•Lecture 4 ECE 4606 Undergraduate Optics Lab

–Outline

4: Fourier Optics
• Introduction to Fourier Optics
• Two dimensional transforms
• Basic optical layout
• The coordinate system
• Detailed example
• Isotropic low pass
• Isotropic high pass
• Low pass in just one dimension
• Phase contrast imaging

Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado Pedrotti3, Chapter 21: Fourier Optics 45

•Lecture 4 ECE 4606 Undergraduate Optics Lab
–Fourier optics

Fourier transform pairs

From Goodman, Introduction to Fourier Optics, p. 14

Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado 46

•Lecture 4 ECE 4606 Undergraduate Optics Lab
–Fourier optics

Properties of 2D FTs
∞ ∞
( ) ( )
∫ ∫ F(f , f y )e ∫ ∫ f ( x, y ) e
j 2π x f x + y f y − j 2π x f x + y f y
Definition f ( x, y ) = x df x df y F ( x, y ) = dx dy
−∞ −∞

Linearity α f ( x, y ) + β g ( x , y ) ↔ α F ( f x , f y ) + β G ( f x , f y )

x y
Scaling f ,  ↔ a b F (a f x , b f y )
a b
f (x − x0 , y − y 0 ) (
− j 2π x0 f x + y 0 f y )
Shift ↔ F (u , v ) e

Rotation Rθ { f ( x, y )} ↔ Rθ {F (u , v )}
∞

Convolution ∫ ∫ f (ξ ,η ) g (x − ξ , y − η ) dξ dη ↔ F ( f
−∞
x , f y )G ( f x , f y )

Correlation ∫∫ f (ξ ,η ) g * (ξ − x,η − y ) dξ dη ↔F ( f x , f y )G * ( f x , f y )
−∞

∞ ∞
F ( f x , f y ) df x df y
2
∫∫ f ( x, y ) dx dy ∫∫
2
Parseval’s thm =
−∞ −∞

Projection slice thm ∫ f (x, y ) dy ↔ F ( f x ,0 )

−∞

Real function f ( x ) ∈ Real ↔ F ( f x ) = F ∗ (− f x )

Real
Even/odd function f ( x ) ± f (− x ) ∈ Real ↔ F ( f x )∈
Imaginary
Each of these has a direct physical analog with optics.
Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado 47
•Lecture 4 ECE 4606 Undergraduate Optics Lab
–Fourier optics

General spatial filtering

“4F” processing system:

Collimate Object FT Filter Inverse FT Output

fFT fFT fFT fFT

Prepare input 1
Input mask f ( x, y )
Take FT F( x′
λ FFT , λ Fy′FT )
F( )G( )
′ ′
Filter mask x′
λ FFT , λ FyFT x′
λ FFT , λ FyFT
∞

Take inverse FT ∫ ∫ f (ξ ,η ) g (x − ξ , y − η ) dξ dη
−∞

Thus the 2D object f(x,y) has been filtered with the 2D filter with impulse
response g(x,y).

Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado 48

•Lecture 4 ECE 4606 Undergraduate Optics Lab
–Fourier optics

Coordinate system

x x′

F
θ

λ x = λ0 sin θ θ x′ = F sin θ
or λ0 λ0
f x = sin θ λ0 =F
λx
= F λ0 f x

So spatial frequency fx is related to

coordinate x´ by the scale factor F λ0

Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado 49

•Lecture 4 ECE 4606 Undergraduate Optics Lab
–Fourier optics

Simple optical Fourier transforms

Focal length F = 100 mm
Laser wavelength λ0 = 632 nm

Amplitude cosine, aka diffraction grating

100,000 × 0.632
x′ =
200
λ x = 200 µm
= 316 µm

Rotate object by 45o

x′ = y ′
100,000 × 0.632
=
282.8
= 223 µm
λx = λ y
= 2 × 200 µm
= 282.8 µm

Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado 50

•Lecture 4 ECE 4606 Undergraduate Optics Lab
–Example

Low pass, sharp cutoff

REAL SPACE FOURIER SPACE

Multiplied by

252.8 µm pinhole
Filter cutoff frequency = 1/500 µm-1
Filter cutoff position = 126.4 µm
Focal length = 100 mm
Laser wavelength = 632 nm

All plots show amplitude of E

Smoothed, but Gibbs ringing

due to sharp filter edges =

Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado 51

•Lecture 4 ECE 4606 Undergraduate Optics Lab
–Example

Low pass, smooth cutoff

REAL SPACE FOURIER SPACE

Multiplied by

Filter cutoff frequency = 1/500 µm-1

Filter cutoff position = 126.4 µm
Edge smoothing = 132 µm
Focal length = 100 mm
Laser wavelength = 632 nm

Now just nicely smoothed

=

Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado 52

•Lecture 4 ECE 4606 Undergraduate Optics Lab
–Example

High pass, narrowband

REAL SPACE FOURIER SPACE

Multiplied by

105.2 µm “dot”
Filter cutoff frequency = 1/1200 µm-1
Filter cutoff position = 52.6 µm
Edge smoothing = 58.2 µm
Focal length = 100 mm
Laser wavelength = 632 nm

Note sharp edges, darkening of

large, uniform areas (~DC) =

Sharp filter used for clarity

Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado 53

•Lecture 4 ECE 4606 Undergraduate Optics Lab
–Example

High pass, wideband

REAL SPACE FOURIER SPACE

Multiplied by

Filter cutoff frequency = 1/300 µm-1

Filter cutoff position = 210.6 µm
Edge smoothing = 46.6 µm
Focal length = 100 mm
Laser wavelength = 632 nm

Only edges remain. Almost a

“line drawing” =

Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado 54

•Lecture 4 ECE 4606 Undergraduate Optics Lab
–Example

Vertical low pass

REAL SPACE FOURIER SPACE

Multiplied by

632 µm horiz. slit

Filter cutoff frequency = 1/200µm-1
Filter cutoff position = 316 µm
Edge smoothing = 93.6 µm
Focal length = 100 mm
Laser wavelength = 632 nm

Horizontal lines at edges of eyes gone

Vertical lines above nose remain.
=

Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado 55

•Lecture 4 ECE 4606 Undergraduate Optics Lab
–Example

Horizontal low pass

REAL SPACE FOURIER SPACE

Multiplied by

Filter cutoff frequency = 1/200 µm-1

Filter cutoff position = 316 µm 632
Edge smoothing = 93.6 µm µm
Focal length = 100 mm vert.
Laser wavelength = 632 nm slit

Horizontal lines at edges of eyes remain.

Vertical lines above nose gone.
=

Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado 56

•Lecture 4 ECE 4606 Undergraduate Optics Lab
–Example

Simpler object
Low-pass

Original High-pass

Low-pass, different
cutoff in x&y

Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado 57

•Lecture 4 ECE 4606 Undergraduate Optics Lab
–Phase contrast

Phase contrast
REAL SPACE FOURIER SPACE

Ansel
− jπ
max ( Ansel )
e

Multiplied by

Filter cutoff frequency = 1/5000 µm-1

Filter cutoff position = 12.6 µm
Focal length = 100 mm
Laser wavelength = 632 nm Knife edge

Phase has become amplitude.

Zernike won the 1953 Nobel in Physics for this.
=

Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado 58