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    UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE + Luther H. Hodges, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS A.V. Asta, Director Handbook of Mathematical Functions With Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables Edited by Milton Abramowitz and Irene A. Stegun National Bureau of Standards Applied Mathematics Series * 55 Tasued June 1964 Tenth Printing, December 1972, with corrections For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, US. Government Printing Ofice ‘Washington, D.C. 20402 Prie $1.35 domestic postpaid; er #10.50 GPO Bockatore The text relating to physical constants and conversion factors (page 6) has been modified to take into account the newly adopted Systeme Interna- tional d’Unites (SI). ERRATA NOTICE The original printing of this Handbook (June 1964) contained errors that have been corrected in the reprinted editions. These cor- rections are marked with an asterisk (*) for identification. The errors occurred on the following pages: 2-3, 6-8, 10, 15, 19-20,25, 76,85, 91, 102, 187, 189-197, 218, 223, 225, 233, 250, 255, 260-263, 268, 271-273, 292, 302, 828, 332, 383-397, 862, 365, 415, 423, 438-440, 443, 445, 447, 449, 451, 484, 498, 505-506, 509-510, 543, 556, 558, 562, 571, 595, 599, 600, 722-723, 739, 742, 744, 746, 752, 756, 760-765, 774, 777-785, 790, 797, 801, 822-823, 832, 835, 844, 886-889, 897, 914, 915, 920, 930-981, 936, 940-941, 944-950, 953, 960, 963, 989-990, 1010, 1026. Originally issued June 1964, Second printing, November 1964. ‘Third printing, March 1965. Fourth printing, December 1965, Fifth printing, August 1966. Sixth printing, November 1967, Seventh printing, May 1968. Bighth printing, 1969, Ninth printing, November 1970, Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 6460036 * aA #7 A228 28 Preface The present volume is an outgrowth of a Conference on Mathematical Tables held at Cambridge, Mass., on September 15-16, 1954, under the auspices of the National Science Foundation and the Massachusetts Insti- tute of Technology. The purpose of the meeting was to evaluate the need for mathematical tables in the light of the availability of large scale com- puting machines. Tt was the consensus of opinion that in spite of the increasing use of the new machines the basie need for tables would continue to exist. Numerical tables of mathematical functions are in continual demand by scientists and engineers. A greater variety of functions and higher accuracy of tabulation are now required as a result of scientific advances and, especially, of the increasing use of automatic computers. In the latter connection, the tables serve mainly for preliminary surveys of problems before programming for machine operation. For those without easy access to machines, such tables are, of course, indispensable, Consequently, the Conference recognized that there was a pressing need for a modernized version of the classical tables of functions of Jahnke-Emde. To implement the project, the National Science Foundation requested the National Bureau of Standards to prepare such a volume and established an Ad Hoc Advisory Committee, with Professor Philip M. ‘Morse of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as chairman, to advise the staff of the National Bureau of Standards during the course of its preparation. In addition to the Chairman, the Committee consisted of A. Erdelyi, M, C. Gray, N. Metropolis, J. B. Rosser, H.C. Thacher, Jr., John ‘Todd, C. B. Tompkins, and J. W. Tukey. The primary aim has been to include a maximum of useful informa tion within the limits of a moderately large volume, with particular atten- tion to the needs of scientists in all fields. An attempt has been made to cover the entire field of special functions. To carry out the goal set forth by the Ad Hoc Committee, it has been necessary to supplement the tables by including the mathematical properties that are important in compu- tation work, as well as by providing numerical methods which demonstrate the use and extension of the tables. ‘The Handbook was prepared under the direction of the late Milton Abramowitz, and Irene A. Stegun. Its success has depended greatly upon the cooperation of many mathematicians. Their efforts together with the cooperation of the Ad Hoe Committee are greatly appreciated. The par- ticular contributions of these and other individuals are acknowledged at appropriate places in the text. The sponsorship of the National Science Foundation for the preparation of the material is gratefully recognized. It is hoped that this volume will not only meet the needs of all table users but will in many cases acquaint its users with new functions. ALLEN V. ASTIN, Director June 1964 Washington, D.C. mt Preface to the Ninth Printing ‘The enthusiastic reception accorded the “Handbook of Mathematical Functions” is little short of unprecedented in the long history of mathe- matical tables that began when John Napier published his tables of loga- rithms in 1614. Only four and one-half years after the first copy came from the press in 1964, Myron Tribus, the Assistant Secretary of Com- merce for Science and Technology, presented the 100,000th copy of the Handbook to Lee A. DuBridge, then Science Advisor to the President. Today, total distribution is approaching the 150,000 mark at a scarcely diminished rate. ‘The success of the Handbook has not ended our interest in the subject. On the contrary, we continue our close watch over the growing and chang- ing world of computation and to discuss with outside experts and among ourselves the various proposals for possible extension or supplementation of the formulas, methods and tables that make up the Handbook. In keeping with previous policy, a number of errors discovered since the last printing have been corrected. Aside from this, the mathematical tables and accompanying text are unaltered. However, some noteworthy changes have been made in Chapter 2: Physical Constants and Conversion Factors, pp. 6-8. The table on page 7 has been revised to give the values of physical constants obtained in a recent reevaluation; and pages 6 and 8 have been modified to reflect changes in definition and nomenclature of physical units and in the values adopted for the acceleration due to gravity in the revised Potsdam system. ‘The record of continuing acceptance of the Handbook, the praise that has come from all quarters, and the fact that it is one of the most-quoted scientific publications in recent years are evidence that the hope expressed by Dr. Astin in his Preface is being amply fulfilled. Lewis M, BRaNscomB, Director National Bureau of Standards November 1970 Foreword ‘This volume is the result of the cooperative effort of many persons and « number of organizations. ‘The Notional Bureau of Standards has long been turning out mathematical tables and hes hed under consideration, for at least 10 years, the production of a compendium like the present one. During a Conference on Tables, called by the NBS Applied Mathematics Division on May 16, 1952, Dr. Abramo- witz of that Division mentioned preliminary plans for such an undertaking, but indicated the need for technical advice and financial support. ‘The Mathematics Division of the National Research Council hes also hed an active interest in tables; since 1943 it hes published the quarterly journal, “Mathe- matical Tables and Aids to Computation” (MTAC), editorial supervision being exercised by a Committee of the Division. Subsequent to the NBS Conference on Tebles in 1952 the attention of the National Science Foundation was drawn to the desirability of financing activity in table production. With its support. a 2-dey Conference on Tables was called at the ‘Massachusetts Institute of Technology on September 15-16, 1954, to discuss the needs for tables of various kinds. Twenty-eight persons attended, representing scientists and engineers using tables as well as table producers. This conference Teached consensus on several conclusions and recommendations, which were set forth in the published Report of the Conference. There was general agreement, for example, ‘that the advent of high-speed computing equipment chenged the task of table making but definitely did not remove the need for tables”. Tt was also agreed that ‘an outstanding need is for a Handbook of Tables for the Occasional Computer, with tables of usually encountered functions and a set of formulas and tables for interpolation and other techniques useful to the occasional computer” ‘The Report suggested that the NBS undertake the production of such Handbook and that the NSF contribute financial assistance. ‘The Conference elected, from its participants, the following Committee: P. M. Morse (Chairman), M. Abramowitz, J. H. Curtiss, R. W. Hamming, D. H. Lehmer, C. B. Tompkins, J. W. Tukey, to help implement these and other recommendations ‘Tho Bureau of Standards undertook to produce the recommended tables and the National Science Foundation made funds available. To provide technical guidance to the Mathematics Division of the Bureau, which carried out the work, and to pro- vide the NSF with independent judgments on grants for the work, the Conference Committee was reconstituted as the Committeo on Revision of Mathematical Tables’of.the Mathematics Division of the National Research Council. This, after some changes of membership, became the Committee which is signing this Foreword, ‘The present volume is evidene» that Conferences can sometimes reach conclusions and that their recommendations sometimes get acted on. FOREWORD Active work was started at the Bureau in 1956. ‘The overall plan, the selection of authors for the various chapters, and the enthusiasm required to begin the task were contributions of Dr. Abramowitz. Since his untimely death, the effort has continued under the general direction of Irene A. Stegun, The workers at the Bureau and the members of the Committee have had many discussions about content, style and layout. Though many details have had to be argued out as they came up, the basic specifications of the volume have remained the same as were outlined by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Conference of 1954. ‘The Committee wishes here to register its commendation of the magnitude and quality of the task carried out by the staff of the NBS Computing Section and their expert collaborators in planning, collecting and editing these Tables, and its appre- ciation of the willingness with which its various suggestions were incorporated into the plans. We hope this resulting volume will be judged by its users to be a worthy memorial to the vision and industry of ite chief architect, Milton Abramowitz. ‘We regret he did not live to see its publication. P. M. Morse, Chairman, A Expéurt M. C. Gray N.C. Merrorous - J.B, Rosssr: H.C. Tuacunn, Jr. Joun Topp C. B. Tompxins J. W. Torey. Page Piellde . wi s ees 4 coma sy ee we wee A Foreword SERN ¢ kules oa see . oY Introduction. ss Sodnenadomeanenwn he 1, Mathematical Constants . . aa sees Baeeg 2 Davin 8. Ligeman 2, Physical Constants and Conversion Factors... 0... . . 5 A. G. MeNism 3. Elementary Analytical Methods... .......0.. ° Mrtow Apramowrra 4, Elementary Transcendental Functions ~ 6 Logarithmic, Exponential, Circular and Hyperbolic Functions Rome Zvcner 5. Exponential Integral and Related Functions... . . 227 ‘Waurex Gaurscer and Wiuutam F. Cann 6. Gamma Function and Related Functions... 2.2... 253 Pamir J. Davis 7, Brror Function and Fresnel Integrals ©. 5... 298 Water Gavrscur 8. Legendre Functions... 2... ty ewrag eee BL Inene A. SrecuN 9. Bessel Functions of Integer Order... . . 355 F. W. J. Ouvar 10, Bessel Functions of Fractional Order... . . .- 435 HA. Awtostzwice 11, Tntegrals of Bessel Functions. . 2... . ev canes 4 cue AT Yoornt L. Luxe 12, Struve Functions and Related Functions... . . . . 495 Mntow Apramowira 13. Confluent Hypergeometric Functions . 2... .. + 508 Lucy Joan Staran 14. Coulomb Wave Functions eee 537 Muvtox Avnamowrre 15, Hypergeometrie Functions ‘ 556 Farr: Onxrierrinorr 16, Jacobian Elliptic Functions and Theta Functions . . 567 L. M. Mune-Tnomsox 17. Elliptic Integrals eas cee 587 L. M, Muxe-Tnowso 18, Weierstrass Elliptic and Related Functions < 627 ‘Tuomas H. Sourmarn 19. Parabolic Cylinder Functions. 2... 85 3.0. P. Muze aS ‘CONTENTS 20. Mathieu Functions... . Gunmeue Buaxcu 21, Spheroidal Wave Functions. . . wet ‘Ansou N. Lowan 22, Orthogonal Polynomials. 2... 2... ee ‘Uns W. Hoonsraassza Bernoulli and Euler Polynomials, Riemann Zeta Function Exuiz V. Hayysworra and Kant Gousero 24, Combinatorial Andlysis 2. ee K. Goupazse, M. Nwaaw and B. Hayswonra 25. Numerical Interpolation, Differentiation and Integration Pumar J. Davis and Ivan PoLonsxy Probability Functions... 0... Manvin Zxuan and Norway C. Szvano 27. Miscellaneous Functions... 0... ee Inexe A. SrEGUN 28, Seales of Notation... 0.2... 1 eee Senees 8. Pravy and A. Scuore 29, Leplace Transforms... 2... 0. ee See Subject Index. cer ie eee Index of Notations... . . Sree 8B 26. 721 751 ™m 803 821 875 925 Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables Edited by Milton Abramor wit and Irene A. Stegun 1. Introduction ‘The present, Handbook has been designed to ‘de scientific investigators with a compre- Rensive and self-contained summary of the mathe: matical functions that arise in physical and engi- neering problems, ‘The well-known. Tables “of Functions by E. Jahnke and F. Emde has been invaluable to workers in these fields in its many taitions! during the past ‘half-century. “The resent. volume extends the work of these authors yy giving: more extensive and more accurate numerical tables, and by giving larger collections of mathematical properties of the tabulated functions. ‘The number of funetions covered has also been increased. ‘The classification of functions and organization of the chapters in this Handbook is similar to that of An Index of Mathematical Tables by A. Fletcher, J. . P. Miller, and L, Rosenhead.* In general, the chapters contain numerical tables, graphs, polynomial or rational spproximations for automatic computers, and statements of the principal mathematical properties of the tabu- lated functions, particularly those of compute- 2. Accuracy ‘The number of significant figures given in each table has depended to some extent on the number available in existing tabulations. “There bas been no attempt to make it uniform throughout the Handbook, which would have been a costly and Isborious undertaking. In most tables at least five significant figures have beon, provided, and the tabulas intervals have generally. been chosen to ensure that linear interpolation will yield.four- or fivesigure accuracy, which suffices in most Physical “applications. Users requiring higher kaart Seana vase eels Sia. ena Scene Coa ro tional importance. Many numerical examples are given to illustrate the use of the tables and also the computation of function values whieh lie Outside their range, -At the end of the tot. in each chapter there is a short bibliography giving books and papers in which proofs of the mathe- matical properties stated in the chapter may be found. Also listed in the bibliographies are the more important, numerical tables. Comprehen- sive lists of tables are given in the Index men- tioned above, and current information on new tables is to be found in the National Research Council quarterly Mathematies of Computation (formerly Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation). ‘The mathematical notations used in this Hand- book are those commonly adopted in standard texts, particularly Higher Transcendental Func- tions, Volumes 1-3, by A. Erdélyi, W. Magnus, F. Oberhettinger and F. G. Tricomi (MeGra\ Hill, 1953-55). Some alternative notations have also been listed. ‘The introduction of new symbols has been kept to a minimum, and an effort. has been made to avoid the use of conflicting notation. of the Tables precision in their interpolates may obtain them by use of higher-order interpolation procedures, described below. Tn certain tables many-figured funetion values are given at irregular intervals in the ent. An example is provided by Table 9.4. yur pote of these tebles is to furnish “key values’ for the checking of programs for automatic computers; no, question of interpolation arises. ‘The maximum end-figure error, or “tolerance” in the tables in this Handbook ‘is %o of 1 unit everywhere in the caso of the elementary. func- tions, and 1 unit in the caso of the higher fuinetions except in a few cases where it has been permitted to rise to 2 units. x INTRODUCTION 3. Auxiliary Funetions and Arguments One of the objects of this Handbook is to pro- vide tables or computing methods which enable the user to evaluate the tabulated. functions over complete ranges of real values of their parameters. In order to achieve this object, frequent use has been made of suxiliery functions to remove the infinite part of the original functions at their singularities, and auxiliary arguments to cope with infinite ranges. An example will make the pro- cedure clear. _ The exponential integral of positive argument is given by B= [tee artnet tytgntdat avemetintgatgat - 1,21, 3! agp Hts | Jere ‘Tho logarithmic singularity precludes direct inter- polation near 2=0. The functions Ei(z)—In x and Ei(@)—In 2—y], however, are well- behaved and readily interpolable in’ this region, Either will do as an auxiliary function; the latter vrs in Tact salectod ast yields slightly higher accuracy when Ei(z) is recovered. ‘The function ="[Hi(@)—In 2—»] has been tabulated to nine decimals for the range 0<2<3. For $<2<2, Ei(z) is sufficiently well-behaved to admit direct tabulation, but for larger values of z, its expo- nential character predominates. A smoother and ‘more readily interpolable function for large 2 is ze~*Ei(z); this has been tabulated for 22) Fa(n,) (Coulomb wave function) Illustrations of the generation of functions from ‘their recurrence relations aro given in the pertinent, chapters. It is also shown that even in cases where the recurrence process is unstable, it may still be used when the starting values are known to sufficient accuracy. ‘Mention must also be made here of a refinement, due to J. C. P. Miller, which enables a recurrence process which is stable for decreasing n to be applied without any knowledge of starting values for large n. Miller’s algorithm, which is well- suited to automatic work, is described in 19.28, ‘Example 1. 8. Acknowledgments The production of this volume has been the result of the unrelenting efforts of many persons, all of whose contributions have been instrumental in accomplishing the task. ‘The Editor expresses his thanks to each and every one. "The Ad Hoe Advisory Committee individually and together were instrumental in establishing the basic tenets that served as e guide in the form: tion of the entire work. In particular, special thanks are due to Professor Philip M. Morse for his continuous encouragement and support, Professors J. Todd and A. Erdélyi, panel members of the Conferences on Tables and members of the ‘Advisory Committeo_have maintained an un- diminished interest, offered many suggestions and carefully read all the chapters. Trene A. Stegun has served effectively as associate editor, sharing in each stage of the planning of the volume, Without her untiring efforts, com- pletion would never have been possible. ‘Appreciation is expressed for the generous ‘cooperation of publishers and authors in granti permission for the use of their source material, Acknowledgments for tabular material taken wholly or in part from published works are given fon the first page of exch table. Myrtle R. Kelling- ton corresponded with authors end publishers to obtsin formal permission for including their material, maintained uniformity throughout the Dibliographie references and assisted in preparing the introductory material, Valuable assistance in the preparation, checkin and editing of the tabular material was receiv: from Ruth E. Capuano, Elizabeth F. Godefroy, David 8. Liepman, Kermit Nelson, Bertha H. ‘Walter and Ruth Zucker. Equally important hes been the untiring cooperation, assistance, and patience of the members of the NBS staff in handling the myriad of detail necessarily attending the’ publication of a volume of this magnitude. Especially appreciated have been the helpful discussions and services from the members of the Office of Techni- cal Information in the arees of editorial format, graphic art layout, printing detail, preprinting Teproduction needs, as well as attention to pro- motional detail and financial support, In addition, the clerical and typing staff of the Applied Mathe- matics Division merit commendation for their efficient and patient production of manuscript involving complicsted technical notation, ‘nally, the continued support of Dr. E. W. Cannon, chief of the Applied Mathematics Division, and the advice of Dr. FL, Alt, assistant chief, as’ well as of the many mathematicians in the Division, is gratefully acknowledged. ‘M. Amramowirs, 2. Physical Constants and Conversion Factors A.G. McNise! Contents Page ‘Table 2.1. Common Units and Conversion Factors 6 ‘Table 2.2. Names and Conversion Factors for Electric and Magnatio Vile sce ee et we 4G 6 ‘Table 2.3. Adjusted Values of Constants ere ee Table 2.4. Miscellaneous Conversion Factors. . . . 8 Table 2.5. Conversion Factors for Customary U.S. Units to Metric Units... 8 Table 2.6, Geodetic Constants . 8 "National Bureau of Standard, 2, Physical Constants and Conversion Factors ‘The tables in this chapter supply some of the more commonly needed physical constants and zonversion factors.* ‘The International System of Units (SI) established in 1960 by the General Conference of Weights and Measures under the Treaty of the Meter is based upon: the meter (m) for length, defined as 1650 763.73 wave-lengths in vacuum corresponding to the transition 2p.—Bds of krypton 86; the kilogram (kg) for mass, defined as the mass of the prototype kilogram at Sevres, France; the second (s) for time, defined as the duration of 9 192 631770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of cesium 133; the kelvin (K) for temperature, defined as 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic tem- perature of the triple point of water; the am- pere (A) for electric current, defined as the current which, if flowing in two infinitely long parallel wires in vacuo separated by one meter, would produce a force of 2 x 10" newtons per meter of length between the wires; and the candela (ed) for luminous intensity, defined as the luminous intensity of 1/600000 square meter of a perfect radiator at the temperature of freezing platinum. All other units of SI are derived from these meter as the unit for length and 1/1000 of the Kilogram as the unit for mass gives rise simi- larly to the cgs system, often used in physics and chemistry. SI, as it is ordinarily used in electromagne- tism, is a rationalized system, i.e., the electro- magnetic units of SI relate to the quantities appearing in the so-called rationalized electro- magnetic equations. Thus, the force per unit length between two current-carrying parallel wires of infinite length separated by unit dis- tance in vacuo is 2f = misi,/4r, where po has the value 47x 10“H/m. The force between two electric charges in vacuo is corresponding- ly given by f= q10-/4rat*, « having the value L/ue?, where ¢ is the speed of light in meters per second. («~8.854 x 10™F/m) Setting p. equal to unity and deleting 4 from the denominator in the first equation above defines the cgs-omu system. Setting equal to unity and deleting 47 from the de- nominator in the second equation correspond- ingly defines the egs-esu system. The cgs-emu and the egs-esu systems are most frequently used in the unrationalized forms. Table 2.1. Common Units and Conver Factors, CGS System and SI base units by assigning the value unity to the ; <1 cas proportionality constants in the defining equa- | _ Quantity | _Name Name _| Factor tions (official symbols for other SI units appear | ore, | penton (N)] dene ad in Tables 2.1 and 2.2). Taking 1/100 of the | Power | watt GW) 10: “Bee aho “Preface to Ninth Pratne” pag Hi and page. Table 2.2, Names and Conversion Factors for Electric and Magnetic Units st emu esa oxSI Quantity name name name factors Current ampere (A) | abampere | statampere ~3x 10" Charge coulomb (C)] abeoulom | stateoslomb ~ax 108 Potential volt (¥) | abvolt statvelt ~ (ia) x 104 Resistance ohm (2) | abokm fatale Inductance henry (H) | centimeter Capacitance farad (F) ‘centimeter Magnetising force Aum erated Magnetomotive force a zilbert Magnetic fax weber (Wh) | maxwell Magnetic fn density tesla (T) | gauss (G) Electric. displacement | Example: If the value assigned to a current 100 amperes its value in abamperes is 100 X 1 PHYSICAL CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS: 7 ‘The values of constants given in Table 2.8 are based on an adjustment by Taylor, Parker, and Langenberg, Rey. Mod. Phys. 41, p.875 (1969). They are being considered for adoption by the Task Group on Fundamental Con- stants of the Coramittze on Data for Science and Technology, International Council of Scientific Unions. ‘The uncer- tainties given are standard errors estimated from the experimental data included in the adjustment. Where appli- cable, values are based on the unified scale of atomie masses in which the atomic mass unit (u) is defined as 1/12 of the mass of the atom of the #®C nuclide. Table 2.3. Adjusted Values of Constants Unit Uncen ——__Vat_ Constant. Symbol || Valo \inty |Systeme International) Centimeter- \-second “Te = stl) (ces) ‘Speed of light in vacuum mn 2.997 9250 | +10 |x10 m/s x10! cm/s Elementary charge = teniei? | 70 | io © 104° cmitgin + 430g280 | 2 | 1000 merges Avogndro constant oN, |eo221e9 | 40 [ici matt 30 mol ‘Atomic mase unit, cow | hwevest | in | 10a ig og Electron rest mass cece | My 9,109 558 54) 1049 kg 10 g 6.485 930, Bo et oo 104 ou Proton rest mass ...... My 672 614 1) 107 kg 10-4 g Lergse1) 830 a ie a Neutron rest mass cm. [kenge | at | 108" ig ion ¢ 1a0s.66s.20) 10 0a eu Faraday constant .......... iF 9,648 670 ‘54 | 10* = C/mol 108 cm*/4gi/Bmol-1* | 2s25e0 | 16 10M emgitgsimol t Planck constant in |ee26198 | 60 104 ergs x | xoscsor9 | 80 10a" ergs Fine structare constant fraerast | ios Ve 13703602 | 21 108 Charge to mass ratio for electron..| e/m, 1.758 802 8 54 10" em//gi/t * samo | 16 | to emigre t Quantum-charge ratio ... “ We ‘4.185 708 acy 10-7 emi/2gt/ag-a + } 18795234 | 46 1047 emi/agi/t t Compton wavelength of electron ..| re | 24268086 | 74 ios" em rote | sasisee | 12 101 em Compton wavelength of proton ..| tev | 18814409 | 90 tom em rev/te | 2300129" | 14 10% cm Rydberg constant ... Ra 1.097 87312) 11 10° em Bohr radius SoS | io em Electron radios Sr]h [aera | as 10" em Gyromagnetie ratio of proton | 2.675 196 5 82 | 108 10! rad+s1G-1* Yee [Aastra | tor ie sig Concorrected for dismagnetiom, {]y7 | neveizv0 | §2 | 10 radeetT2 | 10 radvetGre HO) a“ ~ _ vie 4.257 597 13 | 10° Ha/T 108) 1G" Bolirrmgosion Slim | aateoss | 6s | tote ee ion eggs ‘Nuclear magneton va] 5.050 951 50) 1047 Tt 10-" erg/G* Proton moment My 1.410 620 3. 99} 10- JT | 10% erg/G* foe —fanearee | a7 | 100. 10 Cepeoretd for daaention, 0) . w|sedim | 299709 | an) 0 - Gas constant Soja" |ssuse | as] toe Fimo Normal volume perfect GOR cranes] Fe 2.241 86 39 | 10-* mmol ‘em'/mol Boltzmann constant ........ kk 1.380 622. 59 | 10 VK erg/K Firat radiation constant (Bris) —-/q | aoa@era | 88 | 10% Jem cre-cm Second radiation constant sa] Oo 1.438 833. 61 | 10% mK om: K Stefan-Boltsmann constant |e Seee: | 96) tot WemK+ ere emtet Gravitational constant Gg 6.6732 $1) 10-7 Nemt/kgt dyn-em*/g? ‘Based on 1 std. dev; applies to last digits in preceding eolamn, “Blectromagnetic system. ‘+Blectrostatie system. 8 PHYSICAL CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTOKS ‘Table 2.4. Miscellaneous Conversion Factors Standard gravity, go Standard atmospheric pressure, Py 1 thermodynamic calorie,* cal, 1 IT calorie, cal, 1 liter, 1 1 angstrom unit, A 1 bar 1 gal astronomical unit, AU light year 1 parsec .806 65 meters per second per second® = 1.013 25 x 10° newtons per square meter* 1.013 25 X 10* dynes per square centimeter* .1840 joules* .1868 joules* = 10" cubic meter* 10° meter* (0° newtons per square meter* (0° dynes per square centimeter* = 10* meter per second per second* 1 centimeter per second per second* 496 X 10% meters 9.46 X 10" meters = 8.08 x 10" meters 3.26 light years 1 curie, the quantity of radioactive material undergoing 3.7 X 10" disintegrations per second*. 1 roentgen, the exposure of x- or gamma radiation which produces together with its secondaries 2.082 x 10° electron-ion pairs in 0.001 293 gram of air. ‘The index of refraction of the atmosphere for radio waves of frequency less than 8 x 10° Hz is given by (n — 1)10* = (77.6/) (p + 4810e/t), where is the refractive index; t, temperature in kelvins; p, total pressure in millibars; e, water vapor partial pressure in millibars. Factors for converting the customary United States units to units of the metric system are given in Table 2.5. Table 2.5. Factors for Converting Customary U.S. Units to SI Units Geodetic constants for the international (Hayford) spheroid are given in Table 2.6. ‘The gravity values are on the basis of the re- vised Potsdam value. They are about 14 parts per million smaller than previous values. They are calculated for the surface of the geoid by 1 yard 0.9144 meter* the international formula. 1 foot 0.3048 meter* 1 inch 0.025 4 meter* Table 2.6. Geodetic Constants 1 statute mile 1.609.344 meters* ; b = 6 856 912 m 1 nautical mile (inter- 1852 meters* national) cane | | SR T pound (avdp.) 045859287 Kilogram™ Tongitude | latitude 1 02. (avdp.) 0.028 349 52 kilogram Meters tora alae 1 pound force 4,448 22 newtons oe | 1855398 | 1842.925 | 9.780350 1 slug 14.598 9 kilograms 15 1.792.580 | 1844170 | 9.783800 1 poundal 0,188 255 newtons 380 1608.174 | 1847.580 | 9.793 238 1 foot pound 1,855 82 joules 45 1814.175 | 1852256 | 9.806 154 ‘Temperature 82+ (9/5) Celsius 60 980.047 | 1856.951 | 9.819099 (Fahrenheit) temperature* % 41.725 | 1860401 | 9.828 598 1 British thermal unit? 1055 joules 30 0 1861.666 | 9.882072 2 Used principally by chemists. + Used principally by engineers. + Various definitions are given for the British thermal unit. ‘This represents a rounded mean value differing from none of the more important definitions by more than 3 in 10. * Exact value, 3. Elementary Analytical Methods Minton Apramowrrz Contents Page Elementary Analytical Methods. ........... wis 10 3.1. Binomial Theorem and Binomial Coeficients; Arithmetic and Geometric Progressions; Arithmetic, Geometric, Harmonie and Generalized Means... . - 10 3.2 Inequalities. ©... 2 ee Sintes 0 3.3. Rules for Differentiation end Integration : ou 3.4, Limits, Maxima and Minima. 2... 2.2... : 2B 3.5. Absolute and Relative Errors... . 4 3.6. Infinite Series... ee 4 3.1. Complex Numbers and Functions |). | 16 3.8. Algebraic Equations... . = : 3.9, Successive Approximation Methods... . . wees dit 3.10. Theorems on Continued Fractions . . tee 19 Numerical Methods «0... 0. eee eee ae. 2 341. Use and Extension of the Tables ......... 19 3.12. Computing Techniques... 2.2... 19 References. 2 ee Hea deems TENE Os 23 Table 3.1. Powers and Roots . . . eee m mt, k=1(1)10, 24, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/5 n=2(1)999, Exact or 108 ‘The author acknowledges the assistance of Peter J. O'Hara and Kermit C. Nelson in the preparation and checking of the table of powers and roots. + National Bureau of Standards. (Deceased.) 3.1. Binomial Theorem and Binomial Coeffi- cients; Arithmetic and Geometric Progres- sions; Arithmetic, Geometric, Harmonic and Generalized Means Binomial Theorem, 3. @+r=a4(t) o4()) oe ors Binomial Coefficients (see chapter 24) +o (n a positive integer) - (a sa (0 1)... (@-kH) nl Ht Chm oe) sua (PGCE) ns GC ss (HCE He sa 1-H tee ‘Table of Binomial Coefficients (7) Ne 2|2|4{5]6]7]s|o]s|u| 2 —\ . Elementary Analytical Methods 3.19 Sum of Arithmetic rogrenion ton Terma a+(atd) +(at2d)+ ... +(a+(n—I)d) =nat }nln—1)=3 (td), last term in series=l=a+(n—1)d ‘Sum of Geometric Progression to n Terms 3.1.10 Sema-tartar+ ... -+ar M—r) (—10,k=1,2, .. Harmonic Mean of n Quantities /7 1,2,...)m) 3.1.4 m= a)" 3.1.15 M()=0(t<0, some a zer0) BL16 lim M()=max. — (@,02,-..ye)=max.a B17 lim M(Q)=min. — (@,02,-- @q)—=min. a 3.1.18 lim (@=@ 3.1.19 M()=4 3.1.20 M(-)=H 3.2, Inequalities Relation Between Arithmetic, Geometric, Harmonic ‘and Generalized Means B21 A> G2 H, equality if and only if a4—¢ 3.2.2 min, aHq2> ... 24m BEBEhD ... Dd, 3) ab2(3 a) & ) ‘Wilder's Inequality for Sums 3.2.6 3.2.7 4 Ay hoa, p>, g>1 Its 7 p>, g>! 328 Slabls(Zylal*) “(Sy at) equality holds if and only if {6,|—clas} stant>0). If p=g=2 we get (c=con- Cauchy's Inequality 3.2.9 [ abs | <3 at 35 bf (equality for a—chs, constant). ‘Holder's Inequality for Integrals Wo Té=4-=1, p>, g>1 ptq i Prlg 3.2.10 feos [verree]”[ [ocra]™ equality holds if and only if |g(z)|=elftz)|-* (c=constent>0). It |=2 we get S Schwars's Inequality 3.211 [fseroene]'s f° verde f° cores Minkowska’s Inequality for Sums If p>1 and a, 6,>0 for all k, 3.212 (& tortbar)"s(Sat)"4+(H an)”, equality holds if and only if b:—cas (¢=con- stant>0) ‘Minkowski’s Inequality for Integrala Itp>l, 3.2.13 (f we@+ocree)'"<(f" reorras)” +(f neoirae)” equality holds if and only if g(2)=¢f(e) (-=con- stant>0). 3.31 332 333 J wan iet 334 (upp mBiuldecudelde 3.3.5 é et: ade 3.3.6 é wy=u (2 ES in +2) Letbniz’s Theorem for Differentiation of an Integral sat HS teow “ete da 2 jeader JO) EO) ge 12 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS, Leibnis’s Theorem for Differentiation of a Product 3.3.8 Sofas) aC ee 339 Sift 3300 aaa (Ht) Bea Integration by Parts frdrma0— f ota nifty f fis) Integrals of Rational Algebraic Functions 3.9.12 3.8.13 (Integration constants are omitted) (arb) an 7 3.3.14 foetiyrae (oe—1) det 3.3.18, Sa lax-+0) Integrals of Irrational Algebraic Funs ‘The following formulas are useful for evaluating . ate where P(2) is a polynomial and n>1 is aninteger. 3.3.16 dz (ae bate) | 1, Par b—(6t—dae)} 8817 oR aaa eas 3818 =7—2, @4ae=0) Taatb 3.3.9 ade de SaePeperas eet airs 3.3.20 ae let Wry eHae) fT] dete) saat ft ad arctan 3.3.22 Sie aap inlet +o] de ba 3.3.23 orem | 2 st fearapmis tn Haeray waaay as |e5| 3325 [emma -d(a+ bz) ee Si chip 800 [SOF Ga0,ac0 3.8.28 ea a llBdle+bayM*4 H(e+ae)"*|— (A>0) ee 33.29 Serstere—ae a en HEBT” — eeato<) 3.3.30 | aad —Be)>0) © dad=beyh* ey 3.3.31 Sie+b(o+aanee ab META a b0y(e4-da))"4 _(ad—be) (ad— be)? tmastaar Bid J [arb era 3.3.32 SLEED ej totem cerann (ad—be) f dz 2% J (ere) (ean 3.3.38 de bao -¥? In |2a?(a2?+bz-+c)"?-+-2az-+b| (a>0) au D 3.3.34 =o" axesinh Gee (@>0, dac>89) 3.3.35 In [Rar-+b|(e>0, bac) 3.3.36 = (-0)-™ aresin REED, (<0, b> dae, raz +01<(P—Aey) 3.3.1 © feet inde (aero 4ac—8* de “as @Teto 3.3.38 Sxetzyen dt Where (=I) Fee p bape) rupee here = 3.3.39 f ade ero ~ 1 ua. te ce pet bate GT hare sao fo rta let esol 33.4 Pe@soridam§ (tot) LF in fet (ta dr ssa fasta de ssa fxg de 3.344 f wey 345 [rz yiden§ (29145 aresin 2 dz____1,, |a+(a*—a)}} sate [gta ih | dz, Si ei)" +d) x(ad—be)s 1 “Tada [oretay A> 3.3.50 maaan [b(ca*+ teen er | 2b (be i (b(ca* +d) }—z(be—ad) (be>ad) 3.4, Limits, Maxima and Minima Indeterminate Forms (L’Hospital’s ule) 3.4.1 Let (2) and g(2) be differentiable on an interval a0. Points 2 for which #’(2,)=0 are called stationary points. 3.4.3. (2) Functions of Two Variables ‘The function f(z, y) has 8 maximum or minimum, for those values of (7, yo) for which ayfoady — d#ffdc* and for which diff dHfoady |< (@) f(@,y) hes a maximum it <0 and <0 at (oss () f(eyy) bas a minimum it 250 ana 2h Zo at Corn). 3.5. Absolute and Relative Errors (1) If 2 is en approximation to the true value of z, then 8.5:1 (a) the absolute error of 2 is Ar=25—2, 2—% is the correction to 2. 3.5.2 (0) the relative error of ty is be— “EE 3.5.8 (c) the percentage error is 100 times the relative error. 3.54 (2) The absolute error of the sum or difference of several numbers is at most equal to the sum of tho absolute errors of the individual numbers. 3.5.5 (3) If fit ty... Z») is a function of % % +. %- and the absolute error in 2% i: = n) is Ax, then the absolute error fi PE ant ZL ant .. 2 sn, 3.5.6 (4) The relative error of the product or quotient of several factors is at most equal to the 38.7 (5) If y=J(), the relative error sy=Y¥ = L@) Approximate Values TE |<<, In| <<, b<0, two real roots, q=0, two equal roots, 2<0, pair of complex conjugate roots. —bja, ae=ela Solution of Cabio Equations 3.8.2 Given 2+a2'+a2+a,=0, let Ly lapel 1 Om} 5 ahs rE (0,84) If ¢-+r2>0, one real root and a pair of complex conjugate roots, ¢+r=0, all roots real and at least two are equal, ¢+r°<0, all roots real (irreducible case), Let (rte, a= [r— (C+ then a= (t8): Solution of Quartie Equations 3.8.3 Given o-a2+a92*-+0,2-+09= real root 1, of the cubic equation a —ag+ (a,a4—4aa)s— (0+ ot} —$.t) and determine the four roots of the quartic as solutions of the two quadratic equations of Gem-s) 910) ]~ 1s ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS If all roots of the eubic equation are real, use the valuc of wt, which gives real coefficients in the “quadratie oquation and select signs so that if Phat tant taetae= (e+peta) et tpeta), then Prt Pr= Gs, Prt ht =r, Pde t Pai =i, T= Ao. If 2, & #1, 2 are the roots, Bed, Beeeyee= 4, Beds, H202= Uo. Successive Approximation Methods General Comments 3.9.1 Let r=2 be an approximation to z=£ where f(2)=0 and both x and are in the interval aSz0, then the process converges but not, necessarily monotoni- cally. (n=1,2, . Degree of Convergence of an Approximation Process 3.9.2 Let 2, 2%, . . . be an infinite sequence of approximations to a number & Then, if where A and k are independent of n, the sequence is said to have convergence of at most the éth degree (or order or index) tog If k=1 and ACI the convergence is linear; if k=2 the con- vergence is quadratic. Regula Falsi (False Position) 3.9.3 Given y=f(e) to find & such that s(@)=0, choose 7 and x such that fizs) and (x1) have opposite signs and compute fate for, fife Then continue with 2, and either of z or x for which f(z) or f(z) is of opposite sign to flr). Regula falsi is equivalent to inverse linear inter- polation Method of Iteration (Successive Substitution) 3.9.4 The iteration scheme 2.4—=F(2:) will converge to a zero of z= F(z) if Q) |F'@|<¢0 and f’(z), f(z) do not change sign in the interval (z, §), or (2) Oscillatory convergence, f(xalf'"(eo)<0 and "(@), (2) do not change sign in the interval @o, 21), %SESa. Newton's Method Applied to Real nth Roots 3.9.6 Given 2*=N, if 2 is an approximation =N"* then the sequence will converge quadratically to 2. Tama, ang (Zn) Gs) Aitken's 5-Process for Acceleration of Sequences Ifn=3, ney 3.9.7 If te, Zest, tes are three successive iterates in a: sequence converging with an error which is approximately in geometric progression, then (em ane)_ziteys—ah ete Bay az, Mya 2ryr tease is an improved estimate of z. In fact, if zy—2-+* O(a*) then =2+O(A*), [N<1. ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS 19 3.10. Theorems on Continued Fractions Definitions 3.10.1 a (1) Let Satta ba If the number of terms is finite, f is called a terminating continued fraction. If the number of terms is infinite, f is called an infinite continued fraction and the terminating fraction oa STE eB is called the nth convergent of f. @) If lim 4 exists, the infinite continued frac- tion f is gaid to be convergent. If ae=1 and the bare integers there is always convergence. Theorems (1) If a and by are positive then fey Sin t>Sou @ A= An=by Anite By=b,ByrtOnBa-2 where A=1, Ao=be, B1=0, Bo=1. © fie ac) 8) AyByarAn-B, (8) For every n>0, dn ( ltbetbabst « fp id Lieu Cicaty OT eb cabs + tbabs ss be 11 1 1 ub ata aa aa” z 2 a staan * o+(-1) ‘Wig vt Lage _ ae , e+ Frovre 3.1. y=2". ai aneo,d 41, 2,5. Numerical Methods 3.11. Use and Extension of the Tables Example 1. Compute 2” and 2 for using Table 3.1. = (1.45071 4598-10") (4.20707 2333-10) 6.10326 1248-107 Maer (1.25184 9008-10™)#/29 =5.40388 2547.10" Example 2. Compute 2~*M for 2=9.19826. (9.19826)!"= (919.826/100)*"= (919.826)'/108 Linear interpolation (919.826)1"= 5.507144. By Newton's method for fourth roots with N=919.826, 1p_919.826 _. 5 FL tasty t306.007148) ]=5.s0714 345 Ropetition yields the same result. ‘Thus, in Table 3.1 gives '=5.50714 3845/10'= 1.74151 1796, x =zl/e— 18933 05683, 3.12. Computing Techniques Example 3. Solve the quadratic equation 18.22-+.056 given the coefficients as 18.2:t.1, See page 20 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS .056+.001. From 3.8.1 the solution is 2=H(18.24((18.2)*4(.058)}) =1(18.2+ (331.016!) =1(18.2+ 18.1939) = 18.1969, .003 ‘The smaller root may be obtained more accurately from . (058/18.1969=.0031 +.0001. Example 4. Compute (—3+.0076i)!, From 3.7.26, (—3+.0076i)'=u++iv where ‘Thus r=[(—3)*+-(.0076)*]!= (9.00005776)'=3.00000 9627 [some 9627— cay}. =| 2 1.73205 2196 a : “= 29 2L Ta205 2196) 00719 392026 We note thet the principal square root has been computed. Example 6. Solve the quartic equation 2*—2.37752 49222'+ 6.07350 574127 —11,17988 0232 +-9.05265 5259=0. Resolution Into Quadratic Factors GtpetadGttpa+a) by Inverse Interpolation: Starting with the trial value g=1 we compute Example 5. Solve the cubic equation 2’—18.12 —348=0. To use Newton's method we first form the table of f(z)=2*—18.12—34.8 2 fie 4-432 5 8 6 726 7 1815 We obtain by linear inverse interpolation: a5 0n(=3) BeBe A808. Using Newton’s method, j’(2)=82"—18.1 we get, a= ay—S(eo)/f" (a0) Repetition yields =5.00526 5097. Dividing Sle) by 2—5.00526 5097 gives 2*+5.00526 50972 +6.95267 869 the zeros of which are —2.50263 2549 +£.83036 800%. We seck that value of g for which y(q)=0 Inverse interpolation in y(q) gives y(q)=0 for g=2.003. Then, a] @ i pm | wlad 2003] 4520) —2850].172] .o11 2 and g= Inverse interpolation between 4 2.008 gives g=2.0041, and thus, oa oe 2.0081 | 4.51706 7840 | —2. 55259 257 007s 552 2 oog2 | 4 51684 2260 | —2. 55282 851 ‘00001 685 2 onda | 4.51651 e903 | —2 35308 447 —1 00075 263 Inverse interpolation gives gr 00420 2152, and we get finally, ® e p » via) 200420 2152 | 4 51683 7410 —2. 55288 358 | . 17530 8659 | —. 00000 0011 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS oo References Texts (a) R.A. Buckingham, Numerical methods (Pitman ‘Publishing Corp, New York, N-Y., 1957) [8.2] 7. Fort, Finite differences (Clarendon Press, Oxford, ‘England, 1948) [8.3] L. Fox, The use and constraction of mathematical tables, Mathematical Tables, vol. 1, National Physical Laboratory (Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, England, 1956). [8.4] G. H. Hardy, A course of pure mathematics, 9th ‘ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, and The Macmillan Co., New York, N.¥., 1947). [8.5] D. R. Hartree, Numerical analysis (Clarendon ress, Oxford, England, 1952). (8.6) F. B. Hildebrand, Introduction to numerical analysis (McGraw-Hil Book Co,, Inc., New York, N-¥., 1956) [8.7] A. 8, Householder, Principles of numerical analysis (MoGraw-Hill Book Co., Ine., New York, N.Y., 1953) {8.6 L. V. Kantorowitesh and V. I. Krylow, Naherungs- methoden der Hoheren Analysis (VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin, Germany, 1956; tranelated from Russian, Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1952), [8.9] K. Knopp, Theory and application of infinite series (Blackie and Son, Ltd., London, England, 1951). [3.10] 2. Kopal, Numerieal analysis (Joka Wiley & Sona, Ine., New York, N.Y. 1958). [8.11] @. Kowalewald, Interpolation und gentherte Quad~ ‘att (B. G. Teubner, Leipuig, Germany, 1982). {8.12] K. §. Kunz, Numorieal analysis (MeGraw-Hill Book Co., Ine, New York, N.¥., 1957) (2.13) C. Lanczos, Applied analysis (Prentioe-Hall, Ine, Englewood Clifs, N.J., 1956). [3.14] 1. M. Longman, Note on a method for computing Infinite integrals of oscillatory functions, Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soe. 62, 764 (1058) 18.15] 8. E. Mikeladze, Numerical methods ‘of mathe- matioal anolysie (Russian) (Gos, Iadat. ‘Tehn.- Teor. Lit, Moseow, USS.R., 1953). [8.16] W. E. Milse, Numerical caloulus (Prineston Univ, Press, Princeton, N.J., 1949). [3.7] L. M. Milne-Thomson, The calculus of finite difer- ‘ences (Macmillan and Co,, Ltd., London, England, 1981) (2.18) H. Mineur, ‘Techniques de calcul numérique (Librairie Polytechnique Ch. Béranger, Paris, France, 1952) [8.19] National Physical Laboratory, Modern computing methods, Notes on Applied Scienoe No. 16 (Her Majesty's Stationery Offiee, London, England, 1957). [8.20] J. B. Rosser, Transformations to speed the con- vergence of series, J. Research NBS 46, 56-64 1951). [3.21] J. B. Searborough, Numerical mathematical anal- ysla, 3d ed. (The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 'd.; Oxford Univ. Press, London, England, 1986), [8.22] J.P. Steffensen, Interpolation (Chelsea Publishing Co, New York, N.¥., 1950), [8.23] H. 8. Wall, Analytic theory of continued fractions (D. Van’ Nostrand Co., Ine, New York, N.Y., 1948). [3.24] E. T, Whittaker and G. Robinson, The calculus of observations, 4th ed. (Blackie and Son, Ltd., London, England, 1944). [8.25] R. ZurmUhl, Praktisohe Mathematik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1953) Mathematical Tables and Colleotions of Formulas [8.26] E. P. Adams, Smithsonian mathematical formulae ‘and tables of elliptic functions, Sd reprint. (The ‘Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1957). [3.271 L. J. Comrie, Barlow's isbles of squares, cubes, square roots, cube roots and reciprocals of all {integers up to 12,600 (Chemical Publishing Co., Inc., New York, N.Y., 1954) [8.28] H. B. Dwight, Tables of integrals and other mathe matical data, 3d ed. (The Macmillan Co,, New York, N-Y., 1987), 15.29] Gt, Britain HM. Nautical Almanse Office, Inter- polation and allied tables (Her Majesty's Sta- tionery OMlce, London, England, 1956). [330] B. 0. Peires, A short table of integrals, 4th ed (Ginn and Co,, Boston, Mase., 1956). [8.31] G. Schule, Formelsammlung zur praktischen Mathe- ‘matik (de Gruyter and Co., Berlin, Germany, 1945). 4, Elementary Transcendental Functions Logarithmic, Exponential, Circular and Hyperbolic Functions Rorm Zucner Contents Page Mathematical Properties . ap ee eines acuearey) BT 4.1, Logarithmic Function. 5... . . oT 4.2, Exponential Function... : Ba : 69 4.3. Circular Functions...) 2... ee errr: 44. Inverse Circular Functions) 221). - _ 79 4.5, Hyperbolic Functions... 6... ee +. 88 4.6, Inverse Hyperbolic Functions... . + 86 Numerical Methods... oe wa . 89 4.1, Use and Extension of the Tables 1... ere re) References . . . RGRAY SHR RE awe 93 Table 4.1. Common Logarithms (100<2<1350) . . + 9% logis 2, 2=100(1)1360, 10D Table 4.2, Natural Logarithms (0<2<2.1) ©... 2. 2 ee es 100 Inz, 2=0(.001)23, 16D Table 4.3. Radix Table of Natural Logarithms . . : eee In (+2), —In (1—2), 2=10-(L0-")10-™#, -m—=10(—1)1, 25D ‘Table 4.4 Exponential Function (0 <|z|<100) . . 6 @, £2=0(001)1, 18D, 2=0(.1)5, 15D (110, 12D, —2=0(.1)10, 20D £2=0(1)100, 198 ‘Table 4.5. Radix Table of the Exponential Function - 40 ee%, r= 100-10, n= 10(—1)1, 25D ‘Table 4.6. Circular Sines and Cosines for Radian Arguments (00, B#z>—axz) Limiting Valnce 4.1.30 Es a*Inz=0 (wconstant, @a>0) 4.131 lim z* In z=0 (aconstant, Ba>0) -y (Euler’s constant) ST721 50649... (eee chapters 1, 6 and 23) Tnequalitiee 4.1.33 Tee -1, 2#0) 4.1.34 2<-nd—9< 3 (elt+e 1 4.2.31 ey &<) 4282 0 7E<(l-e)<2 (@>-1) 42.38 2<(@—-D<=5 <1) 42:34 1e>e (e>—1) 4.2.38, e>itz, @>0, 20) 4236 e>(142)>e9 (0, 0 42.20 pee a azar et d= .31755 a,=.20330 7 The approximations 6.3.96 to 4.3:103 are from B. Carl- son, M- Goldstein, Rational approximation of funotons, Los. Alamos Scientitic Laboratory LA-1943, Los Alamos, Neer, 1955 (with permission) 43.101 OS2<} Ita ag tagt!tae tage” tansa!*+e(z) lela) 2x10" @,=.33333 14036 ay=.13339 23905 @4=.05337 40603 4.3102 + pect a1 +a tags +e(2) le@|saxa0-* 332867 43.103 O1) ra fete 43.121 f. 2 -de=—2 cob e+Insinz 43.122 Sees as.aas [Spydeme tan e+ln cone 43.126 zdz___asine L aos 2 G1) cos TE WHI) GD) eos Fe (n-2) (_edz +3 (Sa 0D 43.127 sia s coors dame 2 cose mtn HEEB fine 2 cost ede eae mn (mx—n) 4.3129 finns eds 43.180 foot 2de— 7B 13.131 ° a a ovan(3)+5 @>) apbsine (By abe = ya?) 1 tan (§)+d—(-a9! ee Oma | a tan (Z)45+(%09)! (>a) dz we agasa [Sam ttn (FG 4.3.1 1 2 (@—5) tan § Gea eo (@>) (=a) tan $+ Gat)! =m te =a) tan 5— Gath (P>a) 43.134 43.135 4,3.136 fev sin bede— py (@ sin bab 008 be) are 4.3,137 fe 09 be dome (a 005 be-+b in be) 4.3.138, ; e sint1be fe sint be de= “3B (a sin bo—nb cos be) nn 1)* Farr fe sin be de 43.159 tbe dono fe cost be da = Soe (a cos b2-+-nb sin bz) mn—1)| yaa nee fe cos"* be de Definite Integrals 43.140 {sin mtsinnt dro (myn, mand n integers) ffs mtcosmata0 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 43.8 f"sint nt dem [cost nt dey (nan integer, 70) 43.142 (m>0) =0 (m=0) =F (n0 445 arctan 2-+arceot 2=5 ae 44.6 sarcese 2—aresin 1/2 447 saresec 2=arecos 1/2 +48 arceot 2=arctan 1/2 449 arose 2-+arcese =r (see 4.3.45) Fraure 4.4. Branch euts for it Functions. 80 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS Fundamental Property The general solutions of the equations are respectively 44.10 t=Arcsin 2=(—1)* arcsin 2th 44.11 -Arocos z= 4 arccos 2-+2kr 44.12 t=Aretan zmareten et+ke (2-1) where & is an arbitrary integer. 4.4.13 Interval containing principal value y positive x negative or zero resin and arctan z O) ier 44.30 Aresee 2=—iLn[ HE—N] (a>) 4.4.31 4.4.92 Aresin 21: Aresin 22 =Aresin [2(1—29) i 2n(1—' #3) 4.4.33 Arecos 21+ Arceos 2 = Arreoos ( 2122F[(1—24) (1-2) }}} 44.34 Arotan o1 Aretan sy Arctan (21422) 4.4.35 Aresin 2: Arceos 2, =Aresin{ e:e124{(1—2i) (2)! =Areoos [23(1—21)!F2i(1—29)!] 4.4.36 Arctan 2;tArccot 23. Inverse Cireular Functions in Terms of Real and Imaginary Parte 4.4.37 Aresin 2=der-+(—1)* aresin 6 +(-ilnlat(@—D!) 4.4.38 Arceos 2=2hr+ { arccos 6: An [a+(e'—1)4]} ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 81 4.4.39 4446 Osz<1 Aretan e=kr-+4 arctan (a) +n SEGEN coe 4 Let Oni pat pase page" +a;2") +6(z) where k is an integer or zero and le(a)|<2x10 e=dletD tye) BERD Hee = 5 (Izy base-taget page? 1.57079 63050 03089 18810 =—.21459 88016 01708 81258 Series Expansions 44.40 a a= 08807 89874 00667 00901 5 1.3.52" 2 aresin 2=2-+575 Fe z ee es (alc 00126 24911 an 4447 -1S2S1 1:3-5... (2-1) arctan 2=ayz-+age age" +ayz?+ag2"+e(2) sresin 2) 5 -e) [14 33 re woe, (lex) mors ait = 99986 60 a;=—.08513 30 arctan e=2—242_£ (le|<1 and 24-1) @,=—.33029 95 a= .02083 51 on a= 18014 10 ae it. eb Land ete—1 oat gat gett (lal an D | guage —1Sz<1 2 [42 2 124 Habtiieths(ta)+]) eccan s-pptgatete (1) Conetaned Frectioais le@)t, use arctan 2=}x—aretan (1/2) 44.51 —Wise1) ees 46.33 aretanh met S 42424... (lel1) 4.6.36 aaresinh Vise it B+ oF TH Differentiation Formulas $ aresinh 2=(1+24)-$ 46.37 Paresinh (1424) 46.38 4 arcoosh 2=(e"—1) 6. Frarecosh == Ce 4639 ft oa 6. Ff arctanh 2=(1—2")~ a 1 $640 f aseeseh =F (according as #220) a soa Paresech Fy See oaae a 1 4642 2 arccoth =(1—2) Integration Formulas 4649 Paresh ede=z aresinh 2—(1-+24 4.6.46 arcoosh 2 dems arcaosh 2—(e!—1)) 46.45. farctanhede=z arotenh 2+41n (2) 4.646 farcosch ¢ do~s arcech e-:arcsinh 2 * (according as #220) 46.47 foresoch 2 deme arsech es:aresin = . 46.48 farcooth ¢ deme arceoth «+3 la (#1) 4.6.49, fesresinb ede =" aresinh 2—§ (e+)! 4.6.50 er (fetoresinh 2de— 277 eresiahe—1s [gram (we—1) 4.6.51 4.6.53 (fr erotanh 2 de—2>* arctan 245 4.6.54 fe arctan eae 2 arctan oats fa (@#—1) 4.6.55 fe arecsch 2 de—F areesh 25 (I+be4! * (according as #220) 4.6.56 areesch do Zi" areosch et ray Jew e “ee "=n FD (n#—1) ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS aresech 25 (I-24) (according es #2220) 4.6.58 ons 1 ferevesech 2de— 2 aresechest ts fade (@n#-1) Numerical 4.7, Use and Extension of the Tables Nore: In the examples given it is assumed that the arguments are exact. Example 1. Computation of Common Logarithms. To compute common logarithms, the number must be expressed in the form z-10*, (1.175 Example 5. Compute In z for z=1131.718 to 8D. Using 4.1.7, 4.1.11 and Table 4.2 1131. 718331) T13T in U51 718 to 1.131 +10 10° 4836)-+o 1.18143 In 10. In 1131,718=Inf T =In (1.00063, ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS: 93 Example 25, Compute aresee 2.8 to 5D. Using 4.3.45 and Table 4.14 +—1)) aresee 2—aresin =D" [2.81 28 =aresin .93404 97735 =1.20559 arcsin arcsec 2. or using 4.3.45 and Table 4.14 arcsec 2—arctan (2—1)* 1+.96035. Ini 96005 =$ ln 49.4136 191 =4(3.90078 7359) = 1.950394, 1p 2:96085 arctanh .96035=5 “W806 Example 27. Compute arccosh z for 2=1.5368 to 6D. Using Table 4.17 sarccosh 2_arcoosh 1.5368, (1) [0.5368)"—1P arccosh 1.5368= (.852346)(1.361754)* = (.852846) (1.166942) 852346 aresee 2.8—arctan 2.61533 9366 = 004638. Z—arctan 98285 95564, from 4.4.3 and 4.4.8 | Example 28, 1 SrOTG— SAN: Compute arccosh z for 2=31.2 to 5D. =1.20559. Using Tables 4.2 and 4.17 with 1/2=1/31.2 = 03205 128205 Example 26. ; 2-In 31.25. Compute aretanh 2 for z=.96035 to 6D. sncooah #1-2- In B13 -602898 From 4.6.22 and Table 4.2 arecosh 31.2=.692886-+3.440418=4.13330. References Texte [4.1] B, Carlson, M. Goldstein, Rational approximation ‘of tanetions, Lor Alatios ‘Seating Laboratory Tactaad (lee Alamos, Ne Mex, 1955) {4.21 ©. 'W. Ghonshaw, Polynomial approximations. to lesenaryfunition, Math. Tables Aids Comp. area? dgoo: [4.3] C.'W. Glenshaw, A note on the summation of hebyaber serie, Mats, Tables Aids Comp. 9 c 1 0s rs aeiog pare lati i. souree of pure mathematica, 0th od, fe Unies Bee Oanbelign ‘Bape, \ 1 ot milan Con Stew Pores (1.5) ©. Hating mations for digital gota Le APES ae Bagi Soe (401 0. isin HipgNote 148, Math, Tables Aids (471 Wr Hisheon 4 teatoe on plone trigonometry, ‘sgh’ edy (Cambridge Univ. "Prom, Cambridge, Bogland, 1918), (4.8) HS Wall, Analytie th (@D,, Van’ Nostrand ‘Co., 184s). of continued fractions Inc, New York, N.Y, ‘Tables 1s 22 ts, etre a Sofie Pere es ore soe se 1957). 11) 3 Rey, Nearest enema gd ta ae [4.11] British Association for the Advaneoment of Science, athernaseal Tabs, vol. Crsular and by folie fonctions, exponential, sine and comin ‘Elst factorial Fictions led tunes Hecmiica probability fuaetony ‘Com ‘bridge Us lamtrige, England, S981 {4.12} Chemial Rubber Company, Seatlard mathematic! ‘ables, 120s ed. (Chemfoal Rubber Publ. Co cp Cone, Clann sigue mathemati mite, Chambers six-igure mathematica stig ol 2 ee Ober, i, London, 1H, Bee Tabes of intra and oer mat (4 Tables of integrals and other matte- " ied Satay Sl tov: ed be Moctllan Co, iow York, N.Y, 1957) (45) We Grabnet and "Notte, nty aa ‘bette tnd bem Iierae (pring Verieg, Wien und Tnasbruck, Austin 19461080). (8.16) Harvard’ Computation Eaboraiory, Tables of, the function arcuin = (Harvard aly, Pres, ‘Camm Bidce Sue, 150. smary, 0SeSK8, Sey 8, 0 vrring ara 9 [4.17] Harvard Computation Laboratory, Tables of inverse (an) Beperbolle functions, iarvacd “Unie, Pre, Guinbedno, Massy 1940). eretanh =, On 5.14 Bon [ae 5.15 ax(ey=f" rernat (0,1, 7 51.6 A= fl rend —=0,1,2,...) In 5.1-Lit is assumed that the path of integration excludes the origin and does not cross the negative real axis. ‘Analytic continuation of tho functions in 5, 5.1.2, and 5.1.4 for n>0 yields multi-valued f tions with branch points et 2=0 and ze! ‘They are single-valued functions in the plane cut along the negative real axis.‘ The function 1i(2), the logarithmic integral, has an additional branch point at 2 Interrelations Eile) Fix, HE, (—2+ 10) +-E,(—2—10)] (=>0) "ome auto {516 {8.8} ee the ene fncin {foo-esai os te tui fneton ad dante by lao). We have Bin) =2)4In «Vaou autor defe theta (eat in the z-plane cut along the positive real axis and denote it also by Ei(e), For 2=2>0 additional notations such as Ei(z) (ea, in (6.10), (5.26), B*(2) (in (6.2), Bi*(2) Gn 5.6) ere then used to designate the principal value of the integral Correspondingly, £;(z) is often denoted by —Ei(—2). Explicit Expressions for aa() and éa(#) 2 aD y S18 (slant tet ted. et 5.19 Bale) =nlen™fet fag... (aye etterse +5) Frovre 6.1. y=Bi(z) and y=E,(2) a wa apyes Pr a a a ), 1, 2, 3, 5, 10 EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS Froure 64. y=Ba(2) n=0, 1, 2,5, 10, 15 Series Expansions 5.1.10 Bi@)=rHaet eo Bint sau By@)=—y—lne-Zy E(larg ale) (=2)" = al (larg al<) W)=—7, Ka)=—7+ BH @>y) ‘y= .57721 58649 . . . is Euler's constant, 229 Symmetry Relation 5.1.18 E,@)=E,@) Recurrence Relations 5.14 Eq (=hle-'—2E,(9)) (0=1,2,3, SLIS cm(2)=e*tneil) 6 1,2,3,...) 5.1.16 8,(2) =| (—1)*e"—e*-+n8,1(2) (n=1,2,3,.. Inequalities (5.8), [5.4] 5.117 Bl) 0;n=1,2,3, ...) 54.18 EX2)0;n=1,2,3,...) 3.1.19 (@>0;n=1,2,3, a cena) < an Sapsi 5.1.20 ain (142)o) 5.1.21 aes eR ]>9 (@>0;n=1,2,3, Continued Fraction Biome AAT S...) (eae Special Values 5a.23 5.1.24 5.1.25, 230 Derivatives aE 2) 5.1.26 Fm —Ey_1(2) (a=1 5.1.27 le Ex(2)) (yr! +Sige SenonZ (@=1,2, Definite and Indefinite Integrals (For more extensive tables of integrals see [5.3], [6.6], [5.11], [5.12], [5.13]. For integrals involving E(t) see [5.9}.) 5.1.28 dt=eE,(ab) 5 , 5.1.29 es jo DFE =e E,(—iab) (a0, b>0) 3.1.30 * tid jo PEG “dt=eEx(ab) — (a>0,6>0) 5.3L Ppp edt=e-*(—Ei(ad) +n) (@>0,b>0) [tann? 5.1.33 ff Btoa—2 ne ‘5.1.34 ff moa Sata PA wy 5.1.85 + ot B dtmr—arcton ? +4E;(—a+ib) (e>0,b>0) EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 5.1.36 fi same dtmarctan ? + FE (a+b) (a>0,} real) 5.1.37 SP at} in (+R) +B) +RE(—atib) (@>0,6 real) 5.1.38 - * e841 008 BY) yt fe ara} in (14.4) +RE,(a+ib) — (a>0,b real) 5.1.39 a dt Ey(e) Hn ety sido [2 ha—-Bi@—ne1 (>0) 5.L41 Saipan hte Bot) eB 0-10) -+eonst. 5.1.42, a0 gg} [e-*E,(—a—iz) + °F, (ai) Stele Boia) Boia) tconst. ‘5.143, Safa ee——§ Herm (-2+ia) Foonst, (a0) 5.1L Saou Relation to Incomplete Gamma Funetion (see 6.5) A(e*E(—2+ia))+eonst. (a>0) 5.1.45 E,(2)=2""'T(1—n, 2) 5.146 a,(2)=2-'T(nt1, 2) SALAT fae) (+1, —2)-Tnt1, 2)] Relation to Spherical Besse! Functions (see 10.2) 5148 ale) 2 Ki), BYE 5189 ae) Kle), Hy = EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS [Numaber-Theoretie Significance of li (2) (Assuming Riemann’s hypothesis that all non- real zeros of £(2) have a real part of 4) 5.1.50 li @)—(e)=O(ve ln 2) (2) is the number of primes less than or equal tox. @eo) y 0200 400600600 1000 Froven 6.5. y=li(e) and y=x(2) Asymptotic Expansion MOEN) _ moh) 49) ) (jarg e| 5.213 g()= "eet atm [at (Be>0) Ficure 5.6. y=Si(e) and y=Ci(z) Series Expansions = (eget 521 Si) ‘0 Gn FD OnFiyl 8i(@)=r 33 32.3 (2) 5.215 EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS. 8.216 — Ci(e)=y+In +3 wer 5217 hi@= DE, GEN eTy! 5.218 Chie)=r-tln +3 am Symmetry Relations 5.2.19 Si(—z)=—Si(2), Si@)=Si(e) (O0) 5.2.23, Cie) =F (G2) + Bie) (ang I<) 5.2.24 Ciliz)=5(EWG@)—E@)+iF (e>0) Value at Infinity 5.2.25 lim Si(2)=5 Integrals (For more extensive tables of integrals see (6.3), (6.6), (5.11, (6.121, [6.13}) © sin t saa [tae si(e) (larg 2l<) saat [facile ang al<) 5.2.28 s2.a9 fi” e*si(nai——aretona — (Ba>0) 104 (tat 2 : . Ci (tdt=—Z in (L+a) — (Ra>0) 5.290 [cos rc totem > sin ti (Qdt=—7 EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL saat [oF waa f” sendy 5.2.32" Lf Gilt) sidt=In2 5.2.33, Lae sarees acai ) +Ci (6) +RE(a+ ib) (a real, b>0) ata! y ate = (arg 2|no where m= (2). From §.1.52, with no=12, 2—: 2.3, we have 10001) Ef " 1.91038 10-7, yyg (1+ 02032-90083 — Using the recurrence relation 5.1.14, as indicated, wwe get EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS: nm 108,123) 10°,(12.3) 2 - 191038 - 191038 2 n 199213 183498, 13 10 + 208098 +176516 uu 9 = 21793 - 170042, 15 8 = 228408 = 164015, 16 7 = 240073 - 158397 Ww 8 - 252951 - 158144 18 5.267234 = 148226 19 4.288155 - 143608 20 3 - 300998, 2 321117 1 343953 ‘From Tables 5,2 and 5.5 we find E,(12.3)=.343953 X10~, Eyo(12.3) =.143609X10~ as a check. Example 7. Compute aa(2) to 6S forn=1(1)5. ‘The recurrence formula 5.1.15 can be used for all z>0 in increasing order of m without loss of accuracy. From 5.1.25 we have a(2)—3¢* =.0876676, so we get e4(2) .0676676 101501 169169 s2u4at 710510 1.84304 Independent calculation with 5.1.8 yields the same result for a4(2). ‘The functions ax(2) and a(2) can be obtained from Table 10.8 using 5.1.48, 5.1.49. Example 8. Compute @,(2), 1m: for 2=1, N=5. Use the recurrence relation 5.1.16 in increasing order of n if =>.308N+.184 In N-+.821 and in decreasing order of n otherwise [5.5]. From 5.19 with n=5 we get Ay(1)=—.24207 correctly rounded to 6D. Using the recurrence formula 5.1.16 in decreasing order of m and carrying 9D we get the values in column (2). Bat) (0) 2 a) @ 0 2.35040 2 2.35040 2389 1 =.73575 9269 —.73675 8880 2 87888 384987888 4620 3 44950 9722 44950 7383 4.55236 3499 © «55237 2854 5 —3m34 3774 = — 32420 7 ‘Using forward recurrence instead, starting with EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS .350402 and again carrying 9D, column (1). The underlined figures are in error. The above shows that three signifi- ‘cant figures are lost in forward recurrence, whereas about three significant figures are gained in back- ‘ward recurrence! ‘An alternative procedure is to start with an arbitrary value for n sufficiently large (see also [6.1). To illustrate, starting with the value zero at n=11 we get . bat) * a(t) uo 5 —.324297 10280560 4 552373 9 —206984 3 —.449507 8 319908 2 878885 7 253812 1.735759 6 404631 0 2.350402 ‘The functions fo(2) and 6,(z) can be obtained from Table 10.8 using 5.1.48, 5.1.49. Example 9. +6.8943%. From Table 5.6 we have for 2=: -24°0E, (20) =.934958-+.095598i, °F, (@)=.059898 —.107895i. Compute Ei(2) for 2=3.2578 yb iy=34Ti ‘From Taylor's formula with j(2)=e*E,(2) we have oreo ae LE) (ayn. 235 2=.2578—.1057i, ‘Thus with 5.1.27 & F¢e0/et (ann ypm(eaiat 0 .osos98 —. 107805: 050808 —. 107a051 1] ‘oogi7 +: 012705: 003460 +. 0024854 2| —‘ooiss9 +! 000155: —- on00%4 +: ooo1z05 3 | 000088 —' 0002121 —! 090003 —! ooo004s {(2)=.063261 —.1053544 —.022075% —.004716% Repeating the caleulation with m=3+6i and Ae=.2578-+.8943i we get the same result. ‘An alternative procedure is to perform bivariate interpolation in the real and imaginary parts of 20'E, (2), Example 10. Compute E,(2) for «: +12.7i. ‘Using the formula at the bottom of Table 5.6 711093, Be) = areas ET + 278518. +: 010389 1.90572 12.74 * 2.09004 12.77 184106—.0736698i By(e) 1.871834. 705404, 42 References Texts [8.1] F. J. Corbsté, On the computation of auxiliary functions for two-center integrals by means of & high-speed computer, J. Cher. Phys. 24, 452-453, (1958) [5.2] A. Eraélyi et al, Higher transcendental functions, ‘vol. 2 (MeGrew-Hill Book Co,, Ine., New York, N.Y, 1953). [53] A. Erdélyi et al, Tablos of integral transforms, vols, 41, 2 (MeGraw-Hill Book Co., Ine, New York, N.Y, 1959). [5] W. Gautechi, Some elementary inequalities relating ‘to the gamma and incomplete gamma function, J. Math. Phys. 88, 7-81 (1959). [5.5] W. Gautschi, Recursive computation of certain integrals, J. Assoc. Comput. Mach. 8, 21-40 (1961) [5.6] W. Grobuer and N. Hotreiter, Integraltafel (Gpringer-Verlag, Wien and Innsbruck, Austria, 1949-50). 15.7] C. Hastings, Jr., Approximations for digital com- ‘puters (Prinoston Univ. Press, Prinoeton, N. 1955). [5.8] E. Hopf, Msthematical problems of radiative ‘equilibrium, Cambridge Tracte in Mathematics ‘and Mathematical Physios, No. 31 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1994) [5.9] V. Kourganoff, Basic methods in transfer problems (Oxford Univ. Press, London, England, 1952), [6.10] ¥, Laeeh and F. Schoblik, Die Fakultat und ver~ wandte Funktionen (B. G. Teubner, Leipzig, Germany, 1951). (5.11) N. Nielsen, ‘Theorie des Intograllogarithmus (B. G. ‘Teubner, Leipaig, Germany, 1906). 236 15.12] F. Oberhettinger, Tabellen zur Fourier Transforma- ‘tion (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Gottingen, Heidel- ‘berg, Germany, 1957) [5.18] I. M. Ryshik and I. 8. Gradstein, Tables of series, produete and integrals (VEB Deutscher Verlag. der Wissenschaften, Berlin, Germany, 1957). [5.4] 8. A. Schelkunoft, Proposed symbol for the modified ‘cosine and exponential integral, Quart. Appl. Math. 2, 90 (1944) [5.18] J. Todd, Evalustion of the exponential integral for large complex arguments, J. Research NBS 52, 318-317 (1954) RP 2508. [5.16] F. G. Tricomi, Funsioni ipergeometriche conffuenti (Gaizioni Cremonese, Rome, Italy, 1954). ‘Tables [5.17] British Association for the Advancement of Science, Mathematical Tables, vol. I Circular and hyperbolic functions, exponential sine and cosine integrals, ete., 34 ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1951). Bi(2)—In 2, —By(2) 0) ef eenat (@2>0, #h>0) Euler's Formula 6.1.2 TO=Im FD... @ra) @MO— Euler's Tafnite Product 1 ent [ (148 )eon ran A [en] aim fitdttete... ttn m ars Tata im =.57721 56649... 1s known as Euler’s constant and is given to 25 decimal places in chapter 1. T(z) is single valued and analytic over the entire complex plane, save for the points e=—n(n=0, 1, 2, ...) where it possesses simple poles with residue (—1)*/nl. Its reciprocal 1/T (2) is an entire function possessing simple zeros at the points 2=—n(n=0, 1, 2, . ..). Hante's Contour Integial 8 Af citer Hef, coreat The path of integration C starts at + on the real axis, circles the origin in the counterclockwise direction and returns to the starting point. nint 6.1.3 (llc) 6.14 (alc) Factorial and I Notations 6.15 N@)=2!=Te+1) Integer Values 6.1.6 P(n+1)=123... (n—1)n=n! 6.1.7 (n=0, 1, 2,...) Fractional Values 6.18 ra)=2f *dt=nt= 1.77245 38509 fh Frourz 6.1. Gamma function. * 1¥=T@), ~~ ~~, valle) 6.1.9 1(G/2)—4rt—.88622 69254... = (9)! reat a 5248 409 py) 6.1.10 T'(4)=8.62560 99082... 6a. rent yee GO—D pe T(4)=2.67808 85947... rot patt87 =) pq) 6.112 6.1.13 1(G)=1.35411 79394... 11415... n—1) 6114 + Tant§)= ra) TQ) =1.22541 67024... . See page 1 255 256 GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS Recurrence Formulas 6.115 P(e+1)=2P(e) 2(2—1) 6.1.16 Teate)=(n—142)(n—2+2) ... (142) M(1+2) 142)! =(n—1+2)(n—2+2) ... (1422! Reflection Formula 6117 P()P—2)=—2r(—ar@ =n ese x2 =fafhe o0) 6.1.40 InP@)~(2-#) mb z-zt+d ln te) Bua +a For B, see chapter 23 “(e+e in larg el 9 1 gpa S3, gyal, f 210" 371" Fr 2900 | 290044593 _ 109535241009 Paap ay aT o—go737 “—T9733142" “48204275402 a Wallis! Formula! [ 6.1A9 a] 2 (ey =y donk 35. =) 7 ee oa F8 +. a) 7 @n)t =) Taet4) Le - ‘AT (a+)) - Figure 6.2. Psi function tet (ne) ‘Some Definite Integrals 6.1.50 mr@=f"[evew =(¢-#) In 2-2-4410 2 +ofe sestan (eg 6.2, Beta Function r]t @s>o (Rz >0) 6.2.1 Bew=f pm a ca (sin (cos )™ dt (R2 > 0, #w>0) PPO) _ Bey,2) at 6.2.2 Bleo)= TeFw) 6.3. Psi (Digamma) Function * 63.1 Y(e)=dln P(2)|/de=T"(@)/T (2) “+Some authors employ the special double factorial nota- tion as follows: Qn) 112-46... @n=2%ni (@n-1) 11 13-5... Gn—1—e 4 2 Pent) ‘Some autho witeva) =n (et 1 andl for ‘the polygamma functions, Tteger Valuce 632 ¥)=—7, vinm—74+ Sie! (22) Fractional Values 6.3.3 ¥(4) = —7—2 In 2=—1,96351 00260 21423 6.3.4 Mant i=—7—2 In 242 (145 +++ Recurrence Formulas 63.5 vetnav@+4 6.3.6 1 1 Yor d—qanget art 1 to ates) GAMMA FUNCTION AND Refleetion Formula 6.3.7 ¥(1—2)=¥(2)+ cot rz Duplication Formula 03.8 ¥2e)—IV(e)+4¥(2+4) +n 2 Pal Function in the Complex Plane 6.3.9 y@=H 6.3.10 RY iy) = RU iy) = AVF iy) = BVA —iy) 6.3.11 IV ig)=ty +4 « coth ry 6.3.12 IVG+ iy) =4e tanh ry 6818 S¥1+ip=—Z Hd x coth wy ae Series Expansions 6.3.14 YOte)=—1t SUI) EM)e* (lel <1) 6.3.15 “ VW(L+2)=}e7— 4x cot re— (1-2!) 1-7 —Zren+ y=" (lela) 6.3.16 Wt)=—t Dy (@#-1,-2,-3,...) 63.1 ALi) +3 (-pre@n ty =a" (Wui<2) arte Ett) (-#0) vFrom W. Sibageki, Theory and spplications of the ‘gamma function, Iwanami Syoten, Tokyo, Japan, 1952 (with permission). 260 6.4, Polygamma Functions’ 6.4.1 vine =7n VO = Fern in T(@) (n=1,2,3,...) ne 2 meme Pa ¥(2),(n=0,1, . . .), is asingle valued analytic function over the entire complex plane save at the points -=—m(m=0,1,2, . . . ) where it pos sesses poles of order (n-+1). (Rz>0) Integer Values 642 vo =(-1 alta $1) (n=1,28, . .) 6.4.3 v™(n+1)=(—1)"m! [Erman Stetat ont Fractional Values 6.4.4 vO) =(—1) ala — rn) (n=1,2,...) 645 V(t Hm bet A Sek) Recurrence Formula 646 YAH 1) =Y%E)+(—1) ale Reflection Formula 7 y—2)+(—1 ppm g)a(—yee cot x2 Multiplication Formula 64.8 + ym(ma)=tin mote Sve (ett 1 y/isknown as the trigammafunction. ”, 99, ¥ are the tetra-, penta-, and hexagamma functions respectively. Some authors write ¥(2) =dlint(e+1)l/de, and similarly {or the polygamma funetions. ‘ee page GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS Series Expansions 6.4.9 vrata (ae [atrentd) tne OP rata...) Yelein | arg 2|0) 6.5.2 +1(0,2)=P(a, 2)P(@)= (aa>0 6.5.3 T(@,2) =P @)—va,2)= fetem'ate 6.5.4 1a, 2) =2-"P(a, 2) =: ‘y* is a single valued analytic function of a and 2 possessing no finite singularities, GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 261 a oFeoas 7 0.50 From F. G. Tricomi, Sulla funsione gamma incompleta, Annali di Matematics, IV, 83, 1950 (with permission). 262 6.5.5 Probability Integral of the x’-Distribution 6.5.6 (Pearson’s Form of the Incomplete Gamma Function) 1 (HFT ay lo =agen fe =P(p+1, wet) 682 Caaf costae (#a<1) "yet sin ¢ dt 65.8 S(za)= (ax) 6.5.9 By) [oresaem “rn 6.5.10 anf 6.5.11 Hndt=e"T (L+n2) aa! = @=2F Incomplete Gamma Function as a Confluent ‘Hypergeometric Funetion (aoe chapter 13) 6.5.12 y(a,2)=a's%e*M(1, 1+a,2) * M(a, 1+a,—2) Special Values 6.5.13 Ponadai—(14eh ht Sloe (ee* For relation to the Poisson distribution, see 26.4. 6.5.18 (On, =a 65.18 10,2) = [oidnn, @ GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 65.16 (8, 22) e-8 dimye ert 65.17 P(at)=2] e“dtmye erfe 2 68.18 Wre7*G,—29 feta 65.19 ” [ce SH] 6.5.20 P(ayiz)=eb"* [C(2,0)—iS(2,0)] Recurrence Formulas 6821 Pett, )=Pl,)—FeEy 65.22 y(a+1,2)=0y(a2)—2%e* 65.23 y*(a—1,2)=ay*(a.2) +35 @) Derivatives and Differential Equations 6.5.24 @)._--f tt in 2 —Bi(@)—In 2 65.25 Boe) 20) _aeige 6.5.26 Zerreal=(ye rata) (=0,1,2,. 6.5.27, PD fexy* @al=eey*(a—n, 2) Oz" ” * (w= 1,2, 65.00 Latte) taym0 Series Developments ) a GAMMA FUNCTION AND 6.5.30 v(a, z+y)—r(a, 2) ment Ya (= erat) ui0Je<=) Aermipeio Repnitica 6.5.32, Teo,2)merten [2S] (= in ang 2/<3) Suppose Ry(@2)= tala)... is tho re- mainder after n terms in this series. Then if a,z are real, we have for n>a—2 [Raa] 1 65.34 timed 4 for 2 nee 1 for 00,4b>—1 6.5.36 [reeraenar 6.5.37, [fF errend- Pee (Batb)>0, Ba>0) 6.6. Incomplete Beta Function 6.6.1 Ba,d)— J “aide 6.6.2 1.(a,) =By(a,b)/B(a,b) For statistical applications, seo 26.5. Symmetry J(a,b) i-2(6,0) Relation to Binomial Expansion 6.6.3 6.6.4 Lan—-a+)=33 (9) aw! For binomial distribution, see 26.1 Recurrence Formulas 6.65. Lela,b)=21,(a—1,8) + (1—2)Ll0,0—1) 6.6.6 (a+b—az)I,(a,b) * (1—2)1.(a+1,6—1)+614(0,0+1) 6.6.7 (a+6)I-(a,b) =al,(a+ 1,6) +b1.(a,b+1) Relation to Hypergeometric Fun B.(a,b) =a" 6.6.8 “'x8F(a,1—b; a+1; 2) Numerical Methods ~ 6.7. Use and Extension of the Tables Compute 1(6.38) to 88. Using 16 and Table 6.1 we Example 1. the recurrence relation 6. have, (6.38) ={(6.38) (4.38) (3.88) (2.38) (1.38)]P(1.98) =232.43671. Example 2. Compute ln (56.38), using Table 6-4 and linear interpolation in fz. We have In F (66.38) = (56.38—4) In (56.38) — (56.38) +4:(66.38) ‘The error of lincar interpolation in the table of the funetion f is smaller than 10~7 in this region. Hence, f(56.38)=.92041 67 and In 1(56.38 169.85497 42. Direct interpolation in Table 6.4 of logic T(n) climinates the necessity of employing logarithms, However, the error of linear interpolation is .002 80 that log, P(n) is obtained with a relative error of 107% See page 264, Example 3. Compute $(6.88) to 88. Using the recurrence relation 6.3.6 and Table 6.1. (6.38) —setietie tae ie to =1.77275 59. Example 4. Compute (56.38). Using Table 6.3 we have ¥(56.38)=In 56.38—7,(56.38). ‘The error of linear interpolation in the table of the function f, is smaller than 8X10-" in this region. Hence, fs(56.38) =.00889 53 and y(56.38) = 4.023219. Example 5. Compute In T(1—i). From the reflection principle 6.1.23 and Table 6.7, In FL) = FAFA) =—.8509-+.3016%. Example 6. Compute In T@+4i). Taking the logarithm of the recurrence relation 6.1.15 we have, mra@+y) In PG+44)—In (4-444) .23419-+ 034674 —@In¢+i arctan 1) =.11239—.750734 ‘The logarithms of complex numbers are found from 4.1.2. Example 7. Compute In 1(8+7i) using the duplication formula 6.1.18. ‘Taking the logarithm of 6.1.18, we have —#ln 2r=— 91894 (E47) In2— 1.732874 4.852034 In PG-+4)=—3.31598-+ 2.92553i In P@+4)=—2.66047 + 2.98869% In P(8+7i) =—5.16252-+10.116254 Example 8, Compute In [(3-+7%) to 5D using the esymptotie formule 6.1.41, We have In (8+7i) =2.08022 15+1.16590 45%. Then, (2.547%) In (B+7i) =—3. 0857770+4-17.1268119% —(+7i)=—8, 0000000— 7. 0000000% $in @e)= 9189385 L2e+7)) 0043103. 0100575i —(360(8+7)"= —.0000059— . 00000221 In P8+7i) 16252 +10. 11625i GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 6.8. Summation of Rational Series by Means of Polygamma Functions An infinite series whose general term is a ra- tional funetion of the index may always be reduced to a finite series of psi and polygamma functions. The method will be illustrated by writing the ex- plicit formula when the denominator contains « triple root. Let the generel term of an infinite series have the form = pin) ‘dh(n)d,(m)dafn) where &(n)=(ntay)(n-+ay) . . . (n+ am) a(n) = (n+ 8)" (n+)? . . (A+8,)? Ain) =(n+y)ntr) ©.» (tn) where p(n) is a polynomial of degree m-+2r-+3s—2 at most and where the constants a, By, and y, are distinct, Expand t, in partial fractions as follows Oe Bi wtathare + Tap on teen tatoo Baty bet yo ‘Then, we may express x =0. constants appearing in this partial fraction expan- sion as follows —Zata) —Dhvata+E bats) —Hawa+w+e ovary -Bavarn. Higher order repetitions in the denominator are handled similarly, If the denominator contains GAMMA FONCTION AND only simple or double roots, omit the correspond ing lines. Since RELATED FUNCTIONS 265 ‘Therefore #= 16y(1) —169(14) + (1) +’ (14) =.018499., Example 9. Find Example 11. =} =. “Bere paty 2 GGA (eralso6.3.18). 1 a oe | et if t WHat NaRF atl ata tasty We have, gape 6 mH at we have a=l, a=}, =}, a=, o=—1, =F. Thus, $= — 32) HL) — 4902) =.047108. Example 10. : : # Find e= 3 Spy 1 Sine reer we have, ) Bat, but —16, by=16, bn=1, bl. i Lan) 2 \ nF Rin 2i, and therefore +8) —¥-D}4 5 wA+2) 40-20). 6 By 6.3.9, this reduces to IVA+2). From Table 6.8, s=.13876. References Texte [6.1] E. Artin, Hinfohrung in dio Theorie der Gammaa- fanktion (Leipzig, Germany, 1931). [6.2] P. E. Bohmer, Diflerenzengleichungen und be- stimmte Integrale, chs. 3, 4, 5 (K. F. Koehler, Leiptig, Germany, 1939). [6.8] G. Doetsch, Handbuch der Laplaee-Transforma- tion, vol. Tl, pp. 52-61 (Birkhauser, Basel, Switzerland, 1955). [6:4] A. Erdélyi et al, Higher transcendental functions, vol. 1, ch. 1, eh. 2, see, 5; vol. 2, oh. 9 (McGraw. Hill Book Co,, Ine., New York, N.Y., 1953). [6.5] C. Hastings, Jr., Approximations for digits! eom- ‘puters (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J., 1955). [8.6)"F. Lésch and F. Schoblik, Die Fakultit und ver- ‘wandte Funktionen (BG. Teubner, Lelpaig, Germany, 1951). [6.7] W. Sibagaki, Theory and applications of the gamma function (Iwanami Syoten, Tokyo, Japan, 1952) [6.8] E. T. Whittaker and G. N. Watson, A course of modern analysis, ch. 12, 4th ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1952). Tables (01 A. Abamor iba £0) fo ees ee ee" Taainel fou Se Hane oy DS By eos ray Non one WY, 0 eee cota yah 6 [6.10] Ballistic Research Laboratory, A table of the facto- ‘rial numbers and their reciprocals from 1! through 1000! to 20 significant digits. Technical Note No. Bah Abaiel ot Cone Masi (82 Bish Asin rh Arann tine, witht a ate ye co (Chatnig hf, Gant, Boe, 1951). The gamma and polygamma functions. ho fen Otay <20¢ 00), 10D [0.12] H. T. Davis, Tables of the higher mathematical functions, 2 vols. (Principia Press, Bloomington, Ind,, 1938, 1985). Extensive, many place tables of the gamma and polygamma fusctions up to ¥(@) and of theiz logarithms, [6.13] F. J. Duarte, Nouvelles tables de logie nl 8.33 déci- males depuis n=1 jusqu’d n=3000 (Kundig, Geneva, Switzerland; Index Generali, Paris, France, 1927) 266 (6.14) National Bureau of Standards, Tables of a! and T(n+4) for the first thousand values of n, Ap- plied Math. Series 16 (U.S. Government Printing Ofie, Washington, D.C., 1981). nl,168;1(n-+4), 88, [6.18] National Bureau of Standards, Table of Coulomb wave functions, vol. I, pp. 114-135, Applied ‘Math. Series 17 (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1952). RIWA-+ 49) C+ Fh,» =0(.005)2 .01)6 0291011) 20 .2)60(,5)110, 10D; arg 1 (1+ in) n=0(,01)1(.02) £8 (.05)10(.2)20(.4)90(.5)85, 8D. (6.16) National Bureau of Standards, Table of the gamma function for complex arguments, Applied Math. Series 34 (US. Government Printing Office, ‘Washington, D.C., 1954). In Pectin), 2=0(1)10, y=061)10, 12D, Contains an extensive bibliography. [6.17] National Physical Laboratory, Tables of Weber parabolic eylinder functions, pp. 226.288 (Her ‘Majesty's Stationery Office, London, England, 1958). ‘Real and imaginary parts of In P(Hk-+ Bia), k= 0(2)3, 2=0(1)5(2)20, 8D; (+a) E+ H—)-m 2=0(.02)161)5(-2)20, 8D. GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS [6.18] E. 8. Pearson, Table of the logarithms of the com- plete T-function, arguments 2 to 1200, Tracts for Computers No. VIII (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1922). Logy P(p), p=2(.1) '5(,2)70(1)3200, 10D, [6.19] J. Peters, Ten-place logarithm tables, vol. T, Ap- pendix, pp. 8-68 (Frederick Ungar Publ. Co., New York, N.¥., 1957). nl, n=1(1)60, exact; (al, m=1(1)43, 54D; Logi(n'), n=1(1)1200, 18D. 6.20] J. P. Stanley and M. V, Wilkes, Table of the recip- roeal of the gamma function for complex argu- ment (Univ. of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada, 1950). 2=—5(.01).5, y=0(.01)1, 6D. [6.21] M. Zycskowski, Tablice funkeyj eulera i pokrewnych (Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warsaw, Poland, 1954). Extensive tables of integrals involving gamma and beta functions. For references to tabular material on the ineomplete gamma and ineomplete beta functions, see the references {in chapter 26, 7. Error Function and Fresnel Integrals Waurer Gavrsct! Contents Mathematical Properties... 2... 2. eee eee TA. Error Function. ©... ee ee 7.2. Repeated Integrals of the Error Function»... 2... 18. Fresnel Integrals... ss : 14. Definite and Indefinite Integrals |)... Numerical Methods. 0... ee 7.5. Use and Extension of the Tables... . ee een References... . 2... Sees Table 7.1. Error Function and its Derivative (0a [tats 1 (220) atyfert (Por other inequalities see (7.2].) Continued Fractions 1 42 1 32 2 2” ty 1 12 1 3/2 2° wee (Be net fo tate SE ae pag DO ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS TAs Lpreta#_ lie 13e2 oo a 1 itn $s Ae =m Biop (Fex0) 2 and Hi? are the zeros and weight factors of the Hermite polynomials. For numerical values see chapter 25. Value at Infinity TAG ert 2-01 (2-+0 in jarg el

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