Vocab4book PDF

âÃ§àÃÕÂ¹ÊÍ¹ÀÒÉÒÍÑ§¡ÄÉ “¤Ø³¤ÃÙÊÁÈÃÕ”: ÈÑ¾·à´ç´ ·‹Í§àÊÃç¨ ÊÍºµÔ´ªÑÇÃ
abandon, desert (v) ÅÐ·Ôé§

əˈbændən
: The people abandoned the village
because of the earthquake.
ability, capability (n) ¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒÃ¶
əˈbɪləti
: musical ability
proficiency, efficiency (n) »ÃÐÊÔ·¸ÔÀÒ¾
prəˈfɪʃnsi
: language proficiency
abruptly, suddenly (adv) ©Ñº¾ÅÑ¹·Ñ¹ã´
əˈbrʌptli
: He stopped abruptly.
Copyright by Kru somsri’s English School, 2015.

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1
absolutely, completely(adv) ÍÂ‹Ò§ÂÔè§/â´ÂÊÔé¹àªÔ§

ˈæbsəluːtli
: You are absolutely right.
absurd, ridiculous (adj) ¹‹ÒËÑÇàÃÒÐàÂÒÐ
əbˈsɜːrd
: The story was so absurd.
accept, admit (v) ÂÍÁÃÑº
əkˈsept
: He accepted that it’s his mistake.
access, approach (n) ·Ò§à¢ŒÒÊÙ,‹ ¡ÒÃà¢ŒÒÊÙ‹
ˈækses
: There is no access to the building
from this way.

2
accommodation, residence (n) ·Õè¾Ñ¡ÍÒÈÑÂ

əˌkɑ ːməˈdeɪʃn
: I can find some accommodation for
the homeless.
accomplish, succeed (v) ·íÒãËŒÊíÒàÃç¨
əˈkɑ ːmplɪʃ
: She can accomplish her mission.
accordingly, consequently (adv) ´Ñ§¹Ñé¹
əˈkɔːrdɪŋli
: He talked too much and accordingly
felt very tired.

3
accumulate, collect (v) ÊÐÊÁ

əˈkjuːmjəleɪt
: Interest accumulates in my savings
accounts.
accurate, precise (adj) ¶Ù¡µŒÍ§áÁ‹¹ÂíÒ
ˈækjərət
: The numbers in the report are
accurate.
accuse, blame (v) ¡Å‹ÒÇËÒ, µíÒË¹Ô
əˈkjuːz
: He was accused of stealing my
money.

4
achieve, succeed (v) ·íÒãËŒÊíÒàÃç¨

əˈtʃiːv
: She can achieve her goal.
acknowledge, accept (v) ÂÍÁÃÑº
əkˈnɑ ːlɪdʒ
: KSS is acknowledged as the most
beautiful teacher.
acquire, attain (v) ä´ŒÃÑº
əˈkwaɪər
: She has acquired good experience in
job.

5
activate, stimulate (v) ¡ÃÐµØŒ¹

ˈæktɪveɪt
: She activated the machine by pressing
a button.
active, energetic (adj) ¤Å‹Í§
ˈæktɪv
: That old man is still active.
adapt, adjust (v) »ÃÑºµÑÇ
əˈdæpt
: She adapted herself to her new job.
add, increase, supplement (v) à¾ÔèÁ
æd
: We add your name in my list .

6
addict, drunkard (n) ¤¹µÔ´ÂÒ

ˈædɪkt
: He is a drug addict.
adolescent, youngster (n) ÇÑÂÃØ‹¹
ˌædəˈlesnt
: I am looking for an adolescent.
adult, grown-up (n) ¼ÙŒãËÞ‹
ˈædʌlt
: She is now an adult.
affection, fondness (n) ¤ÇÒÁÃÑ¡
əˈfekʃn
: She feels affection for her
grandchildren.

7
affluent, prosperous (adj) ÃèíÒÃÇÂ

ˈæfluənt
: He is an affluent man.
aggravate, exasperate (v) ·íÒãËŒâ¡Ã¸
ˈæɡrəveɪt
: He aggravated me by complaining all
the time.
agriculture, farming (n) à¡ÉµÃ¡ÃÃÁ
ˈæɡrɪkʌltʃər
: Agriculture is a big business in
Thailand.

8
aim, goal, purpose(n) ¨Ø´ÁØ‹§ËÁÒÂ, ÇÑµ¶Ø»ÃÐÊ§¤

eɪm
: His aim is to become a doctor.
allocate, distribute (v) áº‹§ÊÑ¹»˜¹Ê‹Ç¹, á¨¡¨‹ÒÂ
ˈæləkeɪt
: The Ministry of Education allocates
money for schools.
alternative, option, choice (n) ¢ŒÍàÅ×Í¡
ɔːlˈtɜːrnətɪv
: Many farmers are growing corns as
an alternative to rice.

9
ambiguous, vague (adj) ¡íÒ¡ÇÁ

æmˈbɪɡjuəs
: The meaning of this sentence is
ambiguous.
ambition, inspiration (n) ¤ÇÒÁ·ÐàÂÍ·ÐÂÒ¹,
áÃ§ºÑ¹´ÒÅã¨
æmˈbɪʃn
: She can achieve her ambition.
analyze, synthesize (v) ÇÔà¤ÃÒÐË, ÊÑ§à¤ÃÒÐË
ˈænəlaɪz
: They are analyzing the data now.

10
ancestor, forefather(n) ºÃÃ¾ºØÃØÉ

ˈænsestər
: Our ancestors knew how to read the
stars.
ancient, archaic (adj) âºÃÒ³
ˈeɪnʃənt
: We studied the ancient civilization.
annoy, harass (v) Ãº¡Ç¹, µÒÁÃÑ§¤ÇÒ¹
əˈnɔɪ
: Their noise annoyed me.
apparent, obvious (adj) ·ÕèàËç¹ä´ŒªÑ´à¨¹
əˈpærənt
: It‘s apparent that he is unhappy.

11
application (n) ¡ÒÃ»ÃÐÂØ¡µãªŒ / ¡ÒÃÊÁÑ¤Ã§Ò¹

ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃn
: Mathematics has applications in
science.
approach (n) ¡ÒÃà¢ŒÒ¶Ö§ / ÇÔ¸Õ
əˈproʊtʃ
: I took the wrong approach to solve
the problem.
appropriate, suitable, fitting (adj) àËÁÒÐÊÁ
əˈproʊpriət
: These shoes are not appropriate for
running.

12
archeology, archaeology (n) âºÃÒ³¤´Õ

ˌɑːkɪˈɒlədʒi
: I took the course in archeology.
argue, debate, dispute (v) âµŒáÂŒ§
ˈɑːrɡjuː
: My brothers are always arguing.
artificial, copied, duplicated
(adj) à·ÕÂÁ / »ÅÍÁ
ˌɑ ːrtɪˈfɪʃl
: These are artificial flowers.
aspire, wish, long for (v) »ÃÒÃ¶¹Ò
əˈspaɪər
: She aspires to be a supermodel.

13
assemble, congregate (v) ÃÇÁ¡Ñ¹ªØÁ¹ØÁ¡Ñ¹
əˈsembl
: The crowd assembled in the meeting
hall.
assess, appraise (v) »ÃÐàÁÔ¹
əˈses
: They assessed the effect of the change.
assign, appoint (v) ÁÍºËÁÒÂ, áµ‹§µÑé§
əˈsaɪn
: My boss assigned me some work.
assumption, presumption(n) ÊÁÁµÔ°Ò¹
əˈsʌmpʃn
: It is only an assumption that what
he said is true.
14
assure, ensure (v) ÃÑºÃÍ§

əˈʃʊr
: I assure you that I’m telling you the
truth.
astronaut, spaceman (n) ¹Ñ¡ºÔ¹ÍÇ¡ÒÈ
ˈæstrənɔːt
: The little boy wishes to be an
astronaut.
attach, join, enclose (v) á¹º / µÔ´
əˈtætʃ
: I attached a note to my report.
attention, heed (n) ¤ÇÒÁãÊ‹ã¨
əˈtenʃn
: The kids pay attention to their lesson.
15
attendance, presence(n) ¡ÒÃà¢ŒÒÃ‹ÇÁ, ¡ÒÃ»ÃÒ¡¯

əˈtendəns
: Your attendance at the meeting is
required.
automation (n) ¡ÒÃãªŒà¤Ã×èÍ§¨Ñ¡Ã
ˌɔːtəˈmeɪʃn
: Automation meant the loss of many
factory jobs.
available, at hand (adj) ·ÕèÁÕÍÂÙ‹/·ÕèËÒÁÒä´Œ
əˈveɪləbl
: These products are available at the
department store.

16
awkward, inactive (adj) §Ø‹Á§‹ÒÁ

ˈɔːkwərd
: He runs with an awkward pace.
beat, defeat (v) àÍÒª¹Ð
biːt
: Our team beats the other team again.
behavior, conduct (n) ¤ÇÒÁ»ÃÐ¾ÄµÔ
bɪˈheɪvjər
: She was fired for bad behavior.

17
bereaved, mournful (adj) ·ÕèÊÙÞàÊÕÂ¤¹ÃÑ¡,

¤ÃèíÒ¤ÃÇÞàÊÕÂã¨
bɪˈriːvd
: She was bereaved when her mom
died.
besides, moreover, furthermore
(conj) ÂÔè§¡Ç‹Ò¹Ñé¹
bɪˈsaɪdz
: She is rich; besides, she is beautiful.
brittle, fragile (adj) à»ÃÒÐ
ˈbrɪtl
: The bones of elderly people become
brittle and easily broken.

18
build, construct, establish (v) ÊÃŒÒ§
bɪld
: Workers built a house.
capacity, ability (n) ¤ÇÒÁ¨Ø, ¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒÃ¶
kəˈpæsəti
: The ballroom has a 100-seat capacity.
category, classification(n) »ÃÐàÀ··Õèáº‹§,
¡ÒÃáº‹§»ÃÐàÀ·
ˈkætəɡ ɔːri
: I place him in category of being a
troublemaker.

19
cessation, stop (n) ¡ÒÃËÂØ´

seˈseɪʃn
: The cessation of war between the
two countries brought peace.
challenge, defy (v) ·ŒÒ·ÒÂ, ÂÑèÇãËŒâ¡Ã¸
ˈtʃælɪndʒ
: I challenged her to the game of
tennis.
circumstance, occurrence (n) àËµØ¡ÒÃ³
ˈsɜːrkəmstæns
: Heavy rain and flash flood are
circumstances that lead to car
accidents.

20
collapse, relapse (v) ¾Ñ§·ÅÒÂ, ·ÃØ´Å§

kəˈlæps
: The roof of the old house collapsed.
collide, clash (v) ª¹, ª¹¡Ñ¹
kəˈlaɪd
: Two cars collided at the intersection.
crash, crush (v) ª¹, º´¢ÂÕé
kræʃ
: The bus went out of control and
crashed against cars.
commodity, merchandise (n) ÊÔ¹¤ŒÒ
kəˈmɑ ːdəti
: Salt was a costly commodity in
ancient times.
21
communicate, convey (v) Ê×èÍÊÒÃ, Ê×èÍ¤ÇÒÁ

kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt
: People can communicate by telephone
easily.
companion, friend (n) à¾×èÍ¹Ã‹ÇÁ·Ò§, à¾×èÍ¹
kəmˈpæniən
: Lucas was her companion at the party.
compare, correlate (v) à»ÃÕÂºà·ÕÂº
(ÊÔè§àËÁ×Í¹)
kəmˈper
: The company’s sales this year are
excellent compared to last year’s.

22
contrast, differentiate (v) à»ÃÕÂºà·ÕÂº

(ÊÔè§áµ¡µ‹Ò§)
ˈkɑ ːntræst
: Her black dress and the white
background contrast sharply.
compensate, redeem (v) ª´àªÂ
ˈkɑ ːmpenseɪt
: The insurance company compensated
the man for his injuries.
competitor, opposer (n) ¤Ù‹á¢‹§, ¼ÙŒ¤Ñ´¤ŒÒ¹
kəmˈpetɪtər
: He’s losing business to his competitors.

23
complete, accomplish, achieve
(v) ·íÒãËŒÊíÒàÃç¨
kəmˈpliːt
: He completed the report yesterday.
complex, complicated (adj) ÊÅÑº«Ñº«ŒÍ¹
kəmˈpleks
: Finding a cure for cancer involves
complex scientific research.
component, constituent (n) Í§¤»ÃÐ¡Íº
kəmˈpoʊnənt
: Components of a car consist of tires,
the engine, and the seats.

24
(be) composed of, constitute (v) »ÃÐ¡Íº´ŒÇÂ
kəmˈpoʊzd ɒv
: This class is composed of 40 students.
concentrate, focus (v) ÁÕ¨Ôµã¨¨´¨‹ÍÍÂÙ¡‹ Ñº, à¹Œ¹
ˈkɑːnsntreɪt
: During exams, students concentrate
on answering the questions.
conclude, infer (v) ÊÃØ»
kənˈkluːd
: Many studies have concluded that
smoking is dangerous.

25
condolence, sympathy(n) ¡ÒÃáÊ´§¤ÇÒÁàÊÕÂã¨

kənˈdoʊləns
: I wish to express my condolences on
your father’s death.
conference, convention(n) ¡ÒÃ»ÃÐªØÁ
ˈkɑːnfərəns
: The conference takes place annually.
conform, agree (v) »¯ÔºÑµÔµÒÁ
kənˈfɔːrm
: We must conform to the rules.
confidence, assurance(n) ¤ÇÒÁÁÑè¹ã¨
ˈkɑːnfɪdəns
: P’Loong has confidence in his ability.

26
confidential, secret (adj) ·Õèà»š¹¤ÇÒÁÅÑºà©¾ÒÐ

ˌkɑːnfɪˈdenʃl
: This document is confidential.
confirm, affirm (v) Â×¹ÂÑ¹, ·íÒãËŒÁÑè¹ã¨
kənˈfɜːrm
: The experiment confirmed his theory.
conscious, aware (adj) µÃÐË¹Ñ¡
ˈkɑːnʃəs
: I felt conscious that I was being
followed.

27
considerable, great (adj) ÁÒ¡ÁÒÂ

kənˈsɪdərəbl
: That family owns a considerable
amount of land.
consist of, constitute (v) »ÃÐ¡Íº´ŒÇÂ
kənˈsɪst əv
: The problem consists of two parts.
constant, consistent (adj) ÊÁèíÒàÊÁÍ
ˈkɑːnstənt
: He suffers from constant headaches.
contain, comprise (v) »ÃÐ¡Íº´ŒÇÂ
kənˈteɪn
: The story contains a lot of action.

28
consult, confer (v) »ÃÖ¡ÉÒ

kənˈsʌlt
: The President consults with the Prime
Minister.
counsel, advise (v) ãËŒ¤íÒ»ÃÖ¡ÉÒ
ˈkaʊnsl
: He counsels people who are trying to
quit drinking.
consumption, exhaustion(n) ¡ÒÃºÃÔâÀ¤,
¡ÒÃãªŒ¨¹ËÁ´
kənˈsʌmpʃn
: The consumption of alcohol in that
country is high.

29
contaminate, adulterate (v) ·íÒãËŒà¹‹ÒàÊÕÂ,

»ÅÍÁ»¹
kənˈtæmɪneɪt
: The drinking water was contaminated
with gasoline.
contradiction, controversy(n) ¡ÒÃâµŒáÂŒ§
ˌkɑːntrəˈdɪkʃn
: There have been some contradictions
in his statements.
controvert, contradict, contend (v) âµŒáÂŒ§
ˈkɑːntrəvɜːrt
: No one ever controverted that it was
the right decision.

30
convert, alter, change (v) à»ÅÕèÂ¹

kənˈvɜːrt
: The owner converted the hotel into
an apartment building.
convince, persuade (v) ·íÒãËŒàª×èÍ, ªÑ¡ªÇ¹
kənˈvɪns
: Berm convinced Pim that he loves her.
co-operate, collaborate (v) Ã‹ÇÁÁ×Í, Ã‹ÇÁáÃ§
koʊˈɑːpəreɪt
: It will be much easier if everyone
co-operates.

31
co-ordinate, organize (v) »ÃÐÊÒ¹, ¨Ñ´¡ÒÃ

koʊˈɔːrdɪneɪt
: You’ll have to co-ordinate with the
sales department.
counteract, neutralize (v) ËÑ¡ÅŒÒ§ / ÅºÅŒÒ§
ˌkaʊntərˈækt
: The drug will counteract the poison.
critical (adj) à¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº¡ÒÃÇÔ¨ÒÃ³
ˈkrɪtɪkl
: She has a talent for critical thinking.
critical, vital (adj) ÊíÒ¤ÑÞÂÔè§
ˈkrɪtɪkl
: Diet and exercise are critical for health.

32
criticism, comment (n) ¡ÒÃÇÔ¨ÒÃ³

ˈkrɪtɪsɪzəm
: He takes a class on film criticism.
crucial, essential (adj) ÊíÒ¤ÑÞÂÔè§
ˈkruːʃl
: Vitamins are crucial for maintaining
good health.
damage, destruction, disaster (n) ¤ÇÒÁàÊÕÂËÒÂ
ˈdæmɪdʒ
: How much damage did the earthquake
do?

33
dangerous, hazardous (adj) ÍÑ¹µÃÒÂ

ˈdeɪndʒərəs
: The city can be a dangerous place to
live.
deal with, cope with, involve
(v) à¡ÕèÂÇ¢ŒÍ§, ¢ŒÍ§à¡ÕèÂÇ
diːl wɪθ
: Have you ever dealt with this company
before?
declare, announce (v) »ÃÐ¡ÒÈ
dɪˈkler
: He openly declared his love for her.

34
decline, decrease (v) Å´Å§

dɪˈklaɪn
: The number of animals has declined

rapidly so far.
dedicate, devote (v) ÍØ·ÔÈ
ˈdedɪkeɪt
: She dedicated herself to her career.

defend, protect (v) »‡Í§¡Ñ¹
dɪˈfend
: The army defended the city.

35
definite, exact (adj) á¹‹¹Í¹

ˈdefɪnət
: Do you know a definite date for their

arrival?
destroy, decay, decline (v) ·íÒÅÒÂ, ¼Ø, àÊ×èÍÁ
dɪˈstrɔɪ
: The storm destroyed every house in

the village.
demonstrate (v) ÊÒ¸Ôµ/à´Ô¹»ÃÐ·ŒÇ§
ˈdemənstreɪt
: I will demonstrate for you how the

machine works.

36
deny, decline (v) »¯ÔàÊ¸

dɪˈnaɪ
: The judge denied their request.

department, section (n) á¼¹¡
dɪˈpɑːrtmənt
: Your letter has been forwarded to our

sales department.
depend on, rely on (v) ¢Öé¹ÍÂÙ‹¡Ñº
dɪˈpend ɔːn
: The picnic depends on weather.

37
depress, deject (v) ·íÒãËŒË´ËÙã‹ ¨

dɪˈpres
: The news seemed to depress him a

little.
deprive, bereave (v) ¾ÃÒ¡ / àÍÒ...ä»
dɪˈpraɪv
: Communism deprived people of their

freedom.
devastation, destruction (n) ¤ÇÒÁàÊÕÂËÒÂ
ˌdevəˈsteɪʃn
: War and famine bring devastation to

a country.

38
determine, make a strong decision
(v) µÑ´ÊÔ¹ã¨á¹‹Çá¹‹/¡íÒË¹´
dɪˈtɜːrmɪn
: Somsri determined that one day she

would be a sexy model.
detest, hate, despise (v) à¡ÅÕÂ´ªÑ§
dɪˈtest
: The two political rivals detest each

other.
detrimental, perilous (adj) ÍÑ¹µÃÒÂ
ˌdetrɪˈmentl
: The factory’s waste was detrimental

to the local environment.

39
devastate, demolish (v) ·íÒÅÒÂÅŒÒ§

ˈdevəsteɪt
: A storm devastated the village.

device, tool, gadget (n) ÍØ»¡Ã³
dɪˈvaɪs
: The computer is an electronic device.

devious, indirect (adj) ·Õè¤´à¤ÕÂé Ç, ·ÕèäÁ‹µÃ§
ˈdiːviəs
: He took us by a devious route to the

center of the city.

40
diagnosis, analysis (n) ¡ÒÃÇÔ¹Ô¨©ÑÂ,¡ÒÃÇÔà¤ÃÒÐË
ˌdaɪəɡˈnoʊsɪs
: She is an expert in the diagnosis

and treatment of this disease.
die, expire, perish, extinct (v) µÒÂ
daɪ
: He died in 1980 at the age of 35.

diminutive, miniature (adj) àÅç¡
dɪˈmɪnjətɪv
: I have a collection of diminutive books.

41
disgust, abhorrence (n) ¤ÇÒÁ¢ÂÐá¢Â§

dɪsˈɡʌst
: The terrible smell filled me with disgust.

disorder, disorganize (v) ·íÒãËŒÇØ‹¹ÇÒÂ, ·íÒãËŒÂ§Ø‹
dɪsˈɔːrdər
: The experience disordered her mind.

disorder, ailment (n) ¤ÇÒÁ¼Ô´»¡µÔ/¤ÇÒÁà¨çº»†ÇÂ
dɪsˈɔːrdər
: She had a history of mental disorder.

42
distinguish, discriminate (v) áÂ¡ãËŒàËç¹

¤ÇÒÁáµ¡µ‹Ò§
dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃ
: The child cannot distinguish between

right and wrong!
distract, deviate (v) ·íÒãËŒà¢Ç, ËÑ¡àËÍÍ¡
dɪˈstrækt
: Noise distracts me from studying.

dominance, influence(n) ÍÔ·¸Ô¾Å¤ÃÍº§íÒ
ˈdɑːmɪnəns
: Japan’s dominance of the car industry

43
drought, shortage (n)¤ÇÒÁáËŒ§áÅŒ§,¡ÒÃ¢Ò´á¤Å¹
draʊt
: The severe drought caused a great
damage to farmers.
dwelling, residence (n) ·ÕèÍÂÙ‹ÍÒÈÑÂ
ˈdwelɪŋ
: The village development contains 100

dwellings.
ecology, ecosystem (n) ¹ÔàÇÈÇÔ·ÂÒ, ÃÐºº¹ÔàÇÈ¹
iˈkɑːlədʒi
: Industry brings damage to ecology.

44
effective, efficient (adj) ·ÕèÁÕ»ÃÐÊÔ·¸ÔÀÒ¾

ɪˈfektɪv
: It’s a simple but effective technique.

effort, attempt (n) ¤ÇÒÁ¾ÂÒÂÒÁ
ˈefərt
: The workers made a great effort to

finish the road on time.
elegant, splendid (adj) Ê§‹Ò§ÒÁ
ˈelɪɡənt
: The living room of the model apartment

has elegant furniture.

45
eliminate, demolish (v) ¡íÒ¨Ñ´, ·íÒÅÒÂ

ɪˈlɪmɪneɪt
: She’s trying to eliminate fatty foods

from her diet.
enormous, colossal, gigantic
(adj) ãËÞ‹âµÁâËÌÒÃ
ɪˈnɔːrməs
:They live in an enormous house.

ensure, assure (v) ÃÑºÃÍ§, Â×¹ÂÑ¹,
·íÒãËŒÁÑè¹ã¨
ɪnˈʃʊr
: They took steps to ensure the safety

of the passengers.
46
enthusiastic, zealous(adj) ¡ÃÐµ×ÍÃ×ÍÅŒ¹

ɪnˌθuːziˈæstɪk
: She is enthusiastic about the party

tonight.
entire, whole, total (adj) ·Ñé§ËÁ´
ɪnˈtaɪər
: He owns the entire building.

entrepreneur, investor(n) ¹Ñ¡àÊÕèÂ§Å§·Ø¹,¼ÙŒÅ§·Ø¹
ˌɑːntrəprəˈnɜːr
: She was a successful entrepreneur.

47
envious, jealous (adj) ÍÔ¨©Ò

ˈenviəs
: He is envious of my new car.

erase, delete (v) Åº
ɪˈreɪs
: The student erased his wrong answer.

erode, decompose (v) ÊÖ¡¡Ã‹Í¹, à¹‹Òà»„›ÍÂ
ɪˈroʊd
: Rain eroded the statue.

escape, evade, elude (v) ËÅºË¹Õ
ɪˈskeɪp
: The tiger escaped from its cage.

48
evidence, proof (n) ËÅÑ¡°Ò¹

ˈevɪdəns
: The lawyer presented the murder

weapon as evidence in court.
exaggerate, overstate (v) ¾Ù´à¡Ô¹¨ÃÔ§
ɪɡˈzædʒəreɪt
: He tends to exaggerate when talking

about his accomplishments.
examine, scrutinize (v) µÃÇ¨ÊÍº, ¾Ô¹Ô¨¾Ôà¤ÃÒÐË

ɪɡˈzæmɪn
: He examined the evidence carefully.

49
excessive, surplus (adj) ÁÒ¡à¡Ô¹

ɪkˈsesɪv
: They have excessive amount of bad

luck.
excuse, explanation (n) ¢ŒÍá¡ŒµÑÇ, ¤íÒÍ¸ÔºÒÂ
ɪkˈskjuːs
: He had a good excuse for not doing

his report.
exhaust, fatigue (v) ·íÒãËŒËÁ´áÃ§
ɪɡˈzɔːst
: Waking up several times a night

exhausted her.

50
exhibit, expose (v) áÊ´§
ɪɡˈzɪbɪt
: A museum exhibits paintings for people

to see.
existence, presence (n) ¡ÒÃÁÕÍÂÙ,‹ ¡ÒÃ»ÃÒ¡¯
ɪɡˈzɪstəns
: The company has been in existence

for 20 years.
expense, payment (n) ÃÒÂ¨‹ÒÂ
ɪkˈspens
: The expense of moving from one

house to another is high.

51
explosion, eruption (n) ¡ÒÃÃÐàºÔ´

ɪkˈsploʊʒn
: A bomb explosion damaged the building.

extinguish, put out (v) ´Ñºä¿
ɪkˈstɪŋɡwɪʃ
: Firefighters extinguished a fire.

extinct (adj), expire (v) ÊÙÞ¾Ñ¹¸Ø, µÒÂ
ɪkˈstɪŋkt
: Dinosaurs were extinct million years ago.

extreme, supreme, utmost (adj) ÊÙ§ÊØ´
ɪkˈstriːm

52
: They are living in extreme poverty.

genetic (adj) à¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº¾Ñ¹¸Ø¡ÃÃÁ
dʒəˈnetɪk
: His abnormalities are caused by

genetic factors
genuine, authentic (adj) á·Œ
ˈdʒenjuɪn
: The old vase is a genuine antique.

famine, starvation (n) ·Ø¾ÀÔ¡¢ÀÑÂ
ˈfæmɪn
: Famine is sometimes caused by a

long period without rainfall.

53
fascinate, captivate, enchant

(v) ·íÒãËŒËÅ§ãËÅ/·íÒãËŒËÅ§ÃÑ¡
ˈfæsɪneɪt
: Her paintings fascinated a lot of

people.
fatal, mortal (adj) ·Õè¶Ö§á¡‹ªÕÇµÔ
ˈfeɪtl
: The poor man had a fatal heart attack.

fee, fare (n) ¤‹Ò¸ÃÃÁà¹ÕÂÁ, ¤‹Òâ´ÂÊÒÃ
fiː
: The bank gave me a credit card with

no annual fee.

54
flexible, elastic (adj) ·ÕèÂ×´ËÂØ‹¹

ˈfleksəbl
: Rubber and plastic are flexible

materials.
forbid, prohibit, restrict(v) ËŒÒÁ
fərˈbɪd
: Her dad forbade her marriage.

force, coerce, oblige (v) ºÑ§¤Ñº
fɔːrs
: They forced us to work long hours

without pay.

55
foremost, utmost (adj) ÊíÒ¤ÑÞ·ÕèÊØ´, ·ÕèÊØ´

ˈfɔːrmoʊst
: Albert Einstein is regarded by many as

the foremost figure of the 20th century.
foundation, basement(n) ¾×é¹°Ò¹, °Ò¹ÃÒ¡
faʊnˈdeɪʃn
: The foundation of our house is made

of cement.
fruitful, fertile, profuse(adj) ÁÒ¡ÁÒÂ
ˈfruːtfl
: We have fruitful sources of data.

56
function, duty (n) Ë¹ŒÒ·Õè

ˈfʌŋkʃn
: The function of the heart is to pump

blood through the body.
generation, species (n) ÃØ‹¹¤¹ÃØ‹¹Ë¹Öè§æ,ÊÒÂ¾Ñ¹¸Ø
ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃn
: We need to preserve these resources

for future generations.
geology (n) ¸Ã³ÕÇÔ·ÂÒ
dʒiˈɑːlədʒi
: In geology, we studied the rocks and

deserts of Asia.
57
get, gain, attain (v) ä´ŒÃÑº
ɡet
: He got a new smartphone for his

birthday.
get rid of, dispose of (v) ¡íÒ¨Ñ´
ɡet rɪd ʌv
: We tried to get rid of all household

rubbish.
global, universal (adj) ·ÑèÇâÅ¡
ˈɡloʊbl
: We are facing a global climate warming.

58
gloom, mourning (n) ¤ÇÒÁàÈÃŒÒâÈ¡

ɡluːm
: After the child’s death, the house was

full of gloom.
gloomy, grievous (adj) ·ÕèàÈÃŒÒâÈ¡
ˈɡluːmi
: After the death, the family felt gloomy.

graceful, great (adj) ·ÕèÊ§‹Ò§ÒÁ
ˈɡreɪsfl
: She is a graceful dancer.

59
gradually, little by little (adv) ·ÕÅÐàÅç¡ÅÐ¹ŒÍÂ

ˈɡrædʒuəli
: After the storm, things gradually got

back to normal.
grief, affliction (n) ¤ÇÒÁ·Ø¡¢àÈÃŒÒ
ɡriːf
: Her brother’s sudden death caused

her grief.
guarantee, warrant, endorse (v) ÃÑº»ÃÐ¡Ñ¹
ˌɡærənˈtiː
: Money doesn’t guarantee a happy life.

60
habitat, residence (n) ·ÕèÍÂÙ‹ÍÒÈÑÂ

ˈhæbɪtæt
: The habitat for deer is mainly the

valley, not the mountains.
harvest, cultivate (v) à¡çºà¡ÕÂè Ç, à¾ÒÐ»ÅÙ¡
ˈhɑːrvɪst
: We harvest rice in late November.

hatch, brood (v) ¿˜¡ä¢‹, ¡¡ä¢‹
hætʃ
The hen hatched three eggs this week.

61
haunting, unforgettable
(adj) ·ÕèÍÂÙ‹ã¹¤ÇÒÁ·Ã§¨íÒ
ˈhɔːntɪŋ
: My haunting feeling returned.
heed, attention (n) àÍÒã¨ãÊ‹

hiːd
: I paid heed to his advice.

hibernation, fast (n) ¡ÒÃ¨íÒÈÕÅ, ¡ÒÃÍ´ÍÒËÒÃ
ˌhaɪbərˈneɪʃn
: There are lots of bears in hibernation.

62
ignorant, negligent(adj) ·Õèà¾Ô¡à©Â / ÅÐàÅÂ

ˈɪɡnərənt
: She was ignorant about the dangers
of the drug.
illegible, unreadable (adj) (ÅÒÂÁ×Í)Í‹Ò¹äÁ‹ÍÍ¡
ɪˈledʒəbl
: The writing is illegible; I cannot read
what it says.
illiterate, uneducated (adj) ·ÕèÍ‹Ò¹äÁ‹ÍÍ¡à¢ÕÂ¹äÁ‹ä´Œ
ɪˈlɪtərət
: He once was illiterate, but later he
learned to read.

63
illustrate, elucidate (v) Í¸ÔºÒÂâ´ÂãªŒÀÒ¾»ÃÐ¡Íº,

Í¸ÔºÒÂâ´Â¡ÃÐ¨‹Ò§
ˈɪləstreɪt
: Please give a few examples to
illustrate your point.
illness, ailment, affliction (n) ¤ÇÒÁà¨çº»†ÇÂ
ˈɪlnəs
: Her illness kept her out of work for a
month.
illumination, floodlight (n) ¡ÒÃãËŒáÊ§ÊÇ‹Ò§, áÊ§ä¿
ɪˌluːmɪˈneɪʃn
: When taking photographs indoors, use
a flash for illumination.

64
instantly, promptly (adv) ·Ñ¹·Õ
ˈɪnstəntli
: He instantly answered the question.
inactive, passive (adj) à©×èÍÂ
ɪnˈæktɪv
: He has been inactive after his
retirement.
incessant, unceasing (adj) ·ÕèäÁ‹ËÂØ´ËÂ‹Í¹
ɪnˈsesnt
: Incessant noise annoys me.
incident, accident (n) ÍØºÑµÔ¡ÒÃ³, ÍØºÑµÔàËµØ
ˈɪnsɪdənt
: They all witnessed the embarrassing
incident.

65
incredible, unbelievable (adj) ·ÕèàËÅ×Íàª×èÍ
ɪnˈkredəbl
: The movie tells an incredible story of
survival.
independent, self-sufficient (adj) ·Õè¾Öè§µÑÇàÍ§ä´Œ
ˌɪndɪˈpendənt
: She is a very independent person.
indicate, specify (v) áÊ´§, ªÕé, ÃÐºØ
ˈɪndɪkeɪt
: The map indicates where the treasure
is buried.
infant, newborn (n) ·ÒÃ¡
ˈɪnfənt
: A mother held an infant in her arm.

66
infer, conclude (v) ÊÃØ»
ɪnˈfɜːr
: I infer from her smile that she is
happy.
inferior, secondary (adj) ´ŒÍÂ¡Ç‹Ò, ·Õèà»š¹ÃÍ§
ɪnˈfɪriər
: Their team is inferior to our team.
inflammation, eruption(n) ÍÒ¡ÒÃºÇÁ¾Í§,
á¼Å¾Ø¾Í§
ˌɪnfləˈmeɪʃn
: He has an inflammation in his right
eye.

67
ingredient, element (n) Ê‹Ç¹¼ÊÁ, Í§¤»ÃÐ¡Íº
ɪnˈɡriːdiənt
: Flour, milk butter and yeast are some
ingredients in bread.
inhabit, reside, abide, dwell (n) ÍÒÈÑÂ
ɪnˈhæbɪt
: Several hundred species of birds
inhabit the island.
innate, inborn, inbred(adj) ·Õèà»š¹â´Â¡íÒà¹Ô´
ɪˈneɪt
: He has an innate sense of how to fix
things.

68
intelligent, intellectual (adj) ©ÅÒ´
ɪnˈtelɪdʒənt
: He’s a hard worker but he’s not very
intelligent.
initiate, originate (v) ÃÔàÃÔèÁ
ɪˈnɪʃieɪt
: He plans to initiate the project later
this week.
inquire, investigate (v) ÊÍº¶ÒÁ, Ê×ºÊÇ¹
ɪnˈkwaɪər
: We inquired the way to the station.
insist on, persist in (v) Â×¹¡ÃÒ¹
ɪnˈsɪst ɑːn
: She insisted on going to the beach.

69
instantly, promptly (adv) ·Ñ¹·Õ·Ñ¹ã´
ˈɪnstəntli
: They instantly fell in love.
installation, establishment (n) ¡ÒÃµÔ´µÑé§, ¡ÒÃ¡‹ÍµÑé§
ˌɪnstəˈleɪʃn
: These products are designed for easy
installation.
instinctive, intuitive (adj) â´ÂÊÑÞªÒµÞÒ³
ɪnˈstɪŋktɪv
: Cats have an instinctive desire to
hunt.
integrate, unite, unify (v) ÃÇÁà»š¹Ë¹Öè§
ˈɪntɪɡreɪt
: The car’s design successfully integrates
art and technology.
70
intensity, concentration (n) ¤ÇÒÁà¢ŒÁ¢Œ¹
ɪnˈtensəti
: the intensity of the sun’s rays
intensity, severity (n) ¤ÇÒÁÃØ¹áÃ§
ɪnˈtensəti
: the intensity of the argument
invade, break in (v) ºØ¡ÃØ¡
ɪnˈveɪd
: Napolean’s armies invaded Russia.
invalidate, counteract(v) ·íÒãËŒà»š¹âÁ¦Ð, ËÑ¡ÅŒÒ§
ɪnˈvælɪdeɪt
: New evidences invalidate his claim.

71
invalid, disabled (n) (¤¹)·Ø¾¾ÅÀÒ¾, ¾Ô¡ÒÃ
ɪnˈvælɪd
: Her husband has become an invalid.
investment, treasure (n) ¡ÒÃÅ§·Ø¹, ·ÃÑ¾ÂÊÁºÑµÔ
ɪnˈvestmənt
: This new investment will increase our
profit.
ironic, sarcastic (adj) ·ÕèàÂŒÂËÂÑ¹, ·Õèá´¡´Ñ¹
aɪˈrɑːnɪk
: The movie is an ironic look at modern
life.
justify, prove (v) ãËŒàËµØ¼Å, ¾ÔÊÙ¨¹
ˈdʒʌstɪfaɪ
: He is trying to justify his act.

72
jeopardize, endanger (v) à»š¹ÍÑ¹µÃÒÂ
ˈdʒepərdaɪz
: His health has been jeopardized by
poor nutrition.
lantern, lamp (n) â¤Áä¿, µÐà¡ÕÂ§
ˈlæntərn
: They took a lantern on their camping
trip.
legal, lawful, legitimate (adj) ·Õè¶Ù¡¡®ËÁÒÂ
ˈliːɡl
: He has a legal right to vote.
literally, virtually (adv) ¨ÃÔ§æ, ÍÂ‹Ò§á·Œ¨ÃÔ§
ˈlɪtərəli
: Military discipline is literally rigid.

73
long for, crave for, yearn for (v) »ÃÒÃ¶¹Ò
lɔːŋ fər
: We long for peace.
luxury, extravagance (n) ¤ÇÒÁËÃÙËÃÒ,
¤ÇÒÁ¿Ø†Áà¿„ÍÂ
ˈlʌkʃəri
: That family lives in luxury.
maintenance, sustenance(n) ¡ÒÃºíÒÃØ§ÃÑ¡ÉÒ /
¡ÒÃÂÑ§ªÕ¾
ˈmeɪntənəns
: We spent a lot of money for the
building maintenance.

74
manipulate, control (v) ¤Çº¤ØÁºÑ§¤Ñº
məˈnɪpjuleɪt
: He tried to manipulate his staff.
means, mode, method (n) ÇÔ¸Õ
miːnz
: This is a new means for growing roses.
meteorology (n) ÍØµØ¹ÔÂÁÇÔ·ÂÒ
ˌmiːtiəˈrɑːlədʒi
: Meteorology is the study of weather.
migrate, immigrate, emigrate
(v) Í¾Â¾, à¢ŒÒ, ÍÍ¡
ˈmaɪɡreɪt
: Thousands of workers migrate to this
area each summer.

75
mild, gentle, tender (adj) Í‹Í¹, ¹Ø‹ÁÅÐÁØ¹
maɪld
: I love this mild shampoo.
minute, diminutive (adj) àÅç¡
ˈmɪnɪt
: There were minute particles of dust
in the air.
miraculous, marvelous (adj) ÁËÑÈ¨ÃÃÂ
mɪˈrækjələs
: He made a miraculous recovery after
the accident.
miscellaneous, assorted(adj) àºç´àµÅç´,ËÅÒ¡ËÅÒÂ
ˌmɪsəˈleɪniəs
: a miscellaneous collection of tools

76
misery, agony (n) ¤ÇÒÁ·Ø¡¢·ÃÁÒ¹
ˈmɪzəri
: The war brought misery to thousands
of refugees.
mobile, movable (adj) ·Õèà¤Å×èÍ¹·Õèä´Œ
ˈmoʊbl
: A mobile kitchen helps bring food to
homeless people.
moderate, intermediate (adj) »Ò¹¡ÅÒ§
ˈmɑːdərət
: There are a lot of families of moderate
income.

77
modify, adapt, adjust (v) »ÃÑºà»ÅÕèÂ¹
ˈmɑːdɪfaɪ
: I will modify my diet.
mysterious, puzzling (adj) ÁËÑÈ¨ÃÃÂ,¹‹Ò¾ÔÈÇ§
mɪˈstɪriəs
: She’s got a mysterious illness.
neglect, ignore (v) à¾Ô¡à©Â, ÅÐàÅÂ, äÁ‹ãÊ‹ã¨
nɪˈɡlekt
: They neglected my warning.
negotiate, bargain (v) à¨Ã¨Òµ‹ÍÃÍ§, µ‹ÍÃÒ¤Ò
nɪˈɡoʊʃieɪt
: I negotiated with the sales manager.

78
nevertheless, however (adv) ÍÂ‹Ò§äÃ¡çµÒÁ
ˌnevərðəˈles
: I am tired, nevertheless, I must
finish my homework.
notable, celebrated (adj) ·ÕèÁÕª×èÍàÊÕÂ§
ˈnoʊtəbl
: This restaurant is notable for seafood.
numerous, numberless (adj) ÁÒ¡
ˈnuːmərəs
: He has numerous friends in Bangkok.
nutrition, nourishment (n) âÀª¹Ò¡ÒÃ,¡ÒÃºíÒÃØ§àÅÕéÂ§
nuˈtrɪʃn
: Good nutrition is important for
teenagers.

79
nutrient, supplement (n) ÊÒÃÍÒËÒÃ, ÍÒËÒÃàÊÃÔÁ
ˈnuːtriənt
: Vegetables are high in nutrient.
oppose, object (v) ¤Ñ´¤ŒÒ¹
əˈpoʊz
: I have to oppose this project.
oblivious, unmindful (adj) ·ÕèÅ×Á, ·ÕèäÁ‹ãÊ‹ã¨
əˈblɪviəs
: He seemed oblivious to the fact that
he had hurt her.
observe, notice, remark(v) ÊÑ§à¡µ
əbˈzɜːrv
: A policeman observed the activity on
the street.

80
observable, noticeable (adj) à´‹¹
əbˈzɜːrvəbl
: an observable change in behaviour
obstacle, obstruction (n) ÍØ»ÊÃÃ¤
ˈɑːbstəkl
: His shyness was an obstacle
to his promotion.
occupy, engage (v) ¨Ñº¨Í§, ·íÒãËŒäÁ‹Ç‹Ò§

ˈɑːkjupaɪ
: They occupy the room next to ours.

81
offhand, accidental (adj) äÁ‹ä´ŒäµÃ‹µÃÍ§,
â´ÂºÑ§àÍÔÞ
ˌɔːfˈhænd
: It was just an offhand remark.
offspring, descendant (n) ÅÙ¡ËÅÒ¹
ˈɔːfsprɪŋ
: A young mother tried to control her
offsprings.
old, ancient, antique (adj) à¡‹Ò, âºÃÒ³
oʊld
: He was wearing an old hat.

82
operation, treatment (n) ¡ÒÃ¡ÃÐ·íÒ
ˌɑːpəˈreɪʃn
: It’s a complicated issue that requires
careful operation.
opinion, attitude (n) ¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´àËç¹
əˈpɪnjən
: I strongly supported his opinion.
outstanding, striking (adj) à´‹¹
aʊtˈstændɪŋ
: His performance was outstanding.
overcome, surmount, rout(v) ª¹Ð
ˌoʊvərˈkʌm
: We must overcome the difficulties.

83
particular, specific (adj) â´Âà©¾ÒÐ
pərˈtɪkjələr
: a particular type of food
passive, inactive (adj) à©×èÍÂ
ˈpæsɪv
: The passive man seldom expresses
himself.
pavement, footpath (n) ºÒ·ÇÔ¶Õ
ˈpeɪvmənt
: Walk on the pavement.
pension, provident fund (n) à§Ô¹ºíÒ¹ÒÞ,
¡Í§·Ø¹ÊíÒÃÍ§àÅÕéÂ§ªÕ¾
ˈpenʃn
: The old man lives on his pension.

84
perceive, understand (v) ÃÙŒà¢ŒÒã¨
pərˈsːv
: Cats are not able to perceive colours.
perform, act (v) ¡ÃÐ·íÒ
pərˈfɔːrm
: He performed his duties well.
periodical, journal (n) ÇÒÃÊÒÃÊÔè§¾ÔÁ¾
ˌpɪriˈɑːdɪkl
: We found a lot of information from the
periodicals.
permanent, everlasting (adj) ¶ÒÇÃ
ˈpɜːrmənənt
: I didn’t have a permanent home.

85
plan, policy, scheme (n) á¼¹, ¹âÂºÒÂ
plæn
: the army’s plan of attack
persuade, induce (v) ªÑ¡ªÇ¹
pərˈsweɪd
: I tried to persuade Emily to go out.
please, delight, content (v) ·íÒãËŒÂÔ¹´Õ, ·íÒãËŒ´Õã¨
pliːz
: We cannot please everyone.
ponder, reflect (v) ¤ÃØ‹¹¤Ô´
ˈpɑːndər
: The team pondered their chances of
success.

86
portrait, drawing (n) ÃÙ»¤¹àËÁ×Í¹, ÃÙ»ÇÒ´
ˈpɔːrtrət
: This is a portrait of my mother.
possess, own (v) à»š¹à¨ŒÒ¢Í§
pəˈzes
: My uncle possesses a big mansion.
post, position (n) µíÒáË¹‹§§Ò¹, µíÒáË¹‹§
poʊst
: I applied for the post of sales manager.
potential, talent (n) ÈÑ¡ÂÀÒ¾, ¾ÃÊÇÃÃ¤
pəˈtenʃl
: the potential of the Internet to create
jobs

87
practical, pragmatic (adj) ·Õè¹íÒä»ãªŒä´Œ¨ÃÔ§æ,
ã¹·Ò§»¯ÔºÑµÔ
ˈpræktɪkl
: The book is a practical guide to car
care.
precise, accurate (adj) ¶Ù¡µŒÍ§áÁ‹¹ÂíÒ
prɪˈsaɪs
: I need the precise address of his
office.
predict, forecast (v) ·íÒ¹ÒÂ, ¾ÂÒ¡Ã³
prɪˈdɪkt
: Scientists are not able to predict
earthquake precisely.

88
predominance, influence(n) ¡ÒÃÁÕÍÔ·¸Ô¾ÅàË¹×Í
prɪˈdɑːmɪnəns
: The United States has predominance
in international basketball.
preserve, maintain (v) Ê§Ç¹, ÃÑ¡ÉÒäÇŒ
prɪˈzɜːrv
: Salt preserves fish from decay.
prevalent, prevailing, pervasive (adj) ·Õèá¾Ã‹ËÅÒÂ
ˈprevələnt
: Acid rain is most prevalent in this area.
previous, foregoing (adj) ¡‹Í¹, ·ÕèÁÒ¡‹Í¹
ˈpriːviəs
: the previous owners of the house

89
primitive, primary (adj) ´Ñé§à´ÔÁ, áÃ¡
ˈprɪmətɪv
: This is the whole history of primitive
Rome.
priority, precedence (n) ÅíÒ´ÑºáÃ¡, ¡ÒÃ¹íÒÁÒ¡‹Í¹
praɪˈɔːrəti
: My top priority is to find something
to eat.
proceed, continue (v) ´íÒà¹Ô¹µ‹Íä»
proʊˈsiːd
: The train stopped in Bangkok, and
then proceeded to Chiang Mai.

90
progress, advancement (n) ¤ÇÒÁ¡ŒÒÇË¹ŒÒ
ˈprɑːɡres
: Computers have made rapid progress.
proliferate, spread (v) á¾Ã‹ËÅÒÂ
prəˈlɪfəreɪt
: Rumors about the incident proliferated
on the Internet.
prominent, eminent (adj) ·ÕèÁÕª×èÍ
ˈprɑːmɪnənt
: She is a prominent model in London.
property, asset (n) ·ÃÑ¾ÂÊÔ¹
ˈprɑːpərti
: This land is my property.

91
proportion, ratio (n) ÍÑµÃÒÊ‹Ç¹, ÍÑµÃÒà»ÃÕÂºà·ÕÂº
prəˈpɔːrʃn
: A large proportion of her salary goes
to her child’s education.
prosperous, affluent (adj) ·ÕèÁÑè§¤Ñè§ÃèíÒÃÇÂ
ˈprɑːspərəs
: a prosperous businessman
provide, supply (v) ãËŒ
prəˈvaɪd
: They provided us some food.
psychology (n) ¨ÔµÇÔ·ÂÒ
saɪˈkɑːlədʒi
: She studied psychology in college.

92
purchase, buy (v) «×éÍ
ˈpɜːrtʃəs
: He purchased me a new shirt.
qualification, feature (n) ¤Ø³ÊÁºÑµÔ
ˌkwɑːlɪfɪˈkeɪʃn
: This job requires technical qualifications.
quote, cite (v) ÍŒÒ§¤íÒ¾Ù´
kwoʊt
: He quotes the Bible frequently.
rational, logical (adj) ·ÕèÁÕàËµØ¼Å
ˈræʃnəl
: Human beings are rational creatures.

93
rare, scare (adj) ·ÕèËÒÂÒ¡
rer
: I’ve got a rare chance to meet her.
realistic, sensible (adj) ·ÕèÍÂÙ‹ã¹¤ÇÒÁà»š¹¨ÃÔ§,
·ÕèÁÕàËµØ¼Å
ˌriːəˈlɪstɪk
: You need to be realistic about the
amount you can do in a day.
recall, remind (v) ·íÒãËŒÃÐÅÖ¡¶Ö§
rɪˈkɔːl
: Jane recalled the days when she
lived with her boyfriend.

94
recommend, suggest, advise(v) á¹Ð¹íÒ
ˌrekəˈmend
: The doctor recommended me to take
a rest.
recover, recuperate (v) ¿„œ¹¨Ò¡ä¢Œ
rɪˈkʌvər
: It will take him a few weeks to recover.
refer to, relate to (v) ÍŒÒ§¶Ö§, ÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸¡Ñº
rɪˈfɜːr tuː
: Don’t refer to this matter again.
reform (v, n), revolution(n) »¯ÔÃÙ», (¡ÒÃ)»¯ÔÇÑµÔ
rɪˈfɔːrm
: The laws need to be reformed.

95
regard, consider (v) µÃÐË¹Ñ¡, ¤íÒ¹Ö§
rɪˈɡɑːrd
: She regards me as her best friend.
regenerate, reproduce (v) ÊÃŒÒ§ãËÁ‹, ãËŒªÕÇÔµãËÁ‹
rɪˈdʒenəreɪt
: The lizard’s tail can regenerate.
relative, relevant (adj) ·ÕèÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸¡Ñ¹
ˈrelətɪv
: The words ‘beautiful’ and ‘ugly’ are
relative terms.
release, liberate (v) »Å´»Å‹ÍÂ
rɪˈliːs
: The judge released the prisoner.

96
relieve, release (v) ºÃÃà·Ò
rɪˈliːv
: Drugs helped to relieve the pain.
reluctant, unwilling (adj) äÁ‹àµçÁã¨
rɪˈlʌktənt
: I am reluctant to help him.
remarkable, striking (adj) à´‹¹
rɪˈmɑːrkəbl
: She has a remarkable talent.
remedy, therapy (n) ¡ÒÃàÂÕÂÇÂÒÃÑ¡ÉÒ,
¡ÒÃºíÒºÑ´ÃÑ¡ÉÒ
ˈremədi
: Hot tea with honey is a good remedy
for colds.
97
remote, distant (adj) ä¡Å
rɪˈmoʊt
: He has lived in the remote island
since 2012.
repel, eject (v) ¢ÑºÍÍ¡ / äÅ‹ÍÍ¡
rɪˈpel
: These plants can repel insects.
replace, substitute (v) á·¹·Õè
rɪˈpleɪs
: I replaced my old car with the new
one.
reply, response (n) ¤íÒµÍº
rɪˈplaɪ
: Thanks for your reply.

98
representative, delegate (n) µÑÇá·¹
ˌreprɪˈzentətɪv
: We appointed him as our representative.
require, demand (v) µŒÍ§¡ÒÃ
rɪˈkwaɪər
: This radio requires two batteries.
required, requisite (adj) ·Õè¨íÒà»š¹
rɪˈkwaɪər
: Your prompt reply is urgently required.
research, study (v) ÇÔ¨ÑÂ
rɪˈsɜːrtʃ
: He researched many books in the
library for his report.

99
reserve, conserve, preserve
(v) ÊíÒÃÍ§, Í¹ØÃÑ¡É, Ê§Ç¹
rɪˈzɜːrv
: He reserved a room for three nights.
reservoir, dam (n) ·Õèà¡çº¹éíÒ, à¢×èÍ¹
ˈrezərvwɑːr
: This lake is the reservoir for the city.
resolve, determine (v) µÑ´ÊÔ¹ã¨á¹‹Çá¹‹
rɪˈzɑːlv
: I resolved to work hard until the
examination.
resort, lodge (n) ·Õè¾Ñ¡µÒ¡ÍÒ¡ÒÈ, ºŒÒ¹¾Ñ¡
rɪˈzɔːrt
: Hawaii is a popular tourist resort.

100
resources, rich (n) ·ÃÑ¾ÂÒ¡Ã, ·ÃÑ¾ÂÊÔ¹·ÕèÁÕ¤‹Ò
rɪˈsɔːrs
: Thailand is rich in natural resources.
restless, active (adj) ·ÕèäÁ‹ËÂØ´ËÂ‹Í¹
ˈrestləs
: Restless children can’t sit still.
résumé, curriculum vitae(n) »ÃÐÇÑµÔâ´ÂÂ‹Í
rɪˈzuːm
: Please submit your resume before
November 12th.
retire, resign (v) à¡ÉÕÂ³, ÅÒÍÍ¡
rɪˈtaɪər
: Most people retire at 60.

101
reveal, confess (v) à»´à¼Â
rɪˈviːl
: She would not reveal the secret.
sad, miserable (adj) àÈÃŒÒâÈ¡
sæd
: This song sounds sad.
sophisticated, experienced
(adj) ·ÕèªèíÒªÍ§âÅ¡, ·ÕèÁÕ»ÃÐÊº¡ÒÃ³
səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd
: He looks quite sophisticated for his
age.
seem to, appear to, (be) likely to
(v) ´ÙàËÁ×Í¹Ç‹Ò
siːm tuː
: His team seems to win.
102
self-assured, self-confident (adj) ·ÕèÁÑè¹ã¨µÑÇàÍ§
sɛlfəˈʃʊəd
: He was self-assured.
self-conscious (adj) ·ÕèÃÙŒµÑÇ
ˌsɛlfˈkɒnʃəs
: Jack’s pretty self-conscious about his
weight.
self-esteem, self-respect (n) ¤ÇÒÁà¤ÒÃ¾µÑÇàÍ§
ˌsɛlfɛˈstiːm
: He had no self-esteem.
self-sufficient, self-sustaining
(adj) ·Õè¾Öè§µ¹àÍ§ä´Œ
ˌsɛlfsəˈfɪʃ(ə)nt
: We are planning to develop
self-sufficient villages.
103
sentimental (adj) ·ÕèÍ‹Í¹äËÇ
ˌsentɪˈmentl
: He has sentimental ideas about the
past.
sensible, justified (adj) ·ÕèÁÕàËµØ¼Å
ˈsensəbl
: His advice is always very sensible.
settle down, locate (v) µÑé§Ã¡ÃÒ¡, µÑé§ÍÂÙ‹
ˈsetl
: I have settled down in Bangkok since
1990.

104
significance, importance (n) ¤ÇÒÁÊíÒ¤ÑÞ
sɪɡˈnɪfɪkəns
: The new discovery is of great
significance to us.
skeleton, skull (n) â¤Ã§¡ÃÐ´Ù¡, ËÑÇ¡ÐâËÅ¡
ˈskelɪtn
: He looks just like a skeleton.
slothful, sluggish (adj) à©×èÍÂ
ˈsloʊθfl
: A heavy breakfast makes me too
slothful to do my work.
so, thus, hence (conj) ´Ñ§¹Ñé¹
soʊ
: There are no buses, so you’ll have
to walk.
105
solution, answer (n) ¡ÒÃá¡Œ»˜ÞËÒ, ¤íÒµÍº
səˈluːʃn
: I can’t think of any solution to this
problem.
soothe, alleviate (v) ºÃÃà·Ò
suːð
: This medicine will soothe your
headache.
sticky, adhesive (adj) àË¹ÕÂÇ, ·ÕèµÔ´á¹‹¹
ˈstɪki
: The floor of the classroom was still
sticky.

106
stimulate, activate, motivate(v) ¡ÃÐµØŒ¹
ˈstɪmjuleɪt
: The President’s plan can stimulate
economic growth.
stop, quit, cease, pause(v) ËÂØ´
stɑːp
: You had better stop smoking.
strike, protest (v) »ÃÐ·ŒÇ§, µ‹ÍµŒÒ¹
straɪk
: In many countries, the police are
forbidden to strike.
stubborn, obstinate (adj) ´×éÍ
ˈstʌbərn
: Jane is too stubborn to apologize him.

107
submit, succumb (v) ÂÍÁá¾Œ
səbˈmɪt
: He was weak enough to submit to
temptation.
subscribe, register (v)ºÍ¡ÃÑºà»š¹ÊÁÒªÔ¡, Å§·ÐàºÕÂ¹
səbˈskraɪb
: We subscribe to two magazines.
subtract, deduct (v) ËÑ¡ÍÍ¡ / ÅºÍÍ¡
səbˈtrækt
: Can you subtract six from ten?
suburb, rural (n) ªÒ¹àÁ×Í§, ã¹ª¹º·
ˈsʌbɜːrb
: My house is in the suburbs.

108
succeed, carry out, go through (v) ·íÒãËŒÊíÒàÃç¨
səkˈsiːd
: You must work hard if you are to
succeed.
sufficient, enough, adequate (adj) à¾ÕÂ§¾Í
səˈfɪʃnt
: There is sufficient food for all of us.
suffocate, stifle (v) ·íÒãËŒËÒÂã¨äÁ‹ÍÍ¡,
ËÒÂã¨äÁ‹ÍÍ¡
ˈsʌfəkeɪt
: The victims suffocated in the fumes.
superior, senior (adj) ·ÕèàË¹×Í¡Ç‹Ò, ·ÕèÁÕÍÒÇØâÊ¡Ç‹Ò
suːˈpɪriər
: Report to your superior officer.

109
supervise, oversee(v) ¤Çº¤ØÁ
ˈsuːpərvaɪz
: She supervises a staff of 30 workers.
suppress, oppress (v) »ÃÒº»ÃÒÁ, ¡´¢Õè¢‹ÁàË§
səˈpres
: The riot was suppressed without
difficulty.
surplus, superfluous (adj) ÁÒ¡à¡Ô¹
ˈsɜːrpləs
: The farmer’s surplus rice had to be
sold at a low price.
surroundings, environment (n) ÊÀÒ¾áÇ´ÅŒÍÁ
səˈraʊndɪŋz
: She lives in pleasant surroundings.
110
suspicious, doubtful, dubious (adj) ·ÕèÊ§ÊÑÂ

səˈspɪʃəs
Her confusing words made me suspicious.
sympathy, condolence (n) ¤ÇÒÁàËç¹Í¡àËç¹ã¨
ˈsɪmpəθi
: The boss has no sympathy for his
staff.
substance, matter (n) ÊÒÃ, ÊÊÒÃ
ˈsʌbstəns
: This substance will mix with water.
substitute, replace (v) á·¹
ˈsʌbstɪtuːt
: You can substitute milk for coconut
milk in this recipe.
111
suspect, doubt (v) Ê§ÊÑÂ
səˈspekt
: I suspected that my son was lying.
surveillance, patrol (n) ¡ÒÃµÃÇ¨µÃÒ
sɜːrˈveɪləns
: There is 24-hour surveillance in this
building.
symptom, syndrome (n) ÍÒ¡ÒÃ, ¡ÅØ‹ÁÍÒ¡ÒÃ
ˈsɪmptəm
: Common symptoms of diabetes are
weight loss and fatigue.
tactful, diplomat (adj) ·ÕèÁÕäËÇ¾ÃÔº
ˈtæktfl
: I can’t find a tactful way to persuade
my customers.
112
take over, inherit (v) ÃÑºª‹Ç§, Ê×º·Í´
teɪk ˈoʊvər
: I’ll take over your responsibility.
take part in, participate in (v) à¢ŒÒÃ‹ÇÁ
teɪk pɑːrt ɪn
: I’ll take part in the competition.
tease, harass (v) áËÂ‹, µÒÁÃÒÇÕ
tiːz
: Don’t tease that dog – it’s very fierce.
technique, device (n) ÇÔ¸Õ
tekˈniːk
: She is a dancer with excellent
technique

113
temporary, momentary (adj) ªÑèÇ¤ÃÒÇ
ˈtempəreri
: Students are looking for some
temporary work during their vacation.
tempt, allure (v) àÂŒÒÂÇ¹ã¨
tempt
: Chocolates in this shop always tempt
him.
tend to, trend to, incline to (v) ÁÕá¹Çâ¹ŒÁ·Õè¨Ð
tɛnd tuː
: We tend to forget that exercise is a
key to good health.
terminal, final (adj) ÊØ´·ŒÒÂ
ˈtɜːrmɪnl
: She has a terminal liver cancer.
114
terminate, put an end (v) ·íÒãËŒÊÔé¹ÊØ´
ˈtɜːrmeɪt
: They terminated my contract in
October.
territory, border (n) à¢µá´¹
ˈterətɔːri
: Male fish will defend the territory during
mating season.
terror, horror (n) ¤ÇÒÁËÇÒ´¡ÅÑÇ
ˈterər
: Many victims fled in terror.
therefore, thereby (adv) ´Ñ§¹Ñé¹
ˈðerfɔːr
: The party, therefore, had to take
another route.
115
threaten, intimidate (v) ¢‹Á¢Ù‹, ¢Ù‹à¢çÞ
ˈθretn
: They threatened the shopkeeper with
a gun.
tolerate, endure (v) Í´·¹
ˈtɑːləreɪt
: I can’t tolerate that noise.
tough, enduring (adj) ·ÕèÍ´·¹
tʌf
: a tough mother
track, trail, hint, clue, cue (n) Ã‹Í§ÃÍÂ / µÑÇªÕéá¹Ð
træk
: They followed the track into the forest.

116
tradition, convention (n) »ÃÐà¾³Õ
trəˈdɪʃn
: By tradition, the celebration begins
at midnight.
tragedy, suffering (n) ¤ÇÒÁàÈÃŒÒ, ¤ÇÒÁ·ÃÁÒ¹
ˈtrædʒədi
: Her son’s death was an unfortunate
tragedy.
transfer, relocate (v) ¶‹ÒÂâÍ¹,
¡íÒË¹´µíÒáË¹‹§ãËÁ‹
trænsˈfɜːr
: They were transferred to another office.

117
transmit, broadcast (v) ¶‹ÒÂ·Í´
trænzˈmɪt
: The radio transmits on two different
frequencies.
trial, experiment (n) ¡ÒÃ·´ÅÍ§
ˈtraɪəl
: They’re doing clinical trials on a new
drug.
truly, actually, virtually (adv) ¨ÃÔ§æ áÅŒÇ
ˈtruːli
: He truly enjoyed the concert.
ulcer, eruption (n) á¼ÅÁÕË¹Í§, á¼Å¾Ø¾Í§
ˈʌlsər
: The little boy got a stomach ulcer.

118
ultimately, finally (adv) ã¹·ÕèÊØ´
ˈʌltɪmətli
: He will ultimately pass the exam.
undergo, experience (v) »ÃÐÊº
ˌʌndərˈɡoʊ
: This town has undergone a rapid change.
variable, changeable (adj) ·Õèà»ÅÕèÂ¹á»Å§ä´Œ
ˈværiəbl
: Interest rates can be highly variable.
various, assorted (adj) ËÅÒ¡ËÅÒÂ
ˈværiəs
: The jacket is available in various colours.

119
valid, reasonable (adj) ·ÕèÁÕàËµØ¼Å
ˈvælɪd
: You make a valid argument.
vending, selling (n) ¡ÒÃ¢ÒÂ
vɛndɪŋ
: This vending machine is out of order.
vibration, quake (n) ¡ÒÃÊÑè¹ÊÐà·×Í¹
vaɪˈbreɪʃn
: the vibrations from the earthquake
victim, prey (n) ¼ÙŒà¤ÃÒÐËÃŒÒÂ, àËÂ×èÍ
ˈvɪktɪm
: victims of crime

120
vigorous, forceful (adj) ·Õèá¢ç§á¡Ã‹§
ˈvɪɡərəs
: She remained vigorous into her old
age.
violence, severity (n) ¤ÇÒÁÃØ¹áÃ§
ˈvaɪələns
: These movies were filled with crime
and violence.
virtue, integrity (n) ¤ÇÒÁ´Õ, ¤ÇÒÁ«×èÍÊÑµÂ
ˈvɜːrtʃuː
: Honesty is her virtue.
visible, apparent (adj) ·ÕèàËç¹ä´Œ, ·ÕèàËç¹ä´ŒªÑ´
ˈvɪzəbl
: The road was not visible through the
mist.
121
vital, crucial (adj) ÊíÒ¤ÑÞÂÔè§
ˈvaɪtl
: Exercise is vital for our health.
vulnerable, weak (adj) Í‹Í¹áÍ
ˈvʌlnərəbl
: She is vulnerable to catching colds.
welfare, fringe benefit(n)ÊÇÑÊ´Ô¡ÒÃ, ¼Å»ÃÐâÂª¹¾ÅÍÂä´Œ
ˈwelfer
: The government provided social welfare
to the unemployed.
unfurnished house (n) ºŒÒ¹·ÕèäÁ‹ä´Œ»ÃÐ´Ñºà¤Ã×èÍ§àÃ×Í¹
ʌnˈfɜːrnɪʃt haʊs
: They bought an unfurnished house
with a reasonable price.

122
untidy, disordered (adj) äÁ‹àÃÕÂºÃŒÍÂ
ʌnˈtaɪdi
: an untidy room
up-to-date, fashionable(adj) ·Ñ¹ÊÁÑÂ
ʌp tə deɪt
: Bright blouses are very up-to-date at
the moment.
urban, downtown (adj) ã¹àÁ×Í§, ã¹Â‹Ò¹¸ØÃ¡Ô¨
ˈɜːrbən
: There was lots of unemployment in
urban areas.
urge, ask, request (v) ¢ÍÃŒÍ§
ɜːrdʒ
: I urge you to reconsider my proposal.

123
urgent, express (adj) àÃ‹§´‹Ç¹
ˈɜːrdʒənt
: It’s an urgent message.
vacant, empty (adj) Ç‹Ò§à»Å‹Ò
ˈveɪkənt
: Only a few rooms were still vacant.
vague, obscure (adj) Á×´ÁÑÇ, àÅ×Í¹ÃÒ§
veɪɡ
: He gave me a vague answer for the
marriage.
wander, roam, ramble (v) Ã‹Í¹àÃ‹ä»
ˈwɑːndər
: Don’t let the kids wander the street
at night.

124
warn, caution (v) àµ×Í¹
wɔːrn
: She warned me that the stove was
still hot.
warrant, guarantee, endorse (v) ÃÑº»ÃÐ¡Ñ¹
ˈwɑːrənt
: The product was warranted for one
month.
win, vanquish (v) ª¹Ð
wɪn
: Who won the race?
wind (äÇ¹), screw (v) ËÁØ¹
wɪnd
: I always forget to wind my watch.

125
withdraw, remove (v) ¶Í¹ÍÍ¡

wɪθˈdrɔː
: She withdrew 20,000 baht from her
bank account.
wither (v), dry (v / adj) àËÕèÂÇ, áËŒ§
ˈwɪðər
: The flowers withered up.
withhold, keep back (v) ÃÐ§ÑºäÇŒ
wɪðˈhəʊld
: I withheld payment until they had
completed the work.
witness, evidence (n) ¾ÂÒ¹, ËÅÑ¡°Ò¹
ˈwɪt.nəs
: Peter was a witness to the accident.
126
withstand, resist (v) µŒÒ¹·Ò¹
wɪðˈstænd
: This bridge was designed to withstand
earthquakes
worth, value (n) ¤‹Ò
wɝːθ
: He has proved his worth to the
team.
wound, injury (n) ºÒ´á¼Å
wuːnd
: The wound has not healed yet.
zero, nil (n) ÈÙ¹Â
ˈziːroʊ
: Count from 10 down to zero.

127
Pronunciation
Consonants
p pig / pɪɡ /
b bird / bɜːrd /
t top / tɑːp /
d dog / dɔːɡ /
k kiss / kɪs /
ɡ gas / ɡæs /
tʃ champ / tʃæmp /
dʒ jar / dʒɑːr /
f fill / fɪl /
v voice / vɔɪs /
θ thick / θɪk /
ð then / ðen /
s sit / sɪt /
z zip / zɪp /
ʃ shame / ʃeɪm /
ʒ visual / ˈvɪʒuəl /
h house / haʊs /
m map / mæp /
n new / nuː /
128
ŋ wing / wɪŋ /
l lax / læks /
r rape / reɪp /
j yacht / jɑːt /
w wage / weɪdʒ /
Vowels and diphthongs

iː fee / fiː /
i silly / ˈsɪli /
ɪ fit / fɪt /
e men / men /
æ vat / væt /
ɑː barber / ˈbɑːrbər /
ɒ hot / hɒt / (British English)
ɔː war / wɔːr /
ʊ could / kʊd /
u manual / ˈmænjuəl /
uː zoo / zuː /
ʌ puff / pʌf /
ɜː occur / əˈkɜːr /
129
ə above / əˈbʌv /
eɪ way / weɪ /
əʊ know / nəʊ / (British English)
oʊ know / noʊ / (American English)
aɪ fly / flaɪ /
ɔɪ toy / tɔɪ /
aʊ cow / kaʊ /
ɪə fear / fɪə(r) / (British English)
eə chair / tʃeə(r) / (British English)
ʊə cure / kjʊə(r) / (British English)

130
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131
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132

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âÃ§àÃÕÂ¹ÊÍ¹ÀÒÉÒÍÑ§¡ÄÉ “¤Ø³¤ÃÙÊÁÈÃÕ”: ÈÑ¾·à´ç´ ·‹Í§àÊÃç¨ ÊÍºµÔ´ªÑÇÃ

abandon, desert (v) ÅÐ·Ôé§

Copyright by Kru somsri’s English School, 2015.

absolutely, completely(adv) ÍÂ‹Ò§ÂÔè§/â´ÂÊÔé¹àªÔ§

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accommodation, residence (n) ·Õè¾Ñ¡ÍÒÈÑÂ

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accumulate, collect (v) ÊÐÊÁ

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achieve, succeed (v) ·íÒãËŒÊíÒàÃç¨

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activate, stimulate (v) ¡ÃÐµØŒ¹

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addict, drunkard (n) ¤¹µÔ´ÂÒ

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affluent, prosperous (adj) ÃèíÒÃÇÂ

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aim, goal, purpose(n) ¨Ø´ÁØ‹§ËÁÒÂ, ÇÑµ¶Ø»ÃÐÊ§¤

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ambiguous, vague (adj) ¡íÒ¡ÇÁ

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ancestor, forefather(n) ºÃÃ¾ºØÃØÉ

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application (n) ¡ÒÃ»ÃÐÂØ¡µãªŒ / ¡ÒÃÊÁÑ¤Ã§Ò¹

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archeology, archaeology (n) âºÃÒ³¤´Õ

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assemble, congregate (v) ÃÇÁ¡Ñ¹ªØÁ¹ØÁ¡Ñ¹

assure, ensure (v) ÃÑºÃÍ§

attendance, presence(n) ¡ÒÃà¢ŒÒÃ‹ÇÁ, ¡ÒÃ»ÃÒ¡¯

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awkward, inactive (adj) §Ø‹Á§‹ÒÁ

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bereaved, mournful (adj) ·ÕèÊÙÞàÊÕÂ¤¹ÃÑ¡,

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build, construct, establish (v) ÊÃŒÒ§

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cessation, stop (n) ¡ÒÃËÂØ´

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collapse, relapse (v) ¾Ñ§·ÅÒÂ, ·ÃØ´Å§

communicate, convey (v) Ê×èÍÊÒÃ, Ê×èÍ¤ÇÒÁ

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contrast, differentiate (v) à»ÃÕÂºà·ÕÂº

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(be) composed of, constitute (v) »ÃÐ¡Íº´ŒÇÂ

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condolence, sympathy(n) ¡ÒÃáÊ´§¤ÇÒÁàÊÕÂã¨

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confidential, secret (adj) ·Õèà»š¹¤ÇÒÁÅÑºà©¾ÒÐ

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considerable, great (adj) ÁÒ¡ÁÒÂ

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consult, confer (v) »ÃÖ¡ÉÒ

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contaminate, adulterate (v) ·íÒãËŒà¹‹ÒàÊÕÂ,

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convert, alter, change (v) à»ÅÕèÂ¹

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co-ordinate, organize (v) »ÃÐÊÒ¹, ¨Ñ´¡ÒÃ

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criticism, comment (n) ¡ÒÃÇÔ¨ÒÃ³

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âÃ§àÃÕÂ¹ÊÍ¹ÀÒÉÒÍÑ§¡ÄÉ “¤Ø³¤ÃÙÊÁÈÃÕ”: ÈÑ¾·à´ç´ ·‹Í§àÊÃç¨ ÊÍºµÔ´ªÑÇÃ

aim, goal, purpose(n) ¨Ø´ÁØ‹§ËÁÒÂ, ÇÑµ¶Ø»ÃÐÊ§¤

application (n) ¡ÒÃ»ÃÐÂØ¡µãªŒ / ¡ÒÃÊÁÑ¤Ã§Ò¹

criticism, comment (n) ¡ÒÃÇÔ¨ÒÃ³

diagnosis, analysis (n) ¡ÒÃÇÔ¹Ô¨©ÑÂ,¡ÒÃÇÔà¤ÃÒÐË