RED AND WHITE BLOOD CELLS

To whom hematopoietic growth factors are To patients with depressed production of

given neutrophils (chemo patients) to boost
production of neutrophils
ATP production of RBCs Through anaerobic glycolysis
GLUT-1 transporter Facilitates entry of glucose and not energy
Respiratory burst NADPH-oxidase
Non-enzymatic reaction involving H2O2 Fe2+ + H2O2  Fe3+ + OH· + OH-
Enzyme involved in methemoglobinemia Cytochrome b5 reductase
In hemolytic anemia Reticulocytes should increase in number
because the bone marrow attempts to
compensate the rapid breakdown of RBC (Sa
evals kasi decrease ang nakalagay hehe)
Contains binding sites for influenza virus and P. Glycophorins
falciparum
ABO System Antigen A (Type A) – anti-B antibodies
Antigen B (Type B) – anti-A antibodies
Antigens A and B (Type AB) – neither anti-A nor
anti-B antibodies
Neither antigen A nor B (Type O) – both anti-A
and anti-B antibodies
Type AB Contains GalNac, Gal and fucosyl transferase
Not true about H substance Formed by galactosyl transferase (fucosyl
transferase dapat)
True about neutrophils Motile phagocytic cells
Role in acute inflammation
(all of the above yata ang answer dito)
Pathway for neutrophil activation Hydrolysis of PIP2  IP3  Ca2+
Links outsides of cells to their insides, helping Integrins
them integrate cell responses with changes in the
environment
True of leukocyte adhesion deficiency Characterized by recurrent bacterial and fungal
infections
Diminished adhesion of affected WBC to
endothelial cells
Lesser number of neutrophils to enter tissue to
combat infection
Involved in Chronic Granulomatous Disease NADPH-oxidase complex
Complex is composed of cytochrome b558 91kDa
and 22kDa, 2 cytoplasmic polypeptides 47kDa
and 67kDa
HORMONE ACTION AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION

Estrogen Group 1 or Lipophilic Hormones

More rapid response
Cholera toxin modifies the β subunit
Hormones that stimulate adenylyl cyclase
Hormones that inhibit adenylyl cyclase
Phosphodiesterase
Atriopeptins in cardiac arterial tissues
Nitroprusside, nitroglycerin, nitric oxide, Na
nitrite, Na azide
Sildenafil (Viagra)
True about calmodulin
Group 2 or Hydrophilic Hormones
False (dapat α subunit)
ACTH, ADH, β-adrenergics, Calcitonin, CRH, FSH,
Glucagon, hCG, LH, PTH, TSH, LPH, MSH
Acetylcholine, α2-adrenergics, Angiotensin II,
Somatostatin
Reduces cAMP levels
Bind and activate guanylyl cyclase  increase
cGMP  natriuresis, vasodilatation, inhibition of
aldosterone secretion
Activate guanylyl cyclase  increase cGMP 
smooth muscle relaxation, vasodilatation
Inhibits cGMP phosphodiesterase  increase
cGMP  smooth muscle relaxation and
vasodilatation
Regulates actin-myosin complex of smooth
muscle cell

SENSORY SYSTEMS

Odorant receptor 20% identical in sequence to β-adrenergic

receptor
Activates Golf  α-subunit activates adenylate
cyclase  increase in cAMP levels
Binds GDP or GTP α-subunit of G-protein
Sweet Aspartame
Sour Hydrogen ions
Augmented by the sense of smell Taste/gustation
Bitter and sweet receptors, metabotrophic Members of 7 transmembrane (7TM) receptors
glutamate receptors, photoreceptor proteins
Brain mGluR4 High-affinity binding domain for glutamate
Taste/Tongue mGluR4 Lower affinity for glutamate (appropriate to
glutamate levels in the diet
Amiloride Blocks the transmembrane current produced by
sodium ions
Cones Function in bright light
Color vision
3 million cones in human retina
Rods Function in dim light
Do not perceive color
100 million rods in human retina
At rest, Schiff base Protonated
Isomerization causes Schiff base nitrogen atom to 5 Å
move
Isomerization of 11-cis-retinal to all trans retinal Bathorhodopsin
Metarhodopsin II Activates Gtransducin  activates cGMP
phosphodiesterase  hydrolyzes cGMP to GMP
What catalyzes phosphorylation of the carboxyl Rhodopsin kinase
terminus of metarhodopsin II at serine and
threonine residues?
Calcium Markedly inhibits guanylate cyclase
Calcium exchanger 4 Na+ ions into the cell, 1 K+ and 1 Ca2+ out of the
cell
2+
After illumination, entry of Ca through cGMP- Drop in Ca2+ stimulates guanylate cyclase 
gated channel stops cGMP reopens cGMP gated channels
Dogs and mice 2 cone photoreceptors (blue and green)
Rhodopsin
Birds and chicken 4 cone photoreceptors (blue, green, red, violet)
Rhodopsin
Pinopsin – pineal visual pigment
Human beings 3 cone photoreceptors (blue, green, red)
Rhodopsin
Hear frequencies 200 – 20,000 Hz cycles/second
Hearing employs direct transduction mechanisms False (they do not depend on second
that depend on second messengers messengers)
Motion of hair bundles create a change in Movement of the hair bundles acts on ion
membrane potential channels directly  adjacent stereocilia are
linked by tip links  tip links are coupled to ion
channels in the membranes
In the absence of stimulus 15% of the ion channels are open