AÑO 2012 - FÍSICA II

Práctica Nro. 8 - Energía almacenada en el campo

magnético

7.- Un cable coaxial de 10 m de longitud está

compuesto de un conductor cilíndrico cuyo
radio es a = 5. 10-4 m, concéntrico con otro de
radios b = 5. 10-3 m y c = 10-2 m. Ambos
conductores se encuentran conectados en sus
extremos. Calcular la autoinducción del
circuito.

E. E. Grumel - 2012

Solución: el sistema es el siguiente:

1
• Recordemos dos fórmulas de continua aplicación:
Energía almacenada en el campo magnético,
por unidad de volumen

1 B2
dU magn.
δ= = [δ ] = J
dVol 2 µ0 m3

Energía almacenada en el campo magnético de una

autoinductancia, por la que circula una corriente I.
1
U magn. = L ⋅ I 2
2
[U ] = J
magn.

Primeramente, hallaremos el campo de inducción

magnética B que se genera en todo el espacio (0 < r < ∞).

Paso 1: para 0 ≤ r ≤ a

Aplicando la ley de Ampere

r r
∫ B ⋅ dl =µ0 ⋅ i(r )
B∫ dl = µ0 ⋅ i(r )
µ0 ⋅ i(r )
( )
∴B r =
2π ⋅ r

2
¿Y cómo definimos i(r)?
i(r) es la corriente que atraviesa el área determinada por
la trayectoria elegida, en este caso el círculo de radio r.

I I
j= =
A π ⋅ a2
∴

i(r ) = j ⋅ A(r ) =
I
⋅π ⋅ r 2
π ⋅a 2

2
r
i(r ) = I  
a
µ 0 ⋅ i (r ) µ0 r 2 µ0 I ⋅ r
Entonces: B(r ) = = I =
2π ⋅ r 2π ⋅ r a 2 2π ⋅ a 2

Paso 2: para a ≤ r ≤ b

r r
∫ B ⋅ dl =µ0 ⋅ I r

I
B∫ dl = µ0 ⋅ I
l

µ0 ⋅ I
∴ B(r ) =
2π ⋅ r

Paso 3: para b ≤ r ≤ c

Aquí debemos hallar la densidad de corriente j’ que

circula por el cascarón cilíndrico externo.

3
 I I
j' = =
A' π ⋅ (c 2 − b2 )
∴
i' (r ) = j'⋅ A' (r ) =
I
= ⋅ π ⋅ (r 2 − b 2 )
π ⋅ (c − b )
2 2

I (r 2 − b 2 )
i' (r ) = 2 2
(c − b )

B (r ) =
µ 0 ⋅ ineta (r ) µ 0 ⋅ (I − i ' (r ))
= =
µ0 
− ⋅
(r 2 − b 2 )
2π ⋅ r 2π ⋅ r 2π ⋅ r 
I I
(c 2 − b 2 )

Por tanto, podemos resumir que:

µ0 ⋅ i(r ) µ0 r 2 µ0 I ⋅ r
B(r ) = = I = 0≤r≤a
2π ⋅ r 2π ⋅ r a 2 2π ⋅ a 2
µ0 ⋅ I
B(r ) = a≤r≤b
2π ⋅ r

µ0 ⋅ i' (r ) µ0 (c 2 − r 2 )
B(r ) = =
2π ⋅ r (c 2 − b2 )
I b≤r≤c
2π ⋅ r

B(r ) = 0 r>c

4
 Paso 4: Cálculo de la autoinductancia
Si utilizamos la expresión de la energía almacenada en
el campo magnético por unidad de volumen, tendremos
que:

1  µ0 I ⋅ r 
2

δ (r ) =   0≤r≤a
2 µ 0  2π ⋅ a 2 
1  µ0 I 
2

δ (r ) =   a≤r≤b
2µ0  2π ⋅ r 

δ (r ) =
1  µ0

(
c2 − r 2 )  2

(
I 2 2
2µ0  2π ⋅ r c − b )  b≤r≤c

Entonces, recordando la definición de densidad de

energía:
dU magn
δ (r ) =
dVol
⇒
δ (r ) ⋅ dVol = dU magn
Y dado que el sistema posee
simetría cilíndrica:

dVol = 2π ⋅ r ⋅ l ⋅ dr
Entonces:

5
 1  µ0 I ⋅ r 
2

dU = δ (r ) ⋅ dVol =   ⋅ 2π ⋅ r ⋅ l ⋅ dr
2µ0  2π ⋅ a 2 
si 0 ≤ r ≤ a

1  µ0 I 
2

dU = δ (r ) ⋅ dVol =   ⋅ 2π ⋅ r ⋅ l ⋅ dr
2 µ 0  2π ⋅ r 
si a ≤ r ≤ b

dU = δ (r ) ⋅ dVol =
1  µ0 I ⋅ c 2 − r 2

( )  2

⋅ 2π ⋅ r ⋅ l ⋅ dr
2µ0  2π ⋅ r c 2 − b 2 ( )
si b ≤ r ≤ c

dU = 0 si r > c

Por tanto, para calcular la energía almacenada en el

campo magnético tenemos que realizar la suma de
Riemann:

U = ∫ dU = ∫ δ (r ) ⋅ dVol
Vol

1  µ0 I ⋅ r  1  µ0 I 
a 2 b 2

U =∫  2 
⋅ 2π ⋅ r ⋅ l ⋅ dr + ∫   ⋅ 2π ⋅ r ⋅ l ⋅ dr +
0
2 µ0  2π ⋅ a  a
2 µ0  2π ⋅ r 

+∫
c

(
1  µ0 I c 2 − r 2 )  2

⋅ 2π ⋅ r ⋅ l ⋅ dr
b
(
2 µ 0  2π ⋅ r c 2 − b 2 ) 

6
 Ahora haremos la aproximación que c ≅ b, como para
considerar que la energía se encuentra principalmente
almacenada en el espacio comprendido entre 0 y b.
Por tanto:

1  µ0 Ir  1  µ0 I 
a 2 b 2

U =∫   ⋅ 2π ⋅ r ⋅ l ⋅ dr + ∫   ⋅ 2π ⋅ r ⋅ l ⋅ dr =
0
2µ0  2π ⋅ a 2
 a
2µ0  2π ⋅ r 
 µ0 I 2   µ0 I 2   b 
  ⋅ l +   ⋅ ln  ⋅ l
 16π   4π  a

 µ0 I 2   µ0 I 2   b 
U =   ⋅ l +   ⋅ ln  ⋅ l
 16π   4π   a 

Por consiguiente, utilizando la expresión de la energía

almacenada en una bobina de autoinductancia L, por
la que circula una corriente I:

1 2 µ 0 I 2l µ 0 I 2l  b 
U = LI = + ⋅ ln 
2 16π 4π a
⇒
µ 0l µ 0l  b 
L= + ⋅ ln 
8π 2π a

7
Comprobación errónea:

µ0 ⋅ i (r ) µ0 r 2 µ0 I ⋅ r
B(r ) = = I = si 0 ≤ r ≤ a
2π ⋅ r 2π ⋅ r a 2 2π ⋅ a 2

µ0 ⋅ I
B(r ) = si a ≤ r ≤ b dr
2π ⋅ r B(r)

l
I

r r µ ⋅ Ir
dΦ = B(r ) ⋅ dA = B(r ) ⋅ dA = 0 2 ⋅ l ⋅ dr si 0 ≤ r ≤ a
2π ⋅ a

µ0 ⋅ I
dΦ = B(r ) ⋅ dA = ⋅ l ⋅ dr si a ≤ r ≤ b
2π ⋅ r

µ0 ⋅ I ⋅ r
a b
µ0 ⋅ I
Φ = ∫ dΦ = ∫ ⋅ l ⋅ dr + ∫ ⋅ l ⋅ dr =
0
2π ⋅ a 2
a
2π ⋅ r
µ0 ⋅ I µ ⋅I b
= ⋅ l + 0 ⋅ l ⋅ ln 
4π 2π a

Φ µ 0l µ 0l  b 
L= = + ⋅ ln  ⇒ MAL!!
I 4π 2π a