FINAL

You should not be reading the whole article. Use the section headings to help
you locate and answer the questions quickly. You should be scanning these
texts to find specific information.

Chapter 6
Speech Disfluencies and Mispronunciations

1. What are the implications of this piece of research? List at least 2.

2. Is the author an expert on this topic? What evidence can you provide that supports your
opinion? Provide at least 2 pieces of evidence. ​Ex. They wrote 5 papers on this topic
before now.
3. Was this research quantitative or qualitative? What are the advantages of this type of
research? What are the disadvantages? Provide at least 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages.

Chapter 7
Firewall of China

1. Look at the images included in the article. Why do you think that the author included
these images in the article? What effect do these images have on the reader?
2. In what ways might ​a)​ visual evidence and ​b)​ statistics be misleading? Support your
opinion ​for each ​with evidence.
3. What kinds of evidence does the author provide to support their argument? Give at least 3
specific​ examples from the text.

Chapter 8
Is the Pledge of Allegiance a religious exercise?

PRO
In Newdow v. US (decided June 26, 2002),
the US Court of Appeals Ninth Circuit, in a
decision written by Judge Alfred T. Goodwin,
held that:
CON
William Rehnquist, JD, former Chief Justice
of the US Supreme Court, wrote in his June
14, 2004 concurring opinion in Elk Grove
Unified School District v. Newdow (415 KB):
 "In the context of the Pledge, the statement
that the United States is a nation 'under God'
is an endorsement of religion. It is a
profession of a religious belief, namely, a
belief in monotheism. The recitation that ours
is a nation 'under God' is not a mere
acknowledgment that many Americans
believe in a deity. Nor is it merely descriptive
of the undeniable historical significance of
religion in the founding of the Republic.
Rather, the phrase 'one nation under God' in
the context of the Pledge is normative. To
recite the Pledge is not to describe the United
States; instead, it is to swear allegiance to the
values for which the flag stands: unity,
indivisibility, liberty, justice, and -- since
1954 -- monotheism."
"I do not believe that the phrase 'under God' in
the Pledge converts its recital into a 'religious
exercise'... Instead, it is a declaration of belief
in allegiance and loyalty to the United States
flag and the Republic that it represents. The
phrase 'under God' is in no sense a prayer, nor
an endorsement of any religion... Reciting the
Pledge, or listening to others recite it, is a
patriotic exercise, not a religious one;
participants promise fidelity to our flag and
our Nation, not to any particular God, faith, or
church."

1. Please summarize ​in your own words​ the two schools of thought.
Dwight Eisenhower, 34th President of the United States, stated after signing Public Law 396 on
June 14, 1954 which added the phrase "one Nation under God" to the Pledge of Allegiance:

"From this day forward, the millions of our school children will daily proclaim in every city and
town, every village and rural school house, the dedication of our nation and our people to the
Almighty. To anyone who truly loves America, nothing could be more inspiring than to
contemplate this rededication of our youth, on each school morning, to our country's true
meaning.

Especially is this meaningful as we regard today's world. Over the globe, mankind has been
cruelly torn by violence and brutality and, by the millions, deadened in mind and soul by a
materialistic philosophy of life. Man everywhere is appalled by the prospect of atomic war. In
this somber setting, this law and its effects today have profound meaning. In this way we are
reaffirming the transcendence of religious faith in America's heritage and future; in this way we
shall constantly strengthen those spiritual weapons which forever will be our country's most
powerful resource, in peace or in war."
2. Does reciting the pledge encourage the citizens of the USA to adopt any specific religious
practice? Explain. Was this the original intent of the author? If yes, what are the
implications? If not, please explain why.
 3. Based on your background knowledge and what you have just read, what is your own
assessment of this theory? Defend your opinion with at least 2 pieces of evidence.

Chapter 9
Disney Princesses: Not Brave Enough
1. Does the text match your own experiences with the topic? If yes, what can you learn from
the text that you didn't already know? If not, what might be the cause for these
differences?
2. Why is it important to bring your own experiences to the text? In what ways might your
own experiences sometimes limit your understanding of a text?
3. Does the text include information that you know to be incorrect? Provide 2 pieces of
evidence (to prove it is incorrect or to prove it is correct).