10-20 wa CHAPTER WL sxsrais ML. The ubsquiey of Syetens “a thie book we examine rhe nacure of eystens whether they be systens of physical parte of systems of people. Socis eystens representing interaction between people Snclade che fanily, analt groups, Dustness enterprises, countries, national econenies, and International relattonshipe. Physical aystens surround us in modern ‘echology. Soue of oor noat important eystens avolve the incer- action between social snd physical slenente. The reader may be surprised to find a counon theory thet bridges fron the control of earth satellites to tadtvideal peychology and to international owe politics, Yer Se Se is such a evoep of generality chat one Giscovers the challenge and excttenent of apsten principles. Until recently che Laws" goveoning the vay systems change, ‘brov, and fluctuate have Been wrapped obscurely in che aathonatice fof aiffexential cqustions and Laplace transforms, Such wathonatice Ss oo digfieule that 4€ ie accessible only co a skilled mathenaticien. ven with the focefeont of muatheaatical knosledge being applied eo aystens theory, wathenatice {2 ¢0 weak when confronted by the important ayatens questions, that {t 1 inadoqate for dealing vith the realities fof mote of the world's problens. Sut in the available mathematical thaory of systens are to be found principles thet can be used to guide work vith aystone hat are co complex that they {fe beyond the eapebslicy of formal mathonatical matycic. ‘this workbook and the aeconpanying text stteapt to release aysten, ‘theory from confinenent within mathenatice and to being it as Living sdeas inca everyday aftairs, To de thie requires tho building of a broad foundation of concopts that nay be now to the reader, Creating this foundation requires many anal] butlding blocks of separate ideas which must be gradually conented ecgether.we (seesute1) ‘The expersonces of earltfer studants have chow that Learning about “systens behavior 42 not & spectator sport, one wet participate and learn by doing. ‘his workbook provides exeret 4s vhich are on eeseattsl sccoepant- nent to the text. After each section of the taxt, the reader should complete the corresponding seetion of the vorkbocke before conesnuing wich the next section of text in the following exereisee the reader should cover the answer vieh a Large card or foldad paper until he has folloved the instructions and completed the bLanks. PiLl the spaces im erseiag. In Later exomples using grsphe, £411 1a your aavers on the page ‘with the ancver provided. fore comparing 1, An assembly of parts that operate together for comon purpose is cabled « : Aovaeeh iso ‘thet indicates time system, system A governor and the engine to which if is coupled form a to deliver power st constane engine speed. ayston 3. A Law mover {0 an assembly of parts that form @ for cnvesog grant ‘A system may inclute people 2 vell ap physical coaponents. for developing new products. system, people (see.4t-1) 5. Accounting is & of records and data teanefer procedures that produce part of the input information on vitch managerial decisions ere based, system h.2 System Principles ax the Seveture of Ynovledge Understanding is easiest to acquire in thee areas where knovledge has boon structures ané organized. Contrast tho increase in pace chat has occurred during the Laat centers in = cureiculun of seience study conpared to the Little change betveea past and present in a curriculum fof liberal ares. 4 Liberal arte educstion hes been escontialy che same over the last century. ach student starts at the sane point, eraverses the sono Literature, and attespte to distill for hiaself a strecture, oF rationale, that relates the past to the present aad fucure, The seructuring e left co the stadene. The stzucture 1p not itself the rebstance of the material being taught BoE snetent the content oi with epecifie sttustions and inetdesta, bot, by contrast, sefentific ofestion deals with che generaliz ‘Sona, of structure, that relate the variables of the physical processes, Before the advent of modern science, the cechnical arts were Learned ty apprenticeship theovgh a process of retracing the learning stages folloved by one’e predecascore, But today xelence st the high schocl Lever covers the cane material that 2 generation eeclier lay at the frontier of nev schentific discovery. This acceler ated acoors if porsible because of the scientific concentration on exposing the systenatic structural relationships chat underlie the observations of physical behavior. ‘to illustrate hat vo mean by the structuring of sctentitic imovledge, consider the following elenentary electric ctzeuit for current flowing through a reaietsnce, tore the voltage B applied co the terminals causes the current 1 a Flow through the resistance R.weg Gee..2) i— E R Fig. W142. Curren? through a resislance, supgote we wish to kaow the relactonthip between E, 1, aad &, Ou way would be to tabulate nonerove nescurenonts ia tables and Look up eedod vatuee: : 1 z 5 2s 2 4 a s a 8 zis but, of course, such a table can be fully replaced by the equation Bria, shoving that voltsge equals the product of eurzaat times resistance, ‘ee knowledge of this structure (or equation) allous one to grasp che keclattoushtp of the variables far wore quickly than from a table of ‘experimental result. Le Armap shows the of relationships between feaguces of the terrain. 2. the photographic relactonship constant) (Light intensity) (ehutter opening) (f-nrbor)® or relationships seceseary Brposure = conveys the co maintain a constant film expose, ans (see.1.2) 3. the to periccibie behavior chet dace aot encroach on the Fights of others. provided by Lave serves x= + gutde 4. But no one knows the entire Legal code a6 ect down in the statute books. Tastead, a gulding moral conveying the fundamental nature of right and wrong helpe us to estimate approxinately what the Lav must be, WLS systens--open and Feedbacie ‘This book treats the behavior of feedback systens. A feedback system is one in which an action is influenced by the consequences Of previous action. The identification of the action determines the scope of the pareinent syaten because the system boundaries should include the sigaiftcant channsle whereby the consequences fof an action are brought back to influence future ections Any feedback aystex can be a component of # nore compechensive feedback system. As the purpose and gosle of a syaten are broadened, the systen becomes sore extensive ant incorporates aubsystena each of hich has its om narrover purpose and goal. The ctructure of goale and related feodback Loope guide the components as they interact with one another. Section 1.3 of the text doscribis a watch as an open systen ‘That {5 crue in terms of the goal of shoving the correct tine, But, 445 & mechanical syston having the goal of marely keeping the belance ieol oscillating, it ie a feedback aysten. At che proper potat ia ach cycle, the escapeoont reteates mother pulse of energy to drive the balance wheel. from this strict!y machanieal viswpoint, ve see 4 foudback eyseen in which the balance wheel controle che release of spring pover to drive the Satance wheel, The watch 1s not ¢ feedback