Benefits of Greenways

What is a greenway?
Greenways are corridors of land recognized for their ability to connect people and places together. These ribbons of
open space are located within linear corridors that are either natural, such as rivers and streams, or manmade, such as
abandoned railroad beds and utility corridors.

Greenways, as vegetated buffers protect natural habitats, improve water quality and reduce the impacts of flooding in
floodplain areas. Most greenways contain trails, which enhance existing recreational opportunities, provide routes for
alternative transportation, and improve the overall quality of life in an area.

Who uses a greenway?

Greenway trails can be paved or unpaved, and can be designed to accommodate a variety of trail users, including
bicyclists, walkers, hikers, joggers, skaters, horseback riders, and those confined to wheelchairs.

The Benefits of Greenways

Trails and greenways provide a variety of benefits that ultimately affect the sustainability of a region’s economic,
environmental, and social health. These benefits include:

Creating Value and Generating Economic Activity

Improving Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation
Improving Health through Active Living
Clear Skies, Clean Rivers, and Protected Wildlife
Protecting People and Property from Flood Damage
Enhancing Cultural Awareness and Community Identity
Numerous studies have made the positive link between trails and their benefits abundantly clear. The degree to which a
particular type of benefit is realized depends largely upon the nature of the greenway and trail system being
implemented.

Creating Value and Generating Economic Activity

There are many examples, both nationally and locally, that affirm the positive connection between greenspace and
property values (1). Residential properties will realize a greater gain in value the closer they are located to trails and
greenspace. According to a 2002 survey of recent homebuyers by the National Association of Home Realtors and the
National Association of Home Builders, trails ranked as the second most important community amenity out of a list of 18
choices (2). Additionally, the study found that ‘trail availability’ outranked 16 other options including security, ball fields,
golf courses, parks, and access to shopping or business centers. Findings from the Trust for Public Land’s Economic
Benefits of Parks and Open Space, and the Rails-to-Trails Conservancy’s Economic Benefits of Trails and Greenways
(listed below) illustrate how this value is realized in property value across the country.

Trails and Greenways Increase Real Property Values

Apex, NC: The Shepard’s Vineyard housing development added $5,000 to the price of 40 homes adjacent to the regional
greenway – and those homes were still the first to sell (3).
Front Royal, VA: A developer who donated a 50-foot-wide, seven-mile-long easement along a popular trail sold all 50
parcels bordering the trail in only four months.
Salem, OR: land adjacent to a greenbelt was found to be worth about $1,200 and acre more than land only 1000 feet
away.
Oakland, CA: A three-mile greenbelt around Lake Merritt, near the city center, was found to add $41 million to
surrounding property values.
Seattle, WA: Homes bordering the 12-mile Burke-Gilman trail sold for 6 percent more than other houses of comparable
size.
Brown County, WI: Lots adjacent to the Mountain Bay Trail sold faster for an average of 9 percent more than similar
property not located next to the trail.
Dayton, OH: Five percent of the selling price of homes near the Cox Arboretum and park was attributable to the
proximity of that openspace.
Trail Tourism Creates Economic Impacts
Tourism and recreation-related revenues from trails and greenways come in several forms. Trails and greenways create
opportunities in construction and maintenance, recreation rentals (such as bicycles, kayaks, and canoes), recreation
services (such as shuttle buses and guided tours), historic preservation, restaurants and lodging.

The Outer Banks, NC: Bicycling is estimated to have an annual economic impact of $60 million and 1,407 jobs supported
from the 40,800 visitors for whom bicycling was an important reason for choosing to vacation in the area. The annual
return on bicycle facility development in the Outer Banks is approximately nine times higher than the initial investment
(4).
Damascus, VA: At the Virginia Creeper Trail, a 34-mile trail in southwestern Virginia, locals and non-locals spend
approximately $2.5 million annually related to their recreation visits. Of this amount, non-local visitors spend about $1.2
million directly in the Washington and Grayson County economies (5).
Morgantown, WV: The 45-mile Mon River trail system is credited by the Convention and Visitors Bureau for revitalizing
an entire district of the city, with a reported $200 million in private investment as a direct result of the trail (6).
Tallahassee, FL: The Florida Department of Environmental Protection Office of Greenways & Trails estimate an economic
benefit of $2.2 million annually from the 16-mile St. Marks Trail (8).
San Antonio, TX: Riverwalk Park, created for $425,000, has surpassed the Alamo as the most popular attraction for the
city’s $3.5-billion tourism industry (7).
Pittsburgh, PA: Mayor Tom Murphy credits trail construction for contributing significantly to a dramatic downtown
revitalization.
Allegheny Passage, PA: The direct economic impact of the trail exceeded $14 million a year, encouraging the
development of several new businesses and a rise in property values in the first trailhead town.
Leadville , CO: In the months following the opening of the Mineral Belt Trail, the city reported a 19 percent increase in
sales tax revenues.
Dallas, TX: The 20-mile Mineral Wells to Weatherford Trail attracts 300,000 people annually and generates local
revenues of $2 million.
Improving Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation
The sprawling nature of many land development patterns often leaves residents and visitors with no choice but to drive,
even for short trips. In fact, two-thirds of all trips we make are for a distance of five miles or less. Surveys by the Federal
Highway Administration show that Americans are willing to walk as far as two miles to a destination and bicycle as far as
five miles. A complete trail network, as part of the local transportation system, will offer effective transportation
alternatives by connecting homes, workplaces, schools, parks, downtown, and cultural attractions.

Trail networks can provide alternative transportation links that are currently unavailable. Residents who live in
subdivisions outside of downtown areas are able to walk or bike downtown for work, or simply for recreation. Residents
are able to circulate through urban areas in a safe, efficient, and fun way: walking or biking. Residents are able to move
freely along trail corridors without paying increasingly high gas prices and sitting in ever-growing automobile traffic. Last
but not least, regional connectivity through alternative transportation could be achieved once adjacent trail networks
are completed and combined.

Improving Health through Active Living

A region’s trail network will contribute to the overall health of residents by offering people attractive, safe, accessible
places to bike, walk, hike, jog, skate, and possibly places to enjoy water-based trails. In short, trail networks create
better opportunities for active lifestyles. The design of our communities—including towns, subdivisions, transportation
systems, parks, trails and other public recreational facilities—affects people’s ability to reach the recommended 30
minutes each day of moderately intense physical activity (60 minutes for youth). According to the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC), “Physical inactivity causes numerous physical and mental health problems, is responsible
for an estimated 200,000 deaths per year, and contributes to the obesity epidemic” (9).

In identifying a solution, the CDC determined that by creating and improving places in our communities to be physically
active, there could be a 25 percent increase in the percentage of people who exercise at least three times a week (10).
This is significant considering that for people who are inactive, even small increases in physical activity can bring
measurable health benefits (11). Additionally, as people become more physically active outdoors, they make
connections with their neighbors that contribute to the health of their community.

Many public agencies are teaming up with foundations, universities, and private companies to launch a new kind of
health campaign that focuses on improving people’s options instead of reforming their behavior. A 2005 Newsweek
Magazine feature, Designing Heart-Healthy Communities, cites the goals of such programs (italics added): “The goals
range from updating restaurant menus to restoring mass transit, but the most visible efforts focus on making the built
environment more conducive to walking and cycling.” (12) Clearly, the connection between health and trails is becoming
common knowledge. The Rails-to-Trails Conservancy puts it simply: “Individuals must choose to exercise, but
communities can make that choice easier.”

Clear Skies, Clean Rivers, and Protected Wildlife

There are a multitude of environmental benefits from trails, greenways, and open spaces that help to protect the
essential functions performed by natural ecosystems. Greenways protect and link fragmented habitat and provide
opportunities for protecting plant and animal species. Trails and greenways reduce air pollution by two significant
means: first, they provide enjoyable and safe alternatives to the automobile, which reduces the burning of fossil fuels;
second, they protect large areas of plants that create oxygen and filter air pollutants such as ozone, sulfur dioxide,
carbon monoxide and airborne particles of heavy metal. Greenways improve water quality by creating a natural buffer
zone that protects streams, rivers and lakes, preventing soil erosion and filtering pollution caused by agricultural and
road runoff.

As an educational tool, trail signage can be designed to inform trail-users about water quality issues particular to each
watershed. Such signs could also include tips on how to improve water quality. Similarly, a greenway can serve as a
hands-on environmental classroom for people of all ages to experience natural landscapes, furthering environmental
awareness.

Protecting People and Property from Flood Damage

The protection of open spaces associated with trail and greenway development often also protects natural floodplains
along rivers and streams. According to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the implementation of
floodplain ordinances is estimated to prevent $1.1 billion in flood damages annually. By restoring developed floodplains
to their natural state and protecting them as greenways, many riverside communities are preventing potential flood
damages and related costs (13).

Enhancing Cultural Awareness and Community Identity

Trails, greenways, and open space can serve as connections to local heritage by preserving historic places and by
providing access to them. They provide a sense of place and an understanding of past events by drawing greater public
attention to historic and cultural locations and events. Trails often provide access to historic sites such as battlegrounds,
bridges, buildings, and canals that otherwise would be difficult to access or interpret. Each community and region has its
own unique history, its own features and destinations, and its own landscapes. By recognizing, honoring, and connecting
these features, the combined results serve to enhance cultural awareness and community identity, potentially attracting
tourism. Being aware of the historical and cultural context when naming parks and trails and designing features will
further enhance the overall trail- and park-user experience.

Trails Lead to a "Fit" Community

With the emphasis on health and fitness in today's society, trails are becoming just as
important as streets and sidewalks in our communities.

By Randy Martin
Trailscape.net
 If walking and biking are key components of an
individual's fitness regimen, the trails they walk and
bike on are major contributors to the "fitness" of an
entire community. That's the conclusion of a recent
survey published in Self magazine, which named
Orange County the "Most Fit" region in the country
on this year's list of the Best Places for Women.
Sharing credit for that distinction, according to the
magazine, are the county's 150 miles of bike trails,
along with 39,000 acres of parks and 40 miles of
coastline.
A recent survey shows that 79% of
home buyers want walking and biking
With the emphasis on health and fitness in today's paths
society, trails are becoming just as important as
streets and sidewalks in our communities. Offering
people a place to walk, run or ride that encourages
them to connect with nature is a valuable benefit that is relatively inexpensive to provide.

It is not a niche market that desires trails; it is an under-tapped mass market. A 2005 survey of
potential home buyers by Brook Warrick of American Lives found that:

 92% want low traffic areas

 79% want walking and biking paths
 78% want natural open space
 Only 22% want a golf course within the community.

There are very few things in this world that almost

80% of people agree on, yet many in the
development community seem to be missing this one.
A well-designed trail that carefully undulates and
meanders only minimally alters the land, yet it
maximizes value with a minimum expenditure.

While a golf course, which is desired by 22% of the

market, costs about $500,000 per hole, a natural trail
costs only about $30,000 per mile.

To better understand what 79% of the market

prefers, we have surveyed hikers and cyclists at local
Find opportunities for natural surface
trails in Orange County, and this is what we found:
trails as well as paved bikeways

 85% prefer natural surface trails over pavement or a landscaped decomposed granite surface.
 90% prefer a narrow single-track path to a dirt road or fire break road.75% prefer a mixture
of rolling terrain and long hill accents/descents.
Trail Design Summary

In very basic terms these are keys to thoughtfully

designed trails that will last:

Discover who will use the trail, how old they are and
whether they will be walking, running, or riding a
bicycle; will it be high, medium or low use?

Attempt to begin the trail at a width and grade that

is comfortable for the disabled.
Good trail planning and siting are key
Discover if there are any interesting places or other
to a successful community trail system
trails to connect to. Figure out if this trail will be for
transportation (commuting), recreation, or both.

Balance users' needs with the maximum grade. Ten percent is considered maximum sustainable
for most soils. However, most users will find a sustained ten percent grade difficult, and an
average grade below five percent is comfortable for a recreation trail. If the trail is used for
transportation it may be better to make it steeper and shorten the distance to keep from
frustrating the user.

Make the trail follow the grades and slope tread to the downhill side about 5% so water sheet
flows over it.

Undulate the trail by making it rise and fall or alternate steep and gentle. It mixes up the
challenge, makes it fun and keeps the water from running down the tread and causing erosion.

Meander the trail: It should be turning all the time in a nice even flow, but again not so much
that it frustrates a walker who wants to get to a destination.

Consider placing a natural trail on the slope between streets. Often there is a great view from
there, but watch privacy issues.

Other Considerations:

For construction, we suggest hiring a professional trail

builder, not a grader or a landscaper. A well-built trail
can last decades with minimal maintenance. A poorly
built trail will be a mess by the end of the first winter
and will beg for rebuilding every spring.

Put the trail in first. Often clubhouses and other

Offering people a place to connect
with nature is a valuable benefit that
is relatively inexpensive to provide
amenities are held off for financial or construction
reasons, but trails are inexpensive and provide
immediate value. A best case scenario is to allow the
trail to become a popular draw to the area well before
the models, but just after entitlement. Trail users may
begin to dream about how nice it would be to live
next to the trail.

Market your trails. We have joined with Kovach Marketing, a leading new-home marketing firm,
to offer a turnkey approach to trail design and implementation. We design the trails and Kovach
designs signage along the trails and all of the marketing materials that will help developers
market the trails to the end user.

Our hope is that as developers start on every new project, they will ask: "Can we make room for
a trail? The bottom line is that Trails Add Value and will set a community apart!

About the Author

Randy Martin is an avid cyclist/trail runner and development partner on two projects in the
Central Valley. Randy resides in Auburn, CA and has an office in Costa Mesa, CA .He may be
reached at (714) 641-9022 or Randy@trailscape.net and his website is at Trailscape.net.

Principles of Recreation Resource Planning

Developed by the Board of Directors of NARRP, with input solicited from more than 1,000
recreation planning professionals, and approved by the Board for distribution in April
2009.

From National Association of Recreation Resource Planners

NARRP believes that professional principles are imperative for two reasons:

• Professional principles help clarify institutional values and perspectives, and help to provide a
common understanding and nomenclature for professionals and interested stakeholders. They
serve as a guide and rule of thumb for making decisions and taking action, and they help
stakeholders to better understand planning and the recreation planning profession.

• Professional principles help deter arbitrary and capricious decision making which is a violation
of law. The Administrative Procedure Act (1946: 60 Stat. 237, 5 U.S.C.A.) set forth the legal
standard that administrative decisions must be principled and reasoned; that is, arbitrary and
capricious decisions are in violation of law. A set of professional principles can be submitted as
demonstrable evidence in a court of law to refute allegations of being arbitrary and capricious.

The following principles reflect important concepts and values subscribed to by NARRP towards
the recreation planning profession. They also serve as a platform from which other sets of
principles tier from such as those for visitor management, interpretive planning, facility design,
monitoring and visitor capacity. Full and deliberate consideration of these principles will
contribute to a systematic, reasoned and legally-sufficient recreation planning process and
recreation plans.

Definition of Recreation Resource Planning

Recreation resource planning is the application of analytical tools to a systematic and deliberate
process of decision making about the future management of recreation resources and recreation
opportunities. Recreation planning is a rational systematic decision-making process, and as such
it is a fundamental tool that deters our human tendencies to make decisions based on
predisposition, bias, inadequate analysis, group-think, insular perspective, resistance to change,
and excessive self- confidence. It results in decisions that are more effective, efficient, fair,
reasoned, and defensible.
General Precepts

1. Recreation Resource Planners: Recreation resource planners are professionals and should
have a university degree in recreation resource planning, urban or regional planning, landscape
architecture, or a closely related field. Professional experience and professional certification
(e.g., NRPA, AICP) may also fulfill this educational standard.

2. Sound Professional Judgment: The standard for decision making in recreation planning is
sound professional judgment, defined as a reasonable decision that has given full and fair
consideration to all of the appropriate information, that is based on principled and reasoned
analysis and the best available science and expertise, and that complies with applicable laws.

3. A Contract with the Recreating Public: A recreation plan is a contract with the recreating
public and affected stakeholders that transcends any one person or administration, and as such
should be detailed, unambiguous, and provide for accountability.

4. Represent the Public Interest: Recreation resource planning is a collaborative public process
that deters the bias of special interests, political intervention, or incremental unplanned decision
making.

5. Recreation Resources: Recreation resources are those features in a setting that define a
person’s experience, such as the natural and cultural resources, special values attached to an
area, facilities, infrastructure, personnel, and management regulations and actions.

6. Recreation Opportunities: Recreation planners plan for recreation opportunities, defined as an

occasion for a person to participate in a specific recreation activity in a particular outdoor setting
in order to enjoy a desired recreation experience and gain the healthy benefits that accrue.

7. Recreation: The occasion of a person to participate in a specific recreation activity in a

particular outdoor setting in order to enjoy a desired recreation experience and gain the healthy
benefits that accrue. (Note---the historic term of “recreation” has largely been replaced by the
phrase “recreation opportunity” as defined above).

8. Recreation Benefits: Recreation resource planning should promote the environmental, human
and community wellness benefits that accrue from recreation participation such as improved
physical and mental health, family cohesion, civility, social integration, child development,
economic stimulation, work productivity, resource stewardship, and conservation ethic.

9. Recreation Diversity: Because there is no “average” recreationist, it is important to plan for

and maintain a spectrum of diverse recreation opportunities.

10. Systems Approach: Recreation resource planners must consider how their resources fit into
a larger regional system, how their potential recreation alternatives might contribute to regional
recreation diversity, and how their opportunities can be linked to larger systems.

11. Recreation Justice: Recreation resource planning helps to ensure that all people have an
opportunity to enjoy our great outdoors without prejudice of race, ethnicity, age, wealth,
gender, beliefs, or abilities. Planning should also ensure that Treaty rights and the rights of
aboriginal publics are fairly considered.

12. Recreation Allocation: Recreation resource planning requires recreation allocation decisions
because not all types and amounts of people or activities can be accommodated in a particular
setting at one time.
13. Recreation Compatibility: Some recreation uses are not compatible with other uses, and
recreation planners have the responsibility to determine what, if any, uses should be permitted,
and where those activities should be permitted. Strong preferences for specific recreation
settings lead to competition for recreation resources among different user types. Conflict is also
generated by how each user group perceives the others’ actions and values.

14. Recreation Niche: Because not all people can be accommodated in all places, recreation
planning helps to focus on the special values and resources of a setting and to define the special
niche within the larger spectrum of recreation opportunities.

15. Visitor Capacity: Visitor capacity is the prescribed number, or supply, of available visitor
opportunities that will be accommodated in a specific location and specific time.

16. Resource Sustainability: Whereas natural and cultural resources define an outdoor recreation
setting, it is fundamental that recreation resource planning and plans address how to integrate
recreation use so as to harmonize with, protect, enhance, and sustain these important
resources.

17. Reduction of Impact: Recreation planning should proactively consider ways to minimize and
mitigate potential social and environmental impacts.

18. Recreation Stewardship: Recreation planning should consider how to best design, manage
and interpret settings so as to foster public appreciation, understanding, respect, behaviors, and
partnerships that contribute to the stewardship of an area’s natural and cultural resources, and
special values.

19. Resource Caretakers: Recreation planners also have a responsibility to consider how plan
and decisions will affect the kind of resource legacy will be left to the next generation.

These principles were developed by the Board of Directors of the National Association of
Recreation Resource Planners, with input solicited from more than 1000 recreation planning
professionals, and approved by the Board for distribution in April 2009.

Principles for the Planning Process

20. A Process: While the specific terms and steps in a recreation planning process often vary
across institutions, all recreation resource planning in some manner includes:

• Identification of public issues, management concerns, opportunities, and threats through

collaborative stakeholder involvement.
• Establishment of planning and decision criteria for evaluating and selecting the preferred
alternative.
• Inventory of resources, the current situation, and the best available science and information.
• Formulation of alternatives which address the significant issues and concerns.
• Evaluation of the consequences, benefits, and affects of each proposed alternative.
• Selection of a preferred alternative based upon a full and reasoned analysis.
• Implementation and monitoring.
• Plan adaptation or revision.

21. Legally Sufficient: Recreation resource planning is framed by various local, state, and federal
laws and regulations, with the most significant and historic direction provided by the National
Environmental Policy Act (1969) and its attendant Council on Environmental Quality regulations.
22. Judicial Doctrine: Good recreation planning is based upon the important judicial principles of
being principled, reasoned, reasonable, sufficient, full, fair, and preponderance of the
information.

23. Planning Considerations: An adequate recreation resource planning process and plan must
address all of the significant public issues, management concerns, opportunities, and threats
that are identified in the early stages of the planning process. Issues, concerns, opportunities
and threats that are not deemed significant, do not need to be addressed in the plan.

24. Planning Inputs: Recreation resource planning requires the consideration of many inputs
such as an inventory of existing plans and policies, current type and amount of recreation use
(supply and demand), recreation trends, public issues, management concerns, regional supply of
recreation opportunities, visitor and stakeholder preferences, economic impact of recreation
participation, best available science, environmental conditions, and available information from
recreation and resource monitoring.

25. Recreation Resource Publics: Recreation resource planning must try to engage and hear from
all the diverse publics who value the recreation resource. The easily recognizable publics are
often labeled visitors, local business, land owners and communities, but there may also be
equally important publics who vicariously value the resource, some who have been displaced by
past unacceptable conditions, some who do not have the ability to attend meetings, or some
who live across the country but equally share in the ownership of the public resource.

26. Collaboration: The meaningful engagement and exchange with the public is essential
throughout the planning process. Collaboration results in a clearer definition of public values,
more creative alternatives, more reasoned and reasonable decisions, and a constituency that
becomes better informed and committed to the plan and its implementation.

27. Science-Informed Planning: It is both a legal requirement and professional imperative to

duly consider the best available science and expertise in the planning process and the plan’s
implementation.

28. Comprehensive and Integrated: Recreation planning should consider other significant natural
and cultural resources, uses, demands, and values in an integrated and comprehensive fashion.
Functional planning, whereby one resource is planned for in a vacuum from other resources, is
not appropriate and contrary to comprehensive and integrated planning.

29. Clear Management Alternatives: Recreation alternatives must be clear, comprehensive, and
provide a reasonable range of choices for public consideration. Each alternative can be
contrasted by its proposed objectives, desired future conditions, desired recreation experiences,
facilities, management strategies and actions, quality standards, visitor capacities, economic
value, projected budget requirements, and monitoring program.

30. Rigorous Analysis: The analytical stage in a planning process is the evaluation of alternatives
whereby the alternatives should be sharply contrasted, and the pros and cons are rigorously
evaluated so the reasons for and against each alternative become clear.

Principles for the Plan

31. The Document: The effectiveness and utility of a plan is in part a function of its clarity,
brevity, layout, and design. Materials used in the planning process should be retained in the
administrative record, but the final approved document should be a valuable desktop working
document.

32. Resource Management Prescription: The output of a recreation resource planning process is
a management prescription for an area that includes such information as goals, objectives,
desired future conditions, desired recreation experiences, facilities, management strategies and
actions, quality standards, visitor capacities, a monitoring program, and budgetary needs.

33. Budgetary Tool: An effective recreation plan should include the projected budgetary needs to
implement the plan. In this way the plan is a tool to prepare and justify annual budgets, for
allocating budgets, and to guide annual work priorities, and facilitate the scheduling and
sequencing of projects.

34. Implementing Partnerships: The successful implementation of a plan should involve

collaboration with stakeholders, government agencies, partnerships, and alliances with
communities, special interests groups, and the private sector.

35. Institutional Accountability: The responsible official charged with implementing the plan
should periodically evaluate and report to the public on progress and accomplishments to date,
factors affecting the plan’s implementation, and changes pending or made to the approved plan.

36. Plan Adaptability: A recreation resource plan should be adaptive to new science, information,
uses, technology, trends, conditions, and other circumstances of importance. Any proposed
change should be subject to the same level of deliberate analysis and public collaboration as
went into the original decision.

37. Review and Revision: Given the significant and ongoing changes in our society and the
recreation industry, it would be reasonable that recreation plans be formally reviewed and
updated every 5-10 years.

The National Association of Recreation Resource Planners (www.narrp.org) is charged

with providing national leadership to its members, the profession, and to all publics
who enjoy our parks and outdoorrecreation settings. This responsibility was the
impetus to develop an enduring set of recreation planning principles.

Greenway planning, criteria, and strategies for

implementation
From Connections: Linking Lawrence County’s Resources Through Greenways (June 2008 by
Pashek Associates)
LAWRENCE COUNTY GREENWAYS PLAN
What is a Greenway?
Pennsylvania Greenways - An Action Plan for Creating Connections, has this definition:
"A greenway is a corridor of open space, varying greatly in scale, and incorporating or linking
diverse natural, cultural, and scenic resources. Some greenways are recreational corridors or
scenic byways accommodating pedestrian and non-motorized vehicle traffic on both land and
water; while others function almost exclusively for environmental protection and are not
designed for human passage."
HOW IS A GREENWAY PLAN DEVELOPED?
Sound Greenways Planning uses a three-step process that answers the following questions:
Where Are We Now? - This is the inventory phase, during which information about the County’s
natural, cultural, historical, and scenic assets is gathered, forming the building blocks of
conservation and/or recreation corridors. For example, it is important to note critical habitat
areas, as well as abandoned rail lines that have potential for conversion into recreational trails.
Where Do We Want to Be? - In this phase, the “Vision” for the greenways system is developed.
Specifically, the plan synthesizes information gathered in the inventory phase into a proposed
network of greenways and trails linking important destinations throughout the County.
How Do We Get There? - This phase provides information and recommendations on the
implementing the Greenways Plan. It includes concrete tools such as recommended
management structure, prioritized trail and greenway segments, potential funding sources, and
suggestions for pilot/demonstration projects.
Public Participation
Greenway planning also involves an intensive public participation process that solicits knowledge
and expertise from local residents and officials - those who know Lawrence County best. During
this process, input is obtained by the following methods:
• Study Committee Meetings - A Project Study Committee was assembled to help guide the
planning process. Members included representatives of County Government, local school
districts, and non-profit organizations having expertise in planning, recreation, agriculture, and
conservation. The Study Committee reviewed and commented on all aspects of the Greenways
Plan as it was developed.
• Public Meetings - Two meetings were held to obtain feedback on the plan from the general
public. The first meeting was held in November 2006 to introduce the planning process and
solicit information about significant County destinations, natural areas worth conserving, and
potential trail opportunities. The second meeting was held in July 2007. At this session, the draft
Greenways Plan was presented and the public was asked to comment on the recommendations.
Significant comments were addressed in the final plan.
• Key Person Interviews - Using a contact list developed by the Study Committee, as well as
contacts with local organizations made during the planning process, twenty interviews were
conducted with individuals and organizations knowledgeable on local issues, including
conservation, development, economic impact, recreation, and tourism.
• Focus Groups - In addition, Pashek Associates held meetings with focus groups, or local
organizations interested in various aspects of the Greenways Plan. An example is the Slippery
Rock Creek Gorge Focus Group meeting held in August 2007. The focus of such meetings was
concentration on each group’s interests that may parallel ideals of greenway planning.
Purpose of the Greenways Plan
With the aforementioned benefits and planning process in mind, this Plan examines the various
methods by which Lawrence County can develop a greenway network that will help to preserve
its essential natural resources and, in turn, its unique character and quality of life. The purpose
of this project is to develop a network of connections between the County’s diverse natural
areas, its various cultural, historic, and recreational resources, and local population centers.
These connections will help to preserve the County’s natural resources and open spaces while
providing valuable recreational opportunities for local residents.
Goals and Objectives
Preserving and enhancing Lawrence County’s character and quality of life is the main goal of the
Greenway Plan, and these specific objectives support this main goal:
• Protect existing natural areas primarily for ecological health and preservation of wildlife
habitat;
• Promote the preservation of agricultural land;
• Provide recreational opportunities for County residents through preservation and connection of
existing open spaces;
• Promote economic growth via recreational or eco-tourism;
• Encourage local municipalities to work in unison to help protect their various resources by
adopting open-space and land-use regulations;
• Educate County residents on the aspects and benefits of Greenways Planning, including the
benefits of implementation of the goals listed above.
The Greenway Plan As a Decision-Making Tool
Once finalized and approved by the Lawrence County Commissioners and adopted as part of the
County’s recent Comprehensive Plan (2004), the Greenway Plan will serve as a flexible tool for
making decisions regarding the protection of its natural, cultural, historic, and scenic resources.
By encompassing a variety of issues pertinent to these resources, the Plan will lay the
foundation for the continued success of open space conservation and increased quality of life in
Lawrence County. Specific policy details and greenway locations may be adjusted as needed
throughout the planning process and implementation. Sound Greenway Planning includes
inventory and analysis of natural features, cultural and historic sites, and open spaces such as
parks or nature reserves; along with collaboration with local government agencies, private
groups, and interested citizens to form policies for development and/or conservation. This multi-
layered approach, involving Lawrence County and its decision-makers, yields short-, medium-,
and long-term strategies for natural resource conservation and greenway development in
harmony with any potential economic development.
THE CRITERIA
Greenways can serve many functions. When determining the guiding principles used to
designate greenways for Lawrence County, we considered the objectives established in the early
part of the planning process. The following goals and objectives offer insight into the function of
the greenways to be developed in the county: Preserving and enhancing Lawrence County’s
character and quality of life is the main goal of the Greenway Plan, and these specific objectives
support this main goal:
• Protect existing natural areas primarily for ecological health and preservation of wildlife
habitat;
• Promote the preservation of agricultural land;
• Provide recreational opportunities for county residents through preservation and connection of
existing open spaces;
• Promote economic growth via recreational or eco-tourism;
• Encourage local municipalities to work in unison to help protect their various resources by
adopting open-space and land-use regulations;
• Educate county residents on the aspects and benefits of Greenways Planning, including the
benefits of implementation of the goals listed above.
These goals and objectives support the two general functions that define proposed Greenways in
Lawrence County:
1) Conservation Greenways are corridors whose primary function is preservation of sensitive
environmental features and habitats, such as wetlands, steep slopes, fl oodplains, exceptional
value water-quality streams, high-value natural areas identified by the Lawrence County Natural
Heritage Inventory, outstanding geologic or scenic features, and land surrounding the county’s
drinking water sources. They are linear tracts of essentially undeveloped open space. Some low-
impact activity, like hiking or wildlife observation, is acceptable in these corridors, but intense
development and motorized vehicle use are not recommended.
2) Recreational and Transportation Greenways are corridors in which trail development is
recommended. These greenways connect population centers and points of interest. They bring
people into contact with the outdoors and engender an appreciation of the natural world. These
trails also provide alternative, environmentally-friendly transportation options for commuters
and visitors. In some cases, recreational trails overlay areas where conservation of natural
assets is also an objective. To avoid confl icts, recreational uses should be planned to minimize
impacts. For example, a biking trail along a river or stream corridor should be designed to
preserve steep slopes, wetlands, and other sensitive areas.
STRATEGIES FOR IMPLEMENTATION
This section of the Greenways Plan offers step-by-step recommendations outlining the process of
implementing the proposed greenways network in Lawrence County. This is the sequence of
events needed to carry the Greenways Plan from the “vision” described earlier to completion of
conservation and recreation greenway corridors. For each broad objective, the tables specify a
sequence of prioritized tasks, along with respective estimated costs, and parties responsible for
leadership and assistance in the undertaking of each task. Responsible parties will need to seek
funding through grants or cost reimbursement programs throughout the implementation
process. This section also provides lists of potential funding sources. Tasks are prioritized into
three designations:
Short-term (S) priorities should be accomplished in the first 2 years after official adoption of the
Greenways Plan. These strategies will lay the foundation for successful implementation of the
greenways plan.
Middle-term (M) priorities should be undertaken in years 3 through 5.
Long-term (L) priorities are expected to begin 5 or more years down the road.
Many of the strategies listed have little or no cost beyond the administrative costs to be incurred
by the responsible parties. Where recommended tasks require an additional expense for
implementation, a cost estimate is included. It is essential to note that costs are “ball park”
figures, in 2007 dollars, based on similar projects or initiatives. Detailed cost estimates will need
to be developed through feasibility studies.
Advancing Individual Greenway Segments
The following steps show the process that the LCPD, via the Greenways Coordinator, may take
to advance the implementation of a specific greenway segment.
1) Approach municipalities to educate them on the benefits of establishing greenways.
2) Work with municipal officials to identify a demonstration project that will result in a success
story, and achieve consensus and support for advancing the project.
 3) Meet with municipal officials and other local supporters to discuss greenway protection and/or
trail development, plan a strategy for approaching landowner(s) in the project area, and identify
land trusts or other organizations as possible partners.
4) Determine who will hold property or easement if property acquisition or easement
establishment is successful.
5) Assist municipalities and partners in determining the need for further planning and the
feasibility of property acquisition or easement establishment. If additional planning is required,
proceed directly to step 10.
6) Help municipal officials and partners to anticipate questions, issues, and concerns of
landowner(s). Prepare a response detailing how proper planning will specifically address
landowner questions and issues, alleviate concerns, and promote healthy relationships between
the municipality and landowner(s).
7) Coach municipal officials and partners in preparing to negotiate the acquisition or
establishment of easements on the greenway segment.
8) Approach landowner(s) with municipal officials and partners to discuss the project, identify
landowner issues / concerns, and address ability of planning and design to address those
concerns in an manner acceptable to the all parties. Ask landowner(s) permission to advance
planning and design of the greenway segment. Schedule a follow- up meeting with landowner to
present a conceptual design for the greenway segment.
9) Accompany municipal officials and partners to present preliminary planning and design of
greenway segment, ask owner if his/her concerns have been sufficiently addressed. Revise
planning and/or design if necessary until acceptable to all parties.
10) Review methods of acquisition and preservation and negotiate with landowners to acquire
property or establish easement(s).
11) Arrange for County Solicitor to arrange legal paperwork for acquisition of property or
establishment of easements in greenway segment.
12) Assist municipality in establishing a construction budget, and determine the county’s level or
participation in development of the greenway segment.
13) Help with preparation of grant applications to secure funding for acquisition and/or
development of greenway segment.
14) Oversee development of greenway segment.

Browse Common Topics

Section 508 Navigation

Search our Website
Search

 Home
 Symposium
 Trails
 What's Hot
 Advocacy
 Calendar
 Training
 Resources
 Business Directory
 Join
 Store
 About Us
Related Pages:
 Trail planning index
 Trail Maintenance & Management
 Volunteer & youth development
 Safety and liability
 Kids & Trails
 Advocacy For Trails & Greenways
Resources and Library:

Planning Trails & Greenways

Hosted by AmericanTrails.org
A look at many trail systems around the world with emphasisi on Planning 2. Regional Linkage
Trails/Multi-Entity/Partnerships 3. Resource Focus/Education/Interpretation 4.
Maintenance/Monitoring/Management.

Innovative Non-motorized Trails Projects and Ideas

Prepared for Colorado State Trails Committee by Shapins Associates (August 2000)
The following information is for non-motorized trail systems and focuses on potential special
initiative projects that could occur or do exist in Colorado. Non-motorized trails for hiking,
bicycling (on and off road), horseback riding, kayaking/canoeing, snowshoeing, and cross-
country skiing were considered. Example projects from other areas of the United States and
Europe are provided as well as trail expert’s ideas that came from brainstorming sessions or
phone discussions.

HIGHLINE CANAL TRAIL IS ONE OF COLORADO'S SYSTEM OF IRRIGATION CORRIDOR TRAILS

 KEY ELEMENTS OF SUCCESSFUL TRAIL SYSTEM PROJECTS
General
 Each project includes a grassroots support effort with enthusiastic people and agencies.
 The projects have a clear plan that illustrates what the individual/group would like to do and
how they intend to achieve their desired goals.
 Partnerships exist and each partner has a defined role and many of the partners carry out
their roles.
 There is access to funding and some knowledge of how long term maintenance and
management will occur.
Major Criteria For a Quality Project
 The trail system is sensitive to both natural and cultural resources.
 The trail system is economically sustainable.
 The trail system is a reflection of social responsibility and enhances the community, region,
state, and/or country.
Criteria for Successful Trail System Development
 The system must be well planned, including phasing, long term maintenance, and funding.
The system clearly connects Point A to Point B and usually connects numerous points in-
between.
 The trail system has a clear identity with a definitive name that attracts people and defines
the trail’s focus.
 The trail system is well signed, often with a special identity signage program.
 A well designed and attractive map is readily available at numerous locations.
 Interpretation is provided (e.g., ranges from simple explanation on maps or at trailheads to
more formal wayside exhibits or even visitor centers)
 Support service systems are available. This can range from highly sophisticated to primitive
(e.g., trailheads, restrooms, campgrounds, lodging, restaurants, supply shops). Many of the
most successful link to towns where diverse services are provided.
 Unique support systems are often provided (e.g., special related events, bus service to
special trail areas, food service at the lodge, baggage transport service, lodging reservation
services, special interpretive programs, tours).
Categories of Discussion
Please realize most of the trail systems listed in the discussion would fit well under all the
categories listed below. However, we have placed certain trail systems under a specific category
to help illustrate specific points.
1. Planning
2. Regional Linkage Trails/Multi-Entity/Partnerships
3. Resource Focus/Education/Interpretation
4. Maintenance/Monitoring/Management
SUPERIOR HIKING TRAIL HAS GREAT SIGNAGE AND

OVERNIGHT FACILITIES ALONG THE WAY

1. PLANNING
Quality Planning is a Key Component to a Successful Trail System
Some trail systems may start with very simple plans in relation to a fledgling idea while other
efforts may have highly sophisticated, well funded planning efforts; but all were planned. In
each case the people implementing the trail system had a vision, criteria for creating and linking
different segments of the trail system, and considered how the system might be sustained and
maintained over the long term.
The plan should have the following components:
Context. The plan should clearly show how the trail links into a larger system, what natural,
historic, and cultural resources surround it, existing surrounding land uses, and how the trail
links to needed facilities such as a trailhead.
Inventory/Analysis/Synthesis (Natural, Historic, Cultural, and Use Patterns). The plan
should define existing conditions along the trail including such elements as land uses, facilities,
environmental conditions, historic and cultural resources, users, use patterns, and trail
conditions. Individuals using the plan should be able to clearly understand where sensitive
resources exist, what and where trail problems exist, and how the trail is being used.
Needs and Desires. The plan should define problems that need to be addressed in order to
make the trail system successful and it should also define desired goals.
Vision. The plan should clearly state a vision for the trail in the future and state what will be
achieved by implementing the plan.
Plan Development, Implementation Strategies. The plan should provide a clear picture of
what is being proposed for the trail system and how the plan will be implemented and
maintained. The plan should include sufficient implementation strategies that generally include
design, construction, fund raising, promotion, education and interpretation, partnerships,
priorities, and maintenance strategies. Phasing plans are often needed since many plans are
implemented in progressive phases over time. Costs are also needed even if they are general.
A Successful Trail System Generally has a Grassroots Component and is Planned with
Public/Private Partners.
Partnerships often begin forming early and broaden during later planning phases. Planning is
done cooperatively with diverse entities providing input and assisting at key times throughout
the plan’s development. The successful trail system projects inventoried were all partnership
projects that involved cooperation between different levels of government and often the public.
Creative Solutions and Breaking Away From the Norm are Part of Many Successful
Efforts
Creativity can be illustrated in solving problems at any level, from how the partners work
together to how the trail is maintained is the future. Creative solutions are often the impetus
that gives the plan the needed excitement and support that is needed to carry the project
through.Developing a trail system that allowed volunteer participation in the construction and
maintenance of the trail is an important component of the Hidden Valley Park Natural Area
project. The partner organizations had several reasons for making this element key to the
project, including building community commitment to the park area and stretching the City’s
construction dollars by employing volunteer labor wherever possible.
To facilitate volunteerism, Big Muddy developed the Hidden Valley Park Natural Area Trail Design
and Construction Erosion Mitigation Manual. The manual was developed for use by park staff and
volunteers, guiding them in trail construction efforts. Big Muddy staff attended International
Mountain Biking Association (IMBA) trail design training, to learn the latest techniques in
sustainable trail design and building.
IMBA and US Forest Service trail manuals were incorporated into the design standards for the
trail and referenced in the construction manual. Big Muddy adapted these techniques to Hidden
Valley’s unique features and highly erosive loess soils. The manual outlines the trail system
goals and design guidelines, hiking trail design guidelines, and erosion control strategies. It
provides photographs, illustrations, text and references to aid park staff and volunteers in
planning the segments of trail to be constructed and the techniques to be employed.
To ensure that Kansas City parks staff was knowledgeable on how to direct volunteers in trail
construction, Big Muddy conducted a “Train-the-Trainers” session for park staff and volunteer
leaders. The group learned how to clear the trail corridor, construct full bench trails including
grade reversals when necessary, and install facines and debris dams to correct eroded areas.
The Workshop designed and fabricated a trail template to aid volunteers in building the trail to
the desired width and correct trail surface cross-slope.
Kansas City Parks & Recreation has held several trail building events since the initial training
session. In October 2007, 250 volunteers for VLM, Inc. donated one work day to clear and build
trail. Additional trail days were held in November 2007 and June 2008, drawing another 200
volunteers to clear, repair and expand the trail system.
Successful Projects Often Work in Tandem with Existing Efforts and Extend From
Those Efforts
For example, Colorado has a successful Scenic Byway Program that is well funded. They have
established
criteria for what constitutes a scenic byway and have defined centers and points of interest
along the way.
Trail systems that link these same scenic byway centers and points of interest could be
established in tandem
with the scenic byways. The trails need not go along the roads but could take scenic trail routes
and link
many of the same resources. Existing trails could most likely be used in some cases.
Think Big and Bold
Most of the successful trail initiatives researched included big, bold ideas. Examples of a few
implemented
successful projects include:
The Vienna to Prague and the Vienna to Budapest Trails that link different countries together and
provide exceptional visitor experiences as one moves through rural countrysides and famous
historic cities.
Centennial Trail/The Black Hills National Forest Hiking Trail is 111 miles long and goes through
much of the Black Hills of South Dakota. The trail goes from prairie grasslands to Black Hills high
country and is managed by five agencies.
The Lake Champlain Bikeways is a 350-mile network around the entire Lake Champlain and
along the Richelieu River in Quebec. There are many shorter loops within the larger loop and
bridges and ferries to create many options.
The Essex Heritage Project includes the entire county of Essex and grew from a small town
project to include 34 communities. The area is now a National Heritage Area and involves
government entities at all levels as well as the private sector.
The Chesapeake Bay Gateways Network includes the largest estuary in the United States and
extends from Norfolk Virginia to the Chumming River Basin in New York State.
The Gunflint Trail comprises over 175 km of crosscountry ski trail. Portions are lighted for night
skiing and a hut to hut system is maintained and managed by area businesses.
Superior Hiking Trail includes over 200 miles of hiking paths along the ridgeline of Lake Superior
from northern Minnesota to near Canada. It connects 7 state parks and goes though miles of
national forest. The layout makes it suitable for day-hikers, long distance backpackers, and
lodge-to-lodge hikers.

2. REGIONAL LINKAGE TRAILS/MULTI-ENTITY PARTNERSHIPS

The following trail systems are listed under this category because they link many different areas
together, provide exceptional visitor experiences, and involve multi-entity partnerships. Several
of the trails listed under Resource Focus/Education and Interpretation also fit into this category
 but had specific educational or themed focuses so they seemed to fit better in the category in
which they are listed. All of these linkage trail systems involve partnerships and link to
communities.
Vienna to Prague Biking Tour
Location: Vienna, Austria to Prague, Czech Republic
Purpose: Provide quality biking experience that passes through beautiful countryside, natural
and historic
sites, and links to rural and urban communities.
Scale/Use: 49,035 kilometers, designed for bikers with off and on-road travel routes. Lesser-
trafficked
roads were used wherever possible.
Description: Major reasons successful:
 The trail has an exciting name and connotations of experience.
 The trail clearly takes the user from Point A to Point B with many interesting subpoints in-
between.
 There is a clearly signed trail throughout the entire area; simple, attractive colored coded
signs were used.
 Every trail has a color and some have several colors.
 The trail is safe and designed for the average recreationalist and family.
 Each section is fun and provides new and diverse experiences.
 There are exceptional support services along the way. The users know they will have beer
gardens, restaurants, and attractive communities to use along the way.
 There are excellent tourist services. For example, visitors can contact a special tourist service
who will help them plan where they stay, make lodging reservations, pick up all luggage and
ensure it arrives at every destination. However, the visitor is free to travel at their own pace
as long as they reach each agreed upon destination.
Vienna to Budapest Trail
Location: Vienna, Austria to Budapest, Hungary
Purpose: Provide an off-road trail that links two countries.
Scale/Use: Off-road hiking and biking trail
Description: Off-road trail that passes by many communities with excellent support services.
Heavily used, safe, fun, and diverse. Follows major river drainages in the region.
Romantische Weg/Danube Bike Trail
Location: Along prominent routes from Passau to Vienna, Danube river Valley
Use: Primarily bicyclists
Description: Following the Danube River Valley, the paved and separated bikeway links some of
Austria’s most impressive cultural sites that include castles, abbeys, and medieval-era towns.
The trail features 90% traffic free bike trails on primarily flat terrain, and affords users to
experience agrarian landscapes of farms, orchards and vineyards that lie between population
centers. The Austrian Federal Railways offer substantial services, such as transport and bike
rental at 170 stations through the country.
Ice Age Trail
Location: Wisconsin
Purpose: Provide extensive trail opportunities for bikers and hikers throughout much of the
State of Wisconsin. Highlights the fascinating glacial physiographic landscape from high marks in
kettle moraines that are visible remnants of the last Ice Age. The Ice Age Trail promotes
conservation of native flora and fauna and endangered habitats including wetlands, woodlands,
oak savanna, and prairie. The trail provides economic enhancement for related communities and
areas.
Scale/Use: 1000 miles proposed (600 miles complete), mostly hiking and bike trails, much is
off-road, however some sections are on lesser-used roads.
Description: Extensive national and state scenic trail that has been featured nationwide
(National Geographic and Backpacker’s magazines). Trail serves over three million visitors a
year and noted as number one outdoor recreational resource in the State by Wisconsin
Department of Tourism. The trail has an extensive volunteer program with 20 chapters and 2100
volunteers. The volunteers help to develop and maintain the trails. The trail is managed through
a cooperative agreement with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR) and the
National Park Service. Support for trail development comes from private donations; the State
has matching funds for acquisition for $500,000 per year.
A special bike festival on USFS lands illustrates partnerships with the USFS to enhance area
economies, build stronger communities, and enhance public/private partnerships. The area has a
strong winter snowmobile economy but a limited economy in the summer. A community asked if
they could have a bike festival on USFS lands. The lands had numerous logging roads but were
not be logged at the moment. The USFS granted permission and the community and volunteers
signed the logging roads while a local bike store mapped the route and helped with the
promotion. USFS gave the land and helped establish bike route criteria. The event has been a
great success and has built strong support between private and public agencies and enhanced
the local economy.
Superior Hiking Trail
Location: Minnesota
Purpose: To provide a hiking trail that will link people with nature along the ridgeline of Lake
Superior’s north shore.
Scale/Use: 200-mile long, narrow footpath for hikers only, no other uses are permitted.
Description: This is one of the nation’s premier long-distance hiking trails; designated by
Backpacker magazine as one of the nation’s top 10 greatest trails. The trail links seven state
parks and many areas of Superior National Forest together with rural communities. It provides
scenic overlooks, spectacular views of Lake Superior, waterfalls, forests, and wildlife and has
campsites every 5-8 miles. The trail layout makes it ideal for day-hikers, long-distance
backpackers, and lodge-to-lodge hikers. A shuttle service makes end-to-end day hikes possible
for one-car hiking parties. The trail system is supported by an extremely successful volunteer
organization (Superior Hiking Trail Association) with thousands of members who collect dues and
maintain the system. There are trail maps, a Guide to Superior Hiking Trail, shuttle services,
special programs, and even special programs provided by guest naturalist guides that are
supported by area lodges. Excellent lodge and restaurant services link to the trail.
 Indian Creek Trail
Location: Douglas County
Purpose: Non-motorized multi-use trail, provided a nice trail for horseback riding
Scale/Use: 15-mile loop trail
Description: The trail was well planned and worked especially well for horses. It involved many
partners including Douglas County, USFS, Roxborough State Park, Denver Water Board, Trails
Conservation Service, and Parker/Elizabeth Riding Club. The trail and the trail effort have been a
highly successful partnership project. Sections of the trail were realigned to minimize erosion
and provide a more environmentally sensitive trail corridor. The campground was originally for
cars; it has been redesigned to provide space for horseback users.
This trail also meets many of the criteria that horseback riders appreciate. They want:
 attractive scenery
 lengths of at least 10 to 15 miles
 camping so that horseback riders can stay with their trailers
 a trail goes from Point A to Point B
 numerous natural features on the trail like creek crossings and logs and big limbs
Mt. Ranier Area Winter Use Trail
Location: State of Washington
Purpose: Provide high country trailhead access to motorized and non-motorized users as long
as they could work together successfully concerning trail use.
Description: The USFS and State worked with both crosscountry and snowmobile users to
obtain a high country trailhead for early season snow use. Both motorized and non-motorized
users had to work together compatibly before either public agency would commit to the project.
By agreeing to work together the snow users got a road access snowplowed for them and a
trailhead to winter use trails. Private entities then got together and built a warming cabin,
helped groom trails, and helped to provide a safe winter trail system that was well signed and
inviting.
Western Europe Trekking Hut to Hut Systems
Location: Throughout the mountain regions of Western Europe, for example they are in the
countries of Switzerland, Italy, and Croatia
Purpose: Provide hiking trails through the mountain regions of Western Europe for both visitors
and for herders. The hut to hut system is provided for user comfort and safety.
Description: Trails systems in the mountainous areas of Western Europe have been provided
for public trekking for centuries. Along the trails are a series of huts, some are small and simple
while others are highly elaborate. At the huts you can obtain food (generally served family style
with drinks/primarily beer). In some areas locals service the huts by use of mules. The huts
provide wonderful destinations and serve as centers to meet people, share stories, obtain
information, and have shelter from the often harsh mountainous weather.
Mississippi River Trail
Location: Mississippi River Corridor, Missouri to Louisiana
Purpose: To provide a lengthy bike trail through America’s heartland
Scale/Use: Over 1200 miles from St. Louis to New Orleans
Description: The Mississippi River Trail is in process of creation. It is a 7-state bike route that
follows along low-volume roads and is identified by national bike route signs featuring the “MRT”
logo. Traveling over 1200 miles from St. Louis, Missouri to New Orleans, Louisiana, it passes
through Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas and Mississippi. The states of Iowa, Minnesota
and Wisconsin are actively working to create a continuous trail from the headwaters of the
Mississippi at Lake Itasca to St. Louis, with a vision of joining the MRT. This will create a 10-
state, 2000-mile route from the headwaters of the Mississippi to New Orleans.
Minnesota Water Trails
Location: State of Minnesota
Purpose: Non-motorized water trails that traverse lakes and streams
Scale/Use: Over 3,000 miles of designated water routes
Description: Minnesota – the "Land of the Lakes" – has several thousand miles of water routes
developed by various government agencies cooperating with local citizens. Examples include
Voyageurs National Park, which commemorates the life of the hard paddling colonial fur trappers
and traders, and the St. Croix River, a federally-designated Wild and Scenic waterway that
makes for a gentle 25 mile paddle to the Mississippi River. The state's Department of Natural
Resources oversees 23 canoe and boating routes and has the authority to grant land for
campsites and access, totaling almost 3,000 miles. The Root River Trail travels through 72 miles
of a wild landscape featuring high limestone bluffs topped by dense hardwood forest. The 56-
mile Kettle River has many well spaced campsites along its route, and some class II to IV rapids.
Upper and Central Gunflint Trail
Location: Northeastern Minnesota, Superior National Forest
Purpose: To provide non-motorized recreation trails (primarily winter) near private services
Scale/Use: Upper – 100 kilometers; Central – 55 kilometers
Description: Northern Minnesota's Gunflint Trail is a year-round vacation destination
surrounded by the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness (BWCAW) and Superior National
Forest. From the village of Grand Marais on Lake Superior's north shore, the Gunflint Trail -Road
(County Road 12) winds 63 paved miles north and west to Saganaga Lake at the Canadian
border. Along this automobile route are numerous trailheads that allow access to an extensive
system of non-motorized, interconnected loop trails. Development, maintenance, advertising
and monitoring of the trail system is almost entirely funded by neighboring private enterprise
that belong to the Gunflint Trail Association. The Association sponsors special events along the
trail, provides “concession” services at various locations, maintains comfort station facilities, and
provides shuttles to trailheads. The Gunflint Trail is an appropriate example of a Federal-Private
partnership to provide recreational facilities for public use.
Minnesota Rails to Trails
Location: Throughout Minnesota
Purpose: To provide non-motorized and motorized recreation trails (primarily paved) for hiking,
biking, horseback riding, skating, skiing, snowmobiling
Scale/Use: Over 250 miles
Description: The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources has come to the fore as a leader
in converting abandoned rails to trails. At 250 miles, Minnesota has more paved rail-to-trail
routes than any other state, many of which are located in rural areas dispersed throughout the
state. The Heartland State Trail is a 49-mile multiple use route that links 7 town in central
Minnesota. When completed, the Paul Bunyan State trail will extend 100 miles along a former
railroad grade, and provide level, wheelchair accessible route. Generally, trails traverse wooded
and agricultural lands, and provide views of lakes, rivers and streams. A popular destination for
birders, the trails affords opportunities for viewing a variety of wildlife.
Black Hills National Forest Equestrian Trails / Facilities
Location: Black Hills National Forest, South Dakota
Uses: Primarily equestrian
Description: Within the Black Hills, five groups and horse campgrounds have been developed to
cater to the needs of equestrian users. In general, facilities are equipped with restrooms,
drinking water, horse trails, campsites, corral areas, and parking ‘spurs’ for trailers.
Route of the Hiawatha Rail-Trail
Location: Montana
Purpose: To provide facilities for biking, motorcycling, ATVs, hiking, horseback riding
Scale/Use: 31 miles (MT), 46 miles total
Description: This rail-trail connect four major population central in Mineral County, Montana,
and is a critical component of an interconnected, multi-state rail-trail system envision between
Missoula and Seattle. The trail is unique in that it provides for both motorized and non-motorized
use, and passes through eleven tunnels (including the 1.8-mile long ‘Taft’ Tunnel) and nine high,
steel tresses. Management of the facility relies on a cooperative arrangement between the USFS,
Mineral County Board of commissioners, and Chamber of Commerce, Bitter Root Resource
Conservation and Development, and others.
---------------------------------
Ideas Related to These Special Initiative Trail Systems
1. Front Range Trails Initiative (Trinidad to Cheyenne). This effort could start by finding the
lesser-used roads and existing off-road bike trails that could be used to link Trinidad to Ft.
Collins or Cheyenne. The project would need to be a partnership involving interested
communities. It may be feasible to use existing trails or little used roads only, at least for the
early phases. Early phases would include the creation of a simple, clear sign code system that is
creative and obviously placed so visitors will trust and understand the system. The signage
system would be used consistently all along the Front Range trail, even along the urban trail
sections. Early phases would also include the creation and distribution of an image map showing
the trail route and points of interest along the way. Over time trail sections that are on-road, but
could be made off-road could be established and more sophisticated support service connections
and volunteer maintenance and advertising organizations could be established.
2. Plains to Mountains Bike Trail/Bike across Colorado (Denver to Grand Junction Trail).
Since the traffic is highly focused on I-70 through the mountains, numerous parallel roads are
lightly used and would make good bike routes. In addition, large sections of trails currently exist
parallel or near to I-70 (e.g., Clear Creek, Vail Pass, Glenwood Springs), that could be used as
part of an east/west trail system. One of the major hurdles in creating this system is getting
past some physiographic obstacles. The system could also link to existing rail transportation so
users could bike and then use the train to diversify their experiences. For example, users could
bike one way and take the trail back, or bike and train certain sections since there is a train
system from Denver to Winter Park, Glenwood Springs, and Grand Junction. This system could
also tie into potential water trail systems so visitors could bike certain areas, kayak or canoe
other sections, and then use train transportation.
3. Canal Trail System. Work with ditch owners to create canal trail systems. This is becoming
feasible in more and more areas since large shares of ditch rights are now owned by
municipalities.
4. Eastern Colorado Trail System. Eastern Colorado has limited trail use even though there
are many secondary roads with little traffic, interesting towns that could supply services,
economic sectors that would like the tourist business, and gently sloping terrain that make the
area excellent biking for the average biker and families. In addition, a bike trail system could be
provided without developing many new facilities. Specific areas in towns could be used as
trailheads and lesser-used roads could be designated as bike routes. Work with local eastern
Chambers of Commerce and people knowledgeable of the roads and trails in the east and
develop an Eastern Colorado Trail System.
5. State of Colorado River Trail Systems (from the mountains through the plains). Even
though Colorado has some dangerous areas for in-water use there are many sections of the
State’s waterways that would make excellent in-water, non-motorized trails. The great feature of
an in-water trail is that no one has to build the trail. For successful in-water trails, system
criteria would need to be developed that included such elements as size, character, interest,
safety, continuity, relationship to communities/services, and the need for in-water modifications.
Candidate areas for river trails include the: Colorado, Yampa, South Platte, Arkansas, and
Gunnison Rivers.
Sections of these trails could provide exceptional in-water kayak or canoe trail systems that link
to communities for support services, access, education, and interpretation. River trails could be
especially successful in eastern Colorado where the waters may have fewer impediments than in
the mountains. For example in the plains there could be an excellent section from Denver to
Julesburg on the South Platter while in the mountains a trail could start around State Bridge and
go through Rifle and possibly on to Grand Junction. Education concerning water use adjacent to
private lands would be critical and obstructions would need to be removed and dangerous areas
clearly identified.
The in-water non-motorized trail system could be provided by multiple partners and would
provide an excellent opportunity to partner with the State Division of Wildlife for environmental
education. For example, the Rifle Comprehensive Plan includes recommendations to create a
non-motorized trail in the Colorado River with special trail loops for wildlife and environmental
education. This could be an excellent pilot project since there is a visitor center and parking area
at the Colorado River.
6. Land and River Trail Combination Systems. Certain land and river trail systems could be
linked so users could bike or hike certain sections and then kayak or canoe other areas. Boaters
could also canoe down and then hike back. Canoe/kayak rentals and bike rentals may need to be
 available in specific areas for this to be successful but this service could supply additional
economic opportunities to communities and may be desirable.
7. Hut to Hut Trail Systems Developed and Maintained by Community Businesses. The
Gunflint Trail in Minnesota (cross-country skiing) could be used as an example to start a similar
type of program in Colorado. Community businesses could develop and maintain the cross-
country ski trail and the huts. In addition, they would provide information, advertise, map, make
reservations, provide shuttle service, program events, and manage the entire system while
primarily using federal lands. The trails could relate directly to area businesses so guests, who
prefer to stay in a lodge could be provided accommodations. The trail system could be designed
using existing logging or other access roads.
8. State Wide or Front Range Snowshoe Pilot Project (Brainerd Lake Winter Trail
Operations and Maintenance). Snowshoe use is an underserved activity in the State. A
“Snowshoe Colorado Initiative” could be developed in which a plan is developed directly related
to snowshoeing and a pilot project is implemented. For example, the State Trails Program could
take responsibility for winter operation and maintenance of the Brainerd Lake cross-country ski
and snowshoe area. No new facilities would probably need to be constructed, however, parking
areas would need to be better designated, restroom facilities would need to be provided, trails
would need to be clearly designated and a quality map is needed. Area businesses and
manufacturers could become partners and help produce brochures, books, and advertising. If it
was found desirable, snowshoe trails and cross-country ski trails would be separated in certain
areas. Use and resource damage could be monitored so impacts and user satisfaction could be
determined. A volunteer monitoring and information group could be organized to assist with this
pilot program. The successes and failures from this pilot program could be used in providing
other snowshoe trail areas.
9. Roaring Fork Railroad Transit and Non-Motorized Use Corridor. Work with appropriate
entities to see if the proposed Roaring Fork Railroad Transit corridor can have a non-motorized
multiple use corridor within the right-of-way. See if the transit corridor can be used a trail
corridor until the transit facility is implemented.

3. RESOURCE SENSITIVITY/EDUCATION AND INTERPRETATION

The following are examples of trails that specifically illustrate resource sensitivity (natural,
historic, cultural, and scenic) and education and interpretation. Trails listed below have the
following characteristics:
 Clear identities that make them immediately recognizable and special.
 Definitive resource themes that link the trail system together.
 Multiple means of experiencing the resources (e.g., bike, hike, boat, car, transit)
 Focus on resource preservation, the provision of a quality visitor experience and economic
enhancement of the area.
 A variety of partners who help provide trail management.
 Funding sources.
AA Country Walks
 Location: England and Wales
Scale/Use: 103,000-mile network of countryside footpaths and bridleways with public access.
There are 20,000 additional urban pathways leading to these rural trails. Most walks are 3 to 6
miles long starting and ending at a trailhead. However, some connect all the way across a region
or the country. Some are low use unpaved or paved roads while others are unpaved separated
paths. All connect to rural towns or service areas such as bed and breakfasts.
Purpose: Provide walks and bridlepaths for the public throughout England and Wales while
educating the user about the significant natural, cultural, and scenic resources.
Description: 205 of the trails are described in a wonderful book published by Drive Publications
for the Automobile Association. The book (AA Country Walks) contains an in-depth description of
each trail including incredibly beautiful drawings and aerial perspectives that describe each walk.
The two-page description for each walk provides directions, natural, scenic and historic sites and
a very clear map showing the route. In addition, there is a full size plastic pocket one can use to
hold the trail sheet. A small pocket sized handbook is also provided that gives information on a
broad range of natural resources such as trees, mushrooms, reptiles, birds, mammals, cattle,
sheep, and ponies.
Essex Heritage Project
Location: Essex County, Massachusetts
Purpose: For private and public entities to work together to preserve resources, provide unified
interpretation of a nationally significant story, and enhance the quality of life in the area.
Description: Started as a grassroots effort in the City of Salem that later expanded to include
all of Essex County. A plan was developed that establish themes and defined resources that
exemplified those themes. Then heritage trails (boat, bike, hike, transit, car) were established to
link the themed resource areas. In addition, a regional visitor orientation center and staging
area was established along with several subcenters. The planning began in 1990; now the area
is a designated National Heritage Area managed by the Essex Heritage Commission, a non-profit
organization. Along with trail development an extensive wayfinding program, resource guides for
public schools, a heritage marketing program to locals, and one marketing brochure per theme
(rather than each individual site competing with one another and having their own brochure)
were created. This is a major partnership success story.
Chesapeake Bay Gateways Network
Location: Chesapeake Bay Watershed including portions of Maryland, Virginia, Delaware,
Washington D.C., and Pennsylvania. Links a network of natural, cultural, historical, and
recreational sites throughout the Chesapeake Bay region that will enhance people’s connection
to the resources in meaningful ways that foster conservation and restoration of the Bay.
Goals:
 To help people better understand the Chesapeake through an integrated approach to
interpreting Bay-related themes and stories tied to the region’s natural, cultural, historic, and
recreational resources.
 To help people access the special places and resources of the Bay and its watershed through
information, maps, guides and improvements for a system of Gateways and linking land
water resources.
 To help Bay watershed residents and visitors appreciate the part they play in the Bay’s
survival, and how they can become involved in conserving and restoring the natural, cultural,
historical, and recreational resources of this national treasure.
Scale/Uses: Expansive area including several states linking parks, wildlife refuges, historic
communities, maritime museums, and waterways. Types of trails include biking, water, walking,
and driving.
Description: The system includes a network for orientation, information and linkages that
include Gateway Hubs, Regional Information Centers, Gateway Sites, and Gateway Connections.
There are established themes and stories related to the area’s unique resources. In addition,
there is an organized plan for the distribution of information, maps, and guides. Water trails are
publicly accessible non-motorized paddle routes along rivers, streams, and smaller bays that link
to land facilities such as restaurants and lodging. Biking routes link in a region and walking trails
generally link sites within a smaller geographic area. Management is through the National Park
Service that facilitates are developed by working with EPA, non-profit organizations, and local,
state, and federal agencies. Congress recognized the Network in 1998 through the Chesapeake
Bay Initiative Act. There is a Chesapeake Bay Gateway Network Framework Plan that guides
development.
Freedom Trail
Location: Boston
Purpose: To link historic and cultural resources – including 16 historic sites -- in a clear
identifiable manner for visitor enjoyment and for the education of the City’s historic resources
and unique neighborhoods.
Scale/Use: 2.5-mile pedestrian trail system through the heart of Boston (4 hours)
Description: The concept was created by a newspaper reporter who came up with the idea
during a City recession when there were few visitors, and those visiting the city encountered
difficulties in finding their way through the curvilinear streets. The trail started as a simple red
painted line to connect six historic sites in downtown Boston. The trail now links 16 major
historic resources throughout significant neighborhoods of the downtown waterfront. Public
restrooms are available for use along the route. After many successful years as a wonderful
guide for visitors the red painted line is now being replaced with more permanent red brick
paving and a special signage system specifically for the Freedom Trail. The trail is managed by a
citizen committee under the Foundation for Boston National Historic Park and includes many
partners.
El Camino de Santiago
Location: Across southwestern France through northern Spain, from St.-Jean-Pied-de-Port
(France) to Santiago de Compostela (Spain)
Purpose: Provide a hiking route to Santiago for purposes of celebrating the Feast of St. James
and visiting the tomb of St. James the Apostle.
Scale/Use: An 800 kilometer public hiking route that goes along off-road paths, roads, and
canals to reach the historic church in Santiago de Compostella where Saint James is buried. The
route marks one of three principal pilgrimages from the medieval era that also included Rome
and Jerusalem.
Description: Several thousand people (in 1991, 7274 persons) walk the Way every year,
whether from the Pyrenees, from parts of France or further afield. Most parts of the walker’s
route are also accessible to those riding mountain bikes. Well signed hiking trail that passes
through miles of attractive countryside and links to many wonderful historic communities
ranging from small rural hamlets to cities. Refuges are found every 10 to 15 kilometers, many of
which are housed at churches and monasteries. Camping facilities are located along the route,
and provide affordable accommodations for the many sojourners. Generally, "pilgrims" depart
their camps at 6-6:30 a.m., and arrive at their destination by 2 p.m. A wide diversity of services
are provided all along the route and a special shell necklace is given to each hiker who reaches
the church. The hikers are recognizable all along the route due to the hiking sticks they carry.
Excellent camaraderie and a sharing of experiences occur along the way. The trail system is
managed by a wide variety of public and private entities.
------------------------------------
The two trails listed below are excellent examples of especially careful trail planning and
development in sensitive resource areas.
Emerald Trail
Location: Lake Tahoe, California
Purpose: Provide a needed trail link in an area that has highly strict development regulations
due to sensitive resources.
Scale/Use: For hiking around a section of Lake Tahoe and linking to a more extensive trail
system.
Description: The trail had to be highly sensitively designed to minimize damage to sensitive
vegetation, causeways, and drainages. Careful demarcation was done so visitors would know the
route and to ensure they stayed on the trail. The trail won a special design award from the
Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, an agency known for their strict regulations.
Columbine Open Space Trail
Location: Douglas County, Colorado
Purpose: Provide an important trail link that involved sensitive resource areas (potential
Preble’s Jumping Mouse habitat)
Description: Douglas County worked jointly with the State Division of Wildlife (DOW) and the
US Fish and Wildlife Service to successfully locate a trail that was outside the Preble’s Jumping
Mouse habitat areas. The trail was carefully monitored so sensitive trail development could
occur. The trail is built, yet not yet open to the public.
Ideas Related to These Special Initiative Trail Systems
1. Resource Themed Trails. Define natural, cultural, and historic resource themes and provide
a trail system that links themed resource areas together. Sample cultural themes in Colorado
might be related to mining, railroads, and ranching/farming. Natural themes might be based on
the State’s geographic units or on the idea of plains to glaciers. The trail system could link these
geographic units and interpretation would help users understand the changing ecology of the
State. A partner might also be the Museum of Natural History in Denver since they have
excellent dioramas of the different ecosystems in Colorado; these dioramas, with expanded
information related to trails/first hand experiences, could be used as an orientation center. The
 Museum of Natural History might also be willing to have programs related to specific ecosystems
along the trail system.
2. Historic Structures Hut to Hut System. Use historic structures that exist throughout
certain USFS and BLM areas for hike, mountain bike, horseback ride destinations. These areas
could also link to historic towns and private bed and breakfast or other service areas. The USFS
and BLM could also work with private enterprises to so food and other services could be provided
to users.
3. Create a Heritage State Park System and/or a Stronger Link to the State Historical
Society. A heritage state park system could help ensure significant historical and cultural
resources are preserved and adaptively reused throughout the State. Also link to the State
Historical Society for both research information, preservation, and funding. Partner with the
State Historical Society for development of the historic themed trails. This was proposed in the
Cripple Creek Trails Plan for both in-town and regional trail corridors and could be used as a pilot
project area.
4. Non-Motorized Trail System Tied to Scenic Byways Program. Work with the Scenic
Byways Program and their partners to define off-road trails that link many of the same
destinations and resource areas.
5. Partner with Open Space Acquisitions to Designate Trails/Build Stronger Relationship with
Trusts/Funds. As open space areas are being designated consider if trail systems are appropriate
and if they are create trail easements at the same time the open space acquisition/conservation
easements are being created. Work with specific trusts like the Colorado Cattlemens Association
to develop educational/interpretive programs related to trail etiquette in ranching and farming
areas. State trails could help with the trail component.
4. Maintenance/Monitoring/Management
If trails are initially well planned, designed, and constructed, long-term maintenance and
management will be reduced. In addition, if trails are well managed to lessen impacts, the trail
will remain more successful. Therefore, maintenance and management should be addressed at
the outset of a project to ensure:
 long-term success of the trail
 a safe environment for trail users is provided for and exposure to liability is reduced
 planning, design and construction focuses on long-term maintenance issues
 a trail monitoring system is established so impacts are understood
 appropriate funding for long-term maintenance is considered
Trail construction and maintenance must be accomplished correctly or management can have
endless headaches and the trail can be an unpleasant and unsafe experience. Whoever is doing
trail design, construction, and maintenance should be well trained. Volunteers who are
constructing, maintaining, or monitoring trails can be extremely helpful and are critically
important for pubic agencies so positive relationships can be established. However, volunteers
must be well trained and appropriately supervised. One cannot assume a trail can be built and
then merely left to volunteers to maintain. Trail maintenance funding is vital to the success of a
trail.
Projects are often initiated and carried out by a small, grassroots organizations comprising a
group of involved citizens. The planning, design, and construction process absorbs the
enthusiasm of the project constituents during the initial phases of developing support, often
leaving little pooled energy to tackle management and maintenance issues. Moreover, energy
wanes when construction is completed; however, the trail/greenway is just beginning its life.
The cost for ignoring management and maintenance issues necessitates the need to re-build
project enthusiasm and project relationships at a time when most people are just beginning to
value the project. Trails are generally managed and maintained through a variety of partnership
arrangements. While partnerships are crucial to creating a community-based resource that
contribute to long-term success of a project, typically one organization becomes the “enduring”
management/maintenance entity. Therefore, it is essential that responsibilities for maintenance
– both human and financial resources – be determined when selecting the potential partners
that will sponsor a trail project.
Mott Training Center
The California State Parks Mott Training Center -- an award winning facility and program --
offers a comprehensive training series that provides the technical knowledge and skills to field
personnel from California State Parks and other agencies. Located on the Monterey peninsula,
the Training Center consists of modern classrooms, audio-visual rooms, a conference room, and
a library, offices and three housing lodges that can accommodate 60 persons. The program
prepares a Trails Program Coordinator at each Parks District that will organize and implement a
trail management and maintenance program, develop an inventory of trail features and
associated budget, and fully understand and comply with ADA standards as they apply to trail
systems.
East Bay Regional Park District Volunteer Program and Maintenance Endowment
The East Bay Regional Park District (EBRPD) manages 88,000 acres of land in 55 parks, and
maintains almost 1,000 miles of trails. Maintenance and rehabilitation of the existing trails is an
ongoing process (similar to repairing potholes on public roadways) and is required due to public
use, annual vegetation growth, and other forces of nature, particularly from erosion caused by
the flow of water over and adjacent to trails.
In order to provide for visitor safety and to protect parkland resources, EBRPD staff and
volunteers provide a much-needed source of labor to repair and enhance existing trails and
construct new narrow trails. In turn, the public learns concepts of land stewardship and resource
conservation while giving back to the trails system they enjoy. Typical tasks for the volunteers
include installation of drainage structures, pruning, trail tread maintenance, and installation of
special trail structures such as retaining walls, bridges, and causeways.
Trail maintenance is funded by numerous partnering organizations as well as a private
endowment, with the interest generated being used to sponsor and support volunteer
maintenance projects throughout the Park District's extensive system. By leveraging these funds
for long-term growth, and by involving the public in a partnership dedicated to the preservation
of trail resources through volunteer efforts, a perpetual trail maintenance program has been
established to accommodate future generations.
Lake O’Hara Trail System, Yoho National Park, Canada
Situated on the west side of the Rocky Mountains, Yoho is one of the four mountain parks in
Canada designated as an UNESCO World Heritage Site. The park receives a modest level of
visitation, particularly on alpine trails. After years park supervision of the 70 kilometer Lake
O'Hara trail system, park managers decided to document the trail conditions in a manner, which
could rely on human resources of hikers.
As part of the monitoring project, 87 "photo-stations" were sited along trails in the O'Hara area.
In addition to these sites, 5 of the 87 photo-stations are further monitored by transect profiles
(a cross-section technique measuring trail surface wear). Using the database of trail change, the
objective is to make management decisions founded on documented baseline data and establish
well rounded maintenance and rehabilitation schedules for this high use area. Monitoring is
returning a stream of data about trail construction techniques, rehabilitation success and normal
environmental maturing.
Volunteers for Outdoor Colorado
Volunteers for Outdoor Colorado is a non-profit organization that is dedicated to promoting and
fostering a sense of personal responsibility for Colorado's public lands among its citizens and
visitors. Through the help of thousands of dedicated volunteers and a handful of supporting
staff, VOC accomplishes its mission in several ways: VOC Projects, The Volunteer Clearinghouse,
and training workshops.
The VOC hosts volunteer projects throughout the state in partnership with land management
agencies such as the US Forest Service, the Bureau of Land Management, Colorado State Parks,
the National Park Service and other non-profit organizations such as land conservancies,
municipal and county governments. Typically, volunteer organizations repair trails, plant trees,
construct whole-access facilities, improve wildlife habitats, restore wetlands throughout the
State of Colorado. The Volunteer Clearinghouse maintains a listing of volunteer opportunities
throughout Colorado in the natural resources and environmental arena. The Clearinghouse posts
opportunities on-line for the purpose of fostering short- and long-term volunteer commitments.
Information is organized by category and region, and includes opportunities to volunteer in
projects such as backcountry patrol, botany surveys, or serve as campground host. The “trail
work” category includes a listing of 106 “opportunities” that range from trail building,
maintenance, and monitoring.
The VOC also offers training workshops to land management agencies, nonprofit organizations,
user groups or other interested citizens in such subject areas as: crew leading, trail construction
and maintenance skills, and volunteer project management. The programs are organized and
taught by volunteer instructors who have years of professional and volunteer experience in
managing and designing volunteer projects. Workshops typically extend over a three-day
weekend, and are reasonably priced. Course include the following:
Trail Construction & Maintenance
Introduction to Trail Design
Rock Wall Construction
Switchback Construction
Waterbars & Drainage Dips
Rock Step Construction
Trail Closure & Revegetation
Managing & Organizing Volunteer Projects
Crew Leader Training
Leave No Trace Outdoor Ethics and Wilderness First Aid
Colorado Trail Maintenance Training Concept
A group of individuals in Colorado that are interested in improving trail construction and
maintenance in Colorado have applied for a grant to establish a mechanism to train staff and
volunteers who do trail construction and maintenance. The group is trying to establish
something like a “trails college” where people can take courses and learn what is needed to
design, build, and construct quality trails. They particularly like the Mott Training Center
Program in California and feel this program is innovative and known to be highly successful. The
greatest benefit is that the program provides competent people to work in the field and gives
them the background to train others.
Minnesota State Trail Maintenance
When the State Trails Coordinator was asked about trail maintenance in the state he provided
the following information: Maintenance in the State is primarily due to adequate funding; he
works hard to ensure adequate funding is available for the State’s trail system. They have a
grants program for local trail areas that is a 50-50 match if the local entity provides
maintenance. They are establishing an “Adopt A Trail Program” through a Stewardship
Coordinator. Superior Trail is well maintained by a successful local foundation that has dues
which go toward trail maintenance. We believe this entity also helps with surveys, advertising,
and monitoring. This Foundation functions much like the Appalachian Club.
Cherry Creek Trail Ranger Program/Douglas County
Douglas County has established a Trail Ranger Program along the Cherry Creek Trail. There is a
full day training program for any volunteer. At the program they receive a hat and T-shirt which
they are asked to wear while working on the trail and are given a tour of the resource and an
explanation of their duties. The program is a joint effort between the Town of Parker and
Douglas County. Before volunteers work along the trail they are asked to go to the Town of
Parker Police Department where they receive a cell phone, pager, broom, dustpan, and extra
maps. Their job is to use the trail, answer questions, and provide a one- page report at the end
of the day stating such incidents as vandalism, areas needing repair, and wounded wildlife. They
do not carry a gun and are not expected to provide first aid; however, they have needed
facilities to easily call for assistance. The downside of the program is that someone needs to
manage and advertise it to keep it alive. If one does not continuously supervise the program,
the number of volunteers reduces and interest vanes.
Etiquette & Caring for the Resources
Jefferson County has developed a video on trail etiquette for non-motorized users (e.g., hikers,
bikers, horseback riders.) The video deals with typical potential conflicts and how best to resolve
those issues. The video is well done and easy to obtain a copy. However, spokes people at the
County are not sure whether the information is reaching enough of the audiences even though
there has been a significant mailing. The video is titled "Trails Are For Everyone... Help Us Keep
It That Way" by Jefferson County Open Space, Trail Users Guidelines. The County also uses
other methods for addressing trail etiquette. They try to develop quality information signage
related to trail behavior, have on-going education information and brochures, and have a “Bike
Right Program.”
Leave No Trace (LNT)
The mission of the Leave No Trace (LNT) program is to promote and inspire responsible outdoor
recreation through education, research, and partnerships. LNT Inc. oversees memberships,
marketing, fundraising and program development efforts. The National Outdoor Leadership
School (NOLS) maintains the educational component of Leave No Trace by offering LNT
educational courses, developing educational materials and supporting the efforts of course
graduates who teach LNT to the public.
The Leave No Trace program is dedicated to building awareness, appreciation, and most of all,
respect for public recreation places. The program serves, in a sense, to foster “preventive
maintenance” of outdoor environments while traveling and camping with care.
LTN offers comprehensive training courses that emphasize skills and techniques essential
minimum impact wilderness ethics and education. Much of the information can be downloaded
on-line as pdf files, thereby allowing for ease of information dissemination and lowering costs of
training materials. Courses require participation in all activities and teaching exercises. Those
who complete the training are equipped to understand, demonstrate, and teach state of the art
minimum impact backcountry techniques for friends, family or community groups.
Minnesota Guest Lodge Naturalist Program
Along the Superior Lake Trail, lodging establishments have gotten together and started a
naturalist program. They hire naturalists that are familiar with the resources on the Superior
Lake Trail and enjoy teaching people. The naturalists have special programs for lodging guests
along the Superior Lake Trail. Programs are designed to be fun and interactive and include such
programs as wolf howling that takes place at night.

INNOVATIVE NON-MOTORIZED TRAIL PROJECTS AND IDEAS was prepared for Colorado State
Trails Committee by SHAPINS ASSOCIATES Planners and Landscape Architects, Boulder, CO in
August 2000