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    Finite Element Modelling in Design

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    Finite Element Modelling in Design

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    22 views14 pages

    Fem in Design

    Uploaded by

    rohan
    Finite Element Modelling in Design

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 14
    FINITE ELEMENTS IN DESIGN laa as tS eee Fe sp Tag Qmtimization Algerie ot Src mt v3 fe ge ee 113.1 Desiga Parameterization 1132 Sinctural Optinization 13 ta Se i ec ae 1A Design Sensitivity Analysis Tae + 42 Anata! Med for Dosen Sst Ants tig Sie It tne pec is See (Cs Sty: Fre Element-Based 13 Clore Pn Reterences Prblens 144 werRoDUCION 571 INTRODUCTION “This chapter iy devote tothe systematic wse of the finite clement method in teiun Engnccrng design involves the reallocation of materia and enerey to heave he quality of ie, This occurs i all elds of engineering, including AIM mosansl, lee, ef, and often jvolves trade-offs based on he tcuiements of each application, The idea of design optimization sues that Fea siven sc of possible designs and design enter, there exists a design that {sth best or opto ‘Th role of merical simulation is very important infinite elemen-esct desun, Canbising numerical optimization with simulation does infact tur our inte semen anasto into Bite clement-hased design tots hy replacing tealtona raaniheror design approaches with a systematic design search hnethodleg Ths, fit element computations that quantify the performance Ui panclar design a entaced with informacion on how fo modify the lsgh to eter ahiexe importa performance itr This cloler eas te systematic use of he init clement method in design Iu is impossible to cover in deta the broad el of optimal design and its use ‘ith amend stalons in his shor chaps. The oa ere hrefore is © ‘aunt te reader with rte clerent-based desig optimization and to pro “ie diecbon on where to find sition information on the topic, We srt wth a bee, but important, discussion en numerical optimization. We then oir te integration ofthe rt elerent method wit umerieal optimiza fiom and Nighlight key inset that mst be addressed fr a successful imple ttomtaton Here we me tha although finite element-based optimal design caplicable to. wide array of enginering design robles, much ofits devel ‘Tinet as focused on sata opimization This fact reflects the greater ‘pis devoted to srustural optimization in our discussion, The sce half ‘Thc chapter focuses on the ficient and ccurte computation of design se3- “iviien Property implemented, the methods explored here provide a sig i saviags tn competatinal time, particularly for lage problems. Numerical ‘Staples flow the torts development. We conclu the chapter with & ‘tne May that explows the use of astous stwctral opimization methos 10 Improve he design 0° crigeal automotive component. 11.2. DESIGN OFFIMIZATION ey component of finite lement-bawd design optimization i the numer. cer painjation again These algoritins solve optimization problems wit ‘ratematicl prograrnming echnighes independent ofthe physical apical) [Bol designs ave computed based on the design definition and the perf ‘mance measures that evalte the goodness ofa design This section fosuses ‘numeral optimisation algorithms ad provides some ockground on hove ‘hea algnit make decisions when searing forthe optimal design: Much r 37 TE ELEMENTS mY DESIGN Of what is covered hee s discussed in etl elsowber, The re. The intrested BPE see tonal interaton oos y Hagan At 2 Le ora (4, Haft and ted (5) and Vanderpants M24 The Optimization Problem {fo formulate the design fs eh simon pte, et ose ent fe tro sence met Dp an ee wen) 2 pe and hs rvie «meu fr changing to pee ess, while Sen fae oe ea ay ccm o's gers ee ne ee in tough te cient ere te mn a {onanism he gue ct vl To minimize ‘rimaximize 0) Such that ‘gib)s0, nib 0, shy ses super indats the tampon. Const fncions atid eh separate alowble dss tom tae a ee ne le, The cna ito two gape msn ae 4 = 1.2.....hqe and my equity constraints he ke Pe, od Si earear 2 apse ; cutee tome trast ee si red Racers sneanr aa ern orice ue hie dee te Ee cr hot i min Teen ae of fan Wt tics teen Seve et nc Fa ‘ee fer comet: we akg el tate gs et a SSRIS Eli srste ht ee eS =m he dsan prance ei Inthe materia follow, we wl ao das th mies ie Hanne HOD) Te sraet WFD) 2 vector dis Aan he sym esian Hb) a max of Smsnson Ne died, repete a ar oy ae Ws wo a on ae #e ar ae er Pee Ua OM a) ar ee “Bhyaby a where We have omitedthe argument b fom the desivatve expressions for on ‘Ssenes bat emphasize that eich ofthe pial derivatives shown re erated a specific design b ‘constrained One DmensionalOpinization Example Rec fom ce era emt pty he ee sila dees eee x eRe 09 ued iy ON gf Cargant ys eee TM meeenen arte fi the tht minis the nom f) 28 S04 08 1 whe two seo ext s of "= (S2-V8)/2, Whe scons ne ‘oa a eek th ato ft inal pre ob ed then te smwer may ier fr example, we tape the dé conta Co ¢ 2 2 an tien feb V5/8 ahr we cage te sie ennai tO he tesa fe bien ‘ain fat mbit te oo awit (6 eo Teeter edo SHRM otras 7 Constrained Two-Dinensional Optimication Example (tna second example ‘we maximize the ates of «rectangle subject w 4 contunt on it perimeter, 514 MITE BLES IN DESIGN thai, we solve aay Here we have lower bounds on and bo ensure po ‘iil wpe bound We ko fave oe icy Cosa sa frei ofthe pee, mance mete may chee opumaon peg of equion 11.1% he deve Kc cnn Ashe bjtve onthe pevornance measures ether miinized or maximise. When {he temanee mens msn consa it foe ion weil Yals in cura pati or eumpl, we comonly iinie mas wile ting take nino sear onan blow te Yi val of he aise “Tm of the pefemance mass & ble dependent. Oicive sn sontrate fans may be incr or one functors of he design francesa maybe mocha evn dacs ctw. Cccral wo (erected pogrmeng pris bande tc ti when he oe Meee cmon &f he perormnnce meatus ore coos. Ales Rag tals we evap when he ae the ete and tee facts toon For cxmpe: Inet roping tots though alien problems te ery let we solving pum reatyateme where he Sbecve and conta funciona ce, Ober ve Fishes exw efclemy sole letwgnes poems, ich SRST chen anjed moeleare aj wo mach erin dat Conirained versus Unconirained Opmizaton | Optsiation poems a ‘Sse constined cr unconstrained. Whom ihe range of feasible designs ‘ot reste th opizacon problem isuncostaied. Aliematvey when. titans replaced on he ange oes eins ugh simple bounds the design vale or with function ofthe desi valle. te problem 0, we may chooses’ = ~Vitb) 1 ptore ape eveanons i the one-timensional search to deine and tha ives Us a feaible design, hati, a design such tat e(b" u/s!) = (oe nani we arc in he feasible region where the consraint i not oon nds!) £0. thea we may slet the stepest descent dretion Tenneson {1st dovrease the value ofthe cost faction and perfor smu a pcg catatonia te one-dimensional search ro determing the He eet retces f(b! ras) and matin the conto that s(0" +s) $0 {hat bess Samoan ative such that gb’) = 0 we may determine, by & {oy - Wetf «Vay Vl] evaluated at bb. In thin rear decrease he yale ofthe cos funtion and donot henge the vale of AUSF ~ CF «Se IVa) <0 and J saane dimensional search then performed as discussed forth previous ora a when ecb) 0. We emphasize thatthe scarch direction 8! is ‘etermined by sratient infomation. Convergence Criteria Since umerial optimization is iteatve, is impor oot aoe then to stats, when the optimization process as converged (arth opcoal dig. Specifying the maximum numberof allowable opti: TI Basie OrmBazATION SAT ay be impractical ovale, First-onder methods are typically used in faite Slement-based design optimization since they requite far fewer function evalu. ‘sons han zero-order methods and avoid the Hessian evaluations required for second-order method Gill et a. [2] provide fer goidance for algorithm ‘election whe solving uncestained and linearly and onlineaely constesined ptiuzaionpeoblens Global Optimization via Sochastie Search Methods Stochastic seach sgo- rithms compote pabally otimal designs in a manne that is quite diferent ‘om the mathematical progamming methds discussed above. Two stochastic scarch methods, genetic algrithms and simlated annealing, mimic processes found in natare. Genetic algorithms [10] rly n piaciple, on Darin’ the- ‘ry of survival ofthe test and evolve generations of desis with bias given ‘othe Hest members ina pepulation. Simulated ansealng techies [11] are ‘qunctatvely based on the behavior of patil in thermal equa where "gradual lowering of the temperature Causes atoms to assure a Tower, more ‘onder energy state analogcus to an optimal design ‘One advantage of sing dochastic search methods is tha they ae rssly Mapted to new problems singe only function evalusions are requite;that 's design sensivtes are act needed. These search algorithms offen posses & mechanism for accepting les eptimal designs daring te search process, which wovides a means t escape fom local optimum snd find the glokal mi nam. Furthermore, both cortinoous and diserete design variables may be wed In the optimization. The computational requirements for ocastc searches 's usually not as reat as that for random (eer-order) searches. However they often require hundreds of function evaluations making thes impractical For optimization problems tat rely om computationally expensive CAE sin ions. Hajela [12] pives examples of stochastic sarees i slructral opt may cho fo eine an spate si fe i 4 elton of mats tat win Pi fhe nas ha Tucker cet condos for opi 1-6 ponte eo ee nape pees stron sy desig may ut hu il me ‘ere sas te conta te inal Furthermore mene et sed see nae ne em a fn seve wth mia anes an oon men aes pric. The fine clement sae aecapangweopinia hee shold nob courage if the ity a at reel 1124 Software Packages for Optimal Design There area vatiety of progams readily availble to the engineer wishing to solve an optimization problem sacha that shown in equation UH.1. Fy, ‘many algorithms are easily accessed in engineering software packages wc {© MathCad, Mad, and Mathematica, and spreadsheet programs sich a Microsoft Excel These appbeatons integrate well with objective functions ad consrans that are evalutel rom expeessons that ar simple to moderate in cotapleny In addition, commercial programs exis, partially in stractraopimiza- ‘i, that ntgrate simlaton, optimestion, ond esi sastvty analysis iat a single design environmert. I is beyond the scope of this chapter to di ass deals of the optimization programs avaiable todays however, Haka sid Gil (5) discuss Some optimization softwar, incledingsrctaral opie tion programs” Additonal an extensive disctason of progr for srt able metric, Davidon-Fleicher-Powell (DFP), and B. : Spent etn ace oe ieee rae ‘Sto wh moar again sg sete cts yb ‘mization techniques (SUMT) [1-6]. eaten (oe ncaa oe ‘82 NITE LEWeNTS I DesIGN ‘optimization developed. in Euope (13) and by Non American gover agencies and commercial supplies [14] is avalable elsewhere ‘use of stractraloptization, fully imew-ated optimization ‘ae rae. To optimize destans that are governed by oer physical ‘na the analys/designer mustintgrate the appropriate numerical ana ‘optimization software It is common practice to wrap an optimization ‘un around » numerical avaljsis package hat solves the particular prble of interest. For these aplicatims itis often noe ruil set out to dev ‘tn optimization algeritim or erento write «program tat inplements 2 Ing algorithm since general computer ees av available tha allow the user ‘vatety of choices (se, e218, 15-17), Function evaluations must avoid set Intervention o thatthe preprocessing, simulason, osipcesing, and des Sensitivity analyses must be fly automated. Whe. inte iferencing is used for seasivity evaluation the atepratonof one's favorite analysis code Wit a existing optimization subroutine Is straghtfrware. Alematively, an extens implementation may be needed if analytical sensitivities are required. 113 FINITE ELEMENT-BASED OPTIMAL DESIGN (Fewre 112 shows a general framework for tite element-baed opinal \esien. ne ite eemeat eth. he response ofa sytem te, te di placement in a ehicle secure) iy compu ia a numerical Sinan While ese sus are enemy lpn detemining teste of tc design te) donot date wit changes ae eu When design esi ae ved Tin fie cement-based dig, te simul software i ep that icaivelyuplats etl Giga w satsy esp eer Ane ene fnahysb othe Jsgn is flloned ty a conguta of he pctarsnce Stes and he ses of he perfarance messes withexpext othe den Parameters. The optimization ngrth then computes new design and the feces continues) To effectively negrte a CAE simulation package ino ah Spiizatonenronmen we tut po pare atenon ote sulaon program. be design prabetezation, desrbng the dened prog or eshte in ets of mabe ements at fem the ptnizaton problem, selection of an option algo, and performing ecient and ‘Ceara deg seni anaes “The fomutaion of te puma problem len dfines the success. oF future of inte cements design pumas. Even wih the mst oc ‘ere silaton abe best opin alg the sacs the opurization may bein joa Hf equation 1-18 propery pose. ‘Te ebjectve fncton and Cnsesins must reese the iporart Perr mance menses in tbe ps process desan- For expe outing & Sacral epnizasin may reve merely at we minimize mus su | Silbess an ess constants, Hower dining the opiate problem (oF mea hs Bawa ‘ace Tose cent (0 fis lana bso dein, Figure 112 (a Bt clement anal We mt ake cre design casting pera may ot be as sighiornand ke en mpm consis ae lool nth pi L341 Design Parameerization rameter infinite met -bsedopiizaton may paraett- Pe ee day a eres ipa to he nei simlaton Ths cade ey ears thas dest, toda, or Vics bousary condition ‘SEV to ore enn roel ch HH mC SEerot team fos setlons and nove pin Keaton) *Se comm mak uncon use ing eign garter a dt SSign rameters This disiton has evolved primarily ores kcscnung epumiatn lib with umes sma codes and irc win the man agai oat Recall ht optimiza ‘Msi srl ee mei wb f th design varies and el a epi and geo on opted design, regards of the anes meer epi inte aumelsnulaos. Ti tition, dasgn pret an be ctf as one th oe mar the eaten mode ne mone ee Mag Dope andy cone, and Genet psees Gad ir ‘tion or pate thickness) are all sizing design parameter: Including tse parameters in the optimization process Is often quite straightforward since ‘Modified values are easily updied in the pumericdl simulation input lcs) ‘Shape Design Parameters Shape design paamsters describe the boundary ‘ofthe finite element model ar thus define nodal locations. A simple shape Parameterization, for example, my define the ccordnacy of sogle node int locaton (whichis usaly nec recommend. Alematively adjusting a shape design variable may requie thatthe ene finite element tne be ‘meshes Implementing shape design variables is often more complex than tat fr sizing variables sine the relationship betwen a shape porametr ‘each ofthe node locations must be specified prcr to cach opiizaton ere tion Two approaches are commonly Used in ape optimization (1) geometry ‘base mesh parameterization ard (2) reduced bass approach 1, Geometry Based Mesh Porameterization: Ya this approach, ea loca tions ae related to highe-level geometry data such as surface coma pots ‘Fillet ai though an automate mesh generator. The approach works wth ‘mapped ieshes aa ree mess [18-20] case parametrizaions ae well sited for integration th pare sok mole and ate guile trative since the optimum design is described with respect reise py. ‘al cuanties such 38 hole diameters or length dirensions. he primary is: advantage is tha the mesh generator must be incl as pal of the function an grgient evaluation process generate new meshes for each opinization tration) Additionally the iil numerical simon mesh must be dened in teri of the shape parameters, which may be a frnidable tak for lange complex mel i 2 The Reduced Basis Approach: ‘The reduced Basis method starts with a base comfguation with distin meth topology i. the element layout snd omectvin) that remains fixed dating the optimization (see, ef. 1) The ‘mesh is then distorted daring the optimization to forn the epinal dupe, New Imesh shapes ae efficiently computed with the redial bass appro, how. ve, care must be taken to inst hat mesh distro dees pa degrade te ‘unerical slui ‘To ihstrate te concept of the reduced bass approach, we define vec {or of nodal coordinates (X)} Li) yi sy x3 ye Za-ote By tel” of ent ual tothe model's spa dimension (le, 7 for tuce-tmensional smal TE FINITE ELEMENT-IASED OFTIEAL DENTON — 909 ions) wld by the wnbee of nodes inthe finite element model, New val coordinates are compat from ayy tse (80) a Xe he design depen and rg! nda cod Ss sexta (VG) eh dep veloc ester gto 17 is lacs tes, fone of alo he nodes wo a inte et of Sie pans Gh ier combination o peed nd eur tt (ve) Mie hat y= 1s, Agen ei, The Tah design velocity vector [¥] may bo defined im terms ofthe bats shape ‘sa the tal eaten (a (a = (8) — =n tar hata te lest maf 2S de wo die so ats ig bss spe. The design velit tine sh a oa [ttc te sone repel) = Band eo bi vt hited ds le cia Wi ‘sign basis vector shown snd (i, 3) refers to the coordinate values ofthe orig~ ‘alundeed mskThetre he conte wes for dj he fo teton Hae andy) = 00/245 then Flows hat the deg veloiy ofthe noe s(x /3 0) =, $8). N “vr he msg selon gh abo wit he leva we cor des arab th ie ure 11.3 Design veloc glving shape changss a «faction of shape des pane {56 FINITE ELEMENTS IY DESIGN tha in his paameterzation, the design velit we er formes ‘Numerous methods are availble to generate the design vekites ct, sim itary, design basis shapes for complea faite clement meshes [6, 22-24] ‘may include any procedure that prades linearly independent Rod pert tions. For example, the natural design approach cats the slution of a ol ‘unrelated boundary value probe that generates nodal displaces fo nodal design velocities (se, e.g [23]. More recenly, a domain element approac ‘nas en introduced that relates distortion in a geometric region (Le. dma slement) 0 goal pecturbtions Hough stander linear or surat te ck ‘ment shape functions (24), The ain advantage of the Tater appreach is that ‘nal perturbations are desribal in tes of geoactre eats aber da ‘ther urelted variables such temperature wea perturbations are fe sted through thermal expansion). Further discussion of design velocity pe ‘ration i beyond the scope of te caren text From the above definition itis abvious that mati properties and bound _ary conditions are sizing puractes however, model geometry variables ny ‘or may not be sizing patameters depending om bow they ae epeseitd in the ‘numerical model. The thickness of placike suche, fr example, may be parameterized by ether a shape o sizing design prunes, A sizing ev parameter may be used to parueterize the clement thickness property whet Plate clement are sed inthe analysis. Alternatively when we use sald brik ‘ements fo discretize the gcomary though the plot thickness a change in thickness repositions nodal locaion. In he later case, thickness would not bea sizing parameter. The same i wus for beam- 116 an 220 Figure 16 Von Mises tess sls for nia ea optimal design (Cotes of Van plas Research nd Deveypent, Coho Springs CO) Cal dcvtion al apie the detgncompcste materi Homogenization feu thos desig ites po kent fer planar satus, which caries {SUN ian aneceabe conputtioal brden for practi appicaiee. espe Say mp te ied he le ity mathd (eg (30-32) i a enpineerig pach n which aT odoin of slaty and deety of each elmer ate pareterzd a functions of te lemons design practer The elements densty i ‘hoven 1 be aloe uncton of he whe te slaontiptetween ieee Imodlas Ean by tpl of higher oder given ae att =pah Fb) = Fat ats) i iy BUC ng and we require that the exponent BI be usec, Note that when b, approaches etiam ori ee a ee ee eed i ae eee 11a. FINITE FLEMENT-BASED OFTINAL DESIGN 59 sd nonin in Bo, designe with oscar is extreme values (iO and TT AE Enon daring the opinion |Tms,intemediae vals of by are a ih tens todeve elem to avid er ull ate ding he ot vrata Lugs valu cf esl 4 sharper dsinctionDeween ow and ras aky Semen ate opin, and it common for 20-5530, The Me od wrerks wel forsale materials, easly implemented wing vernal ae element propams [32], and aceps motile objectives and sae Ii alg elfen siace only ve design vaviabie per cement ‘eae. cmcample of topology opinizstion peas in Figure 1.7 where he loud Pas Fata hat ste win te rectangular Doundary cea ached te Sad ela supor sven, This ble Was ihc hy Michel 1 mmm efor oa the Mich a) a eof conigataton design where Week t determine how many AAs in «seat and he comeciiy of he loaded members. Figure 11. Tpuogy inition cpl of te Mace s(n deen TPES dens ton fr ial ei Cory of Vandel Research tnt ‘evelopment Caras Spings CO ‘Ths design acini gues beyond that commen wo sag and shape son dcbed toe wine he nue of sta mene oe Deciiy of wlred dig he opin. Te peg) seek tre 117 was compued wig the Jeasty mod win 8 TAO we of the 748 fourmoded clments hs i design fence hie ‘al eu ise tha mains thes of ie are alg 90 {he we ofthe adjoin varie method dese tow to sone te 34 Approximation Techniques [Various appeoxir ‘hods il f non eho email fr vg pica {olage phe ir amped hs spon dca ‘ipsa chs we geo ie tease ime o rc saps ap cece ee gee Sesion chugs tte ea a ea A teense pica thes hae ee cso toy feabeeteiec race Cie nbc gies ale han prone int pmiate ce std oom sa me tite he note a expat he Nema ue et ‘de spmeaton sy grein oust ope ae oven coke of Soccer FQ) = FW) NFU") ab + Lab HUH!) sb cu) ‘pm objec nate oar sus ig wer F ree uy petra: ncaa hc optoeane sehen a ge {1a gano 9 Wk puke ces Hes NTR ind ntact pl, sap na ‘eve Sew of te del ys anf ap te ed eo ee in pce mas Reh as San oes rcloas san pe one a eg eh as rst triton pes sat yt ing lip i ne cone tl rc og tS ca tea cesta tec corey ae 3 ronnie Sch sn eqaton 19 fen tc aeons iSite Suet tee ea Acne an gre tie cc see Sete nae 1 tapi ps ten cele a are and he Josess continues unl convergence i achieved iization agro, he method fr se ne oe ie pea Pn er of den st ate required 0 aly Gite ee a it wires when Ny > tesco comma vied i terme ths bes pros rarer ible, We car use weghing place more emphsis on desins ares the one withthe best overall performance. aa. methods varies based on the choice of ‘esis fore site element equation 11.9 (6,9.34,36) [he application of | SpA eNQV 1/2. For Ng <, ony pata fit of equ Sis ate espns surface forthe daa sets en ee cca angel may be hse neat nial design Penn tetcnce prin ha ea a Secon Taye whem tr qe 13 Tet of my har md ely ea Wad pot reesei arrinaion feed Seapine ndomly rte oud OE A ding ein 19 mc 2 eae yoni . hl peg era ee Poms rr le Patera creas te ken wht sg se a fr cenent ulation sic earner veh the design sete mst be rnin. 11g Matasptinry Deszn Optiniation idsciptiny opinston has cea ecied much tention i es Metisempce” arene aries. Vaso is ech “haa ee ge as prom and mon Probe ratte tse mun be merge te comput te perfomance menses en ee apng at we charter of hese Sve (7. Ata Ae cso moti te nection tween iis ch aE pelea, truce con, td 28% HOM ues when pfoening mulisieiinry dig ae computsionl con Zam of pment ta econ. abo 2S Seen snalsmetot nl posi enpncing ogi, ee oral ols Several poces ee aaa 0 0 tty pinion pln [9] Al-aronce proces cobite aan cipns yalreing enc deg rion i lO ae en tect smart equaon 1.1 TMS ppcah ay Seer nese plato nd sit 0 eat ood a ncn oaretion Alera ve compa Sor sens hve tee hp tht ele he ge ne oizaion acre nibble snd corinaon bln tt sede ln pling, ewer he spon 4) ese mets re ‘Tamar sony she ein inerscpinry comput wal ae ‘most useful when couplings between the varius disciplines can easly be bo: ken or nepected [39], ‘One implementation of malttisciplinary optimization for automotive appli ‘ations employs design sestvity analysis ineraton to approxima hagoes ‘in aibate responses [35]. The metho considers design atbutes atch ae ‘oie, vibration. and harshness (NVH), darby safcy, chile Uyemicn aad ‘manufacturing. which must ll be sii inthe design proces: The movie ‘accepts data in the form of design sensitivities ard function valuca ors ne ‘Pendent analyses. Ths, analysis results frm dffeentcaginting panes ‘ions are easily merged io prfarm the mulscplineepieaton. ALA DESIGN SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS ‘As mentioned above, descent algorithms use gradient ie. design derivative) ‘aformation to compute the optimal design. Early commenal inpleeeon parameters and desiga performance ressures. We desire thatthe calculation of design sensitivities with cape is ‘ach design parameter must be performed sectrily and etcly mo tet ony fe lente opinion pos may ete wih as poten 4.1 Finite Difference Approximations Perhaps the simplest method for evaluating the design sensitivity ofthe fne “Gon F with respect tothe design variable, :.2, Netcool Aiferenceappecximation aE _ Foor ab) Feo a woe «1110 hore did isthe kh component of he gratin: vector Vb of eatin 112, and by is «zero vector wth the cxespon of tk Mean teen centins3, cat disadvantages ofthe fie difcence metho exist when ised withthe ite element method, namely, comput ona expense aed ot sceuney,Performnce menses an this the fate cement ston na ‘aha + 1 meso compute the devgn scsi wit eat eater the design variables, Finite clement mods for india acon aly have thousands of dorecs of edo, ofen“macring The Hae key {method impractical or optimal desi since nnetos exene nana <2 simulations may be probe. Addtionaly. when Fir fone fas cesin vaibl theft difereaceaproninatn depends om te fone bation size Ay. When Ab, isto lng, cacteiaton enor acca sad eo —EE———— 1A. DESION SENSETIVITY ANALYSIS 598, 4 sta snl, roundoff er die tints in mstnepreisn cot {he serstivgy calealaton, Sal bt nonzero ste a parila epi te ound af er. Whe ie irene methods awed wth ae piles scm tse a epee ‘tng the design epiazaton proces key tthe Seton ofeach A teeta of he ceed acy of he Il vat Hate oe oda Prsjea formulas for atssing fae difeence eno (1 Commonly eed dea approximation hat ese siceptb o rounaff err isthe szom-ondr nce cel difeence apocntion cf Hb+Ab) Fam) arth a, 28h, ‘The ental erence and phe ner drvatve approximation mtd a trey sein te tment apts, however, ct the aad compare oral eyes/indcd, compute TF) we mo elas orf lee tel tt bby and bab for ach oe Wr te Ine cement anayse pet jot one paint vector Et [Preble sone witht erence mets Nem Gh act they dona ake advantage of infrmaton onsen he em of ees esa nthe uaeying fete cleat valuations. The naa dopa Sensitivity metiods we pret below oft 2 mean improve signees the acca an elcesy of on dig senviyclelaons bs chang ‘sign eves or governing eens in th evalua, MA2 Analytical Methods for Design Sensitivity Analysis (Goaytcal approaches for sensitivity computations avoid costly perturbation “Taethods by diferentaing the system's governing eauations with respect the design parameters (3 6, 21, 4) Is common inthe technical erate to dcsipate the design seasivie compute inthe following derivations ss ‘ana. We will do the sre. Its impoctant to ot, however tat out gol ‘howe to dexive analytical expressions that mye used o mumsialy eva ue VF ata given design b using the finite element method This isn Contrast to the approximate ess obvained with the finite difference calculations given shove, In faethe design sensitivities computed rom ex anatiel approach ‘ae inde exact formar numerical model i the steps taken in thei evaluation ‘ae consistent with those used in the underlying Hite element slation Gy ‘when we use the same nodes, elements, shape functions et (In adition, we note th the desian sensitiv analyses to follow are devel ‘ped in ems ofthe system maces [KM]. (RJ. and 1), ster than thet element level epresenatons, Indeed, itis portant ome tat when we Pate the sensitivity of one of our system matrices Below; we begin by ‘ach of he element matics and then employ a matrix asembly process «al tht discussed in Section 23, or example, the sensitivity of the aaah ness mati (24/20) folows fom ft eventing al of he (9K lement matrices, We alo begin out stady with mati egaton ace han ‘ating wih te goveming dieretalequons or weak sepa fons. This, ‘nour opnien, provides the mont eal uadetocd approach desien sas. iy analyse when sing the nite elomoat me thot satcing accu oF general Unlike the nie difrene mets preset above, ayia approaches dg ens amis ak ran fmt cna nthe nit clement sytem of equates) Beer developing the dec and ant setho of design sensiviy analysis ts wrt Considering tat are satin element stn of equations pcs thn in eqaton 2.30 Be CO) (x0) = 49) any ‘to emphasire the dependence of the finite cline equations on the design b, ‘The vector (x) is our unknown response from he ie element equations) ‘er, {x} may represent many of te unknown response vectors fom previons ‘haplers that develop fine clement equations for varloas linea steady-state syotems, all of which have the algebraic form of squatcn 11.12, For example, {x} may represen the field quanity (6) fom Chapters 5 and 7 (see, eg ‘Table 7.1). the nodal displacements (5) in ecuation 6.25 the temperature [7] in equation 8.16. the potential vector (@ in cquaton 9.10, or oer, Sisal. the system mai {K] and righ-hand-side set {R) in equation TL2 may represent various discretized systems developed ‘hroughout thi [We may solve forthe response {x} in equation 1,12 by premulpying by (he verse ofthe sytem mitrix [AT to give (r= iertiay a) shore we omit the design argumeas for concsenes I is worth noting here ‘at when solving lege systems of linear ax equations sich as thse yp cal of the finite element metho. we seldom compute the inverse of the ‘erm matix (KT as indicated in equation I-18 Is more common to tse direct equation solvers such as Gauss eliminstion or Cholesky decomposition, br niet iterative schemes sch s the GMRES, coajueate gradient, or bicon jugne gradient methods (42, 43] (se also Sesion 25) Here we simply show Ti)" for symbolic reasons vo represent the invease or decomposition ef [K], Which sb far, the most compuatonallyespernive pat of saving for {x}. Once the system matrix (K] i inverted (ie. dscomposed), 2) 1s quickly ‘computed though a back-substeution of the right hans vector [) int (kT. Therefore, following the solution of equation 11-3, the evaltation of i se (1) for a new right hand-sde vector (R) is exremely efficient. the design problem, we consider that performance mesure roy be an ‘explicit huncton of the desig b, cet may depend on the response (x), which 'simpicly dependen: on b tough the faite element equations (5, quaion 2.50 © 11.2). For example, consider performance measire Ft may represen the objective function for any one ofthe constraints 0 hy in the optimization problem of equation 11. Fb) = F(x.) ata) where bot the implicit and explicit dependence ofthe performance measire Fm he design bis expose. ‘Assuming sffiient smoothness, the design sensivity of F with respect ‘he design variable by, (= 1,2...» N, is elelated sing the chain rule es ar | oF [fae OF LEE} E cas) wherelaF Ach = OF/Ay and (dx/db)y = db. Inthe preceeding, = 1 2... whevem is the numberof degrees of freedom in Our finite element ‘moet ee Section 232) Noe aso, tha he azumens wth respect to B have teen smite from equation 11.15 fr concaeness, Habu be undersoad, Howes, that here and inthe flowing derivado al design derivatives are ‘evalua tthe desigr of intrest. for example, at b= Bt The ist term ‘on theight hand side equaton 11.13 adresses the implicit dependence of om the design by anc the las term quantifies the explicit dependence of F ‘on b, For example, the mass of a suctre does ot depend othe response (a) so hat only ak, noaee, Alera, when the placement st ‘ode isthe performance measure F/2, ~O abd the design sensitivity has ‘an implicit contrbuto lene. Other performance mesures may have Bot impligt and explicit etbation "The explicit denvaives[OF/de| and 3/2, ae eal available nee ibe

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