SUMMARY OF DATABASES AND BIG DATA TECHNOLOGIES FOR WEEK3

DATABASE FUNDAMENTALS:
Data dictionary structure consists of Base tables which contain database information (only
the database can read and write) and User-Accessible Views where Information is displayed
to users. All base tables and user-accessible views are in the SYS schema.
Examples of data dictionary include: user tables which contain data from our own tables like
which table space, statistics and user constraints which contain data of our own constraints
like name of the constraint, type to which field it applies
An index is an optional structure in databases to speed up searches. There are two types of
indices that is b-tree and bitmap index.
Benefits of index include: speed up data access, reducing I/O usage, reducing CPU usage and
reducing memory usage
Drowbacks of index is mainly maintenance cost.
ROWID is internal storage location of data that specifies the data file and data block
containing the row and the location of the row in that block
Oracle uses rowid when there is table access by rowid after a scan of index
A value listed multiple times in the table, will also appear in the index multiple times, with
each row ID separately. Letter blocks are linked in both directions, so the index can be used
for ascending and descending searches (e.g. WHERE column1> x or WHERE column1 <y)
SQL processing is the parsing, optimization, row source generation, and execution of a SQL
statement.
1. for example a user execute a statement so oracle gets a query
2. syntax check (is there any typo )
3. semantic check (tables and their columns should exist)
4. shared pool check (was this query executed earlier)
- To this end, the database uses a hashing algorithm to generate a hash value for every
SQL statement
An execution plan is a set of steps that the optimizer performs when executing a SQL
statement and performing an operation.
Access path is a technique used by a query to retrieve rows from a row source. It accepts a
single row source as input. Its output is also a row source.
Access path: Table Access by RowID for example: SELECT * FROM employees WHERE
employee_id=106; RowID: shows where the record is physically located (file, block)
Index range scan: Finds a range of values in index entries (can be one value in index but
occurs multiple times for example: SELECT * FROM employees WHERE employee_id > 190;
Index unique scan Example: SELECT * FROM employees WHERE employee_id=106;
Returns, at most, a single rowid.