BATTLE OF BADR

1.Historical Perspective.
a. Advent of Islam brought along series of atrocities on Muhammad (PBUH) and his companions.
b. Resultantly Prophet (PBUH) had no option except migration to Madina along with his fellow Muslims.
c. After failing in their attempt to kill Muhammad (PBUH ) on night of migration, Kuffars of Makkah extended their ventures in
Madina as well.
d. The enemity of Makkans even extended to Madinites for giving refuge to Prophet PBUH and his companions.
e. When Hazrat Saad Bin Muaz,the Ansar Chief went to Makkah to perform Pilgrimage he was denied the religious ritual by
Abu Jahal.
f. Hazrat Saad Bin Muaz in return threatened to block Makkah’s trade route to and from Syria.
g. At this juncture Kuffar-e-Makkah started realizing the strength which Muslims had gathered in Madina. Their trade route to
Syria was eighty miles in Madina territory and blocking of this route could cause serious blow to economy. This was the
major factor to wage war against the Muslims of Madina.
h. Prophet (PBUH) taking note of the threat of an invasion formulated a political / economical / military strategy to offset and
hostile intensions of Kuffar – e – Makkah.
2. Strategic Measures Prior to the Commencement of Battle of Badr.
a. Prophet (PBUH) entered into a pact of friendship and co existence with the Jews of Madina.
b. Appeased all other non Muslims to avoid their joining hands with Quraish.
c. Augmented harmony between “Mahajir” and “Ansars”.
d. Measures to avoid any direct conflict with Quraishs as long as possible.
3. Military Moves/Expeditions before the Battle. Following expeditions were sent before the battle to achieve operational
ascendancy over the foes of Islam:-
a. Gathering of information about terrain around Madina and routes leading to and from Madina.
b. Assessment of strength of neighbouring tribes.
c. Friendly pacts with neighbouring tribes.
d. Projecting the might of Muslims.
e. Cutting the trade route of Makkans to Syria and compelling them to come to negotiating terms with the Muslims.
4. Comparison of Both the Forces.
Muslims Non Muslims
a. Comd Prophet (PBUH) Abu Jahal
b. Infantry 313 Men 1000 Men
c. Cavalry 2 Horses 200 Horses
d. Armaments Arrows, Swords and Spears Arrows, Swords and Spears
e. Svc 70 Camels less Supplies 700 camels with abundant
supplies
f. Posture Defensive Offensive
5. Topography of the area.
a. Badr is 65 miles away from Madina, located at Syria-Makkah route.
b. The plain of Badr is five miles in length and 4 miles in width.
6. Opposing Plans.
a. Muslim Plan
(1) Prophet (PBUH) selected a higher gr, to facilitate clear observation for his fighting troops.
(2) All well in the area were filled in with sand to deny easy assess to water. However, a well which was in the location
of left flank Muslims, was left for utility of Muslims.
(3) Deployment was carried out in a way that Muslim flanks and rear were covered with the hills around.
(4) Bowmen were kept on flanks, while men with swords and lancers were kept in centre.
(5) Best warriors were kept in centre to absorb the initial thrust of enemy attack.
(6) HQ, guarded by a section was established at depth to allow monitoring/control of battle by visual
observation.
(7) Res under Hazart Ali (RATU) were kept to undertake any offensive.
(8) After depl Prophet (PBUH) visited all locations, issued detailed orders and carried out minor adjustments.

b. Quraish Plan.
(1) On knowledge about presence of Muslims in Badr , the Quraish really got perturbed about the intelligence network
of Muslim Army. At this stage a fight for the continuation of Battle plan or otherwise struck between leaders like Utba
and Abu Jahal. Utba was in favour of a withdraw, however Abu Jahal could not be convinced.
(2) Shortage of water was already prevalent and situation was further worsened due to heavy rain fall at night which
eventually turned the ground marshy at lower level.
7. Conduct of Battle.
a. 17 Ramzan, 2 Hijra (March 624 AD) witnessed the first battle between Muslims and Kaffars.
b. Makkans adv and stopped at 300 ms dist from the Muslims.
c. 3 x Quraishs, Utba, Waleed and Shyba advanced and challenged Muslims for one to one fight. The Ansars responded the
challenge. However the Quraish asked for Muhajirs. Instantly Hazrat Hamza, Hazrat Ali and Hazrat Ubeida accepted the
challenge. Both Hazrart Hamza and Hazrat Ali took no time to kill their opponents. However Shyba managed to injure Hazrat
Ubeda. But later he was also killed by Harat Ali.
d. Makkans threw arrows on Muslims from a longer dist which were not very effective. Prophet (PBUH) had ordered all Muslim
soldiers not to open fire till the time enemy comes so close that the black portion of en’s eye gets distinguished with the white
portion.
e. When Makkans came quite close to Muslims, Muslims started throwing their arrows towards Kaffars. This timely and
disciplined action caused heavy casualties to enemies and they failed to climb up and envelope Muslims.
f. By noon Prophet (PBUH) gave orders for c/attk.
g. One of the Muslim gp attk the flag party of Makkans. With the fall of their flag the Makkans started fleeing from battle field,
leaving behind 70 dead and 70 prisoners each and large amount of booty.
h. Only 14 Muslims got shahadat.
8. Analysis.
a. Due to sound planning, great leadership, belief in Allah Almighty and willing nesss to sacrifice their life in name of Islam, this
small Muslim Army managed to defeat an enemy which was superior in both number and resources.
b. Muslims were able to successfully utilize their all available resources.
c. Through strong intelligence network Muslims were enable to make a plan well in advance and thereby taking prompt
measures to offset en’s hostile designs.
d. Muslims successfully deprived their enemy from freedom of action and aggression.
e. Skillful use of terrain provided an added advantage to Musilms and checking en’s freedom of movement.
9. Military Lessons.
a. Disrupting En’s strat bal of power by:-
(1) Threatening en’s trade routes.
(2) Making peace treaties with other tribes of Madina, henceforth depriving en forces to make an alliance with any tribe
of Madina.
(3) Depriving en of waater resources by checking the utilization controlling of wells.
 b. Efficient Planning by gaining up to date information and consulting companions before any decision.
c. Faith in Allah Almighty and sound conviction about his help.
d. Correct aprc of gr and weather by selection of a raised ground.
e. An efficient intelligence network which provided latest information about en and her plans.
10. Application of Principles of War.
a. Concentration.
b. Offensive action by choosing the ground of your own choice and compeeling enemy to fight at your on terms.
c. Eco of Effort by:-
(1) Using wpns as per their cap and characteristic.
(2) Excellent fire discipline.
d. Sound Planning. Making a comprehensive plan by keeping in mind own resources as compared to en’s and gr and weather
restrictions
e. Surprise. By not allowing enemy to have E wng about your intentions.
f. Security. By choosing a ground which covers both rear and flanks.
g. Morale. By reiterating the blessings of Allah and his promise for rewards for those who stands fast in his way.
h. Simplicity.
j. Sel of Aim.
k. Adm.
l. Leadership Qualities. All events of war depicts the leadership qualities of Prophet (PBUH) and his ability to remain
abreast with his companions even during crises.

BATTLE OF KHYBER
1. Historical Background
a. The Jews of Medina had been a constant source of worry for the Muslims of Medina.
b. Main conflicting point between the Jews and Muslims was the difference of ideology, as it was between the Muslims and
Quraish.
c. So far Quraish had launched five aggressions against the Muslims, out of which three had materialized into battles like Badr,
Uhad and Khandaq.
d. Major energies of Jews till now were conc on conspiracies. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) had tried his best to pacify the Jews
but they played significant anti Muslim role during the battle of Uhad and Khandaq.
e. However, now the Jewish tribes entirely violated the terms of pact and started concentrating in Khyber, a hilly land at some
distance from the Medina, with hostile designs against Muslims.
2. Geo – Military Situation
a. After the treaty of Hudeibiya, it was quite evident that the Jews were fully prepared to attack Medina.
b. Main tribes of Jews were Bani Qainka, Bani Nadir and Bani Qureiza. They all inhabited in six places built into fortresses.
c. Group of fortresses referred to as Khyber were Naam, Nastat, Qamoos, Khyber, Sulalim, and Vatee. The most important
were Namm and Qamoos.
d. Salam Bin Al Haqique was holding the region of Khyber, who had made alliance with the other surrounding tribes and finally
a huge Jewish army conc at Khyber.
e. A brave man Abdullah bin Attique was sent by the Holy Prophet (PBUH), who ultimately killed Al-Haqique.
f. Asir Bin Azaam took over as chief and reorganised the army to attack on Medina.
g. Muhammad (PBUH) sent Abdullah Bin Arara to call Jewish chief for negotiations who agreed and moved with him, enroute
he tried to snatch the sword of one Muslim, who in return killed Asir Bin Azaam.
3. Opposing Forces
Muslims Jews
a. Comd Muhammad Marhab
(PB
UH
)
b. Inf 1400 20000 in total incl cav
c. Cav 200 Exact figures not known
d. Posture Offensive Defensive

4. Opposing Plans
a. Muslims Plan
(1) Muslim plan was to reduce each fortress in turn.
(2) The first one to be taken was Naam followed by Qamoos.
(3) Prophet (PBUH) appreciated that if the Jews were defeated at these two places they would not be able to give
sustainable resistance at other places as the rest four mainly contained Jewish supplies.
b. Jews Plan
(1) Jews had planned to give fight from each fortress, while from Qamoos and Nastat they wanted to give a decisive
blow.
(2) Marhab, Jewish army general was present in the Qamoos.
5. Conduct
a. Muslim army reached at Rajee, located in between the area of Ghaftan tribe and Khyber, camped there and before
launching the offensive left the women and non-essential in the camp.
b. Moment the Muslim army left for Khyber, Ghaftan tribe came out with their wpns but seeing their own home in danger
withdrew and the Jews were left alone.
b. Seeing the Muslim army at their door, the Jews came out and challenged for indl fight.
c. Marhab and Yassar came out. From Muslim army Hazrat Muhammad Bin Musalam accepted the challenge of Mehrab and
killed him while Yassar was killed by Hazrat Zubair.
d. After their death Jews decided to fight defensive battle from the fortress.
e. As per plan Muslims first went for Naam and easily captured it. After its capture, problem of food was eased for the Muslims.
Whereas Jews started facing the severe problem in food items as their all supplies were carried out from this fortress.
f. After capture of Naam, the next tgt was Qamoos because the maximum Jewish army was deployed there.
g. Muhammad (PBUH) nominated Hazrat Abu Bakr and gave him the banner of Islam but it could not be conquered. After that
banner was given to Hazrat Umar but again it could not be conquered. Later on the banner was given Hazrat Ali who
succeeded in capturing the fortress after a seize of twenty days and till today is renowned in entire Muslim world as “Fateh
Khyber”.
h. This was the last difficult battle of Khyber, in which Jews lost 93 persons and 20 Muslims got shahadat.
j. After this Nastat was captured very easily, followed by capture of Khyber itself.
k. Vatee and Sulalim were kept under siege for 10 days and finally Jews surrendered it on the condition of providing half of their
agricultural production to the Muslims.
6. Fate of Jews in Arabian Peninsula
a. Jews in Fidak. Once the battle of Khyber was over Prophet (PBUH) despatched a messenger to the Jews of Fidak, inviting
them to the folds of Islam, which they readily accepted.
 b. Jews in Wadi-ul-Qura. On the move back Muslims passed through Wadi-ul-Qura. Inhabitant Jews attacked the Muslim
army but were defeated only after few hours of battle. Finally they surrendered and accepted the same conditions as of the
Jews of Khyber.
c. Jews of Tina. They preferred peace on the same conditions without any fight.
d. After Effects
(1) Muslims started dominating the area North of Medina.
(2) Muslim ambassadors on religious missions were saved from treachery of various tribes especially Jews.
(3) Peaceful conditions were ensured to spread Islam in the Northern Tribal Belts.
7. Analysis SIR TD PART (write only all those applicable)
a. Due to sound planning, great leadership, belief in Allah Almighty and willingness to sacrifice their life in name of Islam, this
small Muslim Army managed to defeat an enemy which was superior in both number and resources.
b. Through strong intelligence network Muslims were enable to make a plan well in advance and thereby taking prompt
measures to offset en’s hostile designs.
c. Muslims were able to successfully utilize their all available resources.
d. Skilful use of terrain provided an added advantage to Muslims and checking en’s freedom of movement.
e. Muslims successfully deprived their enemy from freedom of action and aggression.
f. Passive defensive posture.
g. Accurate Appreciation.
h. Role of women in the Battle field.
j. Two front war threat.
8. Lessons Learnt COAS - DECCO (write only all those applicable)
a. Comd and Con.
b. Offn Action.
c. Adm.
d. Security.
e. Disposn of Forces.
f. Eco of effort.
g. Choice of B Fd.
h. Conc.
j. Obedience of Comd.
9. Application of Principles of War COE-SMALS (write only all those applicable)
a. Concentration.
b. Offensive action by choosing the ground of your own choice and compelling enemy to fight at your on terms.
c. Eco of Effort by:-
(1) Using wpns as per their cap and characteristic.
(2) Excellent fire discipline.
d. Sound Planning. Making a comprehensive plan by keeping in mind own resources as compared to en’s and gr and weather
restrictions
e. Surprise. By not allowing enemy to have E wng about your intentions.
f. Security. By choosing a ground which covers both rear and flanks.
g. Morale. By reiterating the blessings of Allah and his promise for rewards for those who stands fast in his way.
h. Simplicity.
j. Sel of Aim.
k. Adm.
l. Leadership Qualities. All events of war depict the leadership qualities of Prophet (PBUH) and his ability to remain
abreast with his companions even during crises.

BATTLE OF MAUTA
1. Background
a. In the period of nearly two years between the treaty of Hudeibiya in March 628 AD and the conquest of Makkah in January
630 AD, about 17 Muslim expeditions are recorded.
b. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) sent various envoys to the chiefs of different tribes to embrace Islam. An envoy carrying a letter
from the Holy Prophet (PBUH) to the chief of Ghassan tribe at Basra was killed at Mauta by Shurbeel Bin Amr, the local chief
of Ghassan.
c. The news caused much anger to the Muslims. Killing of an envoy was a crime which could not go unpunished. Envoys, as
ever, enjoyed the freedom of going to any part of the Arab land without any fear. As per the custom envoys were to be
treated as guests even if they were from hostile tribes. The act of Shurbeel Bin Amr warranted an immediate reaction.
2. Muslims Objs. An expedition was immediately prepared and sent to Mauta with the fol objectives:-
a. To show that the Muslims were capable enough to safe guard their interests but they have no intentions of capturing any
territory.
b. To punish the tribe who had killed the ambassadors of Islam.
c. To get the info about their mil strength.
d. To analyse terrain for future operations.
3. Opposing Forces
Muslims Non Believers
a. Comd Hazrat Zaid Bin Haris Malik Bin Zafila
2IC Hazrat Jafar Bin Abi Talib
3IC Hazrat Abdullah Bin Rawah
b. Forces 3000 men 100,000 men
c. Hazrat Khalid Bin Waleed who had recently embraced Islam, was also included in this force.
d. Prophet (PBUH) issued fol instrs:-
(1) No killing of innocent women, children, disabled pers and POWs.
(2) Avoid damage to the inhabited areas.
(3) No cutting of trees.

4. Topography. The battle was fought near the village of Mauta. Battlefield stretched more than a mile to the east of
village. The ground was firm and rose with the slight modulation. There was a low ridge also to the east of village, which had
gentle slope towards the North.
5. Opposing Plan
a. Muslims
(1) Muslims kept ridge at their back and deployed themselves on the lower fringes of the ridge.
(2) Muslims depl their force in the normal pattern of a centre and two wings.
(3) Hazrat Zaid himself comd centre wing, while lt and rt wings were commanded by Hazrat Ubaya Bin Malik and Hazrat Qutba
respectively.
b. Non Believers. Christian Arabs were comd by the malik Bin Zafila who depl his forces into a deep mass confronting
Muslims.
6. Conduct
a. At time of departure from Madina, Muslims had no info about strength of their enemy.
 b. When Muslims reached at a place called Maan, they got the report that Hercules, the eastern Roman Emperor, had reached
Jordan with 1,90,000 Romans.
c. Another report indicated that about 1,00,000 Christian Arabs mainly from Ghassan had joined Romans.
d. These upsetting reports caused a worry to the Muslims, but Zaid Bin Harris decided to continue march and reached at
Balqa.
e. On finding no suitable place for battle, he along with his force returned and reached at Mauta which provided a better posn
to the Muslims.
f. The battle commenced in a traditional pattern. This battle was more of guts and stamina rather than military skills.
g. Soon Hazrat Zaid got killed and comd was taken over by the Hazrat Jaffar who also soon got killed.
h. After him, comd was taken by Hazrat Abdullah Bin Rawah, however soon after he also got killed.
j. Now there was confusion in Muslim ranks. Hazrat Sabit took over the comd of the situation and gathered the dispersed
Muslims. He offered the comd to Hazrat Khalid Bin Waleed, who accepted it in the hours of crises. Hazrat Khalid had now 3
x options:-
(1) Option – I. Continue fighting a def battle, which would ultimately lead to disaster.
(2) Option –II. Withdraw from the battle, which would bring bad name to the Muslims and to himself.
(3) Option – III. Re-organize Muslim Army and launch an all out attack.
k. Option Adopted and Final Outcome
(1) Hazrat Khalid Bin Waleed adopted the 3rd option and launched an all out attack.
(2) The en was taken aback by a sudden surprise.
(3) The Christian comd Malik got killed. The death of comd caused much of confusion in en ranks and they pulled back
for re-organisation.
(4) As the en, did so; Khalid broke the contact and decided to quit the battle field and return to Madina.
(5) 12 x Muslims embraced Shahadat.
(6) Romans suffered severe cas which adversely affected their morale.
l. Response of Madinites to Muslim Army
(1) Historians record that Muslim army when returned Madina was not well received.
(2) They were accused of quitting battle field without having taken revenge.
(3) But the Prophet (PBUH) restrained them and said “They had not fled” they shall return to fight, if Allah wills it”. Then
prophet (PBUH) raised his voice and announced “Khalid is the Sword of Allah”.
7. Analysis (write only all those applicable)
a. Due to sound planning, great leadership, belief in Allah Almighty and willing nesss to sacrifice their life in name of Islam, this
small Muslim Army managed to defeat an enemy which was superior in both number and resources.
b. Muslims were able to successfully utilize their all available resources.
c. Through strong intelligence network Muslims were enable to make a plan well in advance and thereby taking prompt
measures to offset en’s hostile designs.
d. Muslims successfully deprived their enemy from freedom of action and aggression.
e. Skillful use of terrain provided an added advantage to Musilms and checking en’s freedom of movement.
f. Conduct of withdral operation.
8. Lessons Learnt COAS - DECCO (write only all those applicable)
a. Comd and Con.
b. Offn Action.
c. Adm.
d. Security.
e. Disposn of Forces.
f. Eco of effort.
g. Choice of B Fd.
h. Conc.
j. Obedience of Comd.
9. Application of Principles of War COE-SMALS (write only all those applicable)
a. Concentration.
b. Offensive action by choosing the ground of your own choice and compelling enemy to fight at your on terms.
c. Eco of Effort by:-
(1) Using wpns as per their cap and characteristic.
(2) Excellent fire discipline.
d. Sound Planning. Making a comprehensive plan by keeping in mind own resources as compared to en’s and gr and weather
restrictions
e. Surprise. By not allowing enemy to have E wng about your intentions.
f. Security. By choosing a ground which covers both rear and flanks.
g. Morale. By reiterating the blessings of Allah and his promise for rewards for those who stands fast in his way.
h. Simplicity.
j. Sel of Aim.
k. Adm.
l. Leadership Qualities. All events of war depict the leadership qualities of Prophet (PBUH) and his ability to remain
abreast with his companions even during crises.

BATTLE OF UHUD
1. Historical Background:-
a. Defeat at Badr brought along humiliation to Makkans and they wanted to take an immediate revenge and regain their lost
glory.
b. Trade route to Syria was also blocked by Madinites and it posed serious economic threat.
c. Quraish realized the threat posed to them and imed started prep for battle. They succeeded in convincing the tribes around
Makkah, that rise of Islam had posed a great threat to their heritage, religion, economy and survival. Resultantly open
confrontations started with Muslims of Madina.
2. Objectives:-
a. Quraish
(1) Eliminate Muslims and knock out their bases.
(2) In their effort, the Quraishs were able to receive strong contingents from Kiana and Sageef tribes and assembeled a
strong force after a yr of Battle of Badr in Mar 625 AD.
b. Muslims
(1) The victory in battle was very imp for survival of Muslims.
(2) Victory of battle will establish their mil reputation and would consolidate gains of Battle of Badr.
3. Opposing Forces and Commanders:-
Muslims Non Muslims
a. Comd Prophet (PBUH) Abu Sufian
b. Infantry 650 3000 Men
c. Cavalry 50 Horses 200 Horses
d. Armoured Men 120 700
 e. Svc Not Known 3000 camels with abundant
supplies
4. Topography of B Fd
a. Uhud was a massive feature lying four miles north of Madina.
b. 1000 ft high and 5 miles long.
c. On the western side a large spur descents steeply.
d. A valley rises and falls as it reaches a defile 1000 yds from spur.
5. Opposing Plans:-
a. Muslim Plan
(1) Prophet (PBUH) discussed about fighting a defensive battle from Madina or Uhud with all close companions and
they all mutually decided to fight the battle outside Madina, in Uhud
(2) Considerations for Choosing Uhud as Battle Fd:-
(a) Madina was void of any parameter wall and scarcity of adequate manpower could not maintain a fortress
defence.
(b) Lack of trust on Jews of Madina was also a main factor infighting battle outside Madina.
(c) Uhud provided a tac suitable battle loc.
(3) Salients of Depl Plan:-
(a) Compact fmn with 1000 yds frontage.
(b) Rt wing was depl at foot of spur, while lt wing was placed at foot of feature Einein.
(c) 50 archers were placed at Einein, UC Hazrat Abdullah Bib Jubair.
(d) Behind front line, 14 women were tasked to give water and evacuate wounded soldiers out of B Fd for first
aid treatment. Among them one was Hazrat Fatima.
(e) Prophet (PBUH) was himself positioned in Lt Wing.
b. Quraish Plan
(1) Main Body in centre with 2 mobile wings.
(2) Rt mob wing was comd by Hazrat Khalid Bin Waleed while lt mobile wing was commanded by Ikrama, each with
100 horses.
(3) Amr Bin Alas was the overall comd of cavalry.
(4) Behind main body stood women, led by Hind.
6. Analysis of Plan
a. Muslim plan was simple and well co-ordinated. Inferiority in number was made up by presenting a narrow front.
b. Einein occupied by Muslim archers enjoyed the imp of critical terrain. Holding of this tac imp gr was imp for both opposinfg
forces.
c. As long as Einein remained in Muslim control, the Qurasih Army had to attk frontally.
d. Quraish had also realized the imp of Einein and thus positioned Khalid Bin Waleed on the rt flank to capture this imp feature
7. Conduct. On morning of Sat, 22 Mar, 625 AD exactly a yr and a week after Badr, this battle was fought in two clear phases. In
Ph-I Muslims defeated Quraish, while in Ph II Quraish C/Attk and inflicted hy losses on Muslims.
a. Ph-I
(1) Abu Amir, who was a popular personality of tribe of Aus and after advent of Islam had migrated to Mecca in opposn
to Prophet (PBUH), started the campaign of Uhud. He along with his 150 men tried to subvert Aus but they all
responded with stones and he hastily withdrew.
(2) After this enctr, both side archers opened up. Khalid under Quraish archers’ fire, tried to attk lt flk of Muslims, but
was repulsed due to accurate fir of Muslim archers.
(3) Talha, son of Abu Talha came fwd for the single battle and challenged. Hazrat Ali responded and killed him. Another
Quraish came fwd and was killed by Hazrat Hamza.
(4) After few more one to one fights, both armies locked into fierce battle.
(5) Khalid again made a gallant effort but was retreated by valiant Muslim archers at Einein.
(6) In the meanwhile, Hazrat Hamza was killed by a slave of Hinda who had promised him a heavy reward.
(7) By this time many eminent soldiers of Quraish were killed and they had started fleeing the B Fd.
(8) Muslims thought that they have won the battle and started plundering the Quraish camp.
(9) At this critical Juncture, there was no discipline in Muslim ranks. This stage of battle turned the battle in Quraish’s
favour.
b. Ph-II (Quraish C Attk)
(1) While Muslims were busy in plundering Quraish camps, Khalid and Ikrama stood firm with their Army, waiting for an
opportunity.
(2) When archers deputed at Einein, saw fellow Muslims plundering Quraish Camps, they asked their comd Hazrat
Abdullah Bin Jubair for joining them. However, Hazrat Abdullah Bin Jubair refused, keeping in mind the Prophets
directive about this gr of tac imp.
(3) Despite clear order most of his UC left the scene and now he was holding the posn with only 9 soldiers.
(4) Khalid eagerly waiting for this moment, imed launched cav aslt from lt flk, asst by Ikramas Cav.
(5) Faithful archers resisted gallantly but most of them got either killed or wounded. From here, Khalid attk Muslims,
who were close to Prophet (PBUH) while Ikrama attk Muslim Camp.
(6) Abu Sufian also regained con over retreating Army and now Muslims came under fierce attk from all dirs.
(7) Now battle divided into two gps. One with Prophet (PBUH and other in the camp.
(8) Ibn-e-Qami killed Musaab - Bin - Umair, who resembled Prophet (PBUH). He imed shouted that he has killed
Muhammad (PBUH). This rumour dropped Muslim morale to abysmal despair and they fled to Mount Uhud, while
Prophet (PBUH) withdrew towards defile in the valley.
(9) Khalid finding another opportunity tried to fol Muslim ranks but was blocked by Hazrat Umar and his gp of soldiers.
Assessing the Muslims at better place Khalid ordered wdr.
(10) This was the last mnvr of B Fd. At the end Muslims suffered 70 while Quraish’s toil was 22.
8. Analysis
a. Causes of Victory in Ph-I
(1) Choice of Good B Fd.
(2) Placing of archers on Einein.
(3) Disposn of forces in a manner that they allow a narrow front to en.
(4) March on Hamra-Ul-Asad.
b. Causes of Failure in Ph-II DKR
(1) Disobedience of archers.
(2) Khalid’s timely C Attk
(3) Rumours of Prophets (PBUH) death.
c. Lessons Learnt COATS - DECCO
(1) Comd and Con.
(2) Offn Action.
(3) Adm.
(4) Treachery of Jews.
(5) Security.
(6) Disposn of Forces.
(7) Eco of effort.
(8) Choice of B Fd.
 (9) Conc.
(10) Obedience of Comd.
9. Application of Principles of War SEA - COM
a. Security.
b. Eco of Effort.
c. Adm.
d. Conc.
e. Offn Action.
f. Mobility.

CONQUEST OF MAKKAH
1. Backgr
a. Breach of Treaty of Hudeibiya
(1) Two tribes of Mecca had entered the truce of Hudeibiya:-
(a) Khuzas - Muslim Side
(b) Bani Bakr - Quraish Side.
(2) Both tribes had pre Islamic conflicts. Bani Bakr once again took up the rivalry. One ni they org a ni raid on Khuzas.
They were secretly asst by Quraish with wpns and a few warriors incl Kkrama and Sufwan. In this raid twenty men
of Khuzas were killed.
b. Cancellation of Treaty
(1) Khuzas apch the prophet (PBUH) and asked his help.
(2) Prophet asked explanation from Quraish, who declared the treaty to be cancelled.
2. Topography
a. Makkah lies in valley of Abraham, surrounded by black hills, which raise over 1000 ft above the valley floor.
b. It had 4 routes to approach. These routes came from NW. SW, NE and south.
3. Mov and Assy of Muslim Forces
a. Prophet ordered imed prep for large scale op.
b. Prophet (PBUH) plan was based on assy and mov with speed and secrecy to achieve complete surprise.
c. While the assy of force was in progress, Prophet (PBUH) came to know that a woman was in her way to Madina.
d. He sent Hazrat Ali and Hazrat Zubair to bring back the message at Madina.
e. Move of Muslim Army started from Madina on 1 st Jan 630 AD. Some contingents joined at Madina, others stepped enroute to
Makkah. Muslim Army rose to 10000 warriors.
f. Prophet (PBUH) arrived at Marr-uz –Zaharan, 10 miles NW of Makkah, without any move of knowledge to Quraish. It was
due to fastest move taken by Muslims ever before.
4. Reaction of the En
a. Concern of Hazrat Abbas. When the Muslims reached at Marr-uz-Zahran, Abbas, who had embraced Islam
became deeply concerned about the fate of Islam. With the permission of Holy Prophet (PBUH), he set out to warn Makkans
with the consequences and persuaded them to send an envoy to the Muslims for peace.
b. Meeting with Abu Sufiyan. At this time Abu Sufian came out for recce personally and in the half way met with
Abbas. Abbas, info Abu Sufian that the Prophet (PBUH) had come with an army of 10,000 men and suggested that he
should surrender.
c. Abu Sufians submission.Abu Sufian mounted on mule with Abbas and rode to the Muslim Camp. Abu Sufian was a proud
leader of Quraish, whom Makkans held with the respect and reverence. He stood like a humble supplicant in front of a man
whom he had persecuted and fought for years. Abu Sufian submitted that Muhammad (PBUH) was true messenger of Allah.
Abbas had a word with the Prophet (PBUH) and told him that Abu Sufian was a proud man, has dignity and self respect. He
asked Prophet (PBUH) to be gracious to him and give him some token of special esteem.
5. Prophet’s (PBUH) Declaration. At this point prophet (PBUH) declared:-
a. Whoever enters the house of Abu Sufian shall be safe (the face of Abu Sufian had lit up due to special honour given to him).
b. Whoever locks his door shall be safe.
c. Whoever remains in the mosque shall be safe.
6. Operation Plan. Muslims had appreciated that there would be some opposn to their entry into Makkah. The prophet (PBUH) divided
his army into four columns, one to adv on each route. Salients of plan are as under:-
a. Main Column. Main column commanded by Hazrat Abu Ubaida, in which Holy Prophet (PBUH) traveled, would enter
Makkah from main Medina route, from the North – West .
b. Second Column. The second column under Hazrat Zubair would enter from the SW, through a pass west of the Hill of Kuda.
c. Third Column. The third column under Hazrat Ali would enter from the South, via Kudes
d. Fourth Column. The fourth under Hazrat Khalid would enter from the North East via Liat and Kaudama.
e. Prophet’s Instrs. Prophet (PBUH) emphasized that there must be no blood shed unless there was armed resistance. He
also ordered that there would be no killing of the wounded, no pursuit of fugitives and no slaying of captives.
7. Occupation of Makkah
a. On 11 January 630 AD, entry into Makkah took place. It proved a peaceful and bloodless operation except in the sector of
Hazrat khalid.
b. Ikrama and Sufwan got together a band of dissidents from the Quraish and other tribes and decided to fight for victory.
c. Clash at Khandama. At Khandama, they met Khalid’s force and opened up with swords and bows but after a short and
sharp clash the Quraish were driven back. 12 x Quraish were killed while 2 x Muslims met Shahadat in it. There was no
opposn on the other routes, while entry into Makkah.
d. Prophet (PBUH) Entry into Kaba. As soon as the Makkah was occupied, Prophet (PBUH) went to Kaaba and
circumambulated the house of Allah sevens times. The Quraish trembled as they waited in the mosque, for they knew the
vengeance nature of Arabs. The Quraish were treated with the forgiveness by the Prophet (PBUH).
8. Analysis
a. Maint of Aim. Aim was to conquer Makkah peacefully and win the hearts of non – believers. Following measures were
adopted to achieve this:-
(1) Show of force was displayed by lightening a huge fire.
(2) Show of force to Abu Sufian was designed to make him psychologically weak and compel him to avoid any conflict.
b. Analyses of Plan
(1) Convergent thrusts aimed at a single central obj, chopping en into small portions.
(2) Forcing dispersion on en.
(3) If adv is held up on one axis, break through could be achieved on other axes.
(4) Prevent escape of Quraish.
(5) Stop rfts.
c. Surprise. Surprise was achieved by stealth movement of Muslim Army and not allowing en of E Wng of Muslim
intentions. Quraish were taken aback by size of Muslim Army gathered secretly in their close vicinity. They were simply
caught unguarded.
d. Int. A strong intelligence network of Muslim Army allowed them earlier information about Quraish’s intentions and
weaknesses. Muslims also had adequate info about terrain conditions.
e. Morale. By reiterating the blessings of Allah and his promise for rewards for those who remain stead fast in his way
and glory of Islam.
 f. Adm. Keeping in view the exigencies of battle field and other related elms, Prophet (PBUH) had given special emphasis
on adm of fighting Muslims, like their rel/rotation, meals, supply of water during battle by female warriors, first aid treatment
in the B fd and early evacuation of injured/shaheed pers.
g. Friendship and Sacrifice. Forgiveness and sacrifice by Prophet (PBUH) to his enemies and grant of shelter to all those who
teased him during early days of Islam and enforced his migration to Madina, has no other example in history of mankind.
Undoubtedly such act can be of no one other that one who has been sent by Allah Almighty as his true messenger and for
“Blessing of whole Mankind”.
9. Lessons Learnt COAS - DECCO
a. Comd and Con.
b. Offn Action.
c. Adm.
d. Security.
e. Disposn of Forces.
f. Eco of effort.
g. Choice of B Fd.
h. Conc.
j. Obedience of Comd.

10. Application of Principles of War SEA - COM

a. Security.
b. Eco of Effort.
c. Adm.
d. Conc.
e. Offn Action.
f. Mobility.

SIEGE OF TAIF

1. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
a. Makkah had fallen into Muslim hands without even a single blow of the sword, which had brought another 2000 non believer
into the folds of Islam.
b. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) sent delegation to the adjoining tribes, with the offer to embrace Islam. But in response, they
started making alliance against Islam.
c. The main tribes being Banu Thaqif (of Taif) and Hawazan whereas the minor tribes were Nasr, Jashamand and Saad Bin
Kalab. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) thought it appropriate to deal with this new anti-Islamic alliance before returning to Madina.
2. Topography of Taif. It was loc in hilly terrain and enjoyed the status of an old fort. The walls were renovated and the city was
prepared for obsn and show of force. From the base of the city walls, gr slopped outward; running into an open valley without any protection in
the immediate vicinity. The area had some fruit orchards located at odd dist.
3. Opposing Forces
Muslims Non Muslims
a. Comd Muhammad (PBUH) Malik Bin Auf
b. Force 12000 men Not exactly known but believed to be of same str
as Muslim Army
c. Posture Offensive Defensive in the walled city.
4. Ambush of Malik Bin Auf
a. 12,000 Muslim army moved out of Makkah on 27 Jan 630 AD.
b. Malik Bin Auf, who was the comd of non-believers successfully laid an ambush, about 11 miles from Makkah in the defile of
Hussain, on the Muslim army.
c. It inflicted much loss to the Muslims.
d. In the ctr action, Muslims were able to overcome their en, causing heavy losses on the opponent.
e. Malik Bin Auf broke contact and withdrew from the battlefield. It was confirmed by int resources that he intended to give the
next battle in the city of Taif.
5. Opposing Plans
a. Malik Bin Auf’s Plan
(1) He intended to fight the battle within the city.
(2) He appreciated that the Muslims were not trained to fight long time siege battle. If they suffer heavy cas during their
effort in conquering the city they were expected to leave the siege and depart earlier.
(3) Once Muslims will lift the siege and would make the return journey, he would come out of the city with his army to
undertake offensive, as till then sufficient damage could already have been caused.
b. Muslims Plan
(1) Muslims reached Taif on 5 Feb 630 AD.
(2) Throughout the march, Khalid Bin Waleed led the army with Bannu Sulein acting as advance gd.
(3) On arrival at Taif, camp was set up too close to the wall of town.
(4) Getting an easy opportunity, soon the Thaqif archers showered the camp with the arrows. Few Muslims got killed.
Resultantly the camp was mov away and estb in the area where Ibn-i-Abbas mosque stands today.
(5) A gp of warriors was appointed by the Holy Prophet (PBUH) to stop reinforcement or fleeing of the en. Hazrat Abu
Bakar was given the resp for the action of siege. Siege was planned to last for 18 days.
6. Conduct
a. Most of the time, fighting b/w two armies consisted of exchange of archery but did not bear much fruits for so many days.
b. However, on the advice of Hazrat Salman Farsi a MANJNIQUE was built to shower stones inside the walled city but it also
did not help.
c. Another DABABA was built to use a large shield by few men, to apch city wooden gate to set it under fire. But as the men
apch, the defenders pondered hot scraps of iron on DABABA which burnt and injured the men. The untrained men returned
to camp leaving behind little causality.
d. Two weeks had passed when finally Holy Prophet (PBUH) called the conference of his prominent companions.
e. Hazrat Abu Bakar and Hazrat Umar advised return to Makkah. Another school of thought insisted on one last attempt. The
Prophet (PBUH) allowed them to attack the next day.
f. A renewed assault was launched but could not be progressed under en arrows and other war materials.
g. Finally siege was lifted after 18 days on 23 Feb 630 AD. Muslims lost 12 men. En suffered crippling losses in men and
material. Fol were captured as spoils of war:-
(1) Camels - 24,000
(2) Goats - 40,000
(3) Silver - 4,000 Okia (One Okia weighs of 40 Dirhams)
(4) POWs - 6,000
h. Muslims reached at Al-Tarara on 26 Feb 630 AD, where the Prophet (PBUH) distributed the spoils, taken as a result of Battle
of Hunain.
7. Analysis (write only all those applicable)
a. Due to sound planning, great leadership, belief in Allah Almighty and willingness to sacrifice their life in name of Islam, this
small Muslim Army managed to defeat an enemy which was superior in both number and resources.
 b. Through strong intelligence network Muslims were enable to make a plan well in advance and thereby taking prompt
measures to offset en’s hostile designs.
c. Muslims were able to successfully utilize their all available resources.
d. Skillful use of terrain provided an added advantage to Musilms and checking en’s freedom of movement.
e. Muslims successfully deprived their enemy from freedom of action and aggression.
f. Reasons to lift the siege. Following were the reasons to lift the siege:-
(1) Strong fortress defenses.
(2) The new converts in the Muslims ranks started showing signs of fatigue and requested for leave as the siege
prolonged.
(3) Islam was propagated in Banu Thaqif and Prophet (PBUH) decided to consolidate the Muslim gains in occupied
territories.
(4) The sacred month of Zeqad was about to set in which bloodshed was then disallowed, which however was
permitted afterwards.
8. Lessons Learnt COAS - DECCO (write only all those applicable)
a. Comd and Con.
b. Offn Action.
c. Adm.
d. Security.
e. Disposn of Forces.
f. Eco of effort.
g. Choice of B Fd.
h. Conc.
j. Obedience of Comd.
9. Application of Principles of War COE-SMALS (write only all those applicable)
a. Concentration.
b. Offensive action by choosing the ground of your own choice and compelling enemy to fight at your on terms.
c. Eco of Effort by:-
(1) Using wpns as per their cap and characteristic.
(2) Excellent fire discipline.
d. Sound Planning. Making a comprehensive plan by keeping in mind own resources as compared to en’s and gr and weather
restrictions
e. Surprise. By not allowing enemy to have E wng about your intentions.
f. Security. By choosing a ground which covers both rear and flanks.
g. Morale. By reiterating the blessings of Allah and his promise for rewards for those who stands fast in his way.
h. Simplicity.
j. Sel of Aim.
k. Adm.
l. Leadership Qualities. All events of war depict the leadership qualities of Prophet (PBUH) and his ability to remain
abreast with his companions even during crises.

THE BATTLE OF DITCH

1. Historical BackGr
a. Makkans were desperate to avenge their defeat of Badr.
b. Uhad did not prove fruitful and decisive and Muslims were able to preserve their mil str and now teachings of Holy Prophet
(PBUH) were spreading in all the directions.
c. After Uhad battle, Quraish permanently lost their trade route to Syria and started their trade with Iraq, Bahrain and Yemen to
make up losses.
e. By now Abu Sufian, had became more conscious of danger to Makkan trade by the further spread of Islam.
f. He thought if Muslims reached Yaman then the route to Iraq and Bahrain would also be in Muslims hands.
g. After Uhad Prophet (PBUH) sent recce ptls who info about war prep of Quraish.
2. Opposing Forces
3. Muslims Kufars
a. Comd Muhammad Abu Sufian
(PBUH)
b. Inf 3000 10,000
c. Cav 36 300
d. Camels for Logistics Not known 1,500
e. Posture Defensive Offensive
Opposing Plans
a. Muslims Plan
(1) Hazrat Salman Farsi suggested that when Persians used to fight with an army superior in number, they used to dig
a trench, too wide and sufficiently deep to avoid its crossing by enemy.
(2) It was decided that Muslim army would dig a trench North of Medina to fight the enemy through defensive battle.
b. Non-Believers Plan
(1) They had planned to converge at Medina from different dirs.
(2) Quraish and some other smaller tribes assembled at Macca, while Ghaftan, Bani Asad and Bani Sulein
concentrated in their tribal settlement North, North East and East of Medina respectively.
(3) All concentrated tribes waited for go ahead signal from Abu Sufian.
4. Dev of Plan
a. Muslims
(1) The ditch ran from Sheikhein to the hill of Zabal and then to the Jabal Bani Ubaid.
(2) It stretched into vast lava fields, broken ground and large bolders, making it impossible for maj mil moves.
(3) Total length of ditch was 9000 yds with the width of 8-15 ft and its every 40 yds were covered by 10 men.
(4) All high pts were lightly covered by 200 men along its entire length, emp as pickets for surveillance.
(5) A mobile of 500 men carried out link patrolling to keep an eye on infiltrators.
(6) HQ was located at “Sila” and reserve was kept to reinforce threatened areas.
(7) C/attk plan was well rehearsed.
b. Non Believers
(1) When they saw the ditch, they got completely bewildered.
(2) They had never seen this tech before.
(3) They laid a siege which lasted for 23 days.
5. Analysis of the Plan
a. Muslims
(1) Fully catered for all sorts of eventualities in the def plan.
(2) Prophet (PBUH) and “Sahaba” visited different posts and with the encouraging talk kept the morale high.
(3) Rightly appreciated the area.
(4) Weather was given due imp.
b. Kufars
(1) They catered only for fight and not for siege, so the weather had not been catered for.
 (2) Situation had drastically changed once they encountered the ditch. Finally they decided to lay siege.
6. Conduct
a. There was no material change for over ten days.
b. The moment Kufars came close they were welcomed by stones and arrows.
c. With regular intervals, Muslim forces used to cross ditch and lay ambush. However, allies did not dare after seeing width of
ditch.
d. Arabs were not used to lay a long siege so Abu Sufian finally made a treacherous plan.
e. Abu Sufian sent one of his confidant Jew, Huyayya into Bani Quraiza for a pact to attack on two prongs, one by the allies
from the North and the other by the Banu Qureza from the South East.
f. Holy Prophet (PBUH) was info by his intelligence sources and later on confirmed by incident of Hazrat Suffiya.
g. As per instrs of Holy Prophet (PBUH), Hazrat Suffiya was the head of women and children group held in SE zone.
h. One day she observed that a fully armed Jew was stealthily moving, as soon as he crossed the wall and jumped inside
Hazrat Suffiya killed him.
j. Use of Diplomacy
(1) Muslims thought using of diplomacy which if worked would drain 2000 Ghafteni warriors from allies.
(2) Nueim Bin Masud, a well known Ghaftanian, who had kept his conversion to Islam secret, one night, offered his
svcs to the Prophet (PBUH) for this cause.
(3) According to plan he was to sow the seeds of discontent, disbelief and disharmony among the Quraish, Banu
Qureiza and his tribe Ghaftan.
(4) As per plan he went to Bani Qureiza first and said about the wrath in case of defeat. He advised them not to
collaborate further unless they were given some hostages of Quraish and Ghaftan as assurance and good faith.
(5) Next, he went to Quraish and info them that Bani Quraiz and Muslims had come to a pact under that they will ask
for hostages and after that will hand them over to the Muslims.
(6) Then he went to Ghaftan and painted the same picture.
(7) To test the statement Abu Sufian sent a delegation to Bani Qureiza. Leader of the delegation said that they wanted
to attk the Prophet (PBUH) next night and Banu Quraiza should attack from their side as per pact.
(8) Kab the ldr of Bani Qureiza asked for hostages as assurance.
(9) Abu Sufian sensing intentions, decided to take some other actions against the forces of Islam.
k. Venture against the Defenders
(1) Getting tired and bored of the situation Khalid and Ikrama decided to move fwd towards Muslim camp on the
morning of Saturday, 15 March.
(2) They moved with cavalry, west of Zubab, where the ditch was comparatively narrow.
(3) Ikrama’s sqn comprising seven persons moved first and after crossing suddenly came in front of Muslims.
(4) Leader of the column challenged but received utter silence by the Muslims. He challenged again, Hazrat Ali rose
but was ordered to sit down and observe. Now he challenged 3 rd time. Hazrat Ali got up and came close to the
Prophet (PBUH) and said he wants to kill the aggressor.
(5) The aggressor charged on Hazrat Ali. Ali’s sword flashed and the next moment blood gushed out of his throat.
(6) With the cry of Allah-o-Akbar Muslims attacked, the Quraish turned back and started jumping but a man Nofal Bin
Abdullah could not cross and got killed by Hazrat Ali.
l. Khalid’s Effort to Break Through
(1) Next afternoon Khalid with his sqn again tried to cross the ditch but was repulsed with one casuality on either side.
(2) Suddenly Khalid came back before the Muslims could redeploy. After hand-to-hand fight Khalid realising situation
aginst his side withdrew
(4) In this attempt also both sides had one causality each.
m. For next two day no worthwhile activity took place except exchange of few arrows without any damage.
n. Allied morale started falling down.
o. Weather of Medina turned into sever cold and storm started on 18 March. Adding to this rain followed hard.
p. Losing all hopes of success Abu Sufian mounted on Camel and ordered retreat.
q. In this battle only Six Muslims got martyred.
7. Analysis of the Battle
8. Analysis SIR TD PULD (write only all those applicable)
a. Due to sound planning, great leadership, belief in Allah Almighty and willingness to sacrifice their life in name of Islam, this
small Muslim Army managed to defeat an enemy which was superior in both number and resources.
b. Through strong intelligence network Muslims were enable to make a plan well in advance and thereby taking prompt
measures to offset en’s hostile designs.
c. Muslims were able to successfully utilize their all available resources.
d. Skilful use of terrain provided an added advantage to Muslims and checking en’s freedom of movement.
e. Muslims successfully deprived their enemy from freedom of action and aggression.
f. Principles of Defensive Battle
(1) All round def.
(2) Use of ground.
(3) Ground of own choice.
(4) Maint of reserves.
(5) Shoot to kill in the killing zone.
g. Psychological Warfare
h. Use of Diplomacy.
j. Leadership
(1) Battle inside Medina.
(2) Digging of trench brought new dimensions in def battle.
(3) Equal distr of work.
k. Decisive Battle. The chances of fighting with a particular group in future finished.
9. Lessons Learnt COAS - DECCO (write only all those applicable)
a. Comd and Con.
b. Offn Action.
c. Adm.
d. Security.
e. Disposn of Forces.
f. Eco of effort.
g. Choice of B Fd.
h. Conc.
j. Obedience of Comd.
10. Application of Principles of War COE-SMALS (write only all those applicable)
a. Concentration.
b. Offensive action by choosing the ground of your own choice and compelling enemy to fight at your on terms.
c. Eco of Effort by:-
(1) Using wpns as per their cap and characteristic.
(2) Excellent fire discipline.
d. Sound Planning. Making a comprehensive plan by keeping in mind own resources as compared to en’s and gr and weather
restrictions
 e. Surprise. By not allowing enemy to have E wng about your intentions.
f. Security. By choosing a ground which covers both rear and flanks.
g. Morale. By reiterating the blessings of Allah and his promise for rewards for those who stands fast in his way.
h. Simplicity.
j. Sel of Aim.
k. Adm.
l. Leadership Qualities. All events of war depict the leadership qualities of Prophet (PBUH) and his ability to remain
abreast with his companions even during crises.

TRUCE OF HUDEIBIYA
1. Historical Perspective
a. The Truce of Hudeibiya was signed in early April 628.
b. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) set out for “Umra” in the middle of March with 1,400 Muslims, armed with swords and sacrificial
animals.
c. The Quraish, however, feared that the Muslims were coming to fight a battle.
d. Consequently Quraish moved out and conc in a camp near Makkah.
e. From here, Khalid was sent with 300 horsemen to delay the Muslims. He made a blocking posn at Kara-Ul-Ghameen, 15
miles from Usfan.
f. Muslims recce elements (20 horsemen), info the Prophet (PBUH) about Quraish intentions and their strength.
g. Muhammad (PBUH) ordered the fwd det to remain in contact and keep the en’s intention diverted.
h. The Prophet (PBUH) moved his army from the right while using a little used track, through difficult hilly terrain, far from the
coast.
j. While outflanking movement was well underway, Khalid saw, the dust of the Muslim column. Realising his Army in trouble he
hastily withdrew to Makkah.
2. The Truce. Muslims continued march until they reached Hudeibiya on 13 March 628 AD, 13 miles west of Makkah, where they
pitched camp. After few days the Quraish realized that the Muslims had come for Pilgrimage and not for war. Envoys from both side travelled
and then a truce was signed. Terms were as fol:-
a. There would be no war, no raids and no military actions against each other for next 10 years.
b. Muslims coming for “Haj” or for trade to Yemen or Taif would be granted security of person and property and anyone from
Quraish going for trade to Syria or Iraq, enroute Madina, would be provided security in person and property.
c. Any member of the Quraish, Muslim or Non-Muslim, who deserted to Muslims without the permission of his guardian would
be returned back, on the other hand anyone coming to Quraish from Medina, would not be handed back.
d. There shall be no secret help, violation of neutrality or unfaithful action.
e. Other parties were free to join any party and would be bound by the same terms.
f. Muslims were to return back without performing pilgrimage this time. However, they could come back next year for this
purpose, carrying one sheathed sword only and would return back after three days stay at Makkah.
g. Animals of sacrifice will be slaughtered at Hudeibiya and would not be taken into Makkah.
3. Anticipated Advantages of the Truce. Truce actually gave fol certain advantages to the Muslims:-
a. It would have psychological impact on the Arab tribes and would show the confidence Muslims enjoyed in their dealing.
b. If some Muslims were not permitted to leave Makkah, they would act as an eye and ears in the midst of enemy.
c. Ten years would give time and opportunity to spread Islam.

4. Analysis of the Truce SIR-TD-IRP (write only all those applicable)

a. Sound Planning. Due to sound planning, great leadership, belief in Allah Almighty and willingness to sacrifice their life in
name of Islam, this small Muslim Army managed achieve its long term aims without any direct conflict with non believers.
b. Strong Intelligence Network. Through strong intelligence network Muslims were enable to make a plan well in
advance and thereby taking prompt measures to offset en’s hostile designs.
c. Utilization of Resources. Muslims were able to successfully utilize their all available resources.
d. Skilful use of terrain. Skilful use of terrain provided an added advantage to Muslims and checking en’s freedom of
movement.
e. Deprivation of Freedom of Action. Muslims successfully deprived their enemy from freedom of action and
aggression.
f. Importance of Discipline.
g. Role and achievements of the Prophet (PBUH).
h. Psychological impact.
5. Lessons Learnt COAS – DECCO (write only all those applicable)
a. Comd and Con.
b. Offn Action.
c. Adm.
d. Security.
e. Disposn of Forces.
f. Eco of effort.
g. Choice of B Fd.
h. Conc.
j. Obedience of Comd.
6. Application of Principles of War. COE-SMALS (write only all those applicable)
a. Concentration.
b. Offensive action by choosing the ground of your own choice and compelling enemy to fight at your on terms.
c. Eco of Effort by:-
(1) Using wpns as per their cap and characteristic.
(2) Excellent fire discipline.
d. Sound Planning. Making a comprehensive plan by keeping in mind own resources as compared to en’s and gr and weather
restrictions
e. Surprise. By not allowing enemy to have E wng about your intentions.
f. Security. By choosing a ground which covers both rear and flanks.
g. Morale. By reiterating the blessings of Allah and his promise for rewards for those who stands fast in his way.
h. Simplicity.
j. Sel of Aim.
k. Adm.
l. Leadership Qualities. All events of war depicts the leadership qualities of Prophet (PBUH) and his ability to remain
abreast with his companions even during crises.

BATTLE OF AJNADEIN
Gen
1. Caliph Hazrat Abu Bakr's plan of invasion of Persian and Roman Empires was based on a remarkable sense of time and space. He
had correctly aprc that by the time Hazrat Khalid Bin Waleed was able to create a cen rupture b/w the two Empires by moving into Hira, the
other four corps moving in ech through Palestine and Jordan to Syria would have estb contact with the Romans thereby splitting the Roman
front. By May 634AD, Hazrat Khalid had taken Hira and Muslim Armies were crossing into Palestinian borders. The Emperor Heraclius was in
Emessa, planning ctr measures against the Muslims. As a precaution he ordered the positioning of several Romans at Ajnadein. The
mobilization of the Roman Army a little earlier than expected by the Muslims did not upset the Muslim strat plan. Caliph Hazrat Abu Bakr imed
ordered Hazrat Khalid Bin Waleed to march as the head of half the Muslim Army to Ajnadein leaving the sec half at Hira and assume the comd
of Muslim Armies in Syria and Palestine.
Khalid's Prep Mnvr
2. Hazrat Khalid lt Hira at the head of his 9,000 Army (leaving remaining 9,000 at Hira) in the third weak of Jun 634 AD. At this time three
of the four advancing gps under Hazrat Abu Ubeida, Hazrat Shurahbeel and Hazrat Yazid Bin AI-Waleed were at Basra sizing up for a battle
with the Romans, while Hazrat Amr Bin AI-Aas was operating in Wadi Al-Arabia. Hazrat Khalid marching through the waterless and diff terrain
reached Basra in Jul and inflicted the first defeat on the Romans. From there, he mov straight to Ajnadein. Hazrat Khalid reached Ajnadein on
24 Jul 634 AD and married up with the Muslim Army. He took over the comd of the army from Hazrat Abu Ubeida. One remarkable feature of
the mov of this great army of 32,000 men the largest force yet assembled for battle was that it was independent of the lines of comm. Behind it
stretched no line of sup since it had no log base. Its food trotted along with the army and could not be cut off from its sups. It needed no rds for
its mov for it had no wagons and everything was carried on camels. This ease of mov gave Muslims a tremendous edge over the Romans in
mob and speed.
Mov and Assy of the Roman Army
3. Task which took the Roman more than two months. The 90,000 Roman army like any reg, sophisticated mil force needed time for its
mov and had to spend weaks in prep in collecting sups, wagons, horses and in issuing wpns and eqpt. Since it travelled with thousands of
wagons and carriages, it needed good rds for its mov. But over these two months the Romans had successfully conc an army of 90,000 men
at Ajnadein under the comd of Werdan, Governor of Emessa.
Choice of Ajnadein as Battle Gr
4. The Muslims had marched to Ajnadein as a matter of choice. So long as the Roman army remained at Ajnadein, it posed no imed
threat to the Muslim corps. Threat to the Muslims could only arise if a mov by Romans was undertaken beyond Ajnadein. The Muslims could
have waited for the Romans to start the first mov. In this case, why did the Muslim army mov away from the desert and entered deep into a
fertile land. Khalid's decision proved to be rt one. With a large Roman army poised at Ajnadein, the Muslims would have remained tied down to
the area occupied by them which in itself was of little imp.
5. Motivation
a. Muslims. The sight of the gigantic Roman camp had a somewhat disturbing impact on the Muslims. The str of the
Roman Army, a staggering figure of 90,000. The majority of the Muslims had never taken part in a great battle except Hazrat
Khalid's 9,000 veterans. Hazrat Khalid went in the camp and spoke to their comds and men. He said, "Know, O Muslims, that
you have never seen an army of Rome as you see now. If Allah defeats them by your hand, they shall never again stand
against you. So be steadfast in battle and defend your faith. Beware of turning your backs on the en, for then your
punishment will be the fire. Be watchful and steady in your ranks and do not attk until I give the orders". The personality
of their comd and the supreme confidence which emanated from him had a marvelously steadying effect on the Muslims.
b. Romans. Werdan called a council of war and spoke to his Gens. "0 Romans", he said, "Ceasar has placed his trust
in you. If you are defeated, you will never again be able to make a stand against the Arabs, and they shall conquer your land
and ravish your women. So be steadfast, when you attk, attk as one man, do not disperse your efforts. Seek the help of the
Cross and remember that you are three to each one of them".
Depl
6. Muslim Army. Hazrat Khalid depl his army facing west on a front of about 5 miles stretched sufficiently to prevent numerically
superior Roman army from overlapping his flanks. The army was depl with a cen and two str wings. On either side of the army, next to the wing
as an extension of the front was positioned a flank gd to ctr any Roman attempt to envelop the Muslim flanks or to outflank their posn entirely.
7. Roman Army. They formed up on the same frontage but had much greater depth in their disposns. The massive fmns of the
Romans, carrying large crosses and banners were an awe-inspiring sight.
Conduct of the Battle
8. First Day
a. Battle began with the action of the Roman archers and slingers. Muslims became impatient to attk the Romans with swords
and lances. Hazrat Khalid decided to let indl champions go into cbt against Roman champions. In this dueling, the Muslims
would have the adv. Several Romans were killed. Gradually the duelling inc in extent and intensity and cont for about two hrs
during which the Roman archers and slingers remained inactive. This ph restored the bal in favour of the Muslims.
b. While this duelling was still in progress, Hazrat Khalid ordered a gen attk and the entire Muslim front mov fwd and hurled
itself at the Roman army. The main battle was now on with swords and shields.
c. It was a frontal struggle with no fine mnvr and neither side attempting to outflank the other. It was hard slogging match at
close qtrs and cont for some hrs. Then in the late afternoon both sides broke contact and fell back to their original lines.
9. Sec Day
a. A plot was hatched to kill Hazrat Khalid by Werdan and his men by inviting for peace talks and killing him when he was near
enough. The plot got compromised at the hands of the same Roman messenger who had carried the msg on behalf of the
Werdan and the next morning both Werdan and the concealed Roman soldiers were killed by Hazrat Zarrar and his men.
b. When no other tac adv was possible and mnvr was restd, Hazrat Khalid exploited the psy effect of killing the en Comd-in-
Chief and ordered gen attk. The cen, the wings and the flank gds swept fwd and aslt the Romans who were now under the
comd of Qubuqlar. As the two armies met, another ph of violent hand-to-hand fighting began. Soon the fighting became
vicious with no qtr given or taken. The Muslims struck fiercely at the Roman fmns and the Romans struggled desperately to
hold the aslt. Hazrat Khalid and all his officer’s fought in front of their men and so did many of the Roman gens who prepared
to die for the glory of the empire. The B fd soon turned into a wreckage of human bodies mostly Roman, as the men
struggled mightily w/o respite.
c. At last, as the two sides were reaching the pt of exhaustion, Hazrat Khalid threw his res of 4,000 men under Hazrat Yazeed
into the cen and with the added impetus of this rfts the Muslims broke through at several places, driving deep wedges into
the Roman army. In the cen, a Muslim gp got to Qubuqlar, the Roman resistance weakened, and soon after collapsed
entirely. The Romans fled from the B fd.
d. As the Romans sought to escape, they suffered even more grievous damage than in the two days of fighting. Their cas were
50,000 dead at the cost of only 450 Muslims.