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Keywords – Particle swarm optimization (PSO), Optimal size, Optimal location, Distributed
generation (DG), Active power losses.
I. INTRODUCTION
The need to provide acceptable power quality and reliability will create a very favorable
climate for the penetration of renewable and nonrenewable distributed generation resources
around the world. As a result of this penetration of DG resources at the distribution level,
distribution system are no longer passive supplying loads, but are active with power flows and
voltages determined by the generation and loads. A number of steps should be followed
concerning, one of this steps is the best use of existing distribution network through the
optimal allocation and sizing of the DG resources.
In order to achieve the desired performance in DG resources and minimizing power loss,
improve the voltage profile, increase reliability and improving the power quality parameters of
the electric grid, suitable placement and size need to provide for this DG units.
There are two methods for sitting and sizing of DG in the distribution network. The first
method is traditional based such as optimal power flow (OPF), sensitive factor and repetitive
load flows (reload flow). In the second method, the artificial intelligent (AI) is used to apply
with DG placement and sizing like Ant Colony Algorithm (ACO), Genetic Algorithm (GA),
Tabu Search (TS), Differential Evolution (DE) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). A lot
of papers and studies have been carried out in the recent years to present methodologies in the
general topic of DG units placement and sizing [1- 6]. A particle swarm optimization (PSO)
algorithm was introduced to determine the optimum size and location of a single DG unit to
minimize the real power losses of the system in [7]. In [8], a novel optimization approach that
employs an Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm to find the optimum DG size, power
factor, and location in order to minimize the total system real power loss. A genetic algorithm
(GA)-based technique along with optimal power ow (OPF) calculations were used to
determine the optimum size and location of DG units installed to the system in order to
minimize the cost of active and reactive power generation is used in [9]. In [10], an analytical
method to determine the optimum location–size pair of a DG unit was proposed in order to
minimize only the line losses of the power system. In [11], a combined PSO and GA
algorithm was used to nd the optimal location of a xed number of DG units with speci c
59
K. Ras Guerriche , T. Bouktir
total capacity such that the real power loss of the system is minimized and the operational
constraints of the system are satis ed. [12] Present a genetic algorithm (GA) approach for the
location and sizing of DG in three different loading conditions which were peak load, medium
load and low load. In [13], A novel optimization approach that employs an Artificial Bee
Colony (ABC) algorithm to find the optimum DG size, power factor, and location in order to
minimize the total system real power loss. In [14], a sensitivity analysis of power losses in
terms of DG size, location and operating point has been performed to nd the optimal size and
location of DG units. [15], a PSO algorithm was used to place multiple DG units with non-
unity power factor but the objective was to minimize only the real power loss of the system.
Pavlos, S in [16]. Present a review serves as a guide to aid researchers and power system
engineers on the available DG placement models and methodologies.
In this paper a particle swarm optimization algorithm is presented, to solve DG units optimal
placement and sizing problem in the radial distribution system. Firstly a brief review about
distributed generation technology. Section II explains the proposed approach. A problem
formulation in Section III. The results and discussion are presented in Section IV. And finally
the conclusion is given in Section V.
Definition of Distributed Generation (DG):
As known, distributed generation signify the electric power generation within distributed
network to meet the rapid energy demand of consumers. However, There is many terms and
definitions used for explain DG and that’s create a various perspectives:
The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) de nes distributed generation as
generation from ‘a few kilo-watts up to 50 MW’ [17].
International Energy Agency (IEA) de nes distributed generation as generating
plant serving a customer on-sit or providing support to a distribution network,
connected to the grid at distributed level voltages [18].
The International Conference on large High Voltage Electric Systems (CIGRE)
de nes DG as ‘smaller than 50-100 MW’ [17].
Although there are variations in de nitions, however, the concept is almost same. DG can be
treated as small scale power generation to mitigate the consumer energy demand. Distributed
Generation can come from a variety of sources and technology. Here, we will consider the
Distributed Generation as an Electric power source connected directly to the distribution
system.
Optimal Allocation and Sizing of Distributed Generation with Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Loss Reduction 60
K. Ras Guerriche, T. Bouktir
ui (ui1 , ui 2 ,.....,uin )
And
vi (vi1 , vi 2 ,......,vin )
respectively.
The best previous position of the i the particle is recorded and represented as
The index of the best particle among all the particles in the group is represented by :
The modified velocity and position of each particle can be calculated as per following
formulas [23]:
vi( k 1)
vi( k ) c1r1 ( Pbesti( k ) ui( k ) )
Pr evious Velocity Cognitive Component
(01)
(k )
c2 r2 (Gbest ui(k ) )
Social Component
ui( k 1)
ui( k ) vi( k 1)
(02)
vi(k ) , ui(k ) : are the velocity and the current position of particle i in the search space at
iteration k, respectively.
In general, the inertia weight provides a balance between global and local explorations
(control the influence of the previous history of the velocities on the current one). It is set
according to the following equation:
( max min )
max k (03)
kmax
min, max : initial and final inertia factor weights.
kmax : maximum iteration number.
k: current iteration number.
The constants c1 and c2 pull each particle toward Pbest positions (cognitive component of
velocity) and Gbest positions (social component of velocity).
The position is updated with respect to (02).
Time Varying Acceleration Coefficients
The time-varying inertia weight (TVIW) can locate a good solution at a significantly faster
rate but its ability to fine tune the optimum solution is weak, due to the lack of diversity at the
end of the search. It has been observed by most researchers that in PSO, problem-based tuning
of parameters is a key factor to find the optimal solution accurately and efficiently [24, 25]. In
TVAC, this is achieved by changing the acceleration coefficients and with time in such a
manner that the cognitive component is reduced while the social component is increased as the
search proceeds. TVAC-PSO is successfully implemented for economic load dispatch (ELD)
problem in [26].
vi( k 1) (k ) (k )
iv c1( k ) r1 ( Pbesti( k ) ui( k ) )
(04)
c2( k ) r2 ( Pgbesti( k ) ui( k ) )
k
c1( k ) (c1i c1 f ) c1i
kmax
(05)
(k ) k
c 2 (c2 f c2i ) c2i
kmax
Where:
c ii and c if are initial and final values of the ith acceleration coefficient respectively.
(k )
is the same value of inertia weight in (03).
Optimal Allocation and Sizing of Distributed Generation with Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Loss Reduction 62
K. Ras Guerriche, T. Bouktir
Subject to:
Ii Ii max (08)
In which:
Table.1. shows the most appropriate location and size and corresponding real power for the
scenario I, The results show that a significant real power loss reduction and voltage profile
improvement after the installation of DG units in the system. Noticed that the installation of
DG units can improve the system loadability.
Optimal Allocation and Sizing of Distributed Generation with Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Loss Reduction 64
K. Ras Guerriche, T. Bouktir
To evaluate and prove the effectiveness of the proposed PSO Algorithm we compare the
results obtained by this technique using the IEEE 33-BUS system with those obtained in
[29],[30]. The table.2 shows the DG units optimal location, sizing and the total power losses
of the system.
TABLE II.RESULTS AND COMPARISON
Case II Case III
Approach Proposed PSO [29] Proposed PSO [30]
Optimal DG location 6 6 13 , 30 6,8
Optimal DG Size (MW) 2.43 2.28 0.82 , 1.16 1.72, 0.84
Total power loss (kW) 61.77 63.26 28.83 55.67
The table.2 reveals that the proposed PSO algorithm could gain better results compared to
[29],[30] approaches in real power loss reduction so the voltage profile improvement too, by
reducing the real power losses from 202.6 kW to 61.77 kW and 28.83kW.
TABLE III SUMMARY OF SCENARIO II RESULTS FOR SINGLE DG UNIT
Light Load Normal Load Heavy Load
Initial power Losses (kW) 46.8 202.66 497.12
Optimal DG location 6 6 6
Optimal DG size (MW) 1.22 2.43 3.69
Total power losses (kW) 14.96 61.77 142.78
Further study to the proposed PSO when the system is under different loads levels. The light
load (50% from the full load) and heavy load (150% from the full load) in order to see how the
DGs Units can react with the load variation. Moreover the optimum size and location of DGs
units for the voltage profile improvement and active power reduction using the proposed
approach in the different load levels are illustrated below:
From Tables.3 and 4, for the different levels loads the DGs size is change simultaneously
with the load levels (preserve the same place of the DG units).
Moreover the voltage profile of feeder system due to different load levels are varying in
matching to the load levels as illustrated in Figure.3 and 4.
Optimal Allocation and Sizing of Distributed Generation with Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Loss Reduction 66
K. Ras Guerriche, T. Bouktir
V. CONCLUSION
A particle swarm optimization approach is proposed in this paper to solve the DGs units
allocation and sizing problem. Comparing the proposed approach to other optimization
algorithms, showed an improved performance and better results. The proposed PSO was
applied to the IEEE 33-Bus system radial distribution system. Based on the results the
proposed algorithm has the capability to provide the optimal placements and sizes for the DGs
units. Moreover, the results illustrate the efficiency of this approach for the voltage profile
improvement and power losses reduction.
In order to better evaluate the robustness of this approach we should be tested in larger
distribution systems.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author thanks Prof. Tarek Bouktir and all members of his SMART GRID team.
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