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Introduccion To at PDF
Introduccion To at PDF
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Automatic
Transmissions and
Transaxles
Technical Terms
Gear ratio Planetary gears Gaskets
11
12 Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles Chapter 1 Introduction to Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles 13
shafts to turn at the same speed. The overdrive gear causes With automatic transmissions, on the other hand, gear drive transmission transmits power in a straight line, from
Introduction the output shaft to turn faster than the input shaft, Figure 1-2. selection decisions are made by an automatic control sys- the front of the vehicle to the back. The differential and the
Overdrive allows the engine to turn at a relatively slow tem. Instead of a manual clutch to connect and disconnect final drive assembly are contained in a separate housing at
Automatic transmissions and transaxles have been speed, increasing fuel economy and reducing engine wear. the engine from the transmission, automatic transmissions the rear axle.
used for more than 60 years. They have been consistently Both manual and automatic transmissions can use fluid couplings or torque converters to transfer power Today, most automobiles use front-wheel drive sys-
modified and improved, evolving from early inefficient accomplish any of the previously mentioned jobs. There from the engine to the transmission. tems equipped with transaxles. Transmissions and
designs to the smooth-shifting, efficient units of today. are many similarities between manual and automatic Automatic transmissions use planetary gearsets, transaxles perform the same function. The major differ-
Most modern transmissions and transaxles are controlled transmissions. All transmissions have a way of keeping the which do not slide in and out of engagement. In operation, ences include the arrangement of the parts and the fact that
by an onboard computer and provide almost the same fuel engine from stalling when the vehicle is stopped, all use one of the gears in the gearset is locked in place. The the differential and the final drive assembly (sometimes
economy as manual models. gears and shafts to obtain different ratios, and all have a remaining unlocked gears are driven by engine power and called the ring-and-pinion assembly) are an integral part of
To service late-model automatic transmissions or way to reverse the direction of vehicle travel. However, comprise the input and output. Different gear ratios are the transaxle. Transaxles have two output shafts, one for
transaxles, the technician must possess considerable with a manual transmission, the gear selection decision achieved by different combinations of locked and each wheel. These shafts are attached to the CV axles.
knowledge and skill. This chapter will introduce you to the must be made by the vehicle’s operator. The driver slides unlocked gears. The gears are operated by holding mem- Engine power is transmitted sideways through a chain or
fundamentals of automatic transmissions and transaxles. the transmission gears in and out of engagement using a bers called clutches and bands. The clutches and bands gears at some point in the transaxle.
The basic principles covered here will be expanded upon gearshift lever. The gears are meshed in different combina- are controlled by a hydraulic control system. Late-model The advantages of transaxles include reduced weight
in later chapters. tions to achieve the desired gear ratios. The driver must automatic transmissions have hydraulic systems controlled by and increased fuel economy. On trucks, however, weight
also operate a manual clutch to connect and disconnect on-board computers. Vehicles with automatic transmissions and fuel economy are less of a factor than durability. The
the engine from the transmission when stopping or chang- are easier to drive than those with manual transmissions. rear-wheel drive train is usually used on these vehicles.
ing gears. They are also more durable for heavy-duty operation, such Therefore, it is important that both transmissions and
The Purpose of Transmissions as trailer towing. The major differences between manual transaxles be understood completely.
and automatic transmissions/transaxles are shown in Four-wheel drive vehicles have a transfer case
All transmissions, whether manual or automatic, have 3 Revolutions Figure 1-3. attached to the rear of the transmission. The transfer case
the same basic purposes: The ideal transmission will transmit engine power sends power to the front wheels. Figure 1-4 illustrates the
K To transmit power from the engine to the drive wheels Power in with no slipping. Slipping can be defined as failure to layouts of modern rear-wheel drive vehicles with auto-
when necessary. Drive gear
transmit all engine power to the other drive train compo- matic transmissions and front-wheel drive vehicles with
K To disconnect the running engine from the drive 30-tooth
nents. In other words, a slipping transmission will lose automatic transaxles.
wheels during gear changes and when the vehicle is gear
both speed and torque between its input and output shafts.
not moving. 90-tooth gear Early automatic transmissions were so inefficient and
K To reverse the direction of power flow when the
slipped so much that they were called “slush boxes.”
vehicle must be backed up.
Modern automatics are efficient and smooth. Except for Automatic Transmission and
K To multiply engine torque as needed.
In simplest terms, a transmission modifies engine
first and reverse gears, modern automatic transmissions Transaxle Development
permit no slippage. They transmit as much engine power
torque and speed to match the vehicle’s needs. For exam-
Power out Driven as manual transmissions. It is now possible for an auto- The modern automatic transmission was not the result
ple, moving a vehicle from a stop requires a great deal of gear 1 Revolution matic transmission to be more efficient than a manual. of a single invention. Some components used in automatic
engine torque, or turning force. At low speeds, however,
With an automatic transmission, there is no need to release transmissions were developed long before the automobile
an engine produces relatively little torque. The transmis- Figure 1-1. Gear reduction produces the torque needed to
move the vehicle from a stop. In this illustration, a 30-tooth gear the accelerator pedal during shifts, and then reaccelerate itself. Planetary gear principles were known during the
sion must multiply engine torque to get the vehicle mov-
is turning a 90-tooth gear. The 30-tooth gear must make three to maintain vehicle speed. time of the Roman Empire and eventually appeared on the
ing. It does this by reducing speed to increase torque.
revolutions to turn the 90-tooth gear once. This multiplies torque Ford Model T. Fluid couplings were used to drive machin-
The relationship of the speed of the transmission’s
three times but cuts speed to one-third. ery in 19th century mills. The first automotive fluid coup-
input shaft to the speed of its output shaft is called the gear
ratio. The transmission uses a set of at least two gears that Transmissions and Transaxles lings were used on English cars in the 1920s and on
cause the output shaft speed to be much lower than the Chrysler vehicles in the mid 1930s.
input shaft speed. This set of gears is called a reduction 1 ft-lb of torque Until about 20 years ago, nearly all vehicles had a The 1938 Oldsmobile is widely considered the first
Power out rear-wheel drive arrangement that used a transmission to car to have an automatic transmission. These early
gear. Figure 1-1 shows a simple reduction gear.
At higher speeds, the vehicle does not require as 30-tooth transfer power to the rest of the driveline. The rear-wheel Oldsmobile Hydra-Matics had planetary gears operated by
much engine torque to keep it moving. The engine would driven gear
90-tooth
be turning very fast if the transmission output speed drive gear
remained slower than the input speed. High engine speed Transmission Function Manual Transmission Automatic Transmission
will cause poor fuel economy and rapid engine wear.
3 ft-lb of
Therefore, the transmission must be shifted into succes- Engaging and disengaging engine drive Driver operated clutch. Fluid coupling or torque converter.
torque
sively higher gears as vehicle speed increases. Shifting into wheels.
higher gears changes gear ratios, so the speed of the out- Reversing directions. Sliding gears. Planetary gears.
put shaft approaches and eventually equals or exceeds the Power in
Changing gear ratios to match vehicle Sliding gears operated by driver. Planetary gears operated by a
speed of the input shaft.
speed. hydraulic control system.
Most modern transmissions have at least four forward Figure 1-2. In this example, overdrive is accomplished by using
gears, with the highest gear being either direct drive or the 90-tooth gear to turn the 30-tooth gear. This increases
Figure 1-3. Although their basic function is the same, there are differences between automatic transmissions and manual
overdrive. A direct drive gear causes the input and output speed three times but cuts torque to one-third.
transmissions.
14 Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles Chapter 1 Introduction to Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles 15
Variable pitch stator converter clutch. Later they were able to control transmis- Fluid Coupling/Torque Converter
sion shifting and internal pressures. Early electronic trans-
missions were simply updated hydraulic models, with only Fluid couplings and torque converters are fluid-filled
a few functions being performed by the computer and the units installed between the engine’s crankshaft and the
output solenoids. Modern transmissions and transaxles are transmission. They consist of two sets of blades. One set of
fully controlled by the computer. blades is driven by the engine, and the other set of blades
is connected to the transmission’s input shaft. The blade set
connected to the engine is called the impeller, and the
blade set connected to the input shaft is called the turbine.
Automatic Transmission and See Figure 1-13. A hydraulic pump in the transmission
Transaxle Components forces fluid into the converter. Inside the converter, the
fluid is spun by the impeller blades. As the fluid is thrown
Automatic transmissions are made of many separate from the impeller blades, it strikes the turbine blades. See
components and systems. See Figure 1-11 and 1-12. Some Figure 1-14. Power is transmitted from the impeller to the
of the most important automatic transmission and transaxle turbine through the fluid. When the vehicle is stopped, the
components are discussed in the following sections. These fluid from the impeller continues to strike the turbine, but
components will be covered in more detail in later chapters. the fluid allows enough slippage between the impeller and
the turbine to prevent engine stalling.
Figure 1-7. Dynaflow transmission. Note the variable-pitch stator. Opening the throttle changed the angle of the stator blades for
increased torque during rapid acceleration.
Passing gear
solenoid switch
Figure 1-9. 1958 Chevrolet Turboglide transmission. This trans- Figure 1-10. A linkage-mounted switch energizes the passing
mission used an all-aluminum case. gear solenoid on a 1963 Pontiac Tempest.
Clutches Bands
Planetary gearsets
Extension
Figure 1-8. Cross-section of a Studebaker automatic transmission.
housing
Engine
Honda and Nissan introduced the first transverse (side fac- electric passing gear solenoid on the Pontiac Tempest, Driveline
ing) engine and transaxle combinations sold in the U.S. By Figure 1-10. slip yoke
Output
1980, all domestic manufacturers were producing front- Electric passing gears were used on other transmis-
Case shaft
wheel drive cars with transaxles. At present, almost all pas- sions during the 1960s, and some electrically operated
senger cars use front-wheel drive and a transaxle. Many lockup torque converters were used during the 1970s.
modern transaxles use a belt and pulley mechanism to When the first computerized engine controls were intro- Oil Valve body
Flexplate Shift
change gear ratios. These transaxles are called continuously duced, the transmission was often equipped with pressure pan (hydraulic
lever
variable transaxles, or CVTs. switches to tell the computer when the transmission was in control valves)
The first attempt to use electricity to control the trans- high gear. During the 1980s, the power of on-board com-
Figure 1-11. This diagram shows the major components of an automatic transmission. Note how the components fit in
mission was made in 1963, with the introduction of an puters increased to the point that they could apply the relation to each other.
18 Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles Chapter 1 Introduction to Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles 19
Selective thrust washers Intermediate Input and Output Shafts automatic transaxles have at least one hollow shaft. The
Converter band solid shaft can turn inside the hollow shaft to permit power
housing
All transmissions have input shafts and output shafts. transfer to each side of the vehicle. See Figure 1-18.
For strength, the shafts are made of heat-treated steel. The
Torque converter shafts are splined to attach to other parts of the transmis-
sion for power transfer. Every transmission must have sep- Planetary Gears
Input Output shaft arate input and output shafts, Figure 1-16 and 1-17. Most
shaft Pump hub and ring Planetary gears are used in all automatic trans-
gasket gear assembly missions and transaxles. The term planetary comes from
Pump and the resemblance of the gear assembly to the solar system.
reactor support
Converter cover The basic planetary gear consists of a central sun gear
Remove as
surrounded by planet gears that are housed in a planet
assembly
Input shell Reverse planet carrier. A ring gear with internal teeth surrounds the sun
Governor Impeller and planet gears. Figure 1-19 shows the main parts of a
Sun gear Turbine
Collector planetary gear assembly. The advantage of the planetary
Front planet body gear is that the gears remain in mesh at all times. This
Throttle valve TV rod Diaphragm prevents gear clash when shifting. Different gear ratios
Stator
Forward Forward clutch can be obtained by holding or driving different parts of
clutch hub and ring the planet gear assembly. Simple planet gears can be
Reverse gear assembly combined into more complex units, such as the one
One-way clutch Distributor
high clutch Park gear Transmission shown in Figure 1-20. Complex planetary gear sets are
sleeve Crankshaft
input shaft used to obtain many gear ratios.
(driving shaft)
Low-reverse Parking pawl (driven shaft)
drum and spring
Low-reverse
Holding Members
Outer race
Case servo Holding members are the units that hold or drive the
Inner Cage spring
various parts of the planetary gear assembly to drive the
race
Rollers Figure 1-13. This sectional view of a torque converter shows vehicle. Holding members consist of friction material,
Low-reverse the three main parts: the impeller, the turbine, and the stator. All which is similar to that used on manual clutches or brake
band Valve modern converters have these three parts arranged in this way. shoes, bonded to a metal backing. Clutches and bands are
body Output Vent cap Modern converters also contain an internal clutch to eliminate the most common holding members. Clutches are a series
shaft slippage. of flat, ring-shaped plates.
Filter
screen
Pan gasket
Extension
housing
and gasket
Oil pan
The fluid coupling was widely used on early auto- Modern transmissions are equipped with lockup
matic transmissions. Fluid couplings, however, slip exces- torque converters. These torque converters are equipped
sively and are very inefficient at transmitting power at low with an internal clutch called a converter lockup clutch.
speeds. Therefore, fluid couplings have been replaced by The converter lockup clutch locks the transmission input
torque converters. In addition to an impeller and a turbine, shaft to the converter cover. The clutch is applied to lock
a torque converter uses a device called a stator. The stator the turbine to the cover. Since the input shaft is attached to Turbine Impeller
redirects the fluid to reduce slipping, Figure 1-15. All the turbine, slippage is eliminated. The lockup clutch is
transmissions made since the 1960s use torque converters. disengaged at low speeds to prevent engine stalling. Figure 1-14. Engine power flows from the pump, or impeller, to the turbine. The impeller causes the fluid to rotate. Then, the fluid
causes the turbine to rotate. Following the arrows, you will notice that the fluid returning from the turbine strikes the impeller in the
opposite direction of impeller rotation. (General Motors)
20 Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles Chapter 1 Introduction to Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles 21
Planet gears
and carrier
Sun gear
Turbine Converter multiplying, Impeller
stator reversing oil flow
from turbine
Figure 1-15. The stator reverses the flow of the fluid leaving the turbine. The fluid then strikes the impeller in the same direction as Internal gear
impeller rotation. This multiplies engine power. (General Motors)
Figure 1-19. This figure illustrates the three main components of a simple planetary gearset: the sun gear, planet gears and
planet carrier, and the internal, or ring, gear. (General Motors)
Bushings Bushing
Compression spring retainer Retaining ring Pressure magnet to trap the metal particles produced as the trans- are used in other places where parts are rotating in relation
Lugs mate
Hydraulic piston Steel clutch plate plate mission components wear. Oil pans are usually made of to each other under heavy pressures. A thrust washer sep-
with input sheet metal. A few pans are made of cast aluminum. arates moving parts, but it is made of a single piece of flat
with O-rings
shell
metal. Some thrust washers are available in different
thicknesses and are used to adjust transmission shaft back-
Bushings and Bearings and-forth movement, or endplay. Typical roller bearings,
Bushings and bearings allow parts to move against thrust bearings, and washers are shown in Figure 1-26.
each other with minimal friction. Bushings, Figure 1-25,
provide a sliding contact with the moving part and require
good lubrication. They are installed where rotating part
Hydraulic Pump and Pressure Regulator
passes through a stationary part or two rotating parts are in The hydraulic pump provides all the hydraulic pres-
contact with each other. sure used in the automatic transmission or transaxle. An
Clutch Compression Ball bearings or roller bearings provide a rolling con- extension at the rear of the torque converter drives the
rings (20) Clutch Retaining tact for reduced friction. Bearings are usually used where pump on transmissions. A separate shaft attached to the
cylinder
friction plates ring there is a heavy load, such as the output shaft, or an inter- converter is often used to drive transaxle oil pumps.
Figure 1-21. This exploded view of a multiple disc clutch shows all the components that make up a common clutch pack. Clutch nal part that is subjected to high pressure. Thrust bearings Whenever the engine is running, the converter is turning
packs can be used to transmit power or to lock parts of the gear train to the case. (Ford) and causing the pump to turn. Therefore, whenever the
Cover O-rings
Servo cover
Band servo
assembly Piston seals
Snap ring
Piston
Return spring
Figure 1-24. Common transmission and transaxle case
Figure 1-23. A one-way clutch assembly. Note how each roller designs are shown here. Power enters the transmission case at
fits into a ramp on the inside of the outer gear. This design the front and exits at the rear. Power enters the transaxle case at
Cushion spring permits the internal roller to rotate in one direction but locks it the engine connection and exits in two directions. A few
when it tries to turn the other way. transaxles are designed so power exits in only one direction.
Piston rod
Band assembly
Band ends
Drum and forward
Lining sun gear assembly
Note: Sun gear is
inside drum
Pin
Anchor strut
Figure 1-22. The band and servo shown here are used to grab a drum and stop it from turning. Bands are always used to lock a Figure 1-25. The average transmission or transaxle contains many bushings to support moving parts. Bushings may be installed
part of the gear train to the case. (Subaru) between the case and a moving shaft, or between two turning parts. (General Motors)
24 Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles Chapter 1 Introduction to Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles 25
Seals are used at moving parts, such as the torque used on modern vehicles. Figure 1-35 shows a commonly
converter, drive shaft, and various internal rotating parts. used manual linkage arrangement. The shifter is mounted
They are also used as sliding pressure seals at the band ser- on the steering column or on a center console. In the Park
vos and clutch apply pistons. Figure 1-33 shows a servo position, the manual linkage operates a park lock inside
seal. Some seals are used to seal stationary parts. These the transmission or transaxle. The park lock is a lever that Input/output
(1989-1991
model transmissions)
(1992 and 1993 model
transmissions)
seals are usually called O-rings. engages a toothed wheel on the output shaft, Figure 1-36. Powertrain
Map/baro sensor Throttle Transmission control
A seal ring is a special type of seal that prevents leaks When the park lock is engaged, the vehicle cannot roll. position (TP) control module indicator lamp (TCIL)
in pressure passages between parts that rotate in relation to Throttle linkage connects the engine’s throttle plate to sensor (PCM)
each other, Figure 1-34. For example, oil pressure from the the transmission’s throttle valve. On some transmissions,
valve body may be directed through a stationary support to throttle linkage is used to apply extra pressure for a forced
a rotating clutch drum. Seal rings keep the pressure from downshift (or passing gear). On other transmissions and
being lost. transaxles, the throttle linkage controls all shift speeds. On Malfunction
indicator
some older cars, a vacuum modulator controlled shift speeds.
lamp (MIL)
Manual Linkage and Throttle Linkage Vacuum modulators are still used on a few vehicles. Most Air conditioning Transmission
modern throttle linkage is cable operated, Figure 1-37. On clutch (ACC) solenoid body
To provide drive input, two types of linkage are used. newer vehicles, the computer controls shift speeds and –SS1
The manual linkage connects the shift lever to the manual throttle linkage has been eliminated. –SS2
valve inside the transmission or transaxle. The linkage can be –EPC
a cable or a series of rods and levers. Cables are commonly –TCC
–CCS
Figure 1-31. The computer that controls a modern transmission or transaxle is connected to many input sensors and output
devices. In some vehicles, a single computer may be used to control the transmission or transaxle, the engine, and other
systems. (Ford)
Low-reverse
servo
assembly
Seal
Transmission
shifter cable
assembly
Figure 1-33. Lip seals are used to seal band servos, such as
the one shown here, or to seal clutch pack pistons. Lip seals are
moved outward by pressure and provide a tighter seal with less
resistance than would be possible with O-rings.
(DaimlerChrysler)
Steering column
Pump ignition lock
extension cable assembly
Figure 1-32. Gaskets are used throughout every transmission and transaxle. Some gaskets seal internal pressure passages. Others
keep fluid from leaking out of the unit. (General Motors) Figure 1-35. The shifter linkage is used to transfer the driver’s
shift selection to the transmission or transaxle. It can be a
series of rods and links, or, as shown here, a cable
arrangement. (Ford)
Transmission Fluid Cooler Transmission Fluid Filter
Transmission and transaxle operation causes the fluid All transmissions and transaxles produce some metal
to get very hot. This heat must be removed to keep the shavings and particles of friction material as they wear. Seal rings gears to connect the input and output shafts. Engine power
fluid from breaking down and to keep the holding mem- Additionally, transmission fluid breaks down from heat and Figure 1-34. Metal or Teflon® seal rings are used to seal goes through the converter impeller, through the turbine
bers from becoming so hot that they begin to slip and burn. age. The aging fluid develops solid deposits, which circu- pressure passages. Seal rings usually provide a seal between and input shaft, and into the planetary gears. It exits the
To accomplish this, the transmission fluid is pumped late in the fluid. The metal shavings, friction material par- rotating and stationary parts. (General Motors) planetary gears and tries to turn the output shaft. If the
through metal lines to a transmission fluid cooler in the ticles, and solid deposits must be removed from the fluid brakes are applied, the turbine, input shaft, and gears do
vehicle’s radiator. In the cooler, the fluid gives up its heat as it circulates through the hydraulic system. Failure to not move. Fluid from the impeller striking the turbine cre-
to the engine coolant and then returns to the transmission. remove these impurities can result in sticking transmission ates friction and heat, which is removed by the cooler in
On most transmissions, the fluid goes directly from the control valves and worn parts. Automatic Transmission Operation the radiator. Once the vehicle starts moving, the planetary
torque converter to the cooler. This is because the torque The transmission fluid filter catches and removes gears reduce input shaft speed and increase torque to get
converter produces most of the heat generated by the these impurities as the fluid passes through it. Some filters The following is a brief discussion of how an auto- the vehicle moving.
transmission, especially at low speeds. Figure 1-38 shows are fine mesh screens. Most filters, however, are made of matic transmission operates. The principles discussed here As vehicle speed increases, the hydraulic control sys-
the path of transmission fluid through the cooler and back felt or filtration paper enclosed in a metal or plastic hous- will be explained in more detail in later chapters. tem moves various valves to change which holding mem-
to the transmission. A few vehicles use a separate direct- ing. The filter is always installed on the suction side of the When the engine is running and the transmission is in bers are applied. This changes the rotation of the planet
air cooler. Direct-air coolers are also available as add-on pump so it can remove impurities before they reach the Park or Neutral, the pump produces pressure to keep the gears and shifts the transmission into a higher gear. Power
units. A direct-air cooler is a single tube bent into one or pump and other hydraulic system components. The filter is torque converter filled. No holding members are applied, continues to flow through the torque converter, input shaft,
more U-shaped forms. These forms are surrounded by fins. located in the bottom of the transmission or transaxle so it and no power reaches the planetary gears. The converter planet gears, and output shaft.
The direct air cooler is installed ahead of the radiator. Air is always covered by transmission fluid, Figure 1-39. A few impeller turns the turbine and input shaft, but the power As vehicle speed continues to increase, other valves
passing through the cooler removes heat by direct contact. transaxles have two filters. Filters should be changed as stops at the planetary gears. In Park, the parking gear holds move to obtain higher gears until the transmission is at its
part of periodic transmission or transaxle maintenance. the output shaft stationary. highest gear ratio. At some point, the control system
When the transmission is placed in Drive, oil flows applies the lockup clutch for increased fuel economy. With
through the manual valve to one or more holding mem- the lockup clutch applied, the impeller and turbine turn at
bers. The holding members apply, causing the planetary the same speed.
30 Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles Chapter 1 Introduction to Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles 31
Parking gear
Automatic Radiator
transmission
Oil cooler
Hybrid Vehicle Drivetrain Operation inside radiator
Cable adjuster Hybrid vehicles use more than one source of energy Figure 1-38. To cool the transmission fluid, an oil cooler is often installed in the vehicle’s radiator. Transmission oil pressure forces
for propulsion. A hybrid gas-electric vehicle uses both an fluid through the cooler, where it gives up heat to the engine coolant. The cooled fluid then returns to the transmission. Hot fluid
internal combustion engine and an electric motor-generator. usually comes directly from the torque converter, where most transmission heat is generated. (General Motors)
The motor-generator is installed between the engine and
the transmission or transaxle. Some vehicles have two Transmission
Carburetor
lever motor-generators. Depending on driving conditions and housing Future Transmissions
the type of hybrid, the vehicle can be moved by the engine
TV cable
Valve only, the motor-generator only, or both the engine and the Transmission technology is always advancing, and
assembly motor-generator. some entirely new concepts are being developed. The fol-
Figure 1-40 shows a motor-generator installed in a lowing section discusses transmissions that may appear in
transmission case. A stationary field winding is attached to future vehicles.
the engine block and a rotor is attached to the engine
Throttle lever and crankshaft. A large, high-voltage battery is installed in the Transmission
bracket assembly vehicle body. An electronic control system operates the filter Toroidal or Infinitely Variable
TV link
motor-generator for maximum efficiency. The motor-gener- Transmission (IVT)
Figure 1-37. On many older vehicles, throttle linkage was used ator can crank the engine, eliminating the need for starter Figure 1-41 shows an infinitely variable transmission
to control shift speeds and transmission pressures. The linkage and flywheel gears. When the internal combustion engine (IVT), also known as a toroidal transmission, that is cur-
was connected between the carburetor or throttle body and a is running, the motor-generator can produce electricity to
throttle valve in the transmission. Increased throttle opening rently being used in Asia. This type of transmission may
recharge the hybrid's batteries and power its electrical eventually be installed in vehicles made for American and
caused the throttle valve to increase pressures in the trans-
circuits. Some hybrid vehicles do not have a reverse gear, and European roads. The IVT consists of a set of movable discs
mission and to delay the upshift. (General Motors)
the motor-generator runs in reverse to back up the vehicle. An Oil pan that rotate between drive and driven races. Varying the
overrunning clutch keeps the engine from turning backward angle of the discs varies the speed ratio between the drive
When the vehicle is brought to a stop, the control sys- when the vehicle is in reverse. Figure 1-39. The transmission filter is located at the lowest
and driven races. Since sending power through the discs
The two major classes of hybrid vehicles are full point in the transmission, usually in the lower oil pan. This
tem again moves various valves to lower the gear ratios to reverses the direction of rotation, a second set of movable
hybrids and mild hybrids. The motor-generator on a full allows it to pick up transmission fluid, even when the fluid level
match vehicle speed and engine load. The control system is slightly low. (General Motors) discs are installed behind the driven race. The driven race
releases the converter lockup clutch as the vehicle hybrid moves the vehicle as long as the battery is charged powers a final output race through the discs. This again
approaches the completely stopped position. above a certain preset level. If the battery charge falls reverses power flow so that power exits the transmission in
In Reverse, the manual valve sends pressure to the below this level, the engine starts and propels the vehicle the same direction as it entered. The combination of ratios
proper holding members. They apply and hold the plane- while recharging the battery. Note: The motor-generator in some mild
between the two sets of discs results in the final transmis-
tary gears to place the transmission in Reverse. Power goes On a mild hybrid, the engine moves the vehicle. hybrids can move the vehicle if the engine
sion ratio.
through the impeller, turbine, and input shaft to the plane- During operation, the mild hybrid's engine shuts off during fails.This allows a vehicle with an inoperable
The angles of the movable discs are varied by servos
coasting, braking, and complete stops. When the driver engine to be driven to a service facility.
tary gears. The planetary gears reverse the direction of that are operated by the transmission’s hydraulic system.
rotation before delivering power to the output shaft. presses the accelerator pedal, the motor-generator restarts An onboard computer monitors and adjusts the hydraulic
the engine. When the engine starts, it begins turning the system outputs based on inputs from engine and road
motor-generator, which then functions as an alternator to speed sensors.
recharge the vehicle's battery.
32 Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles Chapter 1 Introduction to Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles 33
8. The _____ _____ serves as a storage place for extra 4. The planetary ring gear has _____ teeth.
transmission fluid. (A) internal
9. _____ are used to adjust transmission shaft endplay. (B) external
(A) Bushings (C) internal and external
(B) Shim packs (D) no
(C) Thrust washers 5. Which of the following is not part of a clutch pack?
(D) None of the above. (A) Apply piston.
10. The hydraulic pump is driven by the _____ _____ (B) Steel plates.
whenever the engine is running. (C) Servo.
11. The governor, oil passages, and servos are part of the (D) Splined hub.
_____ control system. 6. Technician A says bands are applied by servos.
12. An on-board computer operates the _____ control system. Technician B says bands wrap around drums. Who is
right?
13. The _____ _____ is a cable or a series or rods and
(A) A only.
levers that connect the shift lever to the manual valve.
(B) B only.
14. Transmission fluid _____. (C) Both A and B.
(A) carries away heat produced in the transmission (D) Neither A nor B.
(B) helps the holding members grip when they are
7. The modern transmission/transaxle case is made of
applied
_____.
(C) helps seal in pressure
(A) cast iron
(D) All of the above.
(B) steel
15. The transmission fluid filter is always located on the (C) plastic
_____ side of the hydraulic pump.
(D) aluminum
8. The hydraulic control system contains all the follow-
ing components except:
(A) governor.
ASE-Type Questions—Chapter 1 (B) parking lock.
(C) accumulators.
1. In any transmission, gears are used to do all the fol-
(D) valve body.
lowing except:
(A) provide direct drive. 9. Technician A says gaskets seal moving parts.
Technician B says that O-rings seal stationary parts.
(B) disconnect the engine and drive wheels.
Who is right?
(C) reverse the vehicle.
(A) A only.
(D) provide overdrive.
(B) B only.
2. Technician A says early transmissions were inefficient. (C) Both A and B.
Technician B says a slipping transmission is an effi-
(D) Neither A nor B.
cient transmission. Who is right?
(A) A only. 10. Available transmission oil cooler configurations
include all of the following except:
(B) B only.
(A) in the radiator—factory installed.
(C) Both A and B.
(B) in the radiator—aftermarket.
(D) Neither A nor B.
(C) in front of the radiator—factory installed.
3. Which of the following materials is most commonly
(D) in front of the radiator—aftermarket.
used to make modern transmission and transaxle
cases?
(A) Cast Iron.
(B) Wrought Iron.
(C) Magnesium.
(D) Aluminum.