ELECTROSTATICS. pdf ow a Electrostatics Introduction Flectromagnetismis, almost unarguably, the most important basic technology inthe world today. Almost every modem device, from cars to kitchen appliances to computers, is dependentupon it. Life, 4) for mostofus, wouldbe almost unimaginablewithout electromagnetism. Infact, electromagnetism cuts sucha wide path through modem life that the teaching of electromagnetism has developed into several different specialties. nitially electricity and magnetism were classified asindependent phenomena, but aftersome experiments (we will discuss later) it was found they are interrelated so we use the name Electromagnetism. In electromagnetism we have to study basic properties of electromagnetic force and field (the term field will be introduced in later section). The electromagnetic force between charged particles is one of the fundamental forces of nature. We begin this chapter by describing some of the basic properties of one manifestation of the electromagnetic force, the electrostatic force between charges (the force between two charges when they are at res!) under the heading electrostatics, Electric Charge Anumber of simple experiments demonstrate the existence of electric forees and charges. For example, Il find that the comb attracts bits of paper. The attractive force is often strong enough to suspend the paper. The same effect ace afterrunninga comb through yourhair ona dry day, you. 's when certain 1naterials are rubyed together, such as glass rubbed with silk or rubber with fur, When materials behave in this way, they are said to be electrified, or to have become electrically charged.A neutral body can get charged only by transfer of electrons, thus the lowest unit of free charge that may appear ona body is charge of electron whose magnitude is e. Whena body getsn electrons from other body chargeon it becomes —ne while charge on body loosing n electrons becomes + ne, Unitof charge Slunit :coulomb(C). ¢.g.s. unit: es.u (electrostatic unit) or stat coulomb. 1C = 2.998 x 10? esu Basic properties of electric charge ( There exist two types of charges in nature : positive and negative Expe mentally, it was found that there are two kinds of electric charges, which were given the names positive and negative by Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790). We identify negative charge as that type possessed by electrons and positive charge as that possessed by protons, Secondly, it should also be noted that naming one charge as (i)ve and the other as (ve is amatter of convention; there is no intrinsically compelling reason for this choice. (ii) Like To verify this, suppose a hard rubber rod that has been rubbed with fur is suspended bya sewing thread, arges repeland unlike charges attract. as shown in Figure . When a glass rod that has been rubbed with silk is brought near the rubber rod, thetwo attract each other (Fig. a). On the other hand, if two charged rubber rods (or two charged glass rods) shows that the rubber and glass have two different types of charge on them. On the basis of these observations, we conclude that charges of the same sign repel one another and charges with opposite signs attract one another. fe brought near each other, as shown in Figure h, the two repel each other. This observation (iii) Charges are additive ie. the charges add algebraically despite the factthat the words (#)ve and (Ove don't haveany algebraic meaning due to the property of the charges that equal amount of two types of charges present at a point neutralize the effect of one another and hence, thepresence ofnone canbe felt ie., they behave like an uncharged state, (iv) Chargeis quantized : Charge exists in discrete units eq charge (Charge on one electron) alto the integral multiple of electronic ie. Q=ne Where e(0) is the lowest possible magnitude of charge andn belongs to the set of integers and magnitude of charge on one electron = 1.6 x 10 C Our advanced nuclear research, however, sugges that the elementary pacticles of Hadron family, like, protons and Neutrons have internal structures. They are composed of basic units called "Quarks" having charges ~e down quark ‘') and +e(up quark 'u!), Proton is made up of three quarks, two up quarks and one down quark and its structures ‘wud’. Similarly the structure of Neutrons is ‘uda!. Despite the overwhelming evidence of quarks having fractional electronic charges, we have sufficient theoretical grounds to state that the liberation of a single quark is a physical impossibility i. quarks dont have independent existence. They always exist in such groups that the net charge of that group is equal to the integral multiple of electronic charge and we still state the principle of quantization of charge as, Q=ne Since loss or gain of electronis responsible for creating charge ona body and electron is aparticle with mass, every charged body will have mass alsoMustration: Sol. Mlustration: Sol. A copper sphere contains about 2 x 10° atoms. The charge on the nucleus of each atom is 29e. what fraction of the electrons must be removed from the sphere to give ita charge of +2 C7 The total number of electrons is 29 (2x10) = 5.8.x 10°. Electrons removed = (2x10°C)/ (1.6x10"C)= 1.25 x 10", So the fraction removed = electrons removed / total number electron: 2.16 x 10" ma as follows : "Thetotal charge of an Isolated systern remains constant ie. fora closed system ofparticles. rge is conserved : The total charge of universe remains constant. It may alternatively be stated Zep -£e; = Const The above principle suggests that (a) Charge can neither be created nor be destroyed. (b) Only (+)ve or only (-\vecharge can never be created. (©) Simultaneous production of equal and opposite charges or simultaneous annihilation of equal and opposite charge dont violate the principle of conservation ofcha ree. Three metallic spheres say X, Y and Z have charges 10C,—10C, 10C respeetively. X, ¥, Zare brought in contact such that charge on each of A and B becomes 3C what is charge on Z. Net charge initially on X, Y andZ =(+10—10-+10)= 10C = Final net charge on X,Y and Z=q, +qy +4, =3434q, =10C : q.=4C. Classification of Substance on the Basis of Electrical Passage We can classify materials generally according to the ability of charge to move through them, Conductors are materials through which change can move rather freely; examples include metals (such as copper in common lamp wire), the human body, and tap water, Nonconductors-also called insulators «are materials through which charge cannot move fieely; examples include rubber (suchas the insulation oncommon lamp wire), plastic, glass, and chemically pure water, Semiconductors are materials that are intermediate between conductors and insulators; examples include si conand germanium in computer cl Superconductorsare materials that are perfec! conductors, allowing charge to move without any hindrance.