LANGUAGE, CULTURE, 1 GHCIETY A BOOK OF READNGS SECOND EDITION ae.For iatonnation about this book, waite or eal ‘Waveland Press Inc. P.O. Box 400 Prospect Helghts,linois 60070 [oX7} 134-0081 Copyright © 1905 by Waveland Press, Ine Copyright © 1974 by Ben G. Blount ISBN 088193.8608 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a ‘rirleual nstom, or transmilted in any form or By any means without permission in toritng from the publisher Printed in the United States of America 766 TABLE OF CONTENTS . FORMATIVE FERICD 1910-1940s Introduction 2 1. Franz Boas, Juroduetion 10 the Handbook of American indian Languages. 9 2. Edward Sapir, The Unconscious Patterning of Behavior in Sociery 29 Edward Sapir, Language 43 Benjamin Lee Whorf, The Relation of Habituat Thought and Behavior to Language 64 5. George Herbert Mead, The Problem of Society: How We Become Selves 85 6. George Herbert Mead, Relation of Mind to Response and Environment 95 IL PARADIGM OEVELOPATEAT {Sa0s-1970s Intoduction 104 Harry Hoijer, The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 113 Charles 0. Frake, The ihnographic Study of Cognitive Systems 125 9. Claude Lévi-Strauss, Language and the Analysis of Social Laws 143The Relation of Habitual Thought and Behavior to Language Benjamin Lee Whorf Human being do ot lie i the ative wel lo, orale in the word cals a edna wndertond tare very uch atthe mere of “he pau ngage wich fas bere the media of expres fo ir {Sty In gue am ilon to imagine atone ajar fo reat eet Wrote of lnguge nd he Ieguage merely a dea means of Irving sce procs of cnsmaniaon or een. The facta the ter iat the “re nod” io 4 Inne extent neon bu op om the [ngs his of te rcp. - Wee and Heat and eerie expnence wy ine te ne np ait mn eo Baad Sop “There will probably be general atent to the proposition that an acepted patern of using words i ulen prior to certain Koes of thinking and forms of Eehavior, bat he who asa often ses inva a staterent nothing more than 1 platitudinos ecogiion of she byproie power of philawphical and learned tetminclogy on the one hand or of eatchwords, slogans, snd rallping is on the others To ice ony dh far is to mi the pot of one ofthe important Ieconnectons which Supe aw besween language, culture, and psjchlegy, fd succinctly expresed in the introductory quotation. 1 not so much fa ‘se special et of language a i its constant ways of arranging dats and {ty meat ordinary everday analy of phenomena that we need 10 recogiae the inuence thas on other atv, cultural and personal THE NAME OF THE SITUATION AS AFFECTING BEHAVIOR came in touch with an axpet ofthis problem Before I had tind under Dr ‘Sapir stdin eld aouly considered remote frm linguistic Twas inthe oe of my profesional werk for ire srance company, in which T under took the tak of unayzing mma hundreds of sport of ezcunsances surround ing the start of ites, nd in some ese, of expeins. My analy was rected toward purely physical conditions, sich as defective wiring, presence of lack of sir spaces between metal foes ad woodwork, ete, ad de results were presente in thew tras, Indeed i wat undertaken With no thovght that ay flier sgifeances would of eould be reveled, But in due couse it became evident that nr only a phycal station qa phys, but che neaning ofthat ‘Staaten te people, wa sonetines fate, through the bavi ofthe people, in te start of the fe, And thn fctr of seaning wa leaps when I Was 8 LINGUISTIC MEANING, residing inthe name or te Hnguistic description Commonly applied te the stuato. Ths, around « orage of what ae ead “ane drut” behavior wil end tog certain spe that apes care ill tence gourd a rage of what are called “empty gasoline rams itll tend be leentcazee, with Ite represion of stating or of toning cgurte stubs about. Ve the “empty” drums age peehaps the oore dangerous, since they contain explore vapor. Pysally the tution i ha frou, bt the Engi analy according to egularanegy must employ the ror “empty.” which inevitably sugges lack of hard. The word "empty" Iw in wo lngustic pate: (1) ae 2 vrwal synonym fr nal and oi, negative ner,” (2) applied in analysis of physical stations widhout regard, fog ear, lige esi, of stray rabbis, tn the container The svaion i famed none aterm (2) andthe oan then "acted out” a “ied up in another (1), ths being 4 general formula forthe nga corioning of Tetinvor into Hasardou fone. Tweed dln laut the stalls were inlatd wih 2 compion prspazed froth lestone and called a the plat spin limestone” No atempt fra nade to protec this covering fon exes esto the contact of ame, [Mtr a peti of se, the Sire Hew oe of the ss spread to the "este Ishch wo everyone's great surprise burned vigorously, Expose so acee acid Furnes from te sills had converted put ofthe lnesione (cleus cnbonate) to casi acttate, This wen hated in 2 fre decomposes, feign tnabl acetone, Behave shat tlre feck othe covering was ned by the ofthe mabe “limestone,” which bscause ends in “sane ples noo combusbiy ‘huge ir ket of bling varnish was observed tobe overheated, nearing the emperature at wbich i would ight. "The operator moved tof he re Bed ran i on is sess 10 distance, but did ot cover fe To a minute oF 50 the varnish gid. Here the inguin infunce is wore complex. iis due to the metaphorical objecting (of which were ltr) of *cause™ a contaet at the pail joxtapostion of thing?” arlyaing the station af "on verse ofthe hen realy, the stage when the external fe was he main acer ad pot; the overeating was ow an internal proces of convection jn the smith fom the Intruly ented Letle, and ail eontnued when “of the ine. ‘hn electric glow hese he wal was ite wed, and for one woke ad she meaning OF 2 convenient contanger, At right # watchman entered and ‘The Relation of Habitual Thought and Behavior to Language 65i site, shi ation he veranda Searing on the fa.” No “year, ad sree etal 9 ght burned out” He could te low ofthe eater becatse of the old cast Bung en it Soon the ignited the coy which wt iret the budding “anerydicharged waste water contning spiel mater into outdo tg asin pry role with woe and partly epen. This station is one ‘inary would We veshaaed oe ool of water” A workman had xe 11 light owtoeeh neat by, and threw is match it she water. at the comping wate tater wa evolving fas der the wood cover. 9 Unt she up asthe revere af "watery" A instant lore of Dane ied the wood ‘Soa the fe ikl spread into the adjoining building dying room (or hides ae seranged with a blower atone end to make 2 artent of air along the room and hence outdowrseyough a sent atthe eer fd. ire started at bot baring on the blower, which blew the fames ‘eo no the hides aa fanned then along the roar, destroying the erie Stork This hazardous setup flowed natal fren the term “loses” with its ingiac equivalence to “that shiek blows” imphig that its Tunetion feces “blow." Alo ft i verbal a “blowing ait for ‘hyjing” overlooking that it ca blow other things, eg ates ad spark. In realy blowes snp makes a cutrent of ae and an exhaust as well blo. Teshoul hove inet isl at she vent end to DRAW the sie ever the ides, shen dough th ead (its ours esing and bearings) ae thence outdoors Beside a ealived melting pt fr lead recliming war dumped a ple of serapleal’—a misleading verbalzatin, fr it conse ofthe Had sees of tld radi condeners, wich sll had potafin paper tetween tent. Soon she afin bowed wpa fre he eh of whi was burned ff ‘Soch examples whieh could be grsty tlie, wil suffice to show tow te cue to certain line of behavior is eften given by the analogies of the linguistic foros in which the stastion i poten af, and by whith to some dlqwe itis anajed. elsif, ad alloted te page in hat wort which i “tos lage extent wnconncoly Wit) om the Language habits fhe group ‘And we slays ase thatthe linge sale made by our group eles reality beter than dos, GRAMMATICAL PATTERNS AS INTERPRETATIONS (OF EXPERIENCE ‘The Tnguistc mates in the above example is Fniced 1 single wordy paws, aad ters of Fini range. One cannot sy the bekavierl con Pivenet of such material without suspecting a touch move Tarseachig ompulion from largescale paternal gratia] categories, such 35 Paralig, gender and simular clasiexons (animate inanimate, eet (08 Bormntine Period: 1910-19405 seis and eter ve forms lsfeatons ofthe tae of “pars of sesh" {nd the mtr of wheter ven experience i deste by 2h arpa, fn insted word, o otc combination eatery sch a9 Rumer {Hogue plu) an aermpedinerpetaton of swale are nde of Ccpercne, vitally ofthe world ot of nature; attempt ay ow expe ‘ence i tobe eget, what experience ist be ead “one” and what Ser" Bu the sly of apeeing euch a Iareacing infor great ‘eae of fu tacgronnd character, becuse of the diely of tandig side ffom oor own language, which abit nd 9 cultural non et putnam, and sernsingibjesine And if we take avery dint guage, is language becomes part of nat, ad we even dot what we hae lead lve fo nate We ten tots nour ow ngage in ode o examine the ‘work language. Ore Gd the tk f onal the party morphol inreace wo got tht isco aso ale, Yet the poe, tog Alte b tes and te ts peach though on eee nae fo Int dy we area lng at puted willy ut of ou ute Then we nd that the exons Inauage es mon Held p19 on. Tn my sud ofthe Hop enguge wt now ee ean oppo to werk thn pbc was fer that pon ne blre Tre hal swat ofthe problem The seemingly endl cak of deserting the morpbology i aly fd. Yet tan event, esi nthe eh af Spits tres 00 Navaho, ‘ha he drip ofthe engage was fac rn complete 1 bnew for example {he morphol! formation af pra, but not how fo we pha Te wot trident that the ctogory of pla in Hopton ot the ste thing a8 ix ogish, reach, o German. Crain ngs that were pura nee fangsages ‘ere sng i Hop The phase of vesiatn wich now bean cosuned mes coe mare yee “The work beget ane the character of» comparnn tween Hopi and weve European ingot. I ao ecb cident tha even te amar Topi ove sain lt cle sod the grammar of Erope ong to oat own "Wer of “European” cule. Andi appeted thatthe ter "ation bought in tow ge ubumsoatins of experince hy area, ich i our own ten “ne” pace” “natance” and. ate” Sing, wth ‘apc to th ats conpared thr ile dileens tween Engh, French, German oc eter Earopean languages mith the poole (ot dot) ence” ton of fatoShvc ard nondidorEuepea, 1 ave lunpod ese ogg Jno one poop called SAE, or Standard Average Europes, "That port the wile investignon here tobe rgd may be sumed up ia two quo (1) Ae our own compu of "Une “pac” and mater given io rataraly te sme form by epic tl cen, oF ae they in pat conned by the sactre of prnrngage? 2) Are these tsa fie tate (a) cltatl sad behavioral ams and (b} Iargeale nguinie perme? (ahold be the lat eo pretend that tee saying vo deface "a coeraon” beween care and legis, sod ‘The Relation of Habitual Thought and Behavior to Langnnse 67laty beeween ethnological rubrics auch as arial, Mant” ete gui oes ke “infected” “sates” a "hating"! When besa. sad, the pblemn was by msn 0 leary formulated, ad had ile stat the answers would turn out a8 they di) PLURALITY AND NUMERATION IN SAE AND HOP! Tn ou ngage, tha SAE, uray nd carnal nuters ae apd i MEATS lp ad inugiay pra Or mare xc nee scope psa aggregate ad etapa. We)“ TE eae cedayct Ten men eer ate o could be jective perce ike in ne up peeption—ten enon 4 set coro, or stan BM S.oe clon be cel expnenced. We experince ol one dy ttys the over nine fr ten alten) ae someting conse up fom ‘Sooty or agate ay” be regarded gr ste aan ‘Muga? mentally covstraced group, Whence come ths esta paters? Meee Dikc ene ef the Recs err fom te fat thot du angsase ses eee stanton ort oe Ptr baths When oe sat *en aps foreardy en srie on & Be o any sly deve ‘Behe sequence, “tine of any sore, ar ding she se cing a with Sree Ejeet tring the eee of raga psa, But Heres of ty agg nt say pe een HH 1 a ape ok ml be found inal langage, and 6 20% © OE iene af ine andes dos conta secehng ite cod subject bai sense of “being ne and ner.” Bs the bil en of ur SAE people th cveted under someting ute der, which teh ntl shud! ntl jc. eal ibe, or ain ‘Suerte othe er er sh hw ees ngs SOs lage males wr dtccon teen numbers cote om dee Toit er tha re singly "counting Wel.” Haba thought den ree ha inte later he gues ae ak a» much counted om Ome SMBS loner Thisincbjectienon Concepts te contact with nee experience of checoming Inte?” andar cjsctifed af counted sept Fg ade up of tas leg can be iY cere Gin inches Sgt of ne” enon a 3 row of Sat tri ea ow of be ee OMS than Tee en ifsc” between Lnguage 30 cla, 2 fly ep so of crn ey amin we SESE Sod ofecrin or ume ot ita (eo Bheesotinn Danine: 101019608 In Hop there is diferent tinge station, Plurals and cardinals are sed only for emit that form or ean form an ebjecive group. There are 0 imaginary plural, but intend ordinals ed wit angular Such an expression asien day” not wed, The equivalent aterent an operational one that ‘eaches one day by a stable cour. "They stayed ten days" beomes “they Stayed until the eleventh day” of "they left after the tek day” Ten days freer than nine days” becomes “the tend day is ater than the ninth.” Our "length of ime” isnot regarded 35 length but a a relation between to yen in Intene,Tsstead of ou lingcally promoted ebjctiscation of tat ‘daar ofconciousbess we call "te," the Hopi language has not lid down ‘ny pattern thae would nk the abject "bearing ater” thatthe essence of time, NOUNS OF PHYSICAL QUANTITY IN SAE AND HOP! We have two kinds of nous denoting phil things individual nour, and mas nouns, eg, “water, mil, wood, granite, and, Hour, meat.” Tvl ‘ous denote bods with definite outlines: "a tee, atc, fa,” Mas outs denote homogenes contin witout inpied boundaries The diane: ton is marked by inguin form; eg, tae nouns lack plural) in English Arop aces, and in French take the pare article du, de fa, der The ‘itinstion i te widespread in language than in the obervable sppearance fof things, Rather few natural accurences present themselves as unbounded ftens; “alt” of coune, and often “water, ai, snow, sand, oe dit, gras” ‘We do not encounter "batter, mest lot, ion, gas” or moxt “materia” in such kindof manifestation, but in tous small Inge with definite ovine, ‘The ditincion is soewhst forced upon oir descpion of evens by aa soavoiable pacer in Language Tro convenient it a teat many eases tht we need some vay of ididuaining the mise noun by Surber Tnguse ‘devices, This i partly done by names of Bodytype! wéck of wood pce of ‘lath, pane of ls, cae af soap", and even tore, by introducing names ‘of containers though their contents be the real ise: gla of water, cup of ‘asf, did of fo, bag of fur, bot of bees" These very common conaiee ermels, in whic "of" hs an evo, vsaly pereeptble meaning ("em tent) lnuence car feng sot the lee absouseype-body formal: stick ‘of woe mp of dough" ete. The formulas are very sila indvidual non pu sma celator (Engh “ot”, In be obvious case this relator denotes Contents I the ibrious ae nugget content, Hence the amps, hanks, 7 Wi arnault sous ay sometes seine ee with anual nous a of oun as play “ome” (Gp) witheswoe" Som) The pl fre dein ar, ea, ls” Eau dierent f thing ta hte pra tats om the Sa mas eas ang wr trl anginy agen, ch wl haveblocks, poe” ee, asm to contin something, 2 “taf substance,” 0 “at {er that anes the "wien" “elle” of ui th container formule So with SAE people the plawpbic“sustance” and “mater” are ao the ae ideas they are intannly aceptable, "common see.” It i 0 through Tingle habit” Our language pattems often require us ro mame x pial "Hg by a binomial that splits the selerece nt forma em lus 2 form Hopi again diferent. Te has a formally diningused class of nouns. Bat ‘his elit contains no formal mils of mass nour. All nuns have an in ‘idl sense and both singular aed poral forme, Nous wansating mow peasy fur mae nous sl ele to vague hodiee or vaguely bounded extents. They Spl) indefnitenes, but mot leh of outline and sie, Ta specie statement, “ater” means one certain rash or qantty of water, not what we eall “the substance water” Generality of statement conveyed through the verb ot Dedicaor, rot the nous, Since nouns ate indidvalalteads, they are not Individual by ether typebadies or ama of eontaies, if thee im special ed to exphaie shape or container, The noun eel impli a suitable tpe- Udy ov contnine. One ins ot gar of water” but ay "a wate,” not pool of watt” but pa, # not "adh o conslout” but pani “a (quantity corfu nota pete of saeat but sb "a mest" The language has either need for nor atalegis on which to build the eancepe of exsanc 8s Chub of fore item and form. Re deals with ermlesness through other syle than noun. PHASES OF CYCLES IN SAE AND HOPI ‘Such frm “sunt, winter, September, morsig, noon, suse” are with ws ours and bave lise formal linguistic diferente from otber nouns. They ean be subjects or objet, and we say "at suet” or in winter” just as we sty “ht a corte?” or "in an orckank" They are plralzed and sumerated Uke runs ol physkal bet, a we have sen, Out thought about the referents of Sich wonde ate hecomes objeciied. Without objetiieation it would be a Dabjective experience of real ine, ve, of the consciousness of becoming str Sn atr*~sinply 4 eyche phase sil toa ever phate in that ever ater tconing duration, Only by imaginatlen can such a eyelic phase beset beside Shuther aad another in the mer of spatial [ie Wsually perceived) om Fauration, But such i he power of linge analogy that we da s ebjectify Cycle phasing. We do it even by saying 2 phase” and “phates” instead of 1 Hits wowed rm ain: Ay uk, The in eae ‘Stnountive mara, and gets fan har eer br ironed 2 "phaing” And the patter of nvidua and mase nouns, with thereat Jn binorial fra of orl tem plus form vo general that te pic forall nouns, and Bence our very generalize forme ems Uke “nubtane, rater” by which we ean fil out the binowial for an enortnouly wie range af nous Bur even these ae not quite generlized enough to take inoue pate ‘nouns. So forthe pase nouns we have made aformle ite, tne” We have ‘made it by esing "a time,” fe, a eccsion of 2 phase, ithe patie of as noun, jst a from "s suse” we make “ane” in ee pater of & ‘mace noun, Ths without binoml fru we can say an think “a oament ‘of time, a secon of tie, a year of tine” Let me again point out thatthe ater is simply that of "a ote of milk” oF “apie of cheese.” Thus we are sted to agin that “a suber” acealy contains or consis of sean teh a gutta ime In Hopi hoveve, all phate ces, lhe “summer, moening,” ete, ate nat nouns but a kindof adver, 10 we the nearest SAB analogy. They ate a forms Dat of speech by themseles, dstinet fren outs, veri, and even other Hopi adverba” Such a word is mata cate form o a lestive pattern, like “es Abend of “i ihe motring’” Te contine no morptene lke one of “in the house or “at the te Tesneaos “eet ie morning” or "white moming ase is occurring." These “tenporaly” are not uted ae bjt or abject, a tall like nouns: One dots wot Sy "W's = bot summer" ot "sumer shot sumer i not hot, sumer is only WHEN condi are hot, WHEN heat fccure One doesnot say "THIS sue,” but “Amines new” or summer recently.” Ther sno objectcation, a ation, at extent, @ quan of the Subjective duraon-teeling: Nothing is iggeted bout tne except the per Deal "geting Later” of And ap there no bai hee for frre tern answering to ou "tine TEMPORAL FORMS OF VERBS IN SAE AND HOP! The theese mater of SAE vers colors all our kinking about tne, THis system ic amalgansted with that lnger scene of ebjctieaion of the subj tke expenence of duration already noted iu other pattern the bine formule applicable 10 nouns im general i terporal nou, in phy aid numeration. This abjectication enables win agintion to stad time nite on of ne a he tow hnemondes with a yates of THREE tener: theron a giten of TWO, sear sd Inter, won seem to conespond beter te eclng of duration ait i experienced. For if we inspect cansciouses we find no pst, pret, fate, but a unity embracing ‘ompleity, EVERYTHING isin contiusnen, and everything in consi sera witha beste tesphene “aut sit i xepanal fe ape he hovel ‘ets ean irene pater, he fet of Hag ny, otecoc 18, ad is oer Tere sn 2 vensous and 2 noenons. We may Ge Miowrhat we re seeing, hearing, toaebigthe “pen” wile he somnououy the vast inageworld of ree) el Ibe "he A snd ane reno bet on, ad uncertainty "ihe ae” Eon etory, frei, all aren soacinune togtber—one ot“ cht aati es Whee eal ees ns at al {Eon comelousness inti lt” changing etn reins nan ever ‘Thane In sarin or orting” tee sens oe 0 be 8 pa Soot cotst beech the newest, ltt ita at he fees of ean ae tte enced cre, Languages bythe score gt along wel wih to ete {tras answering te hs prinout slaton of "ter eae.” We ean of toute CONSTRUCT AND CONTEMPLATE IN THOUGHT aye of fraps ature, inthe ejected coigurain of pits on & ne, Tis ENCiatour genenlcjetican tendency la sw do and terse se conte In Bosh he om ee he hay wih ep enn temporal lao. It hs peed no vat and Gt wholy Congr dati. One duty to tad ar objected idle tera betwee ob Jered pas and ebjetfed fur io aeration, dusion, argument, a, seco, Aner sto denote eho in he womans Std“ SEE bi Neti for nmi i eusoranly or gery va, statements: "We SEE trib our eyes These vated se inoue conto of tough, of which fore now part we ate uns : fae wight expects rent Dre, Verbs have no “ent” ie oo he Nalerms (sarin aspect and elaweiage fr fri) tht yell even eater precision of pe The vain dnote latte Speaker atthe subject) sept he taatin (vein 0 be past Sa pce) or hu beep (amen oo fte or hat eek sees estenen nsec to our nomi preset) The aspects denote di {erat degee of daraton ant diferent Kinds of tendency “Uusing duration.” yee have voted nothing we inate wher am even i sooner tr ‘hab Snodker wien both ate REPORTED. But nee forts dows wot are tl we have two ver ey two ats To that cave the “ode!” deo rel ln beeen the cau, nln selon of ate to ear aod of se wala: Then these ae any detached words that expr simian relatos Spotting he modes and spect The tes four theese ews and iene Eneae ejected “ne ee dstsbuted ong vation re ce cin ae pea xt snopes ig EARLIER tha fect fst, See, ate Hop ho Ti pardon hie a hw ee oe {ore ll diferent from or tense a here no more bas for a abjestied te in Hopi verbs than in other Hopi pater; although ths does neti the leat hinder te ver forms and other patterns from being cou adjusted to the pertinent elitr of actual tuations DURATION, INTENSITY, AND TENDENCY IN SAE AND HOP! To fit dieoure 1 mvifold actual situations, ll languages need 1 express lratins nese, and tendencies Tei characteristic of SAE. and petape of many eer language eyes to expres hem seataphorialy. The metaphor axe those of patil extersion, oft, nuuber (plurality), peiton, shape, and motion. We expres duration by “lon, short, great, much, quick, sow, ee intensity by "large, great, much, avy, light high, low sharp, In” tej tendency by “more, increase, row, tn, ge, appro, go, cme, He, fal, stop, smoot, even pow and eo though an aon inex ile fist of metaphor that we hardy recognize as such, ne they are virtually ‘he only linguistic media aaable. The noametaphorial term in thie fil lice “eal, Inte, son, lasting, intense, very, tending,” are a mere hand, quite inadequate eo the aed Te is clear how this condition "Sein It pare of our whole scene of ‘ORJECTIFYING— imaginatively spsinizing goalies and potnils that are ‘qe nonspaial (so far as any spailypereepuve sess ean tel ut). Now meing (with us) procends fom physical edie to seferent of far eee se Since physica bes and ther outlines im PERCEIVED SPACE ae denoted ly ste and shape term and raconed by cardial mumlers and pura, thee aiems of denoation and reckoning extend to the syobals af nenspatil ‘meanings, and so suggest an IMAGINARY SPAGE. Physical shapes “move, Sop, sn, sppraach,” et, in pecrved space; why int the ther ile. ‘ent thei imaginary space? Thi has gone oo far hat we ean hata refer to the simple onspaialstustion without constant ror a physical metaphor grasp” the “thread” of anothers arguments, but ie “level” is "over ny head” my ation may “wander” atid "lwe touch” with dhe "i of 80 that when he “eames” 0 his “point” we difer “widely” aur “new” Being indeed so "far apart that the “things he says appeat cr even "a lot” of romeo! ‘The abmnce of sich metaphor from Hop speech is atiking. Ue of space terms when there i space involved is NOT THERE-—is i on it ad een bb the taboo tettal!” The reason ie elear when we know that Hep st shundan cnjugationl and lea! meas of expres duration, intensity, nd tendency dell as such, and that major grammatical potters do not st with un provide snags for an imaginary space. The many ver “aspects” cexpeessduvation and tendency of manietations, wile sme of the "oles" ‘expres intensity, tendency, and duration of causes or forces producing maifesaions, Then a sil part of speech dhe “enor” a hug clas of werd ‘noun only intensity, teeny, duration, ad Sequence, The funeten of the tenor is to expres intense strengls,” and how they continue oF any ‘heir rate of change; 50 thatthe broad concept of intensity, when considered Se neces always vatying and/or continuing. Incudes alo tendency and urnson, Tens convey disineins of depres, ze, constancy, repeton, ‘nerese and doeresse of ney, named sequence, ftertupion or sequence ier an imeral, et, alo QUALITIES OF seni, acs we show ex pret metaphrialy is sot, ever, hat, rough A suing feature i their FRc of resemblance to the ens of ral space and movement tha ow “mean the same.” There sno even ore than a ace of parent derivation from Space test So whie Hopi in its nouns ems bighly concrete, here in the Temsor it becomes sbtact sos beyond our power 10 fll. HABITUAL THOUGHT IN SAE AND HOPI Te compan now wo be made between se habit hough wos of SAB inl Hop pea i of coune itcmplete, 1 pole ono touch upon enain dma ors that sppet to en asthe ing difeeacs Shea rove hab tug and ubugh ov meas oe chan “ipl langonge ey han the ngs patrsthometve, Tele ah the Seclgealed maggie vale ofthe pene (eg, oor “imaginary ae” “inLie sant inpaton}, and all he gheandsake bawen language ad the cate asa whole, wherein vast amount tht ot gue bate ‘boom the ping fence of agua. ee, tha "ought ald the Icon that uch mane aout wth bil, by which be measures Ih understands what e can ofthe macros. “Tie SAB mirconn tas analyed veal lrg in tems of what i all hings” (bodies and quasibodies) plus modes of extensional but formless ete rch Sina ater ene Ctra binomial frmolo tnt expres a exten spat for plas ‘ipa! frm coun red so he tors cote fated wo he Sates ofr emater” Nowa existent eaten) ‘Sarge wih sme inpiatins of form od continu "Te a ncn ot hve sie ay ay i ems of 7 Ope sod toe a the war “ng nda” whe ite den fame dite "hn pues see tonne tame roe a oe ade“ of ‘Elkton tive" Poway iene he tt ean ony the Tene that ‘Sere tie lament, a “homer il rest pace an it de the ‘Eine nce aor msc singly ner applic Ysa af ie se cma Aster it nop leo) ane een {Tey oe ew and eee nd avy a sur om pti apr. 14 Premarin Borind 1910-19408 | | EVENTS (or beuer "evening", fered to in s90 ways objective and ab jective Objectives, and only i perepuble pies) experienes, event are fxprened minly ay outlines, colors, movements, and ater perceptive reports Subjects, for both the physic! and nonplisial, event age onder the ‘expen of tavible intty factory, on which depend thee tblsy and peninece, of ther fugitvenes and pcvites Tt aples that extents do bot “become later and later al in the rane ways But some do so by growing lke plans, sme by dfasing anid vanishing, em y a precesion of metamor poses, some by enduring in one shape tl fected by valent fore In the ature ofeach extent able to tbaifst as a dete whale isthe power of ‘own mode of duration: is growth, devin, sabi, cyte, or creatives. Everything thus alveady "prepared forthe way sow marifss by eae pases, and hae i wil be ater party hasbeen, ad asl sn at of being prepared” An enpliis and importance ree on thie preparing o being Prepared asject ofthe world that may 4 dhe Hopi correspond to tat "quality of realy that "matier” or Stull” has for ws HABITUAL BEHAVIOR FEATURES OF HOPI CULTURE (Our ehavor and that of Hopi, can Be een tobe cordate a any ways vo the Lngunically condoned micron. Asin my ie eased, people at out stustone in ways which are like he aye ey talk about thems A ‘characteristic of Hopi behavior i the enghass on preparation, This inches Snowing snd geting ready for tent wll beloreans, elaborate precautions te insure persence of dered conan, sd sea on god wil the p= rer of righ results. Conier the analgs of the day-cuming pater alone ‘Time is mainly verhoned “by day” (er, ala) “by right” (ok), which words are not nouns but tesa, he Sst freed on rot “lgh, ay.” the secant on 3 roa “seep.” The cunt it by ORDINALS, This snot the pattern ‘of counting a nunter of diferent men or things, ever though they appear succesively, for veh ten, they COULD gather ito auemblage Te the pater of counting succonive reappearance ofthe SAME shan o thing, ica able of forming an auemblage The analogy it not to behave about day tyeliciy as 0 several men ("Several days"), eich i what WE tend to do, bu to behave as to the sucenive vss ofthe SAME MAN, One doesnot alee several men by working upon jt one, But one cin prepare and so ler the leer visits ofthe sae man by working to aet the vt eis making ow. This the way the Hopi deal wih the future—by wring within a preset situation which expected Yo cary epee, both obvious and atl, forward into the fore event of interest. One nigh say that Hopi vey undertande ‘our prover “Well hegun i half doe,” but hot eur "Tormorow i another ‘ay. This may explain mucin Hopi character This Hopi prepaving behavior nay be soughly divided nko announcing cuter preping, inner preparing, covert prtspain, and pesence. An:ouncing, 0 preparative publicity, ian important function ia the hands of 2 “cil ei the Ceier Chief Outer preparing is preparation ivelvng mach ESntesetity, nt all peceasly dee weal within our undentanding. Tt Includes ordinary prsecing ehearsng geting ready, introducer formals, preparing of spect food, ee (all of thse toa degree that may seem over- Ere to ws), intemive stained musclaractivisy Ue running, reins, ‘lancing, which is thought to inteae the intensity of development of event (auch ss growth of rope, mimeie and other magic, preparations based on ‘Sete theory inolsing pes oncole ieraments like prayer seks, payer Teather, and prayer mea; and Baly the great cyclic ceremonies and dances, fahich have he sgaiiance of preparing rain and crops, From one of the vbr meaning "prepare derived the noun for “hare” oF “crop: ne ‘nani "he prepared” othe “in prparation.”™ Taner preparing i use of prayer sd mediation, and a eer intensity good wishes and good wil to further deszed result. Hop attitudes ses the power “rides and thought With tee “microcosm i ucteriy natural tht they ‘Should. Desite and thought ate the ert and therefore the mos important, ‘most erica and crucial, stage of preparing, Moreover, to the Hopi, one ‘srs and thoughts influence not eal his ations, but all ature s wel This {oo wholly natura, Consiosnes il x aare of work, of the fe of effort lind camry, in deate and thinking. Experience mere baie than language tl tr thay chery is expended, effec ge produced. WE end to believe chat four bodies can sop up this ener, prevent it from affecting other things {tnd we will our BODIES to overt ston. But this ay bes only beer We hve our ow lage ba for theory tha fore tems ike “matter” ae ‘Bing: in delves, malleable only by smile things, by more mater, and hence insulated from the power of fe and thought. Tes no mre unnatural fo thnk that thought contacts everything aad pervades the unvene that (0 Think, as we alld, that ight Kindle outdoors does this. And tf no unnae thea o suppose tht though, tte anyother fore, eaves everywhere traces of (hee Now, WE think of certain stl rcbush, we do cot suppote tht ‘hough goes to that actual bus, and engages with if ike searelight cured tipo it. What then do we mippew ou consciousness dealing with when we rethinking of thot ross? Probably we think i dealing with 9 “went image” which fot the rvebush But» omental surrogate of But why should UCNATURAL to think thas our thought deals with surrogate and not with the veal reabush? Quite poly beeaue we are dimly aware What we cary Sout with usa whole inaginay pace, fll of mental surrogates Tow meatal ‘Mogi ace old famiiag fare. Along wth the images of imaginary space, Selick we perhaps secretly know to be only imaginary, we tuck the thought of etal) exiting rnebus, which may be quite another sory, perhaps just su tat ott ce abe We ired be paced pom, he Wer ard abana because we have that very convenient “place” fori. The Hopi thoughtworid Fas o aginary apace The corollary 9 this that it may not oct thought ‘Sealing with real space anjwhere but in real space, nor insulate real spate Irom the efits of thought, A Hop weald naturally suppose that his thought {ore himself rfce with the actu toutbsb--or mere likly, com plant— hae he i thiking about. The thought then should leave some trace of ite with the plant in the ik, If it ea good thought, ne about Dealt and tronth it god fr the plan; i bad ought, the reverse “The Hopi enphasoe the ietensiy-factor of thought. Thought to be most sffeaive should be vivid in corucioune, deft, steady, sustained charged ‘with stogly fet good intentions, They reader the idea in English ss “once trating, holding it in your hear, ating your mind oni, earnest hoping.” "Thougit owe is the force behind ceremonies, prayer cs, tual kaki, ste. The prayer pipe ix regarded a6 an aid to “concentrating” (10 said ay informant) is nate, stron, ane “istrament of preparing.” ‘Covert parcipaion Is menial colaboraton from people who do not tke far in the actual afi, be i job of work, hunt ate, oF ceremony, but iret their thought and good wil toward the affairs succes. Announcements tftenserk to eis the suppor of auc mental helpers at well as of ovet faripant, and contain exhortations to the people toad with thei active food will® A sindrity o oor concep of sjmpatbete audience or the Cheering section ata Tooball game abou ot obscure the fact that it i ‘primal the power of directed shought, and not merely sympathy of encour fgemens, that expected of cover patipant. In fact these latter ge in thee desde work belore, not during he game! A cooly w the power of thought isthe power of wing thought for evil; hence ove purpose of covet fpavicjpaton to blain the mate force of many good wisher t oft the Fem thoughe of weber, Soch attitudes great favor cooperation and Commanity spi. Not thatthe Hopi community isnot fll of rivales and Colin interes. Agent the tndency to social disategratin in such a sal, Solated group, the theory of “preparing” by the power of thought, logically teaing oe great poet ofthe combine, itenaied, and armonind thought tthe whole cemanity, rst lp vastly toward the rather remarkable Alegre of cooperation tha, in spite of much private bickering, the Hop village ‘daplays inal he important ealural acts Tlpl “preparing” seve again show x rult of their Hingis thought Jackground in an emphasis on perience and constant instent repetition, & feme ofthe cumulative valun of Ingumerabe small momenta i dalled by an 1 ex, Een Bapn Noe Hot etomie He (Yul University Pube eatin in Asopegy m5, 198). pci he Ference te he anos saat hung aon 30, spon he aif omen wih tear icf Tora Sng aout, vain preparing cin a Bally, rig Sie continy ote good ele any aed andthe cot How ot he ‘The Relation of Habitual Thousht and Behavior to Language 77cect, spatlied view of time lke our, enhanced by a way of sinking Stee to the subjective amarenese of durin, of te cele “aerng” of ‘rene. Tous for whe te a motion on pace, uavarjing repetition sens Co cater ie force along row of wie af that space ad be waste, To the Hop, for whoa ine fs ot mnion but 9 “geting Inter" of everyting that ths ever been done, nvaryng repetition not waited But accumulated: 1s Storing wp a lave change that hols oer Simo Inter event As we have Sensi isi the return of the day were fel asthe urn ofthe same pero, ‘ite older but with all the impress of esterday, not as “another day” Le, Tike an etitely diferent penon. Thi principle joined with that of thought ower and with traits of general Publ clare fs expres. in the theory of the Hopi ceremonial dance fr furthering rain aad crops, 20 well a in is Short, pstonlike tea, sepesed thousands of tins, hour after hour SOME IMPRESSES OF LINGUISTIC HABIT IN WESTERN CIVILIZATION 11 harder to do jie in few words to the inguistically conditioned feature four own culture than in the cate of the Hopi, Deause of bch vast scope lind ifcuty of ejetisy—because of our deeply ingrained faiaity with ‘he aciades to be anlynd. T wih merely to etch certain arate fdjusted to our Inguiste bnomilien of form plus frmies item or "sub- Stance,” w out metapborcanet, out imaginary space, and our objected tine, Thee, a we have sen, ae Engi ‘rom the frm plursubntance dichotomy the plesphical views mos ta tinalycharateste ofthe "Wester worl” have derived huge support, Here belong materialism, psjchopysal parallel physce—at less in ta trad- ‘onal Newtonian fora! duaic views ofthe univer in general. Indeed ere bongs alost everything tht is "hard, paca common sens," Mie sic hls, and relat views of reality appeal to philowphers and some ‘ents, but they are Badly handicapped in appealing to the "enon sense” ft the Western average man—pot because nature henelf refutes them (i she ‘i, philosophers coal have discovered this much), but becaute they must be {allel about in whet amount to a neve language, "Gomon sens,” a its name 1h stn of sig ap pnw wich sem ini by much Hop ey, hat to! pane in yi nae mete oat the Bagi tated Hol dona gu totum nay tbat free marr st ton oe ‘seg ht slat aarti, Our Bite Bcd ent inde a (Sr ae rapeton, fy hang ei ene fect Be tat wich Vics lame, ton think sf cue by out dpe phragm, {inca of b's yore matin changing cise in, sotumuaon ese ees eames arti fng se od fampoyea expres that ‘Sot pee to oe stn, eat atin nd pea a0 “ee Fe.” ‘iethy loan hat ace en be mented en hy erate, a8 Rormatine Porind 1910-19408 shows, and “practicality” as te mame does not show, ae largely matters of falling so that one i readily undersion. Ue is smetimes vated that Newtooian ‘pace tine, aid tater are semed by everyone Intuitively, whereupon cela tity ited a showing how mathematical analysis ean prove intuition weon “This besides being unit intuion, an atempt to answer ofhund ques tion (1) put at te outiet ofthis paper, wo answer which this esearch wad undertaken, Presentation of the Bnngs ow nears i end, and 1 think the ower is lear. The efhand srwer, laying the blame upon intuition for out Sownes in dacovering mysteries of the Contos, such at ratty, is the wrong fone, The right aniwer + Newonian space, tie, and matter are ot inti ions, They are precepts from cure and language. That is where Newton ot them, “Our obittifed view of ine i however, favorable to hsoiciy and everyting connected with the keeping of record, while the Hopi view i ‘unfavorable thereto, The Inter to subte, comples, and everdeveloping, ‘plying ao ready-made answer tothe quaston of when “one” event ends and “Noother" begins. When it plc that everthing that eve happened still in but ina necemaly ciferne form frm what memory oF reord reports ther ess incentive fo sud the past, As forthe present the incentive would be not t record i but co weat tae “preparing” But OUR objected time ‘ots before imagination something like 2 riiten or scroll matked off into eal bank spaces, suggesting that each be led with an entry. Weing has fe doubt helped tard our lngue weatment of time, even a the linguistic teeatent hat guided the suc of writing. Though ths preand ake Between Tanguage and the whole culture we get, for instance: 1. Reco diy, Seokeping, econting, mathematics smut by acing 2 Teese in hac ego, ing, calendry,cronolgy oie wages tne tronin nen wed in phys Rotate kore te hina! ade, ert the ys roel, aide ‘Finjan tomad pa pds, ani, romantic Juat as we conceive our objected time as extending inthe future i the saine way that i exes in the past, 20 ve set down ur eximates of the Future in the sme shape ae our records of the post, producing! programs sehedules, budgets The formal equality of the spacelike uit by which we treasure and conceive ie fades to consider the "formes te” of “ube Sanee" of tine t be homogencsi and in rao tothe numberof wns Hence bur prorata allocation af vale to tne, lending ive tothe bing up of 2 Commercial uctuce fad on sime-prorsta value: tine wages (time work ‘omsanly supersedes ptce work, rent cred, interest deprecation charge od inurance premiums No doubt this vast ster, once bal, woul! continve fortum under any ort of nga tretment af time; but tha it sould have ‘een but a all reaching the magaitade and particular form it as inthe ‘Western work is «fact derided sn cansonance with the patterns ofthe SAE. languages Whether such » ciation as ours would be pomible wih widely ‘The Relation of Habitual Thought and Behavior to Language 79een guste hang of se i arge quetion—in ou cilzton, oor insu pater and the Siting of oar behavior tothe temporal order are wee ey ace and they are in seco. We are of courte simulated 10 oe enare loci, and watches, and to ey to measure tie ever more precy ‘hdr cence, and seiece fn turn, folowing these welleworncultaral groves, (ioe beck to culture an ever-growing tre of applications, habits, and vale, ‘Sim which cute again cet slnce, But what lies outside his spiral? ‘Scie begining to find that thee ix something in the Coaron that is rot invaceord with the concepts we have fonbed in mounting the spiral 1s {tying to fee 4 NEW LANGUAGE, by which to adjust iif to a wider i cea how the emphasis oa "saving time” which goes with ll he above sb very obvious ebetifation of time, lead 6 high valuation of “sped,” ‘oi shows itl a great det in our behavior ‘Sul another behavioral flectthat the character of monotony and regu laity posse by our nage tie a an evenly sealed Lites tape measure pemuades us to Bcave nef that monotony were more true of event than it Fealy i Tht i it ee to ron us, We tend select and favor wbatevee ‘ear out his view, olay up 1” the routine aspects of exsene, Oe pha of this is behavior evincinga ale seve of ecuy or an asumpton that ll will lays go smoothly, ands lack im fresteng and protecting ounelves aginst Tarards Our tecriqe of harming energy does well in routine performance, fi is along routine ines that we chi sive wo improve it—ve ate, ‘ramp, elatively uninterested in sopping the energy from casing accident, fre, and explosions, wich iis doing comstandy and on @ wide vale, Sach inference tothe asexpetednen of He would be drow to = society at ‘oa, Solsted, and prcarouly ped 8 the Hopi soit i o rather once "Thu our Hinguistisly determined thought world not only collaborates with cout cultural ils and iden, but engages even our uncorscious penonal1ea- Ton ind pater and gives them certain sypeal characters, One such char {et ao we have stn, is CARELESSNESS, a i reclss driving or throwing ‘Spares tobe ito waste paper Another of diferent sors GESTURING nea we talk Very many ofthe gestures made by Englhapesking people at Teast, and probably by all SAE speakers, serve to ilustate, by @ movement in ‘pace, nots real spatial eeflerenee ut one of the nnspatal references that out ‘Bnguage handles by anetaphors of imaginary space. That i, we are more apt to make a grasping gevure when we apes of groping an elusive iden than taben we speak of grasping a doornob. The gesture seks 10 make a mete ‘hovel and ence treat unclear reference ore leat. Bu if language {riers to nonspaial without implying spatial analogy the reference isnot ‘hae any elener by gesture, The Hop gesture very Ee, pethape not at all inthe seve we understand 36 gesture, Ti would sem af Lnextei, o the seesog of muscular movement, though ising before lnguage, shou be rade more highly conscious by linguistic ‘an Rreenatine Paving: 1010-1960 swe of imaginary space and metaphorical images of motion. Kinet is Rardin two facets of European etre: art and spor. European salar, envi which Europe exes, ttongiy Meester, conveying wat sense of ‘he body's motions; European painting Hkewse. The dance i our culture ‘heeaet Glghe im motion rather than symbolism or ceremonial, and our alae preaty inluened by our dance forms. Our sport are strongly imbued ‘Tht tia element of the “poctry of mation” Hopi race and ges vem to ‘hphasn rather the virus of endurance and soained intensity Hopi dancing fr highly splicaad is performed with great intensity and earnestness, but fas ot much moverene or ang Syncsthesa or suggestion by certain sense receptions of characters belonging to mother see, a0 light and color by wounds and vice vera, should be ‘Rae more conscious by a lnguitie metaphorical stern that refer to ron {pasa experiences by tern for spatial ene, though undoubtedly it aes from Peper source, Probably in theft instance metaphor anes fom aynests init the reverse, yet metaphor need not become fay rooted in Inguistic ‘Rem av Hopi shows: Nomspatial experience hax ope well-organized ens, HEARINGsiel and taste are bt litle ergnired. Nonspatial consciousness ‘Bat realm ciely of tought, leling, and SOUND. Spatial consciousness a eaim of tight, clr, aight, and touch, and presnts shapes and dimensions, ‘Our metaphorical stn, by naming nonspailexperienes after sail ones, Srapues to sounds sel, taste, emotions, and thoughts qualities Uke the alo, luinonie, shapes, angles, texture, asd motons of spatial experience ‘And to some exten the revene tranference occurs; for after much talking Aout tones as hig, Jow, sharp, dul, Bey, bilan, slow, the talker finds it ‘vy to thnk of some fairs in spat experience a ke factors of tone, Thus Se igeak of ene” of cal,» gray “monotone,” “load” necktie, 2 “taste” Jr dees all spatial metaphor in revere. Now European artis dace in the way it sees deliberately to play with sete, Music eis © suggest Itrney calor, movement, geometic desig; paating and seuptore are often ‘onsoaly guided by the analogies af mais shyt, colors are conjoined Wis len forthe nnaogy to concorde and discards. ‘The European theater od opera ee a sytessof many att. ermay be that ia eis way owe metar hosel language that iin wre terse a confusion of thought is producing, rough arte seal of Tarseaching valie—a deeper esthetic sense leading toward amore det apprekersion of undesjing uty behind the phenomena $0 varioly reported by ou sense chanel HISTORICAL IMPLICATIONS. How does such « network of language, culture, and behavior come about Focal? Which was fines the language pater or the cultura norms? Te main they have grown up together, constantly influencing eachother. But i thn permenhip the nature of the language i the factor that Timi fee ‘The Relation of Habitual Thought and Behovior to Language 81lowticity and iis channel of development in the more atoeatie way. Yin nun breaue a language i a sem, not just an aemblage of non. Luge sytem etline an change to smething relly new ony very slow, ‘ale ether cultura innovation are made with comparative qickes Lngunge thot represents the mas ind affect by ivestons and inno- ‘tow, but affected Hie and slow, whereas TO inventors sd innovates it egies withthe decre ionmedite “The growth f the SAE language-cltre complex dates fom ancient times. Much of is metaphorical reference t te nonspail bythe spatial wat already ved inthe ancient tongs, and mote peily i Latin, It winded a marked tent of Latin, I we compare, ny Hee, we find tha, wile Hebrew fs me ttusont novspace ts space, Latin has mor. Latin tems for nonsptia The edu. velgio, princpa, comprehend, age vsualy metaphor pial ferences ead out ying back, ete. This ot toe ofall lnyuager—it {ult untrue of Hopi. The fact that in Latin the diection of development appened wo be fom spatial ononepatil(paty because of wcondary stimula thon to abstract thinking when the itllecally crude Romans encountered (Greck eure) aad tht later tongues were sonal stimulated to mime Latin, Shem a ikely reno for tli which tl Hngers om among Hgts dat {his the natural divection of emantc change in ll Inge and forthe peritent atin in Wester leat icles a suong contrast o Eastern ones) {hut bjectve experience porto sbjecve. Philospbies sae ou «weighty “ave for the veer and certainly the sreion of development sameimes the reese. Tins the Hopi word for "bear canbe shown 1 be alte forme tion within Hopi fry roo mening thish or remember, Or consider what thes happened tothe word “radi in ouch a sentence 25 “he bought & new esi a compared (ot prior meaning “singe of wires tlepon.” Tn the Midile Ages the patterns already formed in Latin began to inter: ‘weave with the incensed mecca invention, indusey, rae, and scholastic Bellen thoughe The need for measurement in indstey and rade, the “ores and bulls of stuffs? invari containers, the typeof bodies in wai “rows gods were handled standards of measure and weight unis ven Tin of locks and inewsutement of "sie" keeping of record, account, hron- {cis historia, growth of mathematics and the partes of maheratcs a {ence all cooperated to bring ovr thought and language word nt is present form Tn Hopi history, cou we ead it, we should nda diferent ype of language anda dierent et of cultural sed envzogmentalinuences working tgeter 1X peseful agviultural sviety ated by geographic features and nomad fei ip alond of scanty rain, arid agriculture that could be made Scesul ely by the utmors perseverance (hence the valu of penitence sod repetition), neceity for eallaberation (hence emphass on the psychology of eamwork and mental factor in genera, corn and rain as pimary eters ‘of valu, need of extensive PREPARATIONS and precautions to asite crop fn the poor sil and precarious cite, heen realization af dependence vpon 9 Formative Period: 1910-19408 ature favoring prayer and a religous atta toward the forces of nate, Cipecaly payer aed eigon directed foward the eve-aceded Hlesng rit ‘hove ings interacted with Hopi ngusti patterns fora then, ob molded in by them, ad 20 litle by lite to shape the Hopi world-zulook, "Tosa up the moter, our fire qin sked ia the begining is answered thus! Concepts of “tine an mater” ae nt given in substantially the same foun by experience fo all men but depend upon che nature ofthe language e languages through the use of which they have been developed. They do not depend so mach upon ANY ONE SYSTEM (eg, ten, or aouns) within the {grammar ae upon the ways of anahing and reporting experience which have ‘Sewome facd nthe language ae intepated “ahions of speaking” and which fot acros the typi grammatical clamfetions, so that sich 2 "fashion ay ince lvea, morphologies syntactic, and otherwive qsericaly diverse rans coordinated incerta frame of eorsitency. Our own “time” differs tmartely fom Hop “uration.” It is conceived as Uke 2 space of sity Tinted mensions, or sometimes alike « mason wpon such space, and fmplyed an intellectual tool accordingly. Hopi “uration” sms to be ieonctvable interme of pace oF motion, being the mode in which ie differs from form, a consiounes in foto fom he spatial elements of eonsciouses, (Certain ideas bom of cur owt time-coneept, such ap that of abwlute sil taney would be eaer very dificult expres or imposible and devo of Ineaning under the Hop conception, and would be replaced by operational ‘oneepts. Our “wnatter” the physical bype of “substance” or “stuf” Sebi s conceived as the ores extensional tem that rust be joined with Teer before hove can be ral existence Ia Hop there seems 10 be nothing onrespording to i; there ate o formless extersional items; eMENEE ma OF ‘ay nt ave for, bt what ao as, th oF without frm is inten ad uratn, thse being ronextensioaal and at bottom the same ‘But what about our concept of "pce; which way abo included in out fist queson? There sno such srking difleence between Hopi and SAE about Ghoce a about tine, and probably the aporehersion of space is given i ‘btataly the sae form by experience inespective of language. The xper- ‘ent ofthe Gesuit pycholigst with vnal pereeplon appear to exabinh this aoa fact. But she CONCEPT OF SPACE veil vary somewhat with lan gue because, as a intellect to tis 30 closely inked with the oncom {Sntemployment of oe nelectual oo, of the order of tine” and mater.” Cehich ave gusty conditioned, We se dings widh our eyes i the same Space forms asthe Hopi, but our Hea of apace has alo the propery of sting (2s surrogate of nongpatial relationships Uke tine, intensity tendency, and ab ‘wid tobe filed wth imagined formes tems, one of which may even be Called "space," Space a sensed bythe Hopi would not be connected sweaty rit such surrogates, but would be comparatively “pure unmined with ext 1 Hee rong “Newtonian” wd “Eucla” wae, et ‘The Relation of Habitual Thought and Behavior to Language 88[As for our second question: There sre connections but not correlations oF ciggnote corespondences between cultural norms and lngutcs patterns ‘Achough i would be inpesibie wo infer the exstene of Crier Chiefs from the Tack of tees in Hopi, o vie vera, there js a elation between language and there of the culture ofthe society wich wis ic There are eases where the "Mlsion of speaking” are cltely integrated with the whole general culture, ‘sether or not tis be univerally try ad there are connections within this Jnepration, Deoween the Lin of Hnguiic analyee employed and sion ‘behavioral reactors and ao the shapes ken by various cukural develop rents Thus the importance of Grier Chics dors have a eonnection, not with Tenses ie bot with pte of thought in which categories different ‘hom our tenes are natural These connections are to be found nat 10 much by focusing atenton on the splat subees of linguitic, ethnographic, oF sociological destiption ae by examining the culture and the language (always Sind ony when te two have ben together historically fo a cosierable tne) rt whole in which concatenation that run aeross thee departmental lines nay be expect to exit, and, they do exit, eventually to be diooverable by aad, 4 Formative Period: 1910-19408 The Problem of Society: How We Become Selves George Herbert Mead ‘What 1am ying odo io connec this entire evolutionary proces with sca “organization in ts mest complex expresion, and as tht within which rise the ‘ery individual through woe Hiferproces i work, giving Birth to jus uch stents as are ivelved inthe development of selves And, as 1 have sid, he IMesprocen ib brought to conciousness in the conduct of the individual fon in is salle e-conscownss, He gets a much more effective conta tre his environment than the ox can get aver ie. The proces ison in which ina corn seu, ctrl within his own grasp. I you ink fit the hua being na social form actually has relatively complete control over hs envio tment, The anal gts a certain slight kindof conl oer it environment but the human form, in societies, can detrnize what vegetation shal grow what animals tall exist besides eli ean cond its own climate, eee ‘wn buildings It has, in a biclogcal sen complete contol ove is ow vitonment Titi hi stained to remarkable degre an ed which Implied in the whale living proses the contol by te form a the environmen vit hich ile, To depres human weit hae reed that goal. Te fas often been pointed ext, of couse, that evolution does ot reach an, sal, The concept seas simply the adaptation ofa form toa certain environ ‘ent But adaptation tnt spy he fting ofthe frm into the environment it cain with it sme degee of control over that environment. And inthe ‘ue of the hua form, of human society, we have that adaptation expresing [elf in vty high degree of cntrl OF course, we cant change the chemin snd physal erecta of tgs, but we can ike them over into those fom that we eunches need and hich aze of value tous. Tha is posible fr us fd, gs Ihave vad with reference to the question of food and to the question ‘ot climatic uence eatin very Inge degre determine that control. Se there witha lini, x development toward complete adaptation where tha ‘adaptation exprewes itl in control over the envionment. And in that seme Think we can fry say that human organization, as a socal organization oes exercise control and ts reached certain goal of development ‘Well nowy thi sca prces Ihave Ben etching i thee Broa takes ba