APPENDIX 1

LIST OF FORMULAE:

1. 𝜀𝑣 = 𝜀𝑥 (1 − 2𝜇)
𝜎 𝐸
2. 𝐾 = =
𝜀𝑣 3 1−2𝜇
3. 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠,
𝜎𝑛 = 𝜎 cos 2 𝜃
𝜎𝑥 +𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦
𝜎𝑛 = 2
+ 2
cos 2𝜃
𝜎𝑛 = 𝜏 sin 2𝜃
𝜎𝑥 +𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦
𝜎𝑛 = 2
+ 2
cos 2𝜃 + 𝜏 sin 2𝜃
4. 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠,
𝜎
𝜎𝑡 = 2 sin 2𝜃
𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦
𝜎𝑡 = 2
sin 2𝜃
𝜎𝑡 = −𝜏 cos 2𝜃
𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦
𝜎𝑡 = 2
sin 2𝜃 − 𝜏 cos 2𝜃
5. 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠,
𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦
𝜎𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2
1 2
𝜎𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 + 4𝜏 2
2
2𝜏
6. 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 = tan 2𝜃 =
𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦

𝜎𝑥 +𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 2
7. 𝑀𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 2
+ 2
+ 𝜏2
𝜎𝑥 +𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 2
8. 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 2
− 2
+ 𝜏2

𝜎2
9. 𝑈 = 2𝐸 𝑉
𝑃 2𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 2 2𝐸𝑃𝑕
10. 𝜎 = 𝐴 = 𝐴
=𝐴+ 𝐴
+ 𝐴𝐿
𝑀 𝜎𝑏 𝐸
11. 𝐼
= 𝑦
=𝑅