''\''I'.jj'
"l·.jj·"5r :.·"'~·~
"5r:.·q~ "l·<J"S"1·~I
·~"I·q9" l·~'
farme r byizot
by not allow ofmist
ofmistak
akee did
The farmer comm itted a crime.

3. ~d\ ·S·J,jr:.· "'''l'

"1"1' S·~J.l"l·
:;r~J,j"l·Ui,\·~r:
Ui,\·~r:..··S,\'J,j'.l;jQ'
S'\' J,j'.l;j'r q/
ql
~> ~
~

I
remem ber many by do mind have even if do not able did
Owing to many things to remem ber, I was not able to do even though
~,- .
I had planned to do.
4. Uj·~·'\·"I~J,j·r:.·U
~J,j·r:.·Uir:.
ir:.',\"l '~~fr a;-t,.Q'§
',\"I'~'~ 0;,,' q' S"II
"ll
~

hitter the three I come time written finish do

Make sure that you finish the three letters when I return.

15.4 r:>.~-t,'Q
r:>.~"'q.' and r:>.~r:.'q
r:>.~r:.'q The Verbs of Becom ing
These are the two import ant verbs of becom ing predom inantly used
in the classic al Tibeta n.
It may end a senten ce .b.utb,ut it is often preced ed by an adjecti ve, noun or verb with the termin ative
".'
-t,.'
..

Noun
Nonn Presen t Perfec t Future Imper ative

-
r:>.~-t,'Q
r:>.~".q''
~

r:>.~r:.'Q'
r:>.~r:..q'
r:>.~-t,'
r:>.~'"
r:>.~r:.'
~-t,'
~",
~r:.'
r:>.~-t,
r:>.~"
r:>.~r:.'
~-t,'i5"1
~"'i5"1

1. ~".~Q"
~,\.~ q"lJ,j'
lJ.l·lJ~
Q~'·~di'
~di' .l;jJ,j"l'" '\'r:>. ~Q"lJ-t,·r:
llJ.l"l"" '\'r:>. ~'l' Q"'r:>.~
>.~-t,·
'" ~I
~ ~

your wish of meani ng all fulfil will

You will fulfil all the things you wish to accom plish.

I 2. '\' di "l'~"I"l"
"I.~"I"I. ~r:>.r:.'
~r:>.r:.. .<l'\" Q"·5"· d\ "l'~C1j''
-<l,\' l,j-t,·5-t,· "I·~C1l·"I'I(W~''I'
,",di '~"I.'5.
'5' ct."!'
J',"I' ~I
~
~

that from friend anybody not having become land other to went
Then, not having any friends , they went 10
to anothe r countr y.
6, t;. '[lf
6. q7t;.:"'\
'f~'q'7:
'[l[l~'~' ~"l'
''\~' ~' ''It;.'
'I'~' '':i''J'<ii'\1
q'~:i''J·
''It;.·q·~·' <ii'\1
have
I to letter sen d nee d to many very
I have too many letters to be sent.
~"J'' q. J-f ~"I
~,\I
I
"t;.'1irrS"
7, ",t;.· S"l" "l~'~~"""
ll· "l~'
l,q'f'fll'
l"l'Q J~t;
"'''J .'~'
~t;.' o.~''~''J
~'o.~ Q' J.f
goo d not is
sel fof frie nd to hea d spin to do this good,
Telling lies to one's friend is not ver
y I
"l'Wl'1'~
.'~' "l'7" i' q'"1
1'~"'\' 0 )"l'
Q' "17'7°) q~"i''\9
"I' q:ll, ''i'~~'' :<''\1
\''\9''i' :<',\1
"l~'~Ji'
8. "J-'lo.'~' "l~'~ Jit;.'~'
.li' .lit;
8,
Sun day of day on peo ple of equ al
to happy doing stay nee d to there
e to enjoy with one 's fam ily.
ily,
is I
On Sunday,, one ought to spend tim
,:".y
".y

i)''I'1·q",
~'''l'·'7''
9, ~'''l
9. <l'''a;t;. .·o.l
'a;t;'o.l1
-~ -
~·~''"J'L
'~'o.~'~
t;.F~·o. ,\' "l' ~"il
rLi'i' q~'~'<ii"i' ~,\I I
goo d consider to hav e not is
day every on alc oho l drink to this
g alchohol everyday.
ay,
There is nothing good about drinkin
~"I
ij"r~' "l' ~,\I
,,")' ii"r
''ili'
I
:'-'UfUfo.~'
·"{i)!{i)","
fll'flI'l''' ~ '''I!'
o.~"l''I' ~' ~'fll.!:'-'
~' ~ffllo
''Il'\j~' o.",' '"

l'\"l·l'fll'
~"

,l:j'''J!'j"
1O. j:j·"I
1O. will ~~?t
~~~
by sel f other who eve r benefit do not
peo ple oth er to mo uth sen d do this help oneself nor
Criticizing oth er people will neither
rior oth ers, I
?~
::"li'l

15.7 Be gin nin g a Sen ten ce in

Cla ssi cal Tib eta n I
pro nou n ".
'"
which all share the dem ons trat ive
'':o-~
''''-~
ber of sen ten ce ope nin g clau ses
There are num les which l
le
Je of the sen ten ce or cla use foll owed by single, dual or triple syl labfro m tha that I
as the first syl syf lab ma de
res s and em pha size the jus tifi cation of the points that wil l be
seem to exp it is ref err ing to t·"1"
wh en a sen ten ce begins wit h '"
~.~

onw ard s.
s, As '" me ans 'tha t', e
sen ten ce con nec ted. It can be see n both as a definit
ntio ned or ass um ed to be
something previp viously me s on the nat ure of the
Tibetan, however it largely dep end st of the fol low ing
and indefinite article in classical Mo . t~)'tt
ing examples beg in a sentence. ce, t~)!t

compounds., No t all of the follow

demonstrative particle o.~':
examples can also be used with the
likewise "''1j'ili')'
"''Ito therefore
As to that "'\11
"''ll ''':
''''
"'fll'
d "''li' ~.
.ii,\,\'~'
"''ll'.ii, however "'~" l'
'" 0)"1'
thereupon
oft hat kin
"''Irs'
"''II'S'
"'~'"
".~!:,-, "'~,\' so ma ny
"'~" " namely " .~

q~.li
"'''''q~J
"',, '~'
i'~' so it
so it is
is
therefore
"''l!",~",'
"''l!" ,,~!:,- ' yet ,,'9"",,'
,,'9 for that ".q "l'
". "1"1'

aus e ,,';> "l' that much i'

"'~'\' thus
"'~~
"'~~ '~""
'~"' ~'.l
~'Ji i'
' bec '" ;>"l'
thu s far
,,~..ii"·fll· at the time li'1''
"·q~i")'1
"·q~ similarly "'~,\'
"~' .ii,\'fll' "l'ili'
"';>"l'il) at about that time
from that I'q~t;.
"'~"l'q~ t;. since then
"'fll"l'
"''l!'q~
"'\r q~r~r~'' therefore
o.~'\II'
o.~'' lf S' of this kind
o.~w as to this o.~'I,!""
o.~,\ '!"" in this way
thi s
o.~;fll'~t;.·
;.' further to this o.~'i5"l' ab ou t
o.~'q~~'~' so this is
much
however o.~, ~~,~
o.~'~~'~ ""
-'-' what is this for o.~'q"l' than this
o.~''ll-'-
o.~''1 t;.''
1''''~'~t;.
,\'~"l'
"I' 0.~'q~Ji
o.~'q 5.'
~.li''5: similar to this
,\, thus d~'~'\'~ thus
o.~'~,\'
o.~.~
 r:>,~'a;"l'
r:>.~-;;'''l-''I:r:.
''I:r:. now onwards p.~'<)"J,J
p.~'<>J,J-'a;'
;;" at about this time
r:>,~'\r"l
r:>.~-\r"l"l';;'
"l-;;'. owing to this
,..
/
Exam ples:

1_ ~'nr
1. ~-nr -"J:.'~'.l\
-".1:: ~- .l\d1"l-I1 %')' <g'
J,J"l'!1l'l-i')" <g-"i''jD
"i'F"In .' "i!1l'0.8"
." "Ill.-"i11l -o.S-",-"'~· .it,,:!,,!,~-~-%"i
~- .it',:!"!" ~,~. ~"i''
that to self we found to difficult leisure endowment ofhum ofhumanan body that as to find did
As to that we have found the precious human rebirth with leisure and
difficult to find. endow ments which are
find_

2_ ~''lI-''.'
2. ~-'lI-".- "I4"i'
"I4"i-</<I'" "I~a;'
"I~;;' -.<J;;, QI]"r "i~"i'
-<Ja;'-"11]"1' "i~"i'!:l'
~r "i~"l'
"i~~r <I'
<r ~''lI'
~-'lI' <!i'~' ~"I'.ll"f
~"I'.ll"J' "I~"i'
"I~"i'.<J.
-<J' ~Q'
~q <if
<il
that like explained true not examine analyse do need that like forn the time
being decide not able do
It has to be exami ned wheth er what has been said is true or not,
theref ore we canno t make a
decisi on,on.

J.JfJ.'~"i':s."I
3. 14'J,JfJ. '~"i':s."I''~'''I3i
~'''I;;' "l' ~(1j'~''l
~(1r~''lII'~'
' '3' 4"l'l./"'"
4"l''-I-'','S"l'3i"l if,"I' 4~'
S"l';;'"l'' t, S"i' 4"l'' <r "i~"l'~'
4"l'S"i'4"l "i~"f ~I
paren t's happiness suffering ofsitu of situati ationon that like known having done conten ted do know need to
In
.In this way, knowi ng the state of affairs of one's parents, one should learn
!earn to be conten ded.
f§"i' ~'''r"l<:
4. (2"i'-"J:. '' <1'
'''I'"Jt;.. '1' J;' '~F ~'<)"J,J'(
~'<>J.J'I1l"l'~"i'
1j"l'~"i' l./....!I!J,J.
'1 .... !I!d1. ~a;.
~;;,. q'~"l'''I'
<:i'~"l-"I' :i:S"i'''1
:<:S"i-"1
your feet big small that much only not having shof big that by what do
will
What are you going to do wi th those big shoes when the size of your
fee~ is no more than that?
-.. .... " ,,;.. -..
;...." ..,.
;' 5. "i'a;"l'
"i';;'''f .Q!j<:"j!lJ ..".
.f'1r:>.' ~-' J,J"i·Q""·
.q!jt;.'I!lJ,j'l./r:>,'~ d1"i·'1-';-~-".-71
~-".·71
thereupon since well of water not have become did
--,'.'
->~'
From that time onwards, the water in the well dried.

6.fl·.Q·
6. QQ'~r
fl'.q'QQ "l' <1'~~'
<I'~il.' 5i"i'(1j'~
5i"i'I1l'~'' J,J'~.q'
d1'~.Q' Q-".'~""'
'1-".·~-",·5f
i)1
',',
'.',
snow fall that oftimeof time at SUfi sun cover become did
As soon as it started snowi ng, the sun was obscur obscured_
ed.
7. ~'~"i'''lr
~. ~"i'''lr:.
:. .~. J,JW4"
J.Jw4-".' Q-",'5."l'' ~'~"i·'5.
'" Q""'5."l ~·~"i-5.·'lr:.·Q·~
lr:.· '1-~-"i"l-
·"i"l·r:>, §-".·S·- J,j'
r:>.§-".·S J.f ~"i' ~O:I
until tomorrow sun not rise upto time uptil then businessmen arrive not
will was said
" It was said that, "until the sun rises tomorrow, till then the merchants
will not arrive" ..
8. ~'llI"i·~
~·llI"i·~""l'~"l'<l
l·~"l';;,rir:>.t;.·
.>.<:'·iiJ
iiJ'~9'Q'
·~9·'1·~r.
~r:>.t;.' J,J'~'Q""
>.<:'·d1·~ '~t;.'t:'
·Q-",·~<:' ·t:·1 1
thus say howev er understand smnd able whosoever not become did seems
seems .
Althou gh it was said thus, it seems that nobody were able to hear it.

.<i')"nr r:>.~.
9. .<i')'f1J'
9. r.>.~- Q' -<In.':ii"l
.<J1l.' :ii"l-'.llt;.'
.ll<:.' ~"i'
~"i- <r ~''lI'''''''l
~-'lI-",'''lt;.'
<:'' ';:"I"l'S iQfl;;" S!1l'flQ'
"i'JJfla;'
';:"I"l'S"i' sl1l'flQ'~'
~' <)"J,J'J,J'
<>iQ' J.J'~r:::t:'1
~r::t:'1
Tibet to human being ofrigh of rights ts not have that like however help giver countr y that
There is no freedom of human rights in Tibet, yet there were not that thai much not arise did
many countr ies willin g to help.
help_

,..
/
 -.-;--::

15,8 The Three

ree Co Comp mp leti letiveve Du Dual al Syl lab les
Syllab les
15. 8 Th e Th
.''l' "Du lab leleCom atio n".",
binination
~i'i:' 4i'i:' iii',,\' ~',,\'
~.,,\, and '
4'''\'
4',,\ arearekno wn
known asas'1"'''I~''l'r:>.'S
'1"i'''I~''I 'r:>.'S.''I' al Syl
"Dual Syllab Comb
iiii'i:' ~i'i:' 4i'i:' iii',,\
iiii'i:' ' and
e dis cus sed
first three iiii'i:' i-\i'i:'
i-\i'i:' '
4i'i:'co
4i'i: com me under
e und er thethecomcompl etiveterm
pletive termin tion we
inaation wehav have discus sed
Althou
Althou gh gh thethe firs t thre e iiii'i:' sed by an ave rag ee
ofexp res
expres sio ns
sions wh ich are
which are not exp res
not expres sed by an averag
earlier , they need furthe her r exaexamp mp lesles of not
earlier, the y nee d furt y are -,
b totobe becancanexp ress.s, Un
expres for tun
Unfor ate lylythe
tunate they are not
".

termininaation functictiooning nin g asasaaver verb

compl
com pleetive tive term tion fun
s
aries
arie by
by Sar al Cha
Saral Chand ndraraDa and H. A. J asc
Das and H, A. J aschke, They
s hke . The y
even listed in the Tibeta n n Englis
Eng lish h dicdiction
tion
even list ed in the Tib eta
indire ct speec
ech h and
and nify
signify
sig "is
"is said
said", ", "wa "was s sai d", or
said", orhashas sai d" and
said" and isis
are used
are use d to exp res s to expres s ind irec t spe diti ona l
· and
·A"\'\' and 4'''\ ' are
are use d totoexp res sscon ional
~'''\'~''
~·"\ condit ':"1
equiva lent to the
the spoke
spo ken n Tibeta
Tib eta nn :il,",'~,
:il.... ~. 4',,\' used expres
equ iva len t to , the y, she ,
gative of what was s being
bei ng said
said or
or l be
will
wil said and
besaid andthu thus s sig nifyy "if
signif this isis (he
"ifthis (he, they, she,
interro
inte rro gat ive of wh at wa
so"or or"if "iftha thal wassaid saidso" so", .
you,
you , I)1)sai said d so" l was
mo rize d", , sosoiUsitissaid
said,.
1. t'li,,'r>j'ill" 1>!1'
>!l' ?kll"i'
<k! i"l' iiii'i
iiii'i:,:1 "I"1hav
have e pro perly
proper ly me memo rized"
1. ili"'r> j'iil"1
h isis ang ry,",,so
angry," so ititisissaid
said, .
is'Jft::.,
2.2, is·Jf ",'~n:1
t:....·~n: \ "The
"Th e bitc
bitch '"":~

ess hid it", so

e it", said,.
so itit isis said
.~>!l. '4rJ:\
.ii>!l'~>!I
'ii'll'.ii>!l 4il:1 "The
"Th e tigr
tigress hide
3.3, 'ii'll'
ed "wh did you
eree did you go? go?" "
·"\1 1
''F5.'L:! ~,\'i5'"\ If(I
If (I am
am) ) ask
asked "wher
4;.4, ''F5. ·L:l~,,·i5
am, you you are are)) askaskeded "wh
"who o too
took k it?"
it?"
5,
5. ~>!I'r:>.6
~>!l· r:>.6 '>:"~'''i1
·'::~ ·"\\ If(I(I am,
If
ed "wh en wa s itit mix
mixed ed??" "
!l' 4'"II
"\JJ'~"I'r :>.~'II' "il If (I am
If (I am)) askasked "when was
6.6, "\JJ' ~"1'r:>.~> ;: :~

15,9 ssiical
Class cal Tib etaan
Tibet Readi
n Re ng
adi ng
15. 9 Cla

~'q
'~'~' ~~'~
q~~' q~'~C
~q~' -'l.J''~'q~'
~~'l.J ,C-'
~'q~'"",~'
l~O)''~~ ~r~;r4
~~ 2~r ~r!;lq
~;J'4~ r!3 'L.r
q'L ~",'",
-l'~ qO)'~~
",''')qi '~'''5i
l)'~C-'~ ~'~~rrqa
l)'~~'
'5O)'~ qa'~'
I~O) e-..
,,_ _
..
e-.. .",.
_ ~

q~'.J'
'i!.' q~'l
Q __ ~ ~

"V!!'" Q
a:;~'l.J'
c-..
e-... e-..
~
~

C-'~ ~~' C". '1i1

'1i1~'~' 51' qo. 'a:, 1i1"l' ibc-
Tjil)''1i1"l'
0-1'>>fI"i 'l.J''i!.' q'
J~"'~'
J~"' '5il)
'5 0) qD-'
~

~O)' Jl' 0)
'0)" l'
"l' a;o.!'
q" ~.~
q" ~'~'. 0-1ib.J:.' ~il)
o.! a:;.J:.' ' qD-'f11
qo. 'f11 Jl'
Jj'")"" .Jj
--... "
......, ~
~
....,
-..., e-... e-... e-...
~~'0)1
..... e-..
e-... I.."
I..", . -.
ibc- 'q'' i!.'
i!.'q~'
~ _C'...
q~' q'D-",
q'0 ."",',,)"l' Jj'9'5
"""
,)9 ' Jl'''l'5 9'9~'q
''l'''l~ ' q~~' il)1
ib~'q''
..."
,)"l~"lc" ~w
~'f11'
_"

Ilj~~'
'V"
~' Sc.: q' 0)1 f1~'''l'
flC -'''l' ~"l~',
~"l~ ',,) I
~~'
Ilj -...,'33 ~' SC, ,'q' il)l _. " 'X>
"X>
i 'V"
'V"
_......
e-...
I
c-... _ .
_ -""' _. e-...
:.' q~1q~1 ",'q~ "" q~''~~' C"~' a; .J'>Tjil)'0
a:,iJJl'>fI"i' ."')'
D-""
-...
1,,'~f11 ' q'",q 'l'), Jl,,\' q(.l:
"\'q o:q q.J:.'
.J:.' ,,~f11' q.J:.'''li''i~'
"'~f11' q.J:.'''l l)~' ,,)"l~'q q .J:.'o.~.J
'" "l~'.J:.'D-~ .J:.'
. . -
I'" ~f11 ' q'" \q' l'7 'iJ.J _e-..c-.... __
_e-...
_c-.. _ _ ...
~
~
~
~

:.' il)! ~'

.J:.'o.~.J.'''i!
~
~
e-... "
C'.,..
C"<.. ....-

'§J 9'~ '~q ' q .'D-~.J: c'"

'~q'q.J:
.",. ....".

''t1f11 ' .~'I

Jl'D-~'
Jj'o i1C-
Ii1~'! '1 ib~'
ibc'" q'll!
q'\!!.' .'q~' qo.
qD-''§ ' j''l'~
q~")'O )' a;Jl'~"
q~"')' il)' a:,0-1'~,, i'D-"""
\'o."')' ")'t l f11 q.J:.'
'q.J :.' -...
....... ...... ......
-"'.... . -...
-...
-.-'. c-..
e-.. _...... ...... . _ _ _
......
-.-' ..", _-... ...."
'l.J~' a;Jl'~"
a:,J-l''2il)S "
-..- ....".
il) ~I l~c'" E.'q~")
!~~' q~")S til'~~' a;"i
S til'~~' a:,il)'l.J~' i' "" "
,,)9~''~~'
o.~' ,,)"l~ ~F' ~q~' ~q~'Jl",' ""lC-~'' "i~!
0-1"')'""l~~
<tJf11'
'""')'tj q.x.,'D-:!j'
f11'q.x..' C'...e-... _ _
C'...
e-..
_
ib9~'~
o.'a:;"l~' 9~' J' q' .....

q"')",'~D-'
,,""- -.

q~nl'l.J l.J''q"'iy~ ~"l~'l.

C'... C'\...

i>JS~'Ii1~ '!I q~nr

.......

.q~")' q~l l~~' ~q'~J ~Jj~',

1~C-' ~q' l~',\ \qo.'f 11'~"l
qD-W~ "l'q' 'L.l'Jl' 'Sc"'I'F
.q~"')'l.J~1 ~
~
e-.,..
~
~
c.... c.....e- .. e-...""-
"e-... -...
-... e-..
""-
J~' '\l.J
-..... ..
...........
o. ''' '9''l~'
""-C'... ""-..",
Jj'' ''9''''l'
9~' Jl''''''l
-...
§J9'q'5
''l'''§jG]'
...... "')'
q'5")'
eo... c....
~iJ. ''''''l''
-.-' ......
~q' ~Jl~'
c-..
e....
~2)'
..... ......
'\'~~ '\1{ ~~
~C" 'f11' Jl' "'''l'
Jj'' \9' q'~"i'
q'~" 1)'f1~
,''5 'flc '"
' s~'
SC- ~q'
' '" l.JD-
~2)'"ii
"'I '\'~C"'\1jl' W
. - ' . .....
..,.. c..e-.- ..._ .. e-... -...e-..
. . . .....
--...
_"
"l' ' Jl""l.J' Jl' ~"" ~~' E.E.D-'''l'''
""-
. . . . ..
... -' 0.'9"'0)''i''
.....
.... ....
-'" ._'.
. . . . '--
-- . . q.J:.'~.J ... .....
.' o.") "')'~'1) q'J jZ::;' "1' Jj' ~"\ '~C
"l'l.J
_
(.l."i '~~' ''" ili'"
"i' ")' ')'"'G]'
",)"l ' q.J:. :.'1)l
'~.J:.''51 f1~'f11'
flC "W ~'D-")
.J:.c. ""~'1)
q'.J:.,,)l
q' .J:.~! o.il) '~C- ")
'l.J~'",IiI' q.J:.'o.~.
'''\9'q.x..'D- J:.'
~

.q~q~'l.J~
~ ~

'~C-'f 11~'q~q~ ~.x..'

~

q~"'~~'
~")qC ~~ q~a'
q~a '~q'
~q' q~q~'l
q~ q~ .J'
' ")~'
\c'" ,tJl' '2",'~'~O)
,tiJ.J'~O)' ~'c"O)'~~ 'f11~'
'~~' ~C,,'
'l.J'\!!.'
q''i! .' q'"
e.... __ -... .....
.....
_
.....
i'1'
.......
c-.......
e-......... _...... _co. ..
_co... ......
....... eo.... ......
c... e..... ..... _ . . . . . . .
'9~ ' q~'
' q', ''l~' a:, ,q~'~Jl~' .x..~'D-
' "\'iJ' q',?",' ?") a:,' ~iJ. J~' .J:.C,,'o. ,,\,\
,\,\',?" ''7'' '-'

11'q~Jl 'l.J' "'''l'''' ~'-'Jj '.'

q'~O)' "i! l"'~'

l"\ "i''''G
~' ",' "')G j'~Gj'f
j'~G j'f1 1'q ~ iJ.J'q '",)9 '"')C Jl''''Iij
q'~O)' ",I e-..
c-..
-..
.-....
.....,
..... _......
e-... -...e-...
_C'>.. C'>..

~F~C-' ~· 53' 0-1',

o.~ 53' Jl' '\"l' q'D-~.x,)9 ' q'o.~.x. q''')C-'J
..','q''')~' !
D-~~'
....,
_
Jl~~' q' "'~' q'5~'l. ~'J'~il)' ",''')0.' ~r~")'''
q'~",'"i''')D- ' S'~""Z:: q'fJi.J:.·' ~F~~'
;9'q'fJ;.J:.
)''l'
iJ.JC-~'q'")C-' q'5 _
...... e-...
e-.. e-.. c-... "
e-..
....... c....
-... _ ....... "
-.-' c....
c....
1"l''l'9'K q'" )9'u.j", '",'")D-'(J.j
j''i' "i' 11'
")o.'u.jff11'
.lqJj~''5")'")
'",'~Jl~' ' q .J:.'~.J:.'
~' q.J:.'D-
-...
,,\''M,,\'4~
J:.'il)''M''i '4C"'1i
'1i1"l'' K q' "'''l'(J.
q''\~'
q~Jl' '\'iJil)' '5")' ")"lj o.~.J:.'qr
qf ")")q.
q.J:.'
q~iJ.J'q' C'.._ ~

c-.. _c-.. ~~

-...e-... .....
-v-' _
...... e-.. ."'"
~

Wo.'')q'
D-WD-'' )q'~~'~ ·~3\")'~
~c''''i' -~'q'q
·")'C~'l.J' "," i'3\1
c-...
q"'1il)' il)!
c-'z::;"lr")~' ..-~q'~il\
l'r.;;;c~' 'q'~3\'~ ",'il\''')
'~il\' 3\''')o.
o."')q'~~t:..s
D-",q'
~
~~

~
;'
15.10 Exerc ises of Lesso n Fiftee n
(a) Repeat the following sentence..s by substituting the clause on the right.

1. fie:'!!"i' ",i"""1~
"'i"'·"1~",·<ij·
""<ij'~'~· Q')e:' a;.. ,:ili "f
<6 ..T.: "I" 4'~"I'''I'
4·~"I·"I·r:>.§·~·<ij
q§'''i"<ij"i·
''i'iis':;:,
li'l,
~:rJi. ~'''I~''l'
~'''I~''f'''' '8e:' a;....
<6"" Q' ~r'\' Ji",'nr
Ji""nr
fie:' ir'\'' mQ'~r'\'
fie:'ir'\ ruQ'~r'\' "'~"Wi' i'Q"I q 'Jirlf"l"i
Q"IIl.' Jirlf"l"ie
e:'"i"l'
:'"i"l'
6"" ~.~.~"
i§",' ->.c: .~.~",.
,. ",a;"l'~"
",a;"l'~"l'1je:'
l'1je:' Q3"""i
Q3"""i""l'l'
r---
i

6",·~r'\·~·":~Ji
2. i§""~r'\' ~""~Ji"a:·J·r§"i·
J"§"i'~''~·"i'
'i' 'f1J'~' Ji'''l~''P!
e: '(lJ'~' Ji'''l~''rJe:'
~e:' ~",. q"l'~'
<j"l'~' ~"l' ~"ll
~"II
i§",' "'~'''F~
6"" "'~'''F'~''''
~' ~"""i"i'~'''il
'~'"il
i§",'~r'\
6"" ~r'\' '~""
~ .... ",~
",~..,.
.... "'''l''''~''l'4'"i1
''l'4'"i1
6"""Ie:'.~.
i§",'''F ~'~""~""
~..,.~..,.""q§'~''
""r:>.§'~'i'
'"i'

3. Ii!'",r'\'
Iir",r'\''''j~e:
'I~e: "l'
"I' 'I"~''l!''''
'f~''l!''''''lq
''le:'1 ~Q' <>lr'\'<ij ",w
<>lr'\'<ij""(lJ' 0." "I"l' 'f~'''le:' "'. ~e:' Q
"j"l''I" ~e:. (,
.... ~e:'
Q""
ilfQ'''l''
ilfQ'''l''l'~''l'~''
j'~''l'~''rrJf
J f ~'~-nr
~.~"C1f "'''j'Qj''l
"'''I'Q!"~ ~I
k ~~"'''l'~
e: "I" ~"'''l'~'l1
'!1l"i'<j
liJi' q'4"i''2
' 4"i''2'' "'''J(:('
"'''lll.·e:
e:nrii'l
nr iQIl
: 6""~"I'''
i§""~"l'''je:'''le:
Ie:'''le:''''''
'''' :ij"l' q''l!'~' 9"" 'fll.~'
]j"l' <j''l!'~' 'I"(:(~' Jf :3e:'
:3e:'Qr'\ 'f1J"l'l' ~I
Qr'\'(lJ"
('!)
(';') Repeat the following sentences by filling in the Tibeta
Tibetan.n equiva lents of the English words
gIven.

1. m'1"~"l'
~q.~"l' i'~'iii"l"C1f"
"j-nr"""Q~"'<g
Q~"'Q"""""""""
""""""""""""""
"""""""""""'"
""""" ........ ~"'.0''5.''1l
going to sing
going to pull the rope
! going to listen to the radio .
I going to help the old lady
"
e:'i·IVQ
2. e:' i-nrQ'ij"'ij"i·"l·..
i·"l········......··.....
·······_···.....··..··.
············.·....·......
············....··..··..
··············....·...... ···....qiS
·····..··.. ····· ...·Ul"·Q
..r:>.B..,·U "l1
i,,·<j"l1
many new and beautiful books
your parent's photographs
many old Tibetan coins and rugs
yOUT new pen and uncle's old hat
your
is · e:'"ie:
3. B",·..,e: '"ie: W~f1J'
-nr~(lJ'"i"l' Q~'"
Q~"'~"C
~-nr ""jr:>,'q·
1f ""IP.' Ul" ··························· ····················.............
q·Ui,,···· · ·· ... ""!D."
""1(:(' q'Ui",
q'Ul"1
~

or to run in water
or to go to schoo l
or to play flute
or to learn Tibetan
(c) Identify the case markers in the Classical Tibetan reading (15.9)
(d) Translate the following into Tibetan. .
'
1. I wili not meet your uncle if I am asked to give him your letter.
2. She will carry this bag and your trousers if you asked her to do it.
3. I am not fond of going outside in the sun even if it is important.
4. Since my husband is not at home, I cannot tell you whether you can take
his car or not.
5. If they are shouting at night, my dog will be barking early in the mornin
g.
/
6. May
Mayall all the poor in the world become happy on Monday!
7. You should ask me three questions before. noon.
8. I have leave here at se'len O'clock to meet my mother at the airport.
9. We have been learnming Tibetan for three weeks.
10. I still cannot pronounce your name Properly.

, ,-- '1

-~"~
• -<!

.~

,
.:~

.~
 15.11 Extra ct from the Elega nt Sayin gs by Sakya Pandi ta
...,. e-....
c-.... C'..
C>.. ....-
......
Iil\ -'" ~ ~r
Iil\"" ~' aT Ilj
I1j"'it:. t1j' Ulr.:;
"\ t::. ~' '~f f'f<l1t l:1j' uP:':; I II)'ll)'G~'
l'7Ilj'l)' G~' G""
G-'" G~r.:;'
G~':.:;' lJ'
z:.r~1
~I
'> '>

IG~' ,,\t::.. ~I1j' G'i:!.nr .>:jCJJ~'

"'it:.. ~Ilj'
'>
l:lCJJ~' \)S:':F
\) \:':F '\'I 1"'\9""
1,,\ 9-'" "'\I1jil\'
~

Gfij il\SSGe.
':.:; Ilj ",' Gfijil\ GE. ''l:F·r.l
19' r.l..~"'J
~ -"1
~

~
'> '> '>
I
,/
./ Who is there that has not been afflicted by wealfh?
Who has always remai ned happy? '.
Allha ppin~
All happin ess sands ~~ing
and sUffer ing
Alternate like winter and summer,
r.
~
~

IUlili'7
!Ulil\'l)il\'
ili'~t:.'
~t::.' ~CJJ~·t
~CJJ~'t::.
:. '~f1j' ctl
etl ICJJfl~"
CJJfl~' lJ-"'~-
I;J""~"'"" il\'",\f1j
il\' ':.:;f1j'"G""I1
G-"'Iljil\
'>
jili ~I
'>

l~" ~il\''7
I~' ~ili',?Ilj'7"'
9'l)''l!j'~'~!
j'~'~! I~' CJJa>'
~ ~

\)'' \)'Ilj'
CJJct\'S \)-I1j-nf1j'~9~
.r~I1j~1!
~

'> '>

Those who have small qu(1[it

qualitiies
es have greiit
great iJrroga
arrogance
They will live in subdu edman
edma nneri
ner iffthey
they become wise.
wise,
It is the small rivers which are always noisy
Where does the ocean make a clamour?

l~"~"':;'~
!~'~':. \"~ ct-Ui"'\
..... . ..."
a>'Ui':.:;'~-"'I:J
-~""I;JI!\\
~
~..." co...._
1,,\''):j'
1r.:;"'):j":.:;'Ujil\
'\"U1il\"'l)ili
l)d\"~ili
'~il\ "~"
'~' CJJetIlj
CJJct9
.....
~

It:.'ct- QQjf1j" ~'Ulili

It::.',:b' QQjf1j'
.
~

~'Ulil\ "7ili
'>
......
''7'''\1
'l)il\',?': .:;!
c....
~
-.. ... .
..... ..... .
!~I1j~'~'
I~Ilj~
.....
'~' S~'l)'Il
S~"7'I1jl)CJJ't
j7CJJ't::.
:. il\'r.l.Lqf 1j1
'" 'r.l.Lqf1j1
As long as One
one has shame
"
It is the excellence ofthe
of the virtuous ornament.
ent,
If one's shame declin es .,
/ Even the virtue itself
itselfw ill spread a bad reputation.
will
~ ~

1~ 'U1t:."G
!~'Ujt:: '" til' t1jSlr
.' G"\9'l:1 j'':.:;';1JUl
'Ujil\· ':.:;t::. 'I'!
ili'",t:. p'lJ'lj r.l.'U1t:.
fO- r.l.' Ujt::.''Q",\I1
Q':.:;Ilj'jWCJJ'S
~

CJJ ~ ''f<lt~!
n,J' CJJ' S"l f'1 ~I
~

~
" SCJJ~' d\'U1t:. ~ "
ICJJ"
~ ~
..... c....
C'-.. ..... c-... .....
!CJJ' ili'Ult::.''"'\'CJJ" ~I1j
'" CJJ' ~Ilj IG~"1
IQ~"1~~'iliS'
' il\S'7':.
7",\'r.l .S"'I;Jr
:;'r.l.S':.:;' lJr.l.'~
.l.'~f1j
f1j! 1
C'.., .....

Even ifsom
if someo
eone
ne is unloving and dbes
does not like onese lf
One should not annou nce it saying,
"He is my enemy " ant/. "He dbes
does not like me",
me".
If one announces it, that in itseifw
itself will
ill cause disharmony.

I'
 LESSON SIXTEEN
~

/ a>ili' qQ'~Qr'"JI
~z:r a>ili" qQ'~Qr',JI
~~
~~

16.1 The Passive Voice

As a rule, the subject of an active verb performs the action of the verb while the subject of a
passive verb receives the action of the verb" verb, .The
. The subject of a passive verb is what in the active
would be an object. In Tibetan since the subject is not necessarily mentioned, an attempt to
make a big difference between active and passive verbs seems to be rather superfh.lous superfluous except
when translating English passive sentences into Tibetan" Tibetan, The ergativity of the Tibetan language
makes it fuJI
full of passive idea.
idea, The formation of passive is very simple as there is no change to the
root of the verb. The only difference is the shift of the subject into object. The agent through
which the action <;,f
9f passive verbis-done
verbTs-done to the subject is expressed by the instrumental case
marker~, For example "l"<>1l\l"s·nrS<>1"rQ·"Ii!)e:;."Q·~"i1
marker.l\l" "I'<>1'11's'nrS<>1"rQ'''Iilie:;.·Q'~''i1 "TIiemother loves (her) sdn" (active) and S"
S'
fll"ll'l'<>1"1'S<>1"1'Q""I 0Fe::-,
fll'Il'l'<>1~'9<>1"l'Q'''I0Fe::-1 "The son is loved by themother"(passive) mean essentially same thing
and yet there is difference in the conversion of the subject, subject. The reason why passive is
sometimes preferred is that greater interest is shown into the receiver of the action than dne one who
performs it, Let us illustrate this further: a;e:;."<>1"l'S"Ji't1l'''1''I''i"Ji"4-''."''1"~''i1
a>e:;.'<>1"l'S'Ji'r>l'''1''I''i'Ji'4'''·''1'~''i1 meaning "Everybody
laughed at the girl", "1"I"i'Ji-..cj",",
"1"I"i'Ji'4"', of course, is an intransitive verb; S"Ji"
S'Ji' is "goverend by" or, as it
may also be termed "the object of' the accusative particle fll"
fll, But it may also be analysed in
another way, fll""1"I"i'Ji-..cj"'"may
fll'''1''I''i'Ji'4'''may be called transitive verb-phrase having S'Ji' as its object. In this
/
way we can understand how it is possible to turn an active sentence into passive:
.,.~.
:~.

;~:l Active Passive

a>e:;.' <>1"l' S' JJW"1"I"i'.<1' 4"'" "1"
a;e:;.'<>1"1'S'JJW"1"I"i".<1" 4'" "1' ~"il S"Jiw a>t::: J./"l' "1"I"i'Ji' 4"'"
S'Jiw a;e:;.'J./"I'"1"I"i"Ji" 4"" "1""1' ~"il
everybody by gril to laugh did . girl to everybody by laugh did
Everybody laughed at the girl. The girl was laughed at by everybody,
l-..
"i <>1"1' aJ~''''iili' <>1'~"
<>1'~' "1.K~"
"1,K~' ~"il
..... C'..
c",.

"i<>1"1'aJ"I''''ii!)"
~ , . ~
"'"'iilj'
~
J./'''i'''i<>1''1' J./~' "1,K"I' "'''il
iilj"J./""i'''i<>1''1'J./"I'"1.K"I""'''il
~

army by thief the seize did thief the army by seize did
thief,
The army will arrest the thief. The thief will be arrested by the army.
army,
,
~'<>1"1'
~'<>1"l' ~'JJ'~'§"I"q'~"il
~'JJ'~'§"l'q' ~"il ~"Ji'~"~"<>1"1"§"f
~'Ji'~'~'<>1~'§'If q' ~"il
Nyima by painting the.did
the,did painting Nyima by did
Nyima painted that drawing,
drilwing. That painting was painted by Nyima,

Q"i' q' r.jnr,3;' "1"l' "i::"I"liI"i'iij'~'

Q"i'q'Z<lnra;'"1"1' "i::~'li!"i'iij'~' ~"il "i::"l'li!"i'Q"i'q'r.jfll',3;' "1~r~"
"i::"l"1iI"i"Q"i"q"Z<lfll'a;" "1"r~'Qr ~"i
~"ilI"r
Tibetan most by U dialect understand do U diaclect Tibetan most by understand do
Most Tibetans understand U-Ke (Lhasa dialect).
dialect), U-Ke is understood by most Tibetans,

16.2 Relative Clauses

When an infinitive verb stem is followed by the suffix <>1f/i!)"
<>1f1ili' ('O"J./f/i!)")
(-"l'J./flili') it expresses 'he who eats
(ate), but when a past verb stem is followed by "10." qo..
"10.' or qo.' ('O"l'qo.")
(-"l~'qP") it expresses "that which
was eaten", In Tibetan, the equivalent of the English relative clauses clalJses come before the word to
which it relates, and a sentence i,e, 'This is the man who wrote the letter' will have the
following word order: Uj·~·"'~"<>1f/ilj"~"a'r~·D.~·~"i1
lil'~''''~'<>1f1ilj'~'a'r~''''~':<'''i1 'the letter he who wrote that man this is'.is',

/
 -'-"'1.
-'':'''1.

6.6 Deriv ation of Word Class es

of langua ge which is
As language consist of characters which signify words, the structure
q".~".qiJ.."l!jc
known as "grammar" q"'~,,'qi .' looks into the way in which those words are modif ied and
J.'''l!jc..
jOined together to express thoughts and feelings,
joined s. We have noticed some words were given as
exampl~ both of nouns and adject ives, others notins and verbs, and others again as
as nouns
additive partic les and the
adject ives and adverbs. Nouns and adjectives share some comm on
fll'~i!)· makes it difficult to look at the forms of examp les in injr~,
multi- purpo se use of the seven r>l'~Oi'
word classe s help us to Ii.
isolati on. Howe ver, the basic structu re and knowledge of the ing senten ce as an
follow
unders tand the conten ts of a senten ce. Let us try to analys e the '",~.
liit
example: ,:::.
"it-g

~·q·"la''l~'~'
~'q'''la ~~'~q'
"l~' ~'~ 'P.§
''l~''l'P
~'~ q'''l~''l .lS"l~' <I' ~~' tr ~'\' ~'f' J.l'<:P.5r
''':~' J.lS"l~'
.§'<:~'J J.l""P.5fll· q' ~"I
>l'q'
Iil'l.l
!i1'
fei! down,
Havin g taken a book the tall monk escaped quickly but he fell down.
i

~.q', ~q'
~'q', monk, book substantives ~.

~'
9a9~'~· tall adjective ,
~

personal pronoun
~

fl·
fl' he
9~"1 a indefinite article rl!fi
I!fi
~i
~~. by him demonstrative pronoun instrumental (ergative)
past participle ~.
o.S""" P.5r>l'
r:>.§"' P.5 fll· took:, fell
~'
~. ~
having continuative particle
~' but conjunction (expressing contrast) .~~-

down adverb of location J

J.l"'"
J.l""
J.lS"l~,q, quickly adverb of manner
"1'':<:,,' did auxiliary verb of simple past perfect

Now if we want to speak more than one, then the sentence beComes:

j;'p'§""~'
~.", j;~'" "1'''' j;'p'§""'
l~' ~''''
~'q'9a"l~' ~' J.lS"l~' <I' ~~' q' .:<:,,' ,,'fc::
~'fC.'l'l· J.l""'P.§rfll'q' ':<:"1
J.l""P.§>l'q'
down.
Havin g taken those books the tall monks escaped quickly but they fell

~'q·"la"l~':<'c.
Here in the above sentence ~'q'''la' ',,~' and
'l~'''-c.',,~' are chang "'1',','' ,,,'l~'
a''l~,~''''l~'
~·q'''Ia''l~'~
Changed into ~'q'''I
by suffixing ii' as most
and "q~'l' this is to reiterate that these substantives form their plurals
substantives do, The rest of the sentence remain unchanged, ged. S'imilarly this senten ce can be
moods or by adding the
chang ed if we want to speak of simple present or any other tenses and
:':\

interrogative or a negative
adverb of time instead of adverb of manner or with both or make it an in one contex t
senten ce,We :can apply similar tests to most of the words which can be a verb
ce.We ican .
r.
but a substantive in another or is an apjective in one and adverb in anothe

Subst antive s from verbs

iJ.l'q' to write iiJ.l'J.lj'
J.l'J.lfli\
l,\' author
..---
,,'''1'
;J'''1' to eat ;J'J.lflOi'
,,' J.lj'l,\' farmer
:J'(J'
:J''J' to copy :J'J.lfl<l\'
J.lj'l,\' copier
 Verbs from Subst antive s

"'1"1"1" strength :!"I"-r sCfcr

"'1"1"1"~ strengthen
~<>;'JI'
~<>;"JI" thief ~'sq
~"~"cr steal
'qc:.<>;"r.r
1<:'<>;'<.[ gift q<:."\'q'
qc:."\"q"~'i"
~'i' give present
Subst antive s from Adjec tives

~~'~'l.i
~~"~"l.i"' beautiful ~~'~'
~~"~" kindness
P.§~'Q(d
P.§~"Q(<>;"
i' wealthy P.§~'<.[
Q§~"r.r
:,::c
wealth
~~'l.i'
~~"l.i" clever
& ~~'~F
~~"~F cleverness
Adjec tives from Subst antive s

~di'fl'
~"i"fl" danger ~"\'fl'oO<
~"i"fl""">;'
i" dangerous
fl'q'
fl"q" snow fl'q'oO<>;
fl"q",,"i"' snowy
"I~~'
"I~~" "I~~'~'
gold "I~"'"~" golden
Adjec tives from Verbs

""IP.'q
""IA"q to be glad 'i"lP.'~"
'i"lQ"~"\"\' blissful
/
-'l"q"
"'l'q' to eat "'l'~~'q
-'l"~~"q"'
, edible
," "I~,,"r
"I~,,"q" to sleep "I~'"
"I~""""i
00"\'" sleepy
Verbs form Adjec tives

>j~'1:i'
.lj~"1:j"
~ short >j~ S"l~~'
.ljl:;
~
S"l~~" 'I'
~
q" shorten
~~'q'
~~"q" long ~s"l~
~"5:""I~'q'
~~"q" lengthen
"I~'JI'
"I~"JI" clean "I"~'5.'
"I"~"'S.""I~~"q"
''I~~'q' clarify
Adve rbs from Adjec tives

Qi"l'Jl'
>l!"I"JI" remainder Qi"l'JI~'
>l!"I"JI~" in the remainder
"I"I~'q'
"I"1~"q" n(!w "I"l~'q
"I"I~"q~'
~" newly
"1"1"1'
"1"1"1"q'
q" clear "I"l"1'l.q~"
"1"1"1" i~'
~

clearly
16.7 Exam ples
r>. ~'~i':\'P
A~"d":\" .S"1· q'Uldi'
p.S"1"q" Ui"i" This is my offerin g, (substantive)
offering"
~i':\'P.S
~~"AS"1""1'q's"l'
q"!!i"l" JI'
JI"§~
§~"''I I have not made offerings"
/ gs, (verbalised substansive)
EI""
Ei'" ~~'~'~
~~ "~">l!"fQ
"fQj"l'A
j"l"Q ~'''i''l'
~""i"l" q'~'
q"~" ~"I'P.""
~"I"P.""I1 ~
This shoes of yours is very beautiful. (adjective)
EI""
Ei'" ~~'~'~"
~~ "~">l!"fQ
fQj"l'P.
j"l"Q ~'''i''l'l.i
~""i"l"l.i'" 9"1'
9"1" di"i "I'§~I
"I"§~' Look after this shoes of your properly"
ly, (adverb)
§,," ~~'~'!1
§,,' ~~ "~">l!"fi
I"fi\f"l'P
\f"l"Q. ~'''i''l'r1
~""i"l"r1i""A
i",r>. ~"1
5:"1 How good is this shoes of yours? (adjectival interrogative)
~~'JI'
~~"JI" P.~'''I~
A~""I"~~'" ~'''I~~
5:""I~~"''I Make this plate cleaner. (imperative)
 PA RT TH RE E

, L ISTi, O F . V E R B S
!

A Tib eta n ver b can come in two I

imperative. In forming different ten to foti
foli r diff ere nt forms to exp res sl the
ses and moods, the root of a ver b can three tenses and the
the add itio n, delition or susbstituti be affected eith er by
on of a prefix, the second suf fix '\I'.
Jett
letter is transformed and the vowel is Som etim es even the root
all tenses and moods wil dropped. Examples of verbs wh ich
willl not be liste ast hey are unlikely onl y has one for m for
can find the ir meaning in dictionarie d asl to cause any problem as lon g as one
10
gov ern the spe llin g changes of the s. In IJl spite of the importance of kno win
.students bec om e familiarised with ver bs for the tenses and moods it is equ g the rules wh ich
the various ally imp orta nt that
verbs. ThThe lim ited und ers tan din g of the culauxiliary verbs which are app lica ble for the main
/ ign ora nce of the way Tibetan spe aki tural, historical and reli gio us con
ng peo ple tex t and the
con fus ed and blame the ambiguity think,w k, wri
rite
te and talk ma ke ma ny textual schola
of the language. It is the inh ere nt rs
lan gua ges through books and hav
e no practical application of usi ng dan ger of lea rni ng any
Me mo rizi ng som e rigid grammatic it as a livi ng language.
unprepared to examine the relevan al rules written som e 1300 years ago is ina deq aut e if one is
ce
occ urr ed. An y system of theory of such rules.in the present day and wh y the cha nge s have
Fol low ing are som e of my observatiowhich is not applied in every day pra ctic e is red und ant .
ns on spelling changes of Tibetan ver
bs:
1. In for min g an imperative from a
verb such as <1'1,
'l'1,',''\'\' which only has the inherent a in
root is cha nge d into ~'\. by dro ppi its present
ng the pref
prefix
iX lOr and add ing the '\':;: ,\':;::'. Tec hni cal ly the post
"",\
""'\ suf fix ". sho uld be added but it is
not used in practice since 11th cen
revison. tur y afte r the lan gua ge

2. In ord er to form the past from a

present verb stem like Q"I r.l."I"f it is cha nge d into'l"/'
4"1" for the imperative. In doing so, here the <1,,/'\I' R'If
\1' and fl'll'
root letter "I" has cha nge d to ;'r and
bel ong ing to the same phonOl nologi
ogical group of guttural letters, ·rr
·fl· both
lett ers i.e. the present ver b stem ers. Thi s rule also app lies to subjoined
stem Q§]"
r.l.§]n-l'.r is changed into <I~(1
'l~fl
imperative res j"f and i!i"-
i!i0l l'~"I
'~"I'' for the pas t and
resppec
ectitive
velylyf
.:'
3. The pre sen t stem verbs which
/ end in "I', c:,<
c,',<I'l' and JJ' suffixes tak e the pos t
'l"lJJ"l'
<I'IlJ <l"l"l"l'
J'Il' "l'll" l'll' q~<
suf fix '\I' i.e.
q~'lI"f
'lf and "I~c;
"I~c,'1r
'Il' in forming their past
and imperatives. Th is rul e ma
necessarily apply with all prefixes. y not

4. The futu re tense form does not diff

er a great deal from the present ste
no allo wa ble prefix in the present m exc ept when there is
root i,i. e. ~'
~. its future form takes the pre
gets dro ppe d i.e. ~'Il'
prefix
fix <I' i.e. q~ 'wh ich
'l' i.e,
~"l'4"1'
4"1' in the imperative form. Bu
consistency in this rule. t the re doe s not
no! app ear to be any
 '" v v

I
5. If the present root of a verb ends in a vowel, 'then the'suffix 'If is always added to form '
past and imperative: ~'~. becomes ~"f,
~"r, qij:j'
Qij:j' becomes qij:j'lj',
Qij:j"l', qi'j'
Qi'j' becomes qi'j'lj'
Qi'j"l' and q'll'
Q'II"
becomes'ij'lj'
becomes iij"l' etc,
etc.

6. The prefix 0: with present stem is usually dropped for the imperative i.e. A~l becomes ~"l'
Q' prefix. i.e. A~C1f
and for the past the prefix A' is either dropped or replaced with q' A~Clr becomes
q~C1r.
Q~Clr. But there are verb stems which do not apply this rule and retain the prefix.

7. The past form undergoes more changes either by dropping, changing or adding a prefix or
adding second suffix,
suffix. Present verb stems withwith perfix A'
A' also changes their prefix into <'I'
Q' for
-r~

the future and "\' for the past tense.

8. The prefix q'

Q' in present stem is retained in aU tenses and mpods
moods in spite of other modification
taking place in forming other tenses.
"~''']
:: -'~
:''-;

"I" is changed to q'

9. The prefix "I' Q' for the past but is retained for i.e. "I~"\'
for, the imperative i.e, "l~,,\' becomes
q",,\'.
<:1",,\'.

)j"'' "
"'''"
. ,;'_'7.;.
;-,)7;.

10. The prefix Jl' is neither dropped nor changed in forming past and imperative. Here
follows a list of some important verbs:

English .., Present Past Future Imperative

7~l

~
-'t~{\
-'~~{\
apply medicine '11'
Q1' q1~'
Q1~' q'I
Q1" q1'1j'4"1
<:I1"l'4"1

honour '11...·
Q1'" q1...·
Q1'" '11'"
Q1'" q1"'~"1
Q1"'~"1

elect <1"\'
Q"j' q"\~'
Q"j~' Q"j'
'1"\' Qiij~'4"l
qiTj'lj'4"1 (

hide
-
<I:;je:.'
Q:ljc.'
~ -- --
ql!!e:.~'
Q~C.~' q~r::
Q~C.' ~C."f4"1
~c."r-9"1 \
Q:ljClj" ,q:;jC1f
.Q:ljClj" l!!C1r~"I
:;jClr~"1
supervise l!![1j'
~[1j' q~[1j'
~ '~
i"'"
-
q~~' ~~-r4"1
~"l'4"1
wash q~'
Q~' Q~~'
~
steal 'l'
;1' q1~'
Q1~' q~
Q1" ';1~-r
':I"l'4"1
4"l

... ~"1
send ~
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l:J:JlIl
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n.;t"l' miscalculate
.blt.&6i;v
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n.;t"l"l'
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n.:F hang
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.":lhV .&":lhV
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d:J:JMs
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n.::!"!'
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n.::!"!"l'
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(SJ:Jqlo JE) q8oe]
n.::!~' n.:!" laugh (at others)
.66-.tlzhV
n.~~·4"1· n.::!'
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n.i4,,!' strike (at target)
(lQ8Jel )p.) :J:Jj!J1S
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n.li,,!·
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n.li,,!~
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J:JJSUB1l
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n.li~·
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n.li·
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p.f<J",r
defeat
[j'-- .1"£>17 .N?17 J'£'b'c.!
liM4"1" 'lM 'la.!·
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1:4
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radiate (light)
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ll.§';:
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21"-~'4"1'
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(:J$Ooq) QAOlIl
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.!€
21"l"4"!'
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.':l~
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(l:x!ed) qS!lod
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 LLL,-

seive "a:;")' q;5")~r

q;5")~r "1;5")' &")"1'4")'

rush in "a;<:.
"a;<=-"I'
"I' "1;5<=-"1'
"1;5<:."1' q;5<=-'
"1;5<:.' a:;<=-"I'4")'
a:;<:. "I' 4")'
':-;;'

"a;q'~"i'
ii
reimburse "a:;q' "a:;q~f
"a:;q~r "a;<:r
"a;<r "a;q'~"i'

squeeze o.a;",
o.a;,,' q~,,' l:J~'"
q~,,' a;,,'~"I'
a;,,'~"I'

close (eyes) o.<!lJl"l'

o.<!lJJ"I' qilJl"l'
qilJJ"I' qilJl ' ,!
qilJJ' <!lJl'lf ,)'1"1"
<!lJJ"I'4")'

violate o.,L'
0.,3;' "I~"I' "I~' "I~"I' 4"1'

harm ",L'
",3;' o.,L'!f
0.,3;"1' o.,L'
0.,3;' o.,L"l'4")'
0.,3;"1'4")'

herd 0.&' q~"I' q~' &"1'4"1' ...r"~

"~
-':::1.
-':':1,

sell o.a;c: q~<=-~f

q~<:."I' q~<=-'
q~<:.' a;c.~r4"1'
a;t;. "1'4"1'
,'Ii,-

cook o.a;",
o.a;,,' q~"l'
q~"I' q~' l"l'4"1'
a;"I'4"1'
I
!
repay o.a;q' a:;q' a:;q' a;q':5"1'
,
search "a;[JJ' q;5nr q;5nr a;nr~")
a;nr~")

e:::
-S~.
_ J~~.

drip o.e::")'
o.E:")' -""1"1'
"""1"1' "1-""1' -""1"1'4"1' -'-'"
, "{

run out o.e::",

o.E:,,' o.e::",
o.E: '" o.E",,':5"1'
o.f",,':5"1'
""'-"'""
waste o.e::o.'
o.E:o.' ~"I' "e::o.'
"E:o.' o.E:o.' q,,'~"I' 4"1'
o.e::o.'q"'~"1'4"1'

dangle o.e::,,'
o.E: '" "1-"'" "1-"'" "1-",,':5"1'
"1-""':5"1' --- i

fight "E.<=-'
"E.<:" o.ik"l' o.k' o.E.c.'~"I'
o.k~"I'

hold o.E.3j' q~F "I~<=-'

"I~<:" =I<=-"l'
-"<:'''1'
~ ""'I'
""I'
!

establish o.~"I"l'
o.~"I~r q;a"l"l'
q;a"l"l' "~")"l'
"~")"r <!l")"l'4,,)'
<!l")"1'4"1'

avoid o.g'" qa'" "Ia'" ~"'~")'

~"'~"I'

climb o.E."I' o.E."I"I'

o.E. "I"I' o.E."I' D.E."I"l'4"1'
D.E. "1"1' 4"1'
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.b\t·~blPb .blP b .~blPb l~AO:J
(qlOp) l~Am
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.6lP
/
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(pOO]) X!Ul
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peljS!p
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~soddo
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(POOl)
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 L..L.L.t

borrow "I<i.i...' "1"1"" "IG.j...' "I<i.i...'~"1

. -~

-.

gang attack 5.cr ~q"r ~q' ~q"r4"1'

hope :<.' :<'Z\j- :<.' :<'Z\j'4"1'

loose ili"l' qili"l"r qili"l' J;"IZ\j'4"1'

wet J;<l\' qili<l\' "lill'Y J;<l\'~"I'

grace J;q' qillqZ\j' "lill q' . J;qZ\j-4"1

(1J

stand nj~' (1j~ "I' (1j~' rii~ "l'4"1'

speak (1jq' (1jqZ\j' (1jq' riiqZ\j'4"1'

,
crumble ~"I' ~"IZ\j' ~"I' ~"IZ\j'4"1'

take iil<l\' Iij<::. ''1' Iij~' rii~"I'49

'9
slaughter "1'1": "1'1"1' q'1~' -9Z\j'4"1'

q'1(1j' q'1(1j' q'1(1j' q-9(1j'~"I'

rinse

to line up "I4 Q' "14"1"1' "14"1' "I4 qZ\j'4"l'

copy "l':r q'j"l' q'j' "l'jZ\j'4"1'

hand over q'j"l' q"j"jZ\j' q"j"l' "j"lZ\j'4"l'

cry "l"j.>J' q"j.>JZ\j' q"j.>J' "j«JZ\j'4"1'

arrange "l-9.>J' q'1d'l"l' .q4~· -9«JZ\j-4"1'

splash "1-9' "1-9"" "1-9' "I4"l'4"1'

~r
L~O

--
INDEX
,..... Abilitative forms
170
Ablative
54
Ablative of reason
155
Abstract noun compound
42
Accusative
52
Adjectival clauses
183
Adjectival interrogatives
103, 104
Adjectives
45, 46,103
Adjectival interrogatives 103, 104
Adverbial superlatives 47
Degree of comparison 46
Adjectives, Prenominal
, 47
I'
Adverbial clauses
183
Adverbial superlatives
47
;"
Adverbs

Formation of adverbs 134

Adverbs of manner
134
Adverbs of place
134
Adverbs of time
135
Aggregative numerals
49
Alphabet
1
Alphabetical notation
184
Approximate numerals 50
/ Articles
34
i
Auxiliaiy verb
65
227
 i '"

L~
Tibetan

Completive terminations 137

Readings (Classical Tibetan) 138, 147, 157, 165,
176,185,196
Verb 'to be' (Classical Tibetan) 137
/ Combining consonants with vowels 8
Comparison of adjectives 46
Completive dual syllables 196
Completive terminations 137
Complex nouns 37
Condition 162
Conjunctions 143
Disjunctive conjunctions 144
, of contrast and similarity
Conjunctions 145
Consonant drill (Surmounted and subjoined) 79
Consonantal denominations 12,33
Consonants

Passive consonants 22
Post suffixes
snffixes 17
Root consonant 13
Subjoined Consonants 23, 79
Suffixes 13
,. Surmounted letters 27, 79
The Thirty consonants 4
Continuative particles 151-152
Contradiction 163
 LL':J

Conversation between the Prince and his 167

charioteer

Counting over 100 130

Dative 54

Days of the week 68

Degree of comparison 46
'E~,
Demonstrative pronouns 64

Derivation of word classes 203

Derived noun sterns 40

:-~,
pesiderative expressions l75

Diminutive nouns 39
-~
Disjunctive conjunctions 144

Dissyllable nouns 40 ir3l

_C_'_
Doubt , 163
n)
:,.,:'
Duration -~;

Locative of time 56
~'*
~.;:::~,
Elegant sayings of Sakya Pandita 133, 141, 150,
161,199
I
Emphatic expression 164

Ending a Sentence 2

Exclamatory expressions 181

Expressions of time' 84 :-' ~

Formation of adverbs 134

Fractional numerals 49
,,
Gender 43
..,...... '
General months 76

Genitive 55
 230

Genitive datives
174
Gerundial tenninations
153
Honorific expressions
llD
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Honorific nouns
110
Honorific verbs (Monosyllabic)
112
Idiomatic Expressions of Genitive datives
174
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Imperative
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Infinitive
65
Infinitive rgyu and ya
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Instrument of reason
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Instrumental
53
Interrogative negatives
95
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Interrogative reasoning
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162
Interrogatives
99
Adjectival interrogatives
103-104
Interrogative negative
95
Irregular pronunciation
31
Kinship
KinShip terms
122
la don particles
108
Letterhead
2
Letters
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1
Combining consonants with vowels
8
Letterhead
2
Vowels

Vowel drill
71

-1
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203
List of verbs
55
Locative -~ -::~

Locative of time
56
56 ·>"''"1
Lunar months
50
Measurements

Monosyllabic honorific verbs

112

Months ,'1
General months 76

Lunar months 56

Tibetan months 76
!-i1

Mul~placative numerals
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91
Negation :' -J

Interrogative negatives 95

m (EmphatiC expression) 164 t't,

Nominal compounds
41
t:;;;'._
Nominative
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35-43,72,82, 110
Nouns
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Complex nouns 37

Derived noun sterns 40

Diminutive nouns
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DissyUable nouns
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. ;t

Gender
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Honorific nouns 110

-, ' '

Nominal compounds 41

Number
43
 232

Simple nouns 36
Synonymous compounds 42
Vocabulary nouns 82

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Nouns ending in special suffixes 39
Number (Nouns) 43
Numerals 47-50, 130, 182
I
Aggregative numerals 49 '
Alphabetical notation 184
Approximate numerals 50
Cardinal numbers 47,69
Counting over 100 130
Fractional numerals 49
MuJ.tiplacative numerals 50
Ordinal numbers 49
Obligatory forms 171
Order of strokes) 2
Ordinal numbers 49
Origin of the Tibetan alphabet I
Particles

Continuative particle 151-152

la don particles 108
Passive consonants 22
Passive voice 200
Permissive expressions 172
Personal pronouns 63
 £55

Place of articulation (Pronunciation) 4

Possessive pronouns 63

Post suffixes 17

Prenomina1
Prenominal adjectives 47,201 _"~,V)
_"~,V)

Pronouns 63-64
·~<0
Demonstrative pronouns 64

Personal pronouns 63
_ir:I0_
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Possessive pronouns 63

Pronunciation (See also Spoken Tibetan) 5,31,4

Irregular pronunciation 31

Place of Articulation 4 '"l

Punctuation system 2

Readings (Classical Tibetan) 138, 147, 157, 165,

176, 185, 196
,
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Relative clauses 200

The Root consonant 13

Sanskrit

Tibetanized Sanskrit Alphabet 7 "~

Sayings of the Buddha 179

-:(
Sentences
Ending a sentence 2

Simple nouns 36

Spoken Tibetan (See also Pronunciation)

Useful expressions 70, 77, 88, 98,

107,117,125

Strokes

Order of strokes 2
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r Subjoined consonants 23, 79

Suffixes 13
Sunnounted letters 27,79
Synonymous compounds 42
Tenses (See also Verbs ) 118-121, 126-129
Tenses, Conditional perfect 121
Tenses, Conditional perfect progressive 129
Tenses, Future conditional progressive 127
Tenses, Future perfect 121
Tenses, Future perfect progressive 128
Tenses, Future progressive 127
Tenses, Past perfect 121
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Tenses, Pa~ perfect progressive 128
Tenses, Past progressive 126
Tenses, Present perfect 120
Tenses, Present perfect progressive 127
Tenses, Present progressive 126
Tenses, Progressive 126-129
Tenses, Simple future 119
Tenses, Simple past. 119
Tenses, Simple present 118
The Thirty Consonants 4
Tibetan months 76
Tibetan quotations 116
Tibetan verb 81
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Tibetanized Sanskrit Alphabet 7

Time

Expressions of time 84

Locative of time 56 ,--,.~,',.

,--,~,."

Traditional Buddhist sayings 188

Use of dgos and 'dod 175

Use of dgos and 'dod 175

~'~

Useful expressio\ls
expressiolls 70, 77, 88, 98,
107, 117, 125
107,117,

Various auxiliaries 180

Verb 'to be' in classical Tibetan 137
--,;~1
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Verbal compounds 187-189

Verbs (See also Tenses) '~:~;c~1

'~;~:~~1

Au~liary
Au~liary verb 65
--~~-'a

Auxiliary verb: myong ba 192 O':~

Auxiliary verbs, Combined 80

-}:y~
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Auxiliary verbs, Combined: yad

yod dug 90
Auxiliary verbs, Combined: yod red 89

Becoming, Verbs of 191

Imperative 182 o

Infinitive 65
Infinitive rgyu andya 193

List of verbs 205

Monosyllabic honorific verbs 112

Passive voice 200

Tibetan verb 81
 236

Various auxiliaries 180

Verb 'to be' in classical Tibetan 137
Verbal compounds 189-191
Vocabulary verbs 82
Vocabulary nouns 82
Vocabulary verbs 82
Vocative 57
Vowels 1
Vowel drill 71
/ Wish 163
Word order 66
yin (Auxiliary verb) 73
yod red (Auxiliary verb) 89
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English Present Past Future Imperativ~

Imperativ~
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prepare (food) L".J.=J"l" L".J .=l.=J>.>f
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 English Present Past Future Imperative
~ ~ ~ ~ ~

take, bring Q[;J"""

Q[;1"'" [;J"""
[;1 "'" Q[;J"""
Q[;1"'" [;1 "'" <5I:lj
[;J"""<5I:lJ

taste
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test 9,?rlJ"
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threaten q~9~"
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throw 9~9"
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to be born q;aJ~r
q;aJ~r qq;aJ~'"
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to become foggy Q~l:::r Q~q~" Q~q"

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l:jq~' "19'

to belong to
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to line up 94 qq
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