CHAPTER 9 AGITATION! Area (m?, £0); A, is area projected perpendicular to the velocity vector Exponent used in dimensional analysis and in scale-up equations | Bale width (m, ft) ponent used in dimensional analysis Distance from tank bottom to impeller center line (m, ft) Drag coefficient, used for flow past immersed bodies version factor in torque equation, Eq. (9.6); values of C; are given ble 9.2 ent used in dimensional analysis at capacity at constant pressure (KI ket K~, Btu ibz!*F~!) ipellet diameter (m, it) Avid phase diffusion coefficient (mass diffusivity) (m?s~, fs) ‘ah to acknowledge &M Univeniy, this chapter. Dr. Gary B. Tatterson, Department of Mechanical Engincer- Coltege Station, ‘TX 77843, who assisted the authors in the 359360 AveLicxnions oF TRANSHORE PHENOMENA Exponent used in dimensional analysis Exponent used in dimensional analysis Force exerted by a fluid on an immersed solid (N, (by) Fanning friction factor, defined in Eq. (6.89) Exponent used in dimensional analysis ;xponent used in dimensional analysis Vector representing the acceleration duc to a gravitational or othe field (ms, ft") 4 Gravitational conversion constant (32.174 Ib Ib Heat transfer coefficient, defined by Eq. (6.86) (Wm?K- Buf?” 4 Intensity of turbulence, defined by Eq. (6.31) Exponent used in dimensional analysis Exponent used in dimensional analysis ‘Thermal conductivity (Wm™? Kor Im" K™!'s“, Btu fe? 4 Empirical constant in several equations and correlations; used wi subscripts 1, ...,9 Equimolar mass transfer coefficient, defined by {kmolm™?5~* (kmol m™)", th mol ft"? s~ (Ib mol ft~®) 1) Liquid phase mass transfer coefficient [kmolm-*s" (kmol Ib mol #75" (lb mol f-°)"}; of. Table 9.2 Basic unit in dimensional analysis; length (m) Basic unit in dimensional analysis; mass (kg) Exponent used in dimensional analysis Impeller speed (rpm or s~"); Ny is speed of small unit; Nis 5p large unit 5 N represents dimensionless number or group; Table 9.3 lists tha agitation Exponent used in dimensional analysis Speed scale-up exponent, Eq. (9.31) Power (15°, ftlbys~) Exponent used in dimensional analysis Volume flow rate (ms, ft?s) Scale factor, defined as Ds/Dy, ete.; of. Eqs. (9.25) and (92% scale factor between bench unit and plant unit in Example 9 Scale-up exponent based on power per unit volume in Eq. ( Basic unit in dimensional analysis; temperature (K) Q Tank diameter (m, ft) ‘Torque (Nm, ft Iby or in. Iby) Time (8) Velocity vector (ms”', fts); U is magnitude of U; £ averaged velocity in z direction; Ut is instantaneous velo tion in x direction; U, is the impeller tip speed, Eq. (9.7):4 are impeller tip speeds in units 1 and 2 ‘Volume (m?, ft?) ER eaeTb) ravitational or other 7 4 Btu ft RS relations; used Wit xd by Ea 689) olf) MG PE? not he first eight chapters in this text introduced the basic equations of transport acrranos 361 Width of impeller (m, £9) Subscript denoting wall Scale-up exponent based on torque per unit volume in Eq. (9.29) Exponent in Eq. (9.23) Depth of fuid in tank (m, fe) Generalized diffusivity (m?s*, £257) Basic unit in dimensional analysis; time (s) Blend time (s) Viscosity (kgm™'s~! or Nm™?5, Iby ft"! s™*, eB); fy is viscosity at wall Dimensionless groups in pi theorem Ratio of circumference of a circle to its diameter (3.141 592 65...) Density (kg m™?, Ib, f°) Surface tension (kgs? or Nmm“*, Ibs or Ibrft™*) Generalized concentration of property (e.g, units for concentration of heat are Sm”, Btu ft"; see Table 3.1 for complete listing) Generalized rate of generation of energy or mass or momentum in a unit volume (sce Table 4.2 for units; e.g., for heat, units are Jm~*s7?, Btu its“) Vector operator del, defined by Eq. (2.16) or Eq. (3.45) (m~, #) ‘with the various methods to analyze these equations. The remaining ples will be devoted, in the main, to applying these equations and methods portant problems of a practical nature. At this point, the ordering of ‘not yet covered is arbitrary, as any of several important areas may be first. Agitation logically follows the discussions of dimensional analysis larity ratios (especially geometric and kinematic) in Chapter 8. The Be of apitation perhaps illustrates best the use of dimensionless groups and 1.25) and oan 1 Example 9: Eq 28) neous velosi Eg. 0.7); Us ty for analysis and design. Many agitation problems commonly encoun- ing constitute an important example of laminar flow. The complexities bilent low have been detailed in Chapter 6. Agitation constitutes an i example of fluid flow occurring in various combinations with heat ir, mass transfer, chemical reaction, and preparation of mixtures. terms “agitation”, “mixing”, and “dispersion” have different mean- itation is the process of providing bulk motion to a liquid, thus aiding g and dispersion. To explain the terms mixing and dispersion, it is helpful A with the definition of the word “mixture”. A useful definition of the complex of two or more ingredients that do not bear a Proportion to one another and retain their separate identity no matter HGFoughly the ingredients arc commingled. In its most general sense, the Hhixing”’ is used to mean any blending into one mass. As a consequence definitions, the process of mixing begins with two or more materials, et from one another in one or more properties such as composition, Smixare” i