NOTATIONS

(a, b) {x : a < x < b}

[ a, b ) {x : a £ x < b}
( a, b ] {x : a < x £ b}
[ a, b ] {x : a £ x £ b}
gcd (m, n ) greatest common divisor of two integers m and n
lcm (m, n ) least common multiple of two integers m and n
[ x] greatest integer m such that m £ x
m ∫ k (mod n ) m and k are congruent modulo n (m and k have the same remainder
when divided by n, or equivalently, m - k is a multiple of n)
-1 1
f inverse of an invertible function f (not the same as )
f
lim f ( x ) right-hand limit of f ( x ) ; limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a from the right
xÆ a+

lim f ( x ) left-hand limit of f ( x ) ; limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a from the left

xÆ a-

∆ the empty set

x ŒS x is an element of set S
SÃT set S is a proper subset of set T
SÕT either set S is a proper subset of set T or S = T
S »T union of sets S and T
S «T intersection of sets S and T

DEFINITIONS

A relation ¬ on a set S is

reflexive if x  x for all x ΠS

symmetric if x  y fi y  x for all x, y ΠS
transitive if ( x  y and y  z ) fi x  z for all x, y, z ΠS
antisymmetric if ( x  y and y  x ) fi x = y for all x, y ΠS

An equivalence relation is a reflexive, symmetric, and transitive relation.

 FORMULAS

Sum

sin(x ± y) = sin x cos y ± cos x sin y

cos( x ± y) = cos x cos y ∓ sin x sin y
tan x ± tan y
tan(x ± y) =
1 ∓ tan x tan y

(
Half-angle sign depends on the quadrant of
q
2 )
q 1 - cos q
sin =±
2 2

q 1 + cos q
cos =±
2 2

Range of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

sin -1 x È- p , p ˘
ÎÍ 2 2 ˙˚

cos -1 x [0, p ]

tan -1 x (- p2 , p2 )
Law of Sines
B
sin A sin B sin C
= =
a b c
c a

Law of Cosines
A C
c = a + b - 2 ab (cos C )
2 2 2 b

DeMoivre’s Theorem

(cos q + i sin q ) k = cos (k q ) + i sin (k q )

Coordinate Transformation
y
Rectangular ( x, y ) to polar (r, q ) : r 2 = x 2 + y2 ; tan q = if x π 0
x
Polar (r, q ) to rectangular ( x, y ) : x = r cos q; y = r sin q

Distance from point ( x1 , y1 ) to line Ax + By + C = 0

Ax1 + By1 + C
d =
A2 + B2

Volume

4 3
Sphere with radius r : V = pr
3

1 2
Right circular cone with height h and base of radius r : V = pr h
3

Right circular cylinder with height h and base of radius r : V = p r 2h

1
Pyramid with height h and base of area B : V = Bh
3

Right prism with height h and base of area B : V = Bh

Surface Area

Sphere with radius r : A = 4 p r2

Right circular cone with radius r and slant height s : A = p rs + p r 2

Differentiation

( f ( x ) g ( x ) )¢ = f ¢ ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g ¢ ( x )

( f ( g ( x ) ) )¢ = f ¢ ( g ( x ) ) g ¢ ( x )

Ê f ( x) ˆ ¢ f ¢ ( x ) g ( x ) - f ( x ) g ¢( x )
= if g( x ) π 0
ËÁ g ( x ) ¯˜ ( g ( x ) )2

Integration by Parts

Ú u dv = uv - Ú v du