II

THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS 89-GT-1 6

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Gas Turbine and Turbomachinery Education

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at Carleton University
S. A. SJOLANDER* and H. I. H. SARAVANAMUTTOO**
Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering
Carleton University
Ottawa, Ontario
Canada K1S 5B6

ABSTRACT Gas turbine education has long been a major focus of

Although a relatively small industrial nation, Canada
has a very well developed gas turbine industry with both an
original design and manufacturing capability and a large
industrial user base. Research and teaching at Carleton
University has focused on the needs of the Canadian industry
over many years. Particular strengths have been established
in the areas of experimental aerodynamics for turbomachinery
and the use of mathematical modelling for engine performance
investigations. Strong links are maintained with both
manufacturers and users, and the well-trained engineers
produced by the program readily find employment in the
industry.
INTRODUCTION
Canada has a small but important indigenous gas
turbine industry. Pratt and Whitney Canada designs and
manufactures a very successful line of small shaft-power and
turbofan engines. Westinghouse Canada manufactures a
family of larger, industrial gas turbine engines. In addition,
other large manufacturers such as Rolls-Royce maintain
significant engine overhaul facilities in Canada. A number of
companies manufacture industrial-type turbomachines ranging
from low-performance axial and centrifugal blowers to the
largest hydraulic turbines. Canada is also a major user of
gas turbine engines. It has the second largest register of civil
aircraft in the world and many of these aircraft are gas
turbine powered. Gas turbines are used extensively as prime
movers on pipelines, for electrical power generation in remote
locations, and for the propulsion of hover craft and naval and
coast guard vessels.- Canada thus has a need for engineers
knowledgable about the design of gas turbine components as
well as about applications aspects such as overall
performance, controls and health monitoring. To meet this
need, several Canadian universities are active in research
related to gas turbine engines and turbomachinery and offer
courses at both the undergraduate and post-graduate levels.
Among these universities, Carleton is perhaps the most active
and offers the broadest program addressing both design and
applications questions.
* Associate Professor. Associate Member ASME.
Professor. Fellow ASME.
activity at Carleton University. In the undergraduate
program students are exposed to senior elective courses with
significant amounts of gas turbine performance and
turbomachinery design and analysis, and students have the
opportunity to run an industrial gas turbine in a realistic test
cell environment. Close working relationships exist with the
National Research Council of Canada (NRCC) and a number
of both graduate and undergraduate students have carried out
their research off campus using NRCC facilities. Faculty
members have strong contacts with the gas turbine industry
and several graduate students have gone on to create their
own companies in related areas, resulting in strong university-
industry interaction.
The present paper outlines the evolution of gas turbine
and turbomachinery education at Carleton University,
summarizes the most significant research results, and briefly
indicates the courses available. The latter include a very
successful one-week short course aimed at users of gas turbine
engines.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
When the Faculty of Engineering was formed in the
late 1950's the unit was sufficiently small that separate
departments did not exist. It was provided with strong and
dynamic leadership by the original Dean, John Ruptash, who
believed very strongly in the need for a significant common
core in the program. Ruptash was an Aeronautical Engineer
and he started the Faculty with a nucleus of senior people,
one of the most significant hirings being D.A.J. Millar, who
had previous experience with both NRCC and Pratt and
Whitney Canada.
Millar was a member of the original small group of
about a dozen at Pratt and Whitney Canada who conceived
the design of the immensely successful PT6 gas turbine
engine. The late J.C. Vrana, the inventor of the highly
successful pipe diffuser used in all current Pratt and Whitney
Canada engines, was also a faculty member for a short period
before his untimely death. It was Millar who founded the gas
turbine activity at Carleton, and his earlier contacts with
NRCC were invaluable to the Faculty.
Employees of NRCC played a significant role in the
development of the laboratories at Carleton and provided
expertise as sessional lecturers in a wide variety of fields.
Particular mention must be made of the early contributions by
M.S. Chappell and E.P. Cockshutt of the NRCC Engine
Laboratory, both with teaching and the installation of the
original Rover 1S/60 gas turbine in the late 1950's. This

Presented at the Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition—June 4-8, 1989—Toronto, Ontario, Canada

engine gave good service for over 15 years and provided a
valuable teaching tool.
Another key early appointment was J. Kirkhope who
had extensive experience with both Pratt and Whitney
Canada and Rolls Royce in the UK and who brought to the
Department expertise in both vibration engineering and
instrumentation. A.N. Abdel-Hamid, now at the American
University of Cairo, also joined around this period and made
significant contributions in the areas of unsteady flows in
centrifugal compressors.
Around 1970, the faculty had grown to the point where
some form of departmental structure became necessary, and
several divisions were formed. Fluid mechanics and
thermodynamics were looked after by the Division of
Aerothermodynamics while solid mechanics and design were
handled by the Division of Solid Mechanics. At this time
Saravanamuttoo was hired from the University of Bristol,
where he had worked with Bristol Siddeley, Rolls Royce and
the British Aircraft Corporation following earlier experience in
Canada with Orenda. There were no further appointments in
the turbomachinery area for some time.
About 1972 a major reorganization of the faculty led to
the formation of the Department of Mechanical and
Aeronautical Engineering under the chairmanship of W.J.
Rainbird. Although an Aeronautical Engineer with a
background primarily in external aerodynamics, Rainbird
developed an interest in the aerodynamics of turbomachinery,
supervising the Master's thesis of Sjolander (1975). After
completing his doctorate at Cambridge and spending several
years designing high performance fans and wind tunnels,
Sjolander joined the faculty at Carleton in 1981 following the
early retirement of Millar. In 1975, R. Bell joined the
Department, bringing a background in aircraft structures.
While he has since concentrated mainly on the fracture
mechanics of heavy steel structures, he also regularly
collaborates with Kirkhope on stress, vibration and fracture
problems of rotating turbomachinery components. Another
aerodynamicist in the Department, R.J. Kind, also moved into
the field of turbomachinery aerodynamics taking a particular
interest in industrial turbomachinery. In 1983, W.G. Richarz
was hired to replace Abdel-Hamid and he brought to the
Department an interest in the acoustics and aerodynamics of
high-performance propellers and helicopter rotors. Finally,
S.H. Moustapha, a Staff Aerodynamicist at Pratt and Whitney
Canada, is an Adjunct Professor who contributes both to the
graduate teaching and to the research of the Department.
At present there are seven faculty members involved to
varying degrees with turbomachinery and gas turbine studies
and research: Bell, Kind, Kirkhope, Moustapha, Richarz,
Saravanamuttoo and Sjolander.
AREAS OF RESEARCH
The Carleton team has covered a wide range of
activities, ranging from experimental studies of
turbomachinery and fluid mechanics through mathematical
modelling of gas turbine performance to stress analysis and
life extension of turbine discs. The close proximity of the
excellent facilities of NRCC has been a major advantage;
numerous students have worked with NRCC and a high
proportion of the staff of the Engine Laboratory have obtained
Carleton graduate degrees, mostly for work done in their own
labs with supervision by a Carleton faculty member.
Graduate students may carry out research on or off-campus,
and industrial partners have included pipelines, overhaul
shops, gas turbine manufacturers, the Department of National
o 1 /2 1 _ 2 FT.
Defence and the Canadian Coast Guard.
Major areas of study include component aerodynamics,
computer modelling of gas turbine performance, stress and
vibration analysis and life extension of turbine and
compressor discs. A complete list of the theses generated by
these studies is given as an Appendix.
C
COMPONENT AERODYNAMICS STUDIES
Experimental and computational studies of the
aerodynamics of turbomachinery components date from the
earliest days of the graduate program at Carleton. Indeed,
the first Master's thesis completed in the Department was
supervised by Millar and dealt with the flow between a
centrifugal compressor disk and the adjacent casing
(McDonald, 1964). The following sections describe the main
experimental facilities available in the Department and
highlight some of the more significant studies which have
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been conducted over the years.
Experimental Facilities
The Canadian gas turbine industry is too small to
support a major university turbomachinery laboratory such as
the Whittle Laboratory at Cambridge or the M.I.T. Gas
Turbine Laboratory. By such standards, Carleton's facilities
are quite modest. However, as noted elsewhere, Carleton is
fortunate to lie in close proximity to laboratories of the
National Research Council of Canada. Their facilities include
various rotating rigs, compressible flow cascade test sections,
and combustion research rigs, and there has been
collaboration on projects of mutual interest in the past. The
in-house facilities at Carleton are suited to studies of basic
turbomachinery aerodynamics, primarily under incompressible
conditions.
The mainstay of our experimental studies has been the
open jet Turbomachinery Wind Tunnel shown in cross-section
in Figure 1. It was originally designed and built under the
supervision of D.A.J. Millar for use in studying swirling flows
in annular ducts. It was eventually used this way, but over
the years several cascade test sections were also developed for
it. The tunnel provides essentially incompressible flow but
full-scale blade Reynolds numbers can be matched.
In the early 1970's an annular cascade test section was
constructed and used extensively for studying endwall
boundary layers in turbine stators; it is shown attached to the
wind tunnel in Figure 1. More recently the Tip-Clearance
Test Section shown in Figure 2 was developed by Amrud
(1985) for studying tip gap flows in planar turbine cascades.
The test section is sized for blades with a chord length of the
order of 250 mm, which is large enough for detailed
measurements of the flow to be made within a typical tip gap.
Danias (1987) has constructed a moving belt endwall for
simulating the effects of rotation. Finally, a Variable-
Incidence Test Section was completed very recently by Goobie
(1988). It will accept the same blades as the Tip Clearance
Test Section, but the blades are mounted on a turntable
which allows the incidence to be varied over a total range of
nearly 90°.
N
SCALE
0 COMPRESSOR4Q DIFFUSER C3 BLEED RING
) SETTLING CHAMBER Q HONEYCOMB Q
B TEST CASCADE
Q TEST SECTION © SCREENS Q TRAVERSING GEAR
FIG. 1. TURBOMACHINERY WIND TUNNEL

BACK WALL
. TIP WALL
^1.
C 50000
SCALE
FIG. 2. TIP-CLEARANCE TEST SECTION
A blow-down wind tunnel was recently acquired from
McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, where it was used
for compressible flow studies in a planar cascade test section
This will provide us with a compressible flow capability to
complement the studies being conducted in the
Turbomachinery Wind Tunnel. The high-speed wind tunnel
will be housed in a new addition to the Engineering building
which is scheduled for completion in 1991.
In addition to the wind tunnels, we have several
smaller experimental rigs for use in studies of industrial-type
turbomachinery. A well-instrumented apparatus has been
used for detailed studies of the flow in centrifugal blowers of
the squirrel cage-type (Kind and Tobin, 1989). A moderately
high performance commercial centrifugal compressor with a
thoroughly instrumented diffuser has been used extensively
for unsteady flow and diffuser stability studies. Finally,
Figure 3 shows a small research centrifugal fan which has
interchangeable rotors of various geometries and a vaneless
diffuser for which the geometry can also be readily changed.
Cascade Studies
A study of endwall boundary layers in an annular
turbine nozzle cascade began about 1972. It was initiated by
W.J. Rainbird who had a long-standing interest in external
three-dimensional boundary layers (eg. Rainbird et al., 1966;
Rainbird, 1968). Measurements and flow visualization in the
cascade clarified the formation of the horseshoe vortex around
the blade leading edge, formation of the passage vortex, and
the locations of separation and attachment lines (Sjolander,
1975; see Figure 4). This was at a time when the endwall
boundary layer was not well understood and, to jud ge by the
subsequent references to the work, this study contributed
significantl y to the improved understanding of this
complicated flow. A modified version of the test section was
used later to investigate the effects of skewed inlet endwall
boundary layers (Bindon, 1979).
A couple of studies are in progress in the new planar
cascade test sections mentioned earlier. These are supported
by and being conducted in close co-operation with Pratt and
Whitney Canada.
An investigation of the tip clearance flow in a cascade
of turbine blades is well advanced. The tip clearance flow is
an important source of losses in all turbomachinery rotors,
and particularly in small diameter rotors such as those used
in Pratt and Whitney Canada engines. Flow visualization has
been used extensively to help clarify the physics of the
leakage flow: for exam p le, Figure 5 shows a surface oil flow
pattern on the tip wall for a typical clearance. In addition,
measurements have been made of the effect of the leakage
flow on the blade loading (Sjolander & Amrud, 1987), of the
details of the flow within the gap itself (Yaras et al., 1988)
and of the development of the tip leakage vortex downstream
3
9
Flow
String
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Dl ffuser
Shroud
Diffuser
Hub
R, 84.5
— R3 118.5
^i Di z l ^
248
389 ---
All dimensions in mm.
FIG. 3. RESEARCH CENTRIFUGAL FAN.
of the trailing edge (Yaras & Sjolander, 1989). The data are
very extensive and have been assembled in tabular form for
use as a test case for computational methods (Yaras &
Sjolander, 1988a); they are already being used for this
purpose at two other institutions as well as by ourselves. An
investigation of the effects of relative motion has begun, using
the moving-belt endwall to simulate rotation. Future plans
include the investigation of design modifications which may be
able to reduce the deleterious effects of the leakage flow.
A study of off-design losses in turbine cascades is at an
early stage in the new Variable-Incidence Test Section. The
purpose is to gain insight into the loss mechanisms and to
expand the database of off-design loss data, particularly as it
applies to blade shapes of interest to Pratt and Whitney
Canada. Initial) y , the focus is on the profile losses (Goobie,
Moustapha and Sjolander, 1989; Moustapha, Kacker and
Tremblay, 1989).
Industrial Turbomachinery
While the emphasis of studies at Carleton has been on
components for gas turbines, contacts with industry have also
prompted several studies on industrial-type turbomachinery.
Beginning in the late 1970s, Abdel-Hamid undertook a
very extensive program of research on the instability of radial
vaneless diffusers. Initial studies were aimed at improving
the understanding of the instability mechanisms, through both
experimental measurements and analytical studies (Abdel-
Hamid et al., 1979; Abdel-Hamid and Bertrand, 1980; Abdel-
Hamid, 1980, 1983a). These studies resulted in suggestions
for simple methods for improving the stability of the diffusers,
through the use of control rings (Abdel-Hamid, 1983b) and
 SEPARATION
BOUNDARY LAYER CONVERGENCE
WEAK CONVERGENCE
•• •• - REATTACHMENT
S3 ^
SECTION x - x
FIG. 4. SCHEMATIC DRAWING OF THE ENDWALL
BOUNDARY LAYER FLOW IN A TURBINE STATOR
CASCADE.
small exit vanes (Abdel-Hamid, 1987) at the diffuser outlet.
Since moving to the American University of Cairo, Abdel-
Hamid has returned several times to use the experimental
facilities he developed at Carleton. His Research Centrifugal
Fan was also used recently by Y. Zhu, a Visiting Scholar from
China, to study the effects of radial taper on the steady-state
performance of radial vaneless diffusers (Zhu and Sjolander,
1987). Several centrifugal compressor manufacturers, notably
in West Germany and the Soviet Union, had found that a
small amount of radial convergence in the diffuser improved
the stability and performance of their compressors, but no
physical explanations for this effect seemed to have been
proposed. Zhu found that a small amount of convergence
substantially improved the uniformity of the radial component
of velocity, thus delaying separation of the wall boundary
layers. The best static pressure recovery was in fact obtained
with mild wall convergence.
As described elsewhere, several Carleton faculty
members have close connections with GasTOPS Ltd., an
Ottawa consulting company which is very active in gas
turbine and turbomachinery related projects. This has led to
several studies on industrial turbomachinery. For example,
methods have been developed for predicting the performance
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FIG. 5. OIL FLOW VISUALIZATION ON THE TIP WALL
ABOVE A TURBINE BLADE WITH CLEARANCE
(Clearance/Chord = 0.028).
of centrifugal pumps used to move the highly non-Newtonian
sludges which arise in the oil sands industry (Kind and Muir,
1981).
Computational Studies
Over the years, most of the research on
turbomachinery aerodynamics conducted at Carleton has been
experimental. Nevertheless, some significant contributions to
turbomachinery flow computations have also been made, and
we foresee more activity in this area in the future.
In the early 1970's, Davis and Millar developed
through-flow prediction methods making use of both the
streamline curvature method (Davis, 1971; Ngo & Millar,
1973) and the finite-difference (matrix) method (Davis &
Millar, 1972b, 1973). The matrix method was also applied to
the two-dimensional blade-to-blade flow (Davis & Millar,
1972a). The through-flow calculations solve for an
axisymmetric approximation to the flow and depend on
cascade correlations to predict the flow turning and losses
through the blade rows. In their day, these codes represented
the state-of-art for turbomachinery performance predictions.
The computational state-of-the-art has of course long since left
such methods far behind. However, they continue to have
their place for routine predictions of off-design performance.
The Davis streamline curvature program is still used routinely
and successfully by one company to predict the performance
diagrams for its industrial axial-flow fans.
Over the last 10 years, several studies have examined
the turbulent swirling flow in annular ducts. Long stretches
of such flow occur notably in gas turbine engines with free
power turbines, such as the PT6. Even the most elaborate of
modern turbulence models seem to have considerable difficulty
in predicting this apparently simple flow. Yamamoto and
Millar (1979) attempted to calculate the flow using the
parabolized Navier-Stokes equations and the k-E model of
turbulence. The poor results obtained from the predictions
and the limited nature of the data then available prompted an
extensive experimental study involving detailed turbulence
measurements in an annular duct flow with varying amounts
of swirl (Yowakim, 1985; Kind, Yowakim and Reddy, 1988).
The data led to the identification of an extended logarithmic
law for swirling flows (Kind, Yowakim and Sjolander, 1988).
Such a logarithmic law has considerable practical significance
since its existence implies that the nearwall turbulence can be
modelled using a simple model of the mixing-length type (eg.
see Galbraith, Sjolander and Head, 1977). Initial calculations
using such a model have been encouraging (Reddy, Kind and
Sjolander, 1987), and work is continuing.

GAS TURBINE PERFORMANCE STUDIES
Mathematical modelling of gas turbine performance is
a powerful tool which may be used as early as the design
stage, in parallel with the development program, or in the
field once the engine is in service. Techniques have been
developed for the simulation of transient performance, to
provide an in depth knowledge of engine handling problems,
for the development of Engine Health Monitoring (EHM)
techniques, for the investigation of novel engine configurations
and for analysis of compressor fouling.
Simulation of Transient Performance
The work done on simulation originated at Orenda in
the early 1960's during the design and development of the
Orenda OT-4, a high performance, regenerative cycle gas
turbine with variable power turbine nozzles. The OT-4 was a
450 kw engine developed jointly for the US Army and US
Navy. The goal was to produce a small engine of very high
performance, and set extremely demanding targets which have
not been met to this day. A major requirement was a
transient performance model for control studies, and this was
developed using a full range analog computer model
(Saravanamuttoo, 1963). The OT-4 program was cancelled
and eventually replaced by the larger AGT-1500, now in
production for the M-1 tank. Prior to the cancellation,
Saravanamuttoo became a faculty member at the University
of Bristol, where the analog techniques were applied to the
Olympus 593 for Concorde; in the early 60's the analog
method was the only possible way to achieve real time
simulation. It was recognized, however, that digital
simulation, although painfully slow, was more useful for
detailed studies and work started on developing digital
methods. These studies gave an excellent insight into the
behaviour of complex engines, and the simulation techniques
were verified on a test bed at the National Gas Turbine
Establishment (Saravanamuttoo and Fawke, 1970; Fawke and
Saravanamuttoo, 1971a,b; Fawke, Saravanamuttoo and
Holmes, 1972; Fawke and Saravanamuttoo, 1973).
In 1970 Saravanamuttoo joined Carleton, and was able
to interest the Analysis Laboratory of NRCC in using their
hybrid computer for advanced simulation studies, combining
the speed of integration of the analog with the computational
capabilities of the digital. These methods were used to
optimize acceleration schedules for a jet engine
(Saravanamuttoo and Maclsaac, 1973), investigate the use of
variable geometry in turbofans (Maclsaac and
Saravanamuttoo, 1974a) and perform a detailed investigation
of the handling characteristics of a variable pitch turbofan
(Maclsaac and Saravanamuttoo, 1976). Papers were also
written on a comparison of simulation methods (Maclsaac and
Saravanamuttoo, 1974b) and a review paper on engine
handling (Saravanamuttoo and Maclsaac, 1982).
This work had a considerable industrial impact, BAC
using the Olympus 593 model to develop the digital Automatic
Intake Control System on Concorde and Westinghouse Canada
using Maclsaac's model at NRCC to develop the control
system for the CW 352.
Engine Health Monitoring
The idea of using mathematical models for EHM was
considered by BAC, but was given lower priority than the
intake work and was not proceeded with. An Ottawa based
avionics manufacturer, Leigh Instruments, showed interest in
this concept and Saravanamuttoo started work in this area,
originally for use with helicopters (Staples and
Saravanamuttoo, 1974) and later with pipelines
(Saravanamuttoo, 1974, 1979). MacIsaac, by then at NRCC
full time, also got involved in this area and focused on the
need for adequate instrumentation, data gathering and, in
particular, data validation; much information collected in the
IN
field was often incomplete or carelessly recorded. A method
for data validation was developed jointly between Carleton,
NRCC and a major pipeline operator (Agrawal, MacIsaac and
Saravanamuttoo, 1979).
The philosophy proposed for EHM was to tailor the
system to the needs of the user, making use of the existing
instrumentation. Systems were developed and demonstrated
for hovercraft (Karanjia and Saravanamuttoo, 1980;
Saravanamuttoo, 1983) and warships (Matthee and
Saravanamuttoo, 1982). Very simple systems based on
programmable calculators of the HP97/TI59 generation were
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provided at minimum cost and risk.
In 1979 Maclsaac founded GasTOPS and he and
Saravanamuttoo continued to work together. A major effort
was the development of thermodynamic models for pipeline
diagnostics, which produced a variety of fault matrices for use
in the field and was possibly the first successful attempt at
predicting the effect of compressor fouling (Saravanamuttoo
and MacIsaac, 1983).
Compressor fouling was identified as a major industrial
problem where very minor outlays could lead to major
operational savings. A stage stacking technique was used to
systematically predict the effects of fouling of particular
regions of the compressor (Saravanamuttoo and
Lakshminarasimha, 1985; Lakshminarasimha and
Saravanamuttoo, 1986). Cooperative work between GasTOPS
and Carleton led to methods for the simulation of variable
geometry compressors, these being used both for EHM (Muir,
Saravanamuttoo and Marshall, 1988) and compressor fouling
(Aker and Saravanamuttoo, 1988).
The close working relationship between Carleton and
GasTOPS proved extremely fruitful, with a significant number
of graduates joining GasTOPS as the company expanded.
Novel Confieurations
Mathematical modelling has proved very valuable in
preliminary investigations of new types of engines where no
previous experience exists. In the past at least two major
automotive companies invested considerable sums of money on
hardware development of concepts which could be proved to
be non-viable by mathematical modelling. At a time when
many companies were looking at variable geometry turbines,
to improve the performance of automobile gas turbines, an
alternative concept of using variable inlet guide vanes looked
attractive; this permitted air flow and compressor power to
be reduced at low power outputs, with flow increased for
maximum power. Computer modelling of this concept clearly
demonstrated that the resulting increases in turbine
temperature at high power made the idea non-competitive
(Shulhan and Saravanamuttoo, 1976). Another concept which
showed some promise was an engine with counter rotating
rotors and no compressor stators, which offered the possibility
of good low speed torque characteristics for heavy vehicles.
Simulation of this concept showed only marginal
improvements over a conventional engine, at the expense of
considerable mechanical complexity and technical risk (Millar,
Chappell and Okelah, 1979). Although the results of these
investigations were negative, they were of considerable
importance in clarifying the underlying problems and the
results could certainly not have been predicted in advance.
SOLID MECHANICS STUDIES
The basic stress analysis of turbine discs has been well
understood for many years, but less has been known about
the vibration characteristics of thin, flexible discs which are
required to minimize the weight of high performance engines.
The problem becomes significantly more complicated when the
coupling of the disc and blades is considered. These areas
have been studied in depth (Kirkhope and Wilson, 1971,
1976a,b; Wilson and Kirkhope, 1971, 1974, 1976; Kaldas, Bell
and Kirkhope, 1979; Bell and Kirkhope, 1979). Studies have
also been carried out on the whirling of light weight shafts
with flexible discs (Bell, Kirkhope and Jeyachandrabose,
1983). Stress problems in turbine discs with corner cracks
have also been investigated using fracture mechanics (Bell,
Pagotto, Kirkhope, 1988).
A major thrust in recent years has been a joint
program with NRCC and Orenda on life extension of discs
from jet engines. Up to this time it has been necessary to
remove discs from fighter engines purely on the basis of the
number of cycles achieved in service; the current method by
which the allowable number of cycles is computed is
extremely conservative, because of the catastrophic effects of a
disc failure in a single-engined fighter. As a consequence,
practically all the discs removed from service have several life
times remaining. This problem is being studied
experimentally at the Structures and Materials Laboratory of
NRCC, with both undergraduate and graduate students
participating. Processes such as hot isostatic processing, crack
repair, and new approaches to component lifing based on
damage tolerance concepts have been investigated (Koul,
Wallace and Thamburaj, 1984). By detailed examination of
retired compressor discs which were particularly prone to
cracking, a number of procedures were demonstrated by which
the 'safe life' and 'safe inspection interval' could be calculated
reliably; the damage tolerance approach shows the possibility
of improving the existing lifing procedure (Koul et al., 1985).
Metallurgical inspections of turbine discs in the as new and
retired from service condition have given a better
understanding of fatigue crack growth rates, which will help
in the development of damage tolerance concepts (Pishva et
al., 1988). This work is an excellent example of university-
government-industry collaboration.
TEACHING
Undergraduate students at Carleton are given a solid
foundation in thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, solid
mechanics and mechanical design through compulsory courses.
In the senior year, students can tailor their program to
include courses in aerodynamics, fluid machinery, power
plants (including gas turbines) and flight mechanics. Personal
computers are widely available, but there is still a strong
requirement for traditional laboratories where students can
get actual hands-on experience with machinery and an
understanding of the limitations of a simplified theoretical
approach. For many years a Rover 1S/60 was used in the
undergraduate lab, and students could do a complete
performance test including the measurement of overall
performance and component performance. Difficulties were
experienced in obtaining overhaul service, as the responsibility
for the engine changed rapidly from one organization to
another following the withdrawal of Rover from the gas
turbine business. It was eventually decided that the Rover
should be replaced with a more modern unit capable of a
more realistic thermal efficiency. Several types of APU were
considered, and also some small jet engines and a very small
Williams Research turbofan, before settling on an industrial
version of the ubiquitous PT-6; a used engine from a defunct
program, with only about 150 hours of running, was obtained
at a very advantageous price. This had several benefits,
notably the exposure of students to a highly successful
example of Canadian innovative design, marketing and
manufacturing. The ST-6, like the Rover, is used for both
overall and component performance tests and was also useful
in obtaining some experimental data on compressor fouling.
Graduate students interested in turbomachinery have
available a good selection of advanced courses in solid
mechanics, design, controls, fluid mechanics, thermodynamics,
combustion and heat transfer. Because of the interests of
Carleton's faculty members, examples and project work in
these courses are often drawn from turbomachinery and gas
turbine applications. In addition, courses are offered
specifically on gas turbines and turbomachinery. The latter
deals primarily with the aerodynamics of turbomachinery for
gas turbines and has been taught for several years by S.H.
Moustapha of Pratt and Whitney Canada. In addition to
making use of software available at Carleton, the students in
this course spend a day at Pratt and Whitney Canada using
some of the PWC aerodynamic analysis software to complete
their project work for the course.
In addition to the conventional academic courses, a
highly successful one week course on "Gas Turbine
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Performance and Design" is run regularly for engineers
working with gas turbines. This course was originally
developed by Saravanamuttoo to meet the needs of
engineering officers in the Canadian Forces but it rapidly
attracted engineers from other operators such as pipelines,
utilities and overhaul shops, as well as from engine and
airframe manufacturers. The course covers much of the
material taught in the conventional courses, but with a much
more practical treatment and a minimum of mathematics.
Additional material on controls and Engine Health Monitoring
is taught by B.D. MacIsaac, president of GasTOPS. Demand
for the course has been uniformly high and almost exclusively
results from word of mouth recommendations since the course
has never been advertised. The course has also been
presented several times in-house at Pratt and Whitney
Canada and Rolls-Royce Canada.
Finally, it is worth mentioning that Saravanamuttoo is
the co-author of "Gas Turbine Theory" (3rd ed., 1987), one of
the most widely used textbooks on gas turbine engines.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The financial support of the National Research Council
of Canada and the Natural Sciences and Engineering
Research Council over many years is gratefully acknowledged.
This funding has provided a strong base and continuity for a
long term program of research. The partial support from
Pratt and Whitney Canada for the recent program of cascade
studies is also gratefully acknowledged.
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Abdel-Hamid, A.N., 1987, "A New Technique for Stabilizing
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Abdel-Ilamid, A.N., Colwill, W.H., and Barrows, J.F., 1979,
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Agrawal, R.K, Maclsaac, B.D., and Saravanamuttoo, H.I.H.,
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Aker, G.F., and Saravanamuttoo, H.I.H., 1988, "Predicting
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Bell, R., and Kirkhope, J., 1979, "Vibration Analysis of Polar
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Bell, R., Kirkhope, J., and Jeyachandrabose, C., 1983, "Whir-
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Cohen, H., Rogers, G.F.C., and Saravanamuttoo, H.I.H.
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Davis, W.R. and Millar, D.A.J, 1972a, "A Matrix Method
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Davis, W.R. and Millar, D.A.J., 1972b, "A Discussion of the
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Davis, W.R. and Millar, D.A.J., 1973, "Axial Flow
Compressor Analysis Using a Matrix Method," Rept. No. 73-1,
Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada, February 1973.
Fawke, A.J., and Saravanamuttoo, H.I.H., 1971,
"Experimental Investigation of Methods for Improving the
Dynamic Response of a Twin-Spool Turbojet Engine," ASME
Journal of Engineering for Power, Vol. 93, pp. 418-424.
Fawke, A.J., and Saravanamuttoo, H.I.H., 1972, "Digital
Simulation Methods for Predicting Gas Turbine Dynamic
Response," Transactions of Society of Automotive Engineers,
1972, pp. 1805-1813.
Fawke, A.J., and Saravanamuttoo, H.I.H., 1973, "Digital
Computer Simulation of the Transient Behaviour of a Twin-
Spool Turbofan with Mixed Exhausts," Aeronautical Journal,
September 1973, pp. 471-478.
Fawke, A.J., Saravanamuttoo, H.I.H., and Holmes, M.W.,
1972, "Experimental Verification of a Digital Computer
Simulation method for Predicting Gas Turbine Dynamic
Behaviour," Trans. I.Mech.E., 1972, pp. 323-329.
Galbraith, R.A.McD., Sjolander, S.A., and Head, M.R., 1977,
"Mixing Length in the Wall Region of Turbulent Boundary
Layers," Aeronautical Quarterly, May 1977, pp. 97-110.
Goobie, S., Moustapha, S.H., and Sjolander, S.A., 1989, "An
Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Incidence on the
Two-Dimensional Performance of an Axial Turbine Cascade,"
I
to be presented, 9th International Symposium on Air
Breathing Engines, Athens, September 1989.
Kaldas, M., Bell, R., and Kirkhope, J., 1979, "Stress and
Vibration Analysis of Rotating Polar Orthotropic Discs," Proc.
CANCAM 79, May 1979, pp. 439.
Karanjia, D.J., and Saravanamuttoo, H.I.H., 1980, "A Cost
Effective Engine Health Monitoring System for On Board Use
on Hovercraft," ASME Paper 80-GT-153.
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Kind, R.J., and Muir, D.E., 1981, "Preliminary Evaluation of
Tailings Pond Sludge Pumping Concepts," Rept. GTL-TR-15-
3.1, GasTops Ltd., Ottawa, Canada, December 1981.
Kind, R.J., and Tobin, M.G., 1989, "Flow in a Centrifugal
Fan of the Squirrel-Cage Type," to be presented, ASME
International Gas Turbine Congress, Toronto, Canada, June
1989.
Kind, R.J., Yowakim, F.M., and Reddy, P.M., 1988,
"Measurements and Computations of Swirling Flow in a
Cylindrical Annulus," AGARD Symposium on Validation of
Computational Fluid Dynamics, Lisbon, May 1988, Agard-
CPP-437, Paper 34.
Kind, R.J., Yowakim, F.M., and Sjolander, S.A., 1988, "The
Law of the Wall for Swirling Flow in Annular Ducts," to be
published, ASME Journal of Fluids Engineering.
Kirkhope, J., and Wilson, G.J., 1971, "Analysis of Coupled
Blade-Disc Vibration in Axial Flow Turbines and Fans," Proc.
12th AIAA/ASME Conf. on Structures, Structural Analysis,
and Materials, May 1971.
Kirkhope, J., and Wilson, G.J., 1976a, "Vibration and Stress
Analysis of Thin Rotating Discs Using Annular Finite
Elements," Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 44, pp. 461-
474.
Kirkhope, J., and Wilson, G.J., 1976b, "Finite Element
Analysis of the Vibration Modes of a Bladed Disc," Journal of
Sound and Vibration, Vol. 49, pp. 4696-482.
Koul, A.K, Thamburaj, R., Raizenne, M.D., Wallace, W., and
DeMalherbe, M.C., 1985, "Practical Experience with Damage
Tolerance Based Life Extension of Turbine Engine
Components," AGARD-CP-393, Damage Tolerance Concepts for
Critical Engine Components, 1985, Paper 23.
Koul, A.K, Wallace, W., and Thamburaj, R., 1984,
"Problems and Possibilities for Life Extension in Gas Turbine
Components," AGARD-CP-368, Engine Cyclic Durability by
Analysis and Testing, 1984, Paper 10.
Lakshminarasimha, A.N., and Saravanamuttoo, H.I.H., 1986,
"Prediction of Fouled Compressor Performance Using Stage
Stacking Techniques," ASME Symposium on Turbomachinery
Performance Deterioration, FED-Vol. 37, May 1986.
Maclsaac, B.D., and Saravanamuttoo, H.I.H., 1974a, "Aero-
thermodynamic Factors Governing Gas Turbine Response
Rates," NATO/AGARD Meeting on Engine Control, September
1974, (also NRC/DME Quarterly Bulletin, November 1974).
Maclsaac, B.D., and Saravanamuttoo, H.I.H., 1974b, "A
Comparison of Analogue, Digital and Hybrid Computing
Techniques for Simulation of Gas Turbine Dynamic
Performance," ASME Paper 74-GT-127.
Maclsaac, B.D., and Saravanamuttoo, H.I.H., 1976, "An
Investigation into the Dynamic Performance of a Variable
Pitch Turbofan Using a Hybrid Computer," ASME Paper 76-
GT-31.
Mathee, F.A.H., and Saravanamuttoo, H.I.H., 1982,
"Development of a Low Cost Performance Monitoring System
for Use on Board Naval Vessels," ASME Paper 82-GT-297.
 Millar, D.A.J., Chappell, M.S., and Okelah, R., 1979, "The
Co-Turboshaft - A Novel Gas Turbine Engine Powerplant for
Heavy Equipment," ASME Paper 79-GT-132.
Moustapha, S.H., Kacker, S.C., and Tremblay, B., "An
Improved Incidence Losses Prediction Method for Turbine
Airfoils," to be presented, ASME International Gas Turbine
Congress, Toronto, Canada, June 1989.
Muir, D.E., Saravanamuttoo, H.I.H., and Marshall, D.J.,
1988, "Health Monitoring of Variable Geometry Gas Turbines
for the Canadian Navy," ASME Paper 88-GT-77, to be
published, ASME Transactions.
Ngo, V.-H., and Millar, D.A.J., 1973, "The Design and
Performance Prediction of Axial Flow Turbines," Rept. No. ME
73-3, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada, June 1973.
Pishva, M.R., Koul, A.K., Bellinger, N.C., and Terada, T.,
1988, "The Impact of Service Induced Microstructural Damage
on the Damage Tolerance Based Life Cycle Management of
Turbine Discs," submitted to Canadian Aeronautics and Space
Journal.
Rainbird, W.J., 1968, "Turbulent Boundary-Layer Growth
and Separation on a Yawed Cone," AIAA Journal, Vol. 16, No.
12, December 1968, pp. 2410-2416.
Rainbird, W.J., Crabbe, R.S., Peake, D.J., and Meyer, R.F.,
1966, "Some Examples of Separation in Three-Dimensional
Flow," Canadian Aeronautics and Space Journal, Vol. 12, No.
6, December 1966, pp. 409-423.
Reddy, P.M., Kind, R.J., and Sjolander, S.A., 1987, "Compu-
tation of Turbulent Swirling Flow in an Annular Duct," Proc.
5th Int. Conf. on Numerical Methods in Laminar and
Turbulent Flow, Montreal, Canada, July 1987, pp. 470-481.
Saravanamuttoo, H.I.H., 1963, "Analogue Computer Study of
the Transient Performance of the Orenda 600 HP
Regenerative Gas Turbine," ASME Paper 63-AGHT-38.
Saravanamuttoo, H.I.H., 1974, "Gas Path Analysis for
Pipeline Gas Turbines," Conference Proceedings, NRC/ACOP
Symposium on Gas Turbine Maintenance, October 1974, pp.
147-162.
Saravanamuttoo, H.I.H., 1979, "A Low Cost, On-Site
Performance monitor System," ASME Paper 79-GT-21.
Saravanamuttoo, H.I.H., 1983, "Performance Monitoring on
Gnome Engines of Canadian Coast Guard ACV," Canadian
Aeronautics and Space Journal, Vol. 29, pp. 327-335.
Saravanamuttoo, H.I.H., and Fawke, A.J., 1970, "Simulation
of Gas Turbine Dynamic Response," ASME Paper 70-GT-23.
Saravanamuttoo, H.I.H., and Lakshminarasimha, A.N., 1985,
"A Preliminary Investigation of Compressor Fouling," ASME
Paper 85-GT-153.
Saravanamuttoo, H.I.H., and Maclsaac, B.D., 1973, "The Use
of a Hybrid Computer in the Optimization of Gas Turbine
Control Parameters," ASME Journal of Engineering for Power,
Vol. 95, July 1973, pp. 257-264.
Saravanamuttoo, H.I.H., and MacIsaac, B.D., 1982, "An
Overview of Engine Dynamic Response and Mathematical
Modelling Concepts," AGARD-CP-324, 1982.
Saravanamuttoo, H.I.H., and Maclsaac, B.D., 1983,
"Thermodynamic Models for Pipeline Gas Turbine
Diagnostics," ASME Journal of Engineering for Power, Vol.
105, October 1983, pp. 875-884.
Shulhan, G.M., and Saravanamuttoo, H.I.H., 1976, "Variable
Geometry Compressors for Improvement of Gas Turbine Part
Load Performance," SAE Paper 760283.
Sjolander, S.A., 1975, "The Endwall Boundary Layer in an
Annular Cascade of Turbine Nozzle Guide Vanes," Rept. No.
ME/A 75-4, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada, December
1975.
Sjolander, S.A., and Amrud, K.K., 1987, "Effects of Tip
Clearance on Blade Loading in a Planar Cascade of Turbine
Blades," ASME Journal of Turbomachinery, Vol. 109,
pp. 237-244.
Staples, L.J., and Saravanamuttoo, H.I.H., 1974, "An Engine
Analyzer Programme for Helicopter Turboshaft Power Plant,"
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AGARD-CP, Specialist Meeting on Engine Diagnostics, April
1974.
Wilson, G.J., and Kirkhope, J., 1971, "On the Vibration of a
Bladed Disc," Proc. CANCAM 71, May 1971.
Wilson, G.J., and Kirkhope, J., 1974, "Vibrations of a Bladed
Disc," Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute Transactions,
Vol. 7, 1974, pp. 41-48.
Wilson, G.J., and Kirkhope, J., 1976, "Vibration Analysis of
Axial Flow Turbine Discs Using Finite Elements," ASME
Journal of Engineering for Industry, Vol. 98, pp. 1008-1013.
Yamamoto, A., and Millar, D.A.J., 1979, "A Calculation of
Laminar and Turbulent Swirling Flows in Cylindrical Annuli,
Flow in Primary, Non-Rotating Passages in Turbomachines,
Eds. Herring, H.J., Soler, A., and Steltz, W.G., ASME, New
York, 1979, pp. 89-98.
Yaras, M., and Sjolander, S.A., 1988a, "Measurements of the
Tip Clearance Flow in a Rectilinear Cascade of Turbine
Blades: A Test Case for Computational Methods," Rept.
M&AE 88-1, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada, April 1988.
Yaras, M., and Sjolander, S.A., 1988b, "Review of Studies on
Tip Clearance Effects in Axial Turbomachinery," Rept. No.
M&AE 88-3, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada, August
1988.
Yaras, M. and Sjolander, S.A., 1989, "Development of the
Tip-Leakage Flow Downstream of a Planar Cascade of Turbine
Blades: Vorticity Field," to be presented, ASME International
Gas Turbine Congress, Toronto, Canada, June 1989.
Yaras, M., Zhu, Y., and Sjolander, S.A., 1988, "Flow Field in
the Tip Gap of a Planar Cascade of Turbine Blades," ASME
Paper 88-GT-29, accepted for ASME Transactions.
Yowakim, F.M., and Kind, R.J., 1988, "Mean Flow and
Turbulence Measurements of Annular Swirling Flows," to be
published, ASME Journal of Fluids Engineering.
Zhu, Y., and Sjolander, S.A., 1987, "Effect of Geometry on
the Performance of Radial Vaneless Diffusers," ASME Journal
of Turbomachinery, Vol. 109, October 1987, pp. 550-556.
APPENDIX
CARLETON UNIVERSITY THESES ON
TURBOMACHINERY AND
GAS TURBINE TOPICS (IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER)
McDonald, G.B., 1964, "The Flow and Pressure of a
Compressible Fluid on the Face of a Rotating Disk in an
Enclosure: The Design of an Experimental Test Facility,"
M.Eng.(Mech.).
Wehrle, V.A., 1966, "A Study of the Structure and
Behaviour of the Fluid Core Generated by a Disk Rotating in
a Stationary Enclosure," M.Eng.(Mech.).

Davis, W.R., 1967, "The Numerical Solution of the Radial-
Equilibrium Equation for Swirling Flow in Arbitrarily Shaped
Ducts," M.Eng.(Mech.).
Hamer, M.J., 1967, "Pressure Distribution on Rotating
Disks: Redesign of the Test Facility and Further Studies of
the Mean Pressure Field," M.Eng.(Mech.).
Hancox, W.T., 1967, "The Design of an Annular Wind
Tunnel for the Study of Swirling Flows," M.Eng.(Mech.).
Jeletzky, A., 1967, "Application of Conformal Mapping to
Turbine Blade Stress Analysis," M.Eng.(Mech.).
Apparao, T.A.P.S., 1968, "Effect of the Composition and
Heat of Combustion of Hydrocarbon Fuels on Gas Turbine
Cycle Performance," M.Eng.(Mech.).
Kumar, V., 1969, "The Design of Three Related Gas
Turbines for an Experimental Investigation of the Effect of
Blade Loading on Performance," M.Eng.(Mech.).
Millar, R.C., 1970, "A Blade Row Simulator: Background and
Design," M.Eng.(Mech.).
Narduzzi, E.W., 1970, "Pressure Distribution on Rotating
Disks: Studies on the Mean Pressure Distribution and Axial
Thrust Variation with Spacing, Reynolds Number and Radial
Throughflow," M.Eng.(Mech.).
Leong, K.Y., 1971, "Unsteady Forces Acting on Blades in
Turbomachinery," M.Eng.(Mech.).
Maclsaac, B.D., 1972, "Prediction of Gas Turbine
Performance by Hybrid Computer Simulation," M.Eng.(Mech.).
Schaub, U.W., 1973, "Crossflow-Induced Flow Distortion and
its Influence on the Performance of a Vertical Axis Lifting
Fan," Ph.D.(Mech.).
Wilson, G.J., 1973, "Application of the Finite Element
Method to the Vibration Analysis of Axial Flow Turbines,"
Ph.D.(Mech.).
Wong, R.Y.K., 1973, "Digital Computer Simulation of the
Transient Performance of a Jet Engine," M.Eng.(Aero.).
Ngo, V.-H., 1973, "The Design and Performance Prediction of
Axial Flow Turbines," M.Eng.(Mech.).
Hanafi, A.S.A., 1974, "Inlet Flow Field to Transonic Rotors
and Generation of Buzz Saw Noise," M.Eng.(Mech.).
Marshall, K.Y., 1974, "An Experimental Investigation of the
Vibration Modes of Bladed Disc Models," M.Eng.(Mech.).
Shulhan, G.M., 1974, "Prospects of Improving Gas Turbine
Part Load Performance by the Use of a Variable Geometry
Compressor," M.Eng.(Mech.).
Swinton, M.C., 1974, "Review and Study of Turbine Blade
Profile Design," M.Eng.(Mech.).
MacIsaac, B.D., 1975, "Techniques for Improving the
Dynamic Response of the Gas Turbine: A Comparative Study
Using a Hybrid Computer Model," Ph.D.(Mech.).
Sjolander, S.A., 1975, "The Endwall Boundary Layer in an
Annular Cascade of Turbine Nozzle Guide Vanes,"
M.Eng.(Aero.).
Weir, G.C., 1975, "The Calculation of Transitional Boundary
Layers and Heat Transfer Rates for Gas Turbine Blade
Sections," M.Eng.(Aero.).
Agrawal, R.K., 1976, "Development of Measurement
Validation and Health Monitoring Computer Package for Gas
Turbine Power Plants," M.Eng.(Mech.).
9
Kaldas, M.M., 1976, "Application of the Finite Element
Method to the Vibration and Stress Analysis of Polar
Orthotropic Discs," M.Eng.(Mech.).
Bosik, A.J., 1977, "Optimum Profiles of Disks Subject to
Frequency or Stress Constraints," M.Eng.(Aero.).
Gravelle, J.A., 1977, "A Computer Aided Turbojet Engine
Trimming System," M.Eng.(Aero.).
Ahmed, S.A., 1978, "Experimental Investigation of the
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Characteristics of Self-Excited Flow Oscillations in Vaneless
Radial Diffusers," M.Eng.(Aero.).
Phillibs, K.H., 1978, "Improvement of Turbofan Performance
by Use of a Variable Cold Nozzle," M.Eng.(Aero.).
Yamamoto, A., 1978, "A Method for Calculating Laminar
and Turbulent Swirling Flow in Cylindrical Annuli,"
M.Eng.(Aero.).
Karanjia, D.J., 1979, "Development of a Low Cost, On-Board
Engine Health Monitoring Program for the Voyageur
Hovercraft," M.Eng.(Aero.).
Abouzeed, M.A.G., 1979, "Unsteady Flow Field in Vaneless
Diffusers With and Without Through Flow," M.Eng.(Mech.).
Bird, J.W., 1980, "The Effects of In-Service Deterioration on
Military Turbofan Performance," M.Eng.(Mech.).
Masoom, A.K.M., 1980, "Effect of Disc Flexibility on the
Whirling Frequencies of a Shaft-Disc System," M.Eng.(Mech.).
Okelah, M.R.S., 1981, "Optimization of the Design
Parameters of a Co-Turboshaft Gas Turbine Engine as a
Heavy Equipment Power Plant," Ph.D.(Mech.).
Hastings, R.R., 1981, "A Simulation of a Jet Engine Test
Cell," M.Eng.(Aero.).
Zarabi, H., 1981, "Design and Testing of Inlet Guide Vanes
for Centrifugal Testing," M.Eng.(Mech.).
Mobile, V.V., 1983, "Computer-Aided Performance Analysis
of Allison 250-C30 Engines," M.Eng.(Mech.).
Roy-Aikens, J.E.A., 1983, "Generation of the Turbine
Characteristics of a Twin-Spool Turbojet," M.Eng.(Mech.).
Rudnitski, D.M., 1983, "A Detailed Procedure for Measuring
Turbojet Performance in an Enclosed Sea-Level Test Facility,"
M.Eng.(Mech.).
Lakshminarasimha, A.H., 1984, "Computer Simulation of
Fouling in Axial Flow Compressors," M.Eng.(Aero.).
Plante, R., 1984, "Computer Instrumentation and
Performance Characteristics of a Centrifugal Compressor with
Vaneless Diffuser," M.Eng.(Aero.).
Yowakim, F.M., 1985, "Experiemntal Investigation of
Turbulent Swirling Flow in an Annulus," Ph.D.(Aero.).
Chapman, G.J., 1985, "The Use of a Mathematical Model of
a Marine Gas Turbine to Investigate the Effects of Engine
Degradation," M.Eng.(Aero.).
Amrud, K.K., 1985, "Tip Leakage in a Planar Cascade of
Turbine Blades," M.Eng.(Mech.).
Jia, Z., 1985, "Boundary Integral Equation Stress Analysis
of Cracked Rotating Discs," M.Eng.(Mech.).
Pagotto, I.A., 1985, "Stress Intensity Factors for Cracked
Turbine Discs Under Arbitrary Loading Using Finite Element
Methods," M.Eng.(Mech.).
Perdikologos, N., 1985, "Dynamic Analysis of Flexible Disc-
Rotor Systems Using Component Modes," M.Eng.(Mech.).
 Jeyachandrabose, C., 1986, "Finite Element Formulation for
Thin Plate and Shallow Shell Structures," Ph.D.(Mech.).

Thamburaj, R., 1986, "Environmental and Service Exposure

Effects on the Fatigue and Fracture Behaviour of Aircraft Gas
Turbine Materials," Ph.D.(Mech.).

Aker, G.F., 1986, "A Damage Tolerance Approach for the

Life Extension of J85-CAN 40/15 Compressor Disks,"
M.Eng.(Aero.).

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Imray, M.D., 1986, "Preliminary Testing of a Twisted Delta
Propeller for Transonic Cruise Speed," M.Eng.(Mech.).

Reddy, P.M., 1986, "Calculation of Swirling Flow in Annuli

Using Eddy-Viscosity Turbulence Models," M.Eng.(Mech.).

Danias, G., 1987, "Contributions to the Study of Tip

Leakage in a Planar Cascade of Turbine Blades,"
M.Eng.(Aero.).
Yaras, M.I., 1987, "Flow in the Tip Gap of a Rectilinear
Turbine Cascade," M.Eng.(Mech.).

Goobie, S., 1988, "A Variable-Incidence Cascade Test

Section," M.Eng.(Aero.).

MacLeod, J.D., 1988, "A Derivation of Gross Thrust for a

Sea-Level Jet Engine Test Cell," M.Eng.(Mech.).

Muir, D.E., 1988, "Axial Flow Compressor Modelling for

Engine Health Monitoring Studies," M.Eng.(Aero.).
Pishva, S.M.R., 1988, "Rejuvination of Gas Turbine Discs,"
M.Eng.(Mech.).

10