GAS TURBINE ENGINE

PRESENTER: KADIR YASIN

DATE:17TH- 08- 2020
 Brief history of gas turbine engine

Although earliest models of steam turbine date

back in the 17th century, practical application of
turbine engine was delayed until 20th century.
A number of scientist were behind this discovery.
Among them is an English philosopher and
mathematician sir Isaac newton
CONT.

He formulated the three laws of motion

which formed the basis of modern jet
propulsion.
 TURBINE ENGINE FUNDAMENTALS

Newton’s First Law

“A body will remain at rest or continue its
uniform motion in a straight line until acted
upon by an external net force.”
Newton's first law of motion is also often
referred to as the law of inertia.
The larger the mass, the greater the inertia.
Newton’s Second Law of motion
“The acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the
force applied to it and is inversely proportional to the
mass of the body.”
Force = Mass x Acceleration,
or F = M x A,
where: F = Force in pounds, M = Mass in
lbs./ft/sec.², A = Acceleration in ft/sec .²
So, the force developed by a gas turbine
engine is proportional to:
 The mass of air flowing through the engine;
 The acceleration given to that mass of air.
NEWTON’S THIRD LAW OF MOTION
Newton’s Third Law of motion states: “For
every action, there is an equal and opposite
reaction.”
“Equal” means equal in size and “opposite”
means opposite in direction.
Rockets and reaction-jet thrusters rely on
Newton’s Third Law of Motion for their effect
The action of exhaust gases leaving a turbojet
engine produce a reaction called thrust. This is
Newton’s third law of motion in respect of gas
turbines.
FORCE
Force is defined as the capacity to do work, or
the tendency to produce work.
It is also a vector quantity that tends to
produce acceleration of a body in the direction
of its application.
It can be measured in units of pounds.
CONT.

Turbojet and turbofan engines are rated in

pounds of thrust.
The formula for force is: Force = Pressure x
Area, or F = P x A
Where: F = Force in pounds
P = Pressure in pounds per square inch (psi) A
= Area in square inches.
EXAMPLE: The pressure across the opening
of a jet tailpipe (exhaust nozzle) is 6 psi above
ambient and the opening is 300 square inches.
What is the force present in pounds?
F= P x A
F = 6 x 300
F = 1800 pounds.
Work
Work = force × distance
Force can act on an object vertically,
horizontally and downward direction or any
where in between.
Power work performed per unit of time is
power.
Power is measured in units of foot pounds per
second, foot pounds per minute, or mile
pounds per hour.
The formula for power is: Power = Force x
Distance F x D
Where: P = Power in foot pounds per minute;
Speed and velocity
Velocity deals with how far an object moves, what
direction it moves, and how long it takes it to move
that far.
Velocity and speed are expressed in the same unit.
Velocity has that aspect of direction which speed
does not have.
Acceleration
Acceleration is defined as a change in velocity
with respect to time,
Acceleration=final velocity- initial velocity
time
The acceleration rate due to gravity, when an
object is in free fall with no drag, is 32.2 feet
per second/second.
When an object accelerates at this rate, it is
experiencing what is known as a force of 1 “g”.
If we divided the acceleration rate for the
example fighter airplane by 32.2, we would
discover how many “g” forces it is
experiencing (132 ÷ 32.2 = 4.1 g’s
ENERGY
Energy is used to perform useful work.
In the gas turbine engine this means
producing motion and heat.
The two forms of energy which best describe
the propulsive power of the jet engine are:
potential and kinetic energy.
Potential energy
Energy stored by an object by virtue of its
position.
Kinetic Energy
The energy possessed by a body because of its
motion,
Horsepower
This is 33000 ft/lb of work done in 1 minute.
BERNOULLI’S THEOREM
The principle is stated as follows: “When a fluid
or gas is supplied at a constant flow rate through
a duct, the sum of pressure (potential) energy
and velocity (kinetic) energy is constant.”
 Pressurecan be changed in the gas turbine
engine by adding or removing heat,
changing the number of molecules present,
or changing the volume in which the gas is
contained.
There are many examples within a gas turbine
engine of the application of Bernoulli’s Theorem:
 the air passages between individual blades of a
compressor or turbine;
 the diffuser section of a centrifugal compressor;
 the cross-sectional shape of engine inlet and
exhaust ducts;
 the entire gas flow path through the engine.
BERNOULLI’S THEOREM - PRESSURE
VELOCITY TEMP GRAPH
The application of Bernoulli’s Theorem in a
typical single-spool axial flow turbo-jet engine
BRAYTON CYCLE
The Brayton cycle is also widely known as a
“constant pressure cycle”.
The reason for this is that in the gas turbine
engine, pressure is fairly constant across the
combustion section as volume increases and
gas velocities increase
A to B indicates air entering the engine at
below ambient pressure due to suction and
increasing volume due to the divergent shape
of the duct in the direction of flow.
B to C shows air pressure returning to ambient
and volume decreasing.
C to D shows compression occurring as
volume is decreasing.
D to E indicates a slight drop in pressure,
approximately 3%, through the combustion
section and an increasing volume.
This pressure drop occurs as a result of
combustion heat added and is controlled by
the carefully sized exhaust nozzle opening.
E to F shows a pressure drop resulting from
increasing velocity as the gas is accelerated
through the turbine section.
F to G shows the volume (expansion)
increase which causes this acceleration. G
completes the cycle as gas pressure returns
to ambient, or higher than ambient at the
nozzle if it is choked.