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„Ñ¨`«ºOy~å Éèí„^ŒHÍo ã¨~°fi â◊„`«∞=ÙÅ#∞ <åâ◊#"≥Ú#~°∞Û#∞.
Ñ¨~°=∞O„`«– Ñ¨~°`«O„`« – Ñ¨~°Ü«∞O„`« ã¨~°fi „Ñ¨Ü≥∂QÆ=ÚÅ#∞
ÉèíH˜ΔOK«∞#∞. JO^Œ∞KÕ D =∞O„`« ™ê^èŒ‰õΩÅ∞ P"Õâ◊=Ú ÖËx"åÔ~·
™ê^èŒ∞ã¨fiÉèÏ==Ú`À LO_®e. P"Õâ◊=Ú`À U=∂@ J#fl#∂
J#QÍ U K≥_»¤=∂@ ÑëH˜##∂ Jk x["≥∞ÿ ÉÏkèOK«∞#∞.
JO^Œ∞ˆH ''"å~åÇ‘Ï—— =∞O„`Àáêã¨# KÕÜ«Ú "åi "åH˜\’¡#∂,
„Ñ¨`«ºOy~å KÕÜ«Ú"åi „Ñ¨Hõ¯##∂ LO_»~å^Œx ™ê"≥∞`«QÍ
U~°Ê_ç#k. Ñ¨~∞° Å „âıÜ∞« ã¨∞û‰õΩ „Ñ¨`º« Oy~å KÕÜ∞« =K«∞Û. =∞O„`«
âß„ã¨Î „Ñ¨Ü≥∂[#O ã¨<å‡~°æ"Õ∞ HÍh ^Œ∞+¨ì™êfi~°ú=Ú HÍ^Œ∞.
J^è~Œ fi° "ÕÔŒ 15= HÍO_»–„"å`«ºHÍO_» JO\Ï~°∞. „"å`«∞ºÅ
Hõ~°‡Å∞ WO^Œ∞ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_®¤~Ú. 18 ã¨∂HõÎ=ÚÅ∞, 230 =∞O„`«
=ÚÅ∞ L<åfl~Ú. „"å`«∞ºÅ#QÍ PKå~° xÜ«∞=∂Å∞ ÖËx"å~°x,
P~°∞ºÅÖ’<Õ XHõ `≥QÆ"å~°x J^èŒ~åfixfl |\˜ì `≥Å∞™ÈÎOk.
"≥·kHõ =∞O„`åÅ#∞ q=iOKÕ "å\˜x ''„ÉÏÇ¨Ï‡}=ÚÅ∞——
JO\Ï~°∞. Wq 4 "Õ^Œ=ÚÅ‰õΩ "Õ~°∞"Õ~°∞QÍ L<åfl~Ú. Ü«∞[˝
Ü«∂QÍk Hõ~°‡q+¨Ü«∞=ÚÅ∞ qÑ¨ÙÅOQÍ K≥|∞`«∂ "å\˜ „áÈ^Œƒ
ÅHõOQÍ Hõ^èŒÅ∞ QÆ∂_® „ÉÏÇ¨Ï‡}=ÚÅÖ’ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_®¤~Ú.
8
|∞∞ˆQfi^ŒOÖ’ T~°fij, Ñ¨Ù~°∂~°= =$`åÎO`«O â◊`Ñ« ^¨ Œè „ÉÏÇ¨Ï‡}O

Ö’ qÑ¨ÙÅOQÍ Hõ^èŒQÍ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çOk. [Å„Ñ¨à◊Ü«∞O QÆ∂iÛ
â◊`Ñ« ^¨ OŒè Ö’ K≥ÑÊ¨ |_çOk. DQÍ^èŒ W`«~° =∞`« „QÆO^è•ÅÖ’#∂,
„áêp#ÉèÏëê „QÆO^è•ÅÖ’#∂ ¿Ñ~˘¯#|_çOk. „ÉÏÇ¨Ï‡}
„QÆO^è•Å∞ "Õ^•ÅÖ’ XHõ ÉèÏQÆOQÍ ÑïQÆ}ÕK«|_®¤~Ú.
''=∞O„`« – „ÉÏÇ¨Ï‡}Ï`«‡HÀ "Õ^Œó—— Jx PÑ¨ã¨ÎOÉèí∞_»∞
„Ñ¨=∂}© HõiOKå_»∞. „Ñ¨f "Õ^Œ=Ú#‰õΩ „ÉÏÇ¨Ï‡} „QÆO^èŒ=Ú
Å∞#flq.
"Õ^Œ=Ú Åaèã¨∞Î#fl „ÉÏÇ¨Ï‡}=ÚÅ∞
1. |∞∞ˆQfi^Œ=Ú 1. S`«ˆ~Ü«∞ „ÉÏÇ¨Ï‡}=Ú
2. âßOMÏÜ«∞# „ÉÏÇ¨Ï‡}=Ú
2. â◊√Hõ¡ Ü«∞Aˆ~fi^Œ=Ú 1. â◊`«Ñ¨^èŒ „ÉÏÇ¨Ï‡}=Ú
Hõ$+¨‚ Ü«∞Aˆ~fi^Œ=Ú 1. `≥·`«ÎsÜ«∞ „ÉÏÇ¨Ï‡}=Ú
3. ™ê=∞"Õ^Œ=∞=Ú 1.`åO_»º 2. +¨_çfiOâ◊
3. ™ê=∞ q^è•# 4. Pˆ~¬Ü«∞
5. ^Õ=`å^è•ºÜ«∞ 6.LÑ¨x+¨^£
7. ãÖÇ≤Ï`À Ñ¨x+¨`ü
8. qOâ◊ 9. *ˇ·q∞hÜ«∞
„ÉÏÇ¨Ïº}=Ú
4. P^èŒ~°fi"Õ^Œ=Ú 1. QÀÑ¨^èŒ „ÉÏÇ¨Ï‡}=Ú.
9
„ÉÏÇ¨Ï‡}=ÚÅ‰õΩ Ñït+¨ì „QÆO^è=Œ ÚÅ∞ J~°}ºHõ=ÚÅ∞ LÑ¨

x+¨`«∞ÎÅ∞ J#|_»∞#∞. J~°}º=ÚÅÖ’ x=ã≤ã¨∂Î J^èŒºÜ«∞#O
KÕÜ∞« =Åã≤# q+¨Ü∞« =ÚÅ∞ Hõ#∞Hõ g\˜H˜ J~°}ºHõ=ÚÅx ¿Ñ~°∞.
g\˜Ö’ „áê}q^Œº, P^è•ºu‡Hõ *Ï˝#O É’kèOK«|_®¤~Ú. |∞∞ˆQfi^Œ
=Ú#‰õΩ S`«ˆ~Ü«∂~°}ºHõO, âßOMÏÜ«∞<å~°}ºHõO L<åfl~Ú.
Ü«∞Aˆ~fi^Œ – ™ê=∞"Õ^Œ=ÚÅ‰õΩ ‰õÄ_® J~°}ºHõ=Ú Å∞<åfl~Ú.
J^è~Œ fi° "Õ^=Œ Ú#‰õΩ J~°}ºHõ=ÚÅ∞ ÅaèOK«∞@ÖË^∞Œ . HÍÅQÆ~ƒ° Où Ö’
Hõeã≤ áÈ~Ú#q ˆH=ÅO LÑ¨x+¨`«∞ÎÅ∞ =∂„`«O Åaèã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú.
"Õ^Œ=ÚÅ‰õΩ HõÅÊ„QÆO^èŒ=ÚÅ∞, ã¨∂„`« „QÆO^èŒ=ÚÅ∞ ‰õÄ_®
Ü«Ú#flq. J^è~Œ fi° "Õ^=Œ Ú#‰õΩ 5 HõÅÊ„QÆO^è=Œ ÚÅ∞#flq. XˆHXHõ¯
QÆ$Ç¨Ïºã¨∂„`« „QÆO^èŒ=Ú#flk. QÆ$Ç¨Ï ãÖ|Okè`« q+¨Ü«∞=ÚÅ∞,
‰õΩ@∞O| rq`«O Hõ~°‡q^è•#O WO^Œ∞ `≥eÜ«∞*ËÜ«∞|_»∞#∞.
nx¿Ñ~°∞ ''H“tHõ QÆ$Ç¨Ïº ã¨∂„`«O—— 14 J^è•ºÜ«∞=ÚÅ∞#flq.
Ç¨s`«, ˆHâ◊=ÙÅ∞ "åºMÏº#O „"åâß~°∞. J<ÕHõ „Ñ¨Ü≥∂QÆ=ÚÅ∞,
"≥·^Œº – WO„^Œ*ÏÅ q^Œº K≥Ñ¨Ê|_®¤~Ú.
"Õ^=Œ ÚÅ ~°H}Δõ H˘~°‰Ωõ ''J#∞„Hõ=∞}˜H—õ — „QÆO^è•Å∞ `«~∞° "å`«
|∞∞+¨μÅ∞ ~°zOKå~°∞. „Ñ¨f "Õ^Œ=Ú#‰õΩ „Ñ¨`ÕºHõ J#∞„Hõ=∞}˜Hõ
„QÆO^ä=Œ ÚÅ∞#flq. g\˜Ö’ P "Õ^=Œ ∞O„`« q=~°} |∞∞+≤ – ^Õ=`å
– KèO« ^Œã∞¨ û – "å\˜ „Ñ¨Ü∂≥ [#O. ã¨∂HõãÎ O¨ Yº, <å=∞ – qâı+}¨
q=~°}Å∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨|_®¤~Ú.
10
J^èŒ~°fi"Õ^Œ=Ú#‰õΩ J~Ú^Œ∞ J#∞„Hõ=∞}˜HÍ „QÆO^èŒ=Ú

Å∞#flq.
1.K« ` « ∞ ~° ^ è • º~Ú 2. „áêuâßYº 3. Ñ¨ O K« Ñ ¨ @ eHõ
4. ^ŒO`Àº+¨ìqnè 5. |$Ç¨Ï`«û~åfi#∞ „Hõ=∞}˜Hõ.
J^èŒ~°fi"Õ^ŒOÖ’ Z<Àfl J=¸Åº q+¨Ü«∞=ÚÅ∞<åfl~Ú.
WO„kÜ«∂f`« „Ñ¨ÑÖK«O QÆ∂iÛ Z<Àfl q+¨Ü«∂Å∞<åfl~Ú.
H˘O^Œ~°∞ "åºMÏº#O „"åã≤<å, ÉèÏëêºÅ∞ „"åã≤<å, Z<Àfl
q+¨ Ü « ∂ Å∞ `≥ e Ü« ∞ =Åã≤ # q J*Ï˝ ` « O QÍ<Õ L<åfl~Ú.
L^•Ç¨Ï~°}‰õΩ 5= HÍO_»Ö’ 28= ã¨∂HõÎ=Ú L#flk. Wk
n~å…Ü«Ú„áêÑ≤Î H˘~°‰õΩ K≥Ñ≤Ê#k, "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ =∞O„`«O –
#=„áê}Ï<£ #=aèó ãÖq∞g∞`Õ n~å…Ü«Ú`åfiÜ«∞ â◊`«
âß~°^•Ü«∞I Ç¨Ïi`Õ„f}˜ ~°[`Õ „f}ºÜ«∞¿ã „f}˜ `«Ñ™¨ êq+≤`ì åxII
nxÜ≥ÚHõ¯ "åKåº~°úO ã¨∞QÆ=∞OQÍ Ü«Ú<åfl, =∂i‡HÍ~°úO
Ü«∞øyHõOQÍ `≥eÜ«∞~å‰õΩ#flk. W@∞=O\˜ =∞O„`«=ÚÅ
JO`«~å~°úO ™ê^èŒ#Ö’<Õ `≥eÜ«∂e.
WO^Œ∞ K≥ÑÊ≤ # =∞O„`«=ÚÅ∞, ã¨fi~°ÜÚ« Hõ=Î ÚQÍ "Õ^ÑŒ O¨ _ç`∞« Å
=^ŒÌ QÍh, =∞O„`« âß„ã¨"Î `Õ ÅÎ« =^ŒÌ QÍh <Õ~∞° Û‰õΩx „Ñ¨Ü∂≥ yOKåe.
"Õ^Œ=ÚÖ’ =ÚYº=ÚQÍ 3 ã¨fi~°=ÚÅ∞#flq.
11
Wq L^•`«,Î J#∞^•`«Î ã¨fii`«ãfi¨ ~°=ÚÅ∞ . ''=∞O„`ÀÇ‘Ï#ó

ã¨fi~°`À =~°‚`À"å....—— J<åfl~°∞. JO>Ë =∞O„`«=Ú ã¨fi~°Ç‘Ï#
"≥∞ÿ##∂, JHõΔ~°Ç‘Ï#"≥∞ÿ##∂ Ñ¶ëOK«^Œ∞. WO„^Œ â◊`«$ó =~°úã¨fi
J#∞ =∞O„`«=ÚÖ’ ã¨fi~°É^Ëè =Œ Ú KÕ`« ~åHõãΔ ∞¨ _»∞ KÕã#≤ Ç¨ÏŸ=∞=Ú
~åHõãΔ ∞¨ xH˜ HÍ‰õΩO_® WO„^Œ∞xH˜ [Ü«∞=Ú HõeyOz#k. JO^Œ∞
KÕ`« „âıÜ«∞™ê¯=ÚÖˇ·#"å~°∞ "Õ^ŒÑÖ_ç`«∞Öˇ·# „ÉÏÇ¨Ï‡}À`«Î=ÚÅ
KÕ`« âßOuHõ~°‡Å∞ KÕ~ÚOK«∞H˘x JO^Œ~°∂ ã¨∞YÑ¨_®Åx,
W@∞=O\˜ "Õ^Œ=∞O„`å#∞ëêì# *Ï˝# „Ñüáê^ŒHõ Ñ¨Ùã¨ÎHõ=ÚÅ∞
<Õ#∞ =∞iO`«QÍ „Ñ¨K∞« iOKåÅx JO^Œ∞‰õΩ "Õ^=Œ ∂`« Pjã¨∞ûÅ∞
HÀ~°∞`«∂ *Ï˝# =Ü≥∂=$^Œ∞Åú O^ŒiH© =O^Œ#=Ú ÅiÊã¨∞<Î åfl#∞.
=∂ã¨ t=~å„u `«O„`« l*Ï˝ã¨∞=Ù

1990 =∂iÛ "Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`«∞¯=∂~ü.
FO #=∞ót"åÜ«∞
|∞∞} – ~ÀQÆ –â◊„`«∞ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ‰õΩ
„QÆÇ¨ÏÉÏ^è• x=$uÎH˜, "Õ^ÀHõÎ, `«O„`ÀHõÎ [Ñ¨
Ç¨ÏŸ=∞=ÚÅ∞ KÕÜ«∞|_»∞#∞.
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`«∞¯=∂~ü
12
d q+¨Ü«∞ã¨∂zHõ
d
J^èŒ~°fi "Õ^ŒO ..... 19
n~å…Ü«Ú=Ù H˘~°‰õΩ ..... 23
PÜ«Ú~å~ÀQÆº=ÚÅ∞ HõÅ∞QÆ∞@‰õΩ ..... 24
PÜ«Ú~ü=$kúH˜ ..... 24
L`«Îˆ~}˜ =¸eHÍ ã¨∂HõÎO ..... 25
Ç¨Ï$„^ÀQÆO –HÍ"≥∞~°¡"åºkè x=$uÎ : 1–22 ..... 26
ÉÁe¡"åºkè x"å~°} ã¨∂HõÎO 1–23 ..... 27
HÀÅá⁄#fl =¸eHÍ ã¨∂HõÎO 2–25 ..... 27
¢ã‘Î =∞<À=jHõ~°} =∞O„`«O 2–30 ..... 28
"åºáê~° =$kúH˜ ..... 29
=º=™êÜ«∞ =$kúH˜ 3–17 ..... 30
`Õ[ã¨∞û á⁄O^Œ∞@‰õΩ 3–22 ..... 30
‰õΩ@∞O|OÖ’ SHõ=∞`«ºO 3–30 ..... 31
"årHõ~°}O 4–4 ..... 31
x„^Œ HõeyOK«∞ ã¨∂HõÎO 4–5 ..... 32
~ÀÇ≤Ï}˜ =¸eHÍ ã¨∂HõÎO 4–12 ..... 34
[Ü«∞ „áêÑ≤ÎH˜ 5–3 ..... 35
áê=Ú =∞O„`«O 5–13 ..... 35
q+¨Ç¨Ï~°} =∞O„`«O =∞~˘Hõ\˜ ..... 35
~ÀQÆâßOuH˜ ..... 35
13
#∂`«# QÆ$Ç¨ÏOÖ’ <Õu`À Ç¨ÏŸ=∞O 5–26 ..... 37

¢ã‘Î =jHõ~°}O 6–8 ..... 38
<Õ„`«~ÀQÆ x=$uÎ 6–16 ..... 38
D~å¬º <åâ◊#O ..... 38
K«~°‡~ÀQÆ <åâ◊HõO 6–26 ..... 39
QÀ=∞O„`«O 6–31 ..... 39
[Å zH˜`«û 6–57 ..... 39
‰õΩ+¨μì~ÀQÆ x=$uÎH˜ 6–95 ..... 40
Ñ≤Ñ¨Êb B+¨^èŒO 6–95 ..... 40
=∂#ã≤Hõ ~°∞QÆ‡`« x=$uÎ 6–111 ..... 41
|∞∞}ÉÏ^è• x=$uÎ 7–12 ..... 42
ã¨ÉèÏ=â◊ºO 7–12 ..... 42
^èŒ#„áêÑ≤Î 7–17 ..... 43
q+¨μ‚ J#∞„QÆÇ¨ÏO 7–26 ..... 43
E^ŒOÖ’ [Ü«∞„áêÑ≤Î 7–50 ..... 44
„âı+¨ª`å „áêÑ≤Î 7–51 ..... 44
âßÑ¨"≥∂K«#O 7–59 ..... 44
J=∂"å™êº ã¨∂HõÎO 7–79 ..... 44
Ñ¨Ói‚=∂ ã¨∂HõÎO 7–80 ..... 45
WO„^•#∞„QÆÇ¨ÏO 7–86 ..... 46
^Œ∞óã¨fiÑ¨fl âßOu 7–101 ..... 46
Ñ¨~°¢ã‘Îx á⁄Ok# Ñü =jHõ~°}O 6–130 ..... 46
ã¨‡~°ã¨∂HõÎO (2) 6–131 ..... 47
Q“ó ––9–7 ..... 48
14
„Ñ¨`«ºOy~å Éèí„^ŒHÍo 10–1 ..... 50

Ç≤Ï~°}º ^è•~°}O 19–26 ..... 53
#HõΔ„`« ã¨∂HõÎO 19–7 ..... 54
#HõΔ„`å}˜ 19–8 ..... 55
"årHõ~°} ã¨∂HõÎO 4–4–1 ..... 59
Ñ¨Ù„`«„áêÑ≤ÎH˜ 6–11–1 ..... 59
ÉÁe¡ zH˜`«û 1–23–2 ..... 60
=∞$`«∞ºO[Ü«∞O 6–13 ..... 61
ã¨∂~°ºH˜~°}zH˜`«û 1–35 ..... 62
=∞<ÀzH˜`«û ..... 63
Ü«∞[˝ zH˜`«û 6–83–4 ..... 63
â◊Åº zH˜`«û 4–12–1 ..... 64
HÀÑ¨=Ú `«yæOK«∞ ã¨∂HõÎ=Ú 6–43–1 ..... 64
L<å‡^Œ zH˜`«û 6–111–1 ..... 65
„H˜q∞<åâ◊#O 4–37–1 ..... 65
â◊`«=∂#=ÚÅ∞ ..... 65
J^èŒ~°fiOÖ’ F+¨^èŒ∞Å∞ ..... 66
Ñ≤Ñ¨Êb H˜ΔÑ¨Î ÉèË+¨r L`åu q^Œú ÉèË+¨r –6–109–1 ..... 67
=V$HõΔ=ÚÅ∞ – Å`«Å∞ ..... 68
HõxHõ@∞ì ..... 68
=jHõ~°}=Ú ..... 69
kQÆ^Œ∞_»∞Ñ¨Ù =∞O„`«O – 3–9–5 ..... 69
PaèKå~° Hõ~°‡xO^Œ ..... 70
=∞}∞Å∞ ..... 70
15
=∞Ç¨x~åfi} `«O„`«=Ú
LáÈ^•…`«=Ú ..... 76
=∞Ç¨ x~åfi} `«O„`«O ..... 78
JOQÆ<åºã¨ – Hõ~°<åºã¨=ÚÅ∞ ..... 83
„|Ç¨Ï‡ ÑÖK«~°`«fl ™ÈÎ„`«O ..... 84
[QÆ#‡OQÆà◊ Hõ=K«O ..... 85
P^ŒºHÍm â◊`«<å=∞ ™ÈÎ„`«O ..... 88
`≥·Ö’Hõº q[Ü«∞ Hõ=K«O ..... 91
Éèˇ·~°g K«„HõÑ¨Ó[ ..... 97
P#O^ŒÉèˇ·~°= ^è•º#O ..... 98
‰õΩâ◊O_çHÍ (Ç¨ÏŸ=∞O) ..... 100
Ñ¨Ó~å‚aè¿+HõO ..... 105
t=eOQÆ „Ñü+¨ª ..... 107
~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú
~°ã¨~Àzã¨∞û ..... 114
„áêp# ~°™êÜ«∞#"Õ`«ÎÅ∞ ..... 117
H˘xfl „áêp# ~°ã¨âßG „QÆO^èŒ=ÚÅ∞ ..... 119
~°ã¨Ç¨Ï$^ŒÜ«∞ `«O„`«O ..... 119
zH˜`åû HõeHÍ ..... 120
~°ã¨ ~°`åflHõ~°O ..... 120
~°™ê~°‚=O ..... 121
~°ã¨„Ñ¨HÍâ◊ ã¨∞^è•Hõ~°O ..... 121
~°ã¨~°`«fl ã¨=ÚK«ÛùÜ«∞O ..... 122
~°ã¨™ê~°O ..... 122
16
~°¿ãO„^Œ zO`å=∞}˜ ..... 123

~°¿ãO„^Œ™ê~° ãÖ„QÆÇ¨ÏO ..... 123
ã¨∞=~°‚ `«O„`«O ..... 124
~°ã¨`«O„`«O ..... 125
xkè ™ê^èŒ‰õΩÅ∞ ..... 130
~°ã¨Hõ~°‡‰õΩ ™ê÷#=Ú ..... 131
~°ã¨Éèˇ·~°=Ùx PHÍ~°=Ú ..... 133
~°ã¨Éèˇ·~°= ^è•º#=Ú ..... 133
~°ã¨™ê^èŒ# áê„`«Å∞ ..... 135
áê^Œ~°ã¨=Ú#∞ xs˚==Ú KÕÜ«Ú =¸eHõÅ∞ ..... 136
áê^Œ~°ã¨ =∂~°} =¸eHõÅ∞ ..... 137
áê^Œ~°ã¨ |O^èŒ =¸eHõÅ∞ ..... 137
áê^Œ~°ã¨ „^•=} =¸eHõÅ∞ ..... 138
áê^Œ~°ã¨ „HÍ=∞} =¸eHõÅ∞ ..... 138
J+¨ì=¸eHõÅ∞ ..... 139
ÑÖK«~°`«fl =¸eHõÅ∞ ..... 139
J„ÉèíHõO ..... 140
J„ÉèíHõ ¿ãfi^Œ# =¸eHõÅ∞ ..... 141
J„ÉèíHõ „^•=} qkè ..... 142
HÍO`«áêëê}O ..... 142
=„[=Ú ..... 142
=„[ =∞$^Œ∞Hõ~°} qkè ..... 142
"≥·„HÍO`«O ..... 143
J+¨ì =∞Ç¨~°ã¨=ÚÅ∞ ..... 143
=∂H˜ΔHõO ..... 143
17
J+¨ì LÑ¨ ~°ã¨=ÚÅ∞ ..... 143

QÆO^èŒHõ â◊√kú ..... 144
+¨\ò Ö’Ç¨Ï=ÚÅ∞ ..... 144
ã¨~°fi Ö’Ç¨Ïã≤kú ..... 144
~åQÆãÖYºÅ∞ ..... 144
c[x~å‡} qkè ..... 145
^ŒfiO^Œfi "Õ∞à◊#O ..... 145
=OQÍ„ÉèíO ..... 145
c[ ~°O[#O ..... 145
ã¨fi~°c[ x~å‡}O ..... 146
~°l`« c[x~å‡}O ..... 146
~°ãÖ ..... 146
~°ã¨¿ãfi^Œ# =¸eHõÅ∞ ..... 148
Kå~°} *Ï~°} =∞O„`«=Ú ..... 149
~°ã¨ „HÍ=∞} „^Œ=º=ÚÅ∞ ..... 150
Ö’Ç¨Ï – ^ÕÇ¨Ï "Õkè ~°ã¨=Ú ..... 150
3 ~°Hõ=ÚÅ ~°ã¨ã≤kú ..... 152
=„[|O^èŒO ..... 153
QÆO^èŒHõ|O^èŒO ..... 154
^ÕÇ¨Ï"Õ^èŒ ..... 154
=„*ÏOQÆ ã¨∞O^Œs ~°ã¨QÆ∞\˜Hõ ..... 157
~°ãëOQÆ x~å‡}=Ú ..... 157
J+¨ìHõ~°‡Å J~°ú=ÚÅ∞ ..... 158
™êOˆHuHõ Ñ¨^Œ=ÚÅ J~°ú=ÚÅ∞ ..... 158
18
dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd
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J^äŒ~°fi"Õ^Œ`«O„`«=Ú 27
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28 J^äŒ~°fi"Õ^Œ`«O„`«=Ú
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J^äŒ~°fi"Õ^Œ`«O„`«=Ú 29
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J^äŒ~°fi"Õ^Œ`«O„`«=Ú 31
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32 J^äŒ~°fi"Õ^Œ`«O„`«=Ú
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J^äŒ~°fi"Õ^Œ`«O„`«=Ú 33
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34 J^äŒ~°fi"Õ^Œ`«O„`«=Ú
~ÀÇ≤Ï}˜ =¸eHÍ ã¨∂HõÎO 4–12

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J^äŒ~°fi"Õ^Œ`«O„`«=Ú 35
[Ü«∞ „áêÑ≤ÎH˜ 5–3

D =∞O„`«[ÑÖ =Å¡ HÍ~°ºã≤kú, JkèHÍ~°∞Å J#∞‰õÄÅ`«,
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36 J^äŒ~°fi"Õ^Œ`«O„`«=Ú
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"Õ^Œ`«`ü `« PÜ«Ú+¨ºO Éèí∞=`ü `«`ÕÎ =~°Ûã¨fiO Éèí∞=`ü II
#HõΔ„`« ã¨∂HõÎO 19–7
[#‡#HõΔ„`«O ~ÀA# D ã¨∂HõÎáê~åÜ«∞} =Å# „QÆÇ¨Ï^À+¨
=ÚÅ∞ `˘Åy, ã¨∞Y–ãÖÑ¨^ŒÅ∞ HõÅ∞QÆ∞#∞. nxx Ñ¨Ói‚=∞ <å_»∞
‰õÄ_® áê~åÜ«∞} KÕ¿ãÎ KåÖÏ =∞Ozk.
QÍ~°æº |∞∞+≤ó 1 #HõΔ„`å}˜ ^Õ=`å II „u+¨μìÑπ, 4 Éèí∞iH±
z„`å}Õ ™êHõO kq~ÀK«<åx ã¨sã¨$áê}˜ Éèí∞=<Õ [<åx
`«∞i‡â◊O ã¨∞=∞u q∞K«Ûù=∂<À JÇ¨h wiƒùó ã¨Ñ¨~åºq∞ <åâ◊O
ã¨∞Ç¨Ï==∞ˆQfl Hõ$uÎHÍ ~ÀÇ≤Ï}˜ Kåã¨∞Î Éèí„^ŒO =∞$QÆt~°ó â◊=∂„~åÌ
Ñ¨Ù~°fiã¨∂ ã¨∂#$`å Kå~°∞ Ñ¨ÙëÈºÉèÏ#∞ ~åâıë¡ ê JÜ«∞#O =∞Ñ¶∂¨ "Õ∞
I Ñ¨Ù}ºO Ñ¨Ó~åfi Ñ¶¨Å∞æ<åº Kå„`« Ç¨ÏãÎ̈tÛ„`å t"å™êfiu ã¨∞M’"Õ∞
Jã¨∞Î ~å^èÕ qâßMË ã¨∞Ç¨Ï"å#∞ ~å^è• *Ëºëêì ã¨∞#HõΔ„`« =∞i+¨ì
=¸ÅO II J#flOã¨∂~åfi ~åã¨`åO "Õ∞ Ñ¨Ù}º"Õ∞= „â◊=}ó
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
J^äŒ~°fi"Õ^Œ`«O„`«=Ú 55
„â◊qëêªó ‰õΩ~°fi`åO ã¨∞Ñ¨Ù+≤ªO P"Õ∞ =∞Ç¨ÏK«Ûù`«aè+¨H± =sÜ«∞

P"Õ∞^ŒfiÜ«∂ „áÈ+¨Ñì ^¨ •ã¨∞ â◊~‡° II P ~ˆ =f Kåâ◊fi Ü«Ú*∫ ÉèQí OÆ =∞
P"Õ∞~°~ÚO Éèí~°}º P=Ç¨ÏO`«∞ I
#HõΔ„`å}˜ 19–8
„Ñ¨Ü«∂}"≥∞ÿ "≥à◊√§#Ñ¨Ù_»∞, „Ñ¨f~ÀA L^ŒÜ«∞O nxfl 11™ê~°∞¡
ÑïîOz# â◊√ÉèíÑ¶ë`«=ÚÅ∞ HõÅ∞QÆ∞#∞.
QÍ~°æº |∞∞+≤ó II #HõΔ„`åó ^Õ=`åó II
Ü«∂x #Hõ„Δ `å}˜ k=ºO`«iHˆ Δ JÑ¨ÙûÉè∂í =∞ø Ü«∂x #ˆQ+¨μk‰õΩΔ
„Ñ¨HÅõ ÊÜ«∞Oâ◊ÛO„^Œ=∂ Ü«∂<Õºu ã¨~åfi}˜ =∞"≥∞`ÿ åx t"åx ãÖ`«∞
II JëêìqOâßx t"åx â◊QÍ‡x ã¨ÇÏ¨ Ü≥∂QÆO Éè[í O`«∞"Õ∞II Ü≥∂QÆO
„Ñ¨Ñ¨^Õº ˆHΔ=∞OK« ˆHΔ=∞O „Ñ¨Ñ¨^Õº Ü≥∂QÆOK« #"≥∂ Ç¨ÏŸ~å„`åº
ÉèÏº=∞ã¨∞Îó ã¨fiã≤Î`«O"Õ∞ ã¨∞„áê`«ó ã¨∞™êÜ«∞O ã¨∞k=O ã¨=∞$QÆO
ã¨∞â◊‰õΩ#O "Õ∞ Jã¨∞Î II ã¨∞Ç¨Ï==∞ˆQfl ã¨fiã¨Î =∞~°ÎºO QÆ`åfi
Ñ¨Ù#~åÜ«∂aè#O^Œ<£ J#∞Ç¨Ï=O =iÇ¨Ï=O Ñï"å^ŒO ÑïHõ=Δ O
ã¨Ô~· fiˆ~‡ iHõÎ‰õΩOÉèÏ<£ Ñ¨~°`å<£ ã¨q`«ó ã¨∞= II
U J^è~Œ fi° "Õ^=
Œ Ú#‰õΩ 5 LÑ¨"^Õ =Œ ÚÅ∞#fl@∞¡ ''QÀÑ¨^Œè „ÉÏÇ¨Ï‡}
=ÚÖ’ K≥ÑÊ¨ |_ç#k. 1. ã¨~Ê° "ÕÔŒ , 2. Ñ≤âßK«"^Õ OŒ , 3.Jã¨∞~°"^Õ OŒ ,
4. WuÇ¨ã¨"Õ^ŒO, 5. Ñ¨Ù~å}"Õ^ŒO.
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
56 J^äŒ~°fi"Õ^Œ`«O„`«=Ú
J^è~Œ fi° "Õ^=Œ ÚÖ’ 18 ~°H=õ ÚÅ ã¨~Ê° *Ï`«∞Å∞ K≥ÑÊ¨ |_®¤~Ú.
1. ÔH·~å`« (J~°}ºOÖ’ aèÅ∞¡Å∞O_»∞ ã¨÷Å=ÚÖ’ LO@∞Ok)
2. Ñ¨$tfl (z„`«=~å‚Å∞O\Ï~Ú) 3.LÑ¨`«$}º (QÆ_ç¤Ö’ LO@∞Ok)
4. |„Éèí∞ (|∂_ç^Œ~°OQÆ∞ ã¨~°ÊO) 5. Jã≤`« (#Å¡QÍ LO@∞Ok)
6. JbHõ (q+¨=Ú ÖËxk) 7. `≥·=∂`« (h\˜Ö’ LO@∞Ok)
8. PáÈ^Œâ◊ (Z_®iÖ’ LO@∞Ok) 9. ã¨„`åã¨ÇÏ¨ (P„Hõ=∞} QÆ∞}O
HõÅk) 10. =∞#∞º (HÀÑÖ HõeyOK«∞ ã¨~°ÊO) 11. Jew
(â◊s~°=Ú#∞ K«∞@∞ì‰õΩO@∞Ok. 12. qew (Wk K«∞@∞ìHÀ^Œ∞)
13. L~°∞QÆ∂ÖÏ (ÃÑ^ŒÌ â◊s~°=Ú HõÅk) 14. Jã≤H©fl ( #Å¡xk)
15. ^Œ∞„^Œ∞+≤ (^Œ^Œ∞Ì~°∞¡ HõeyOK«∞#k) 16. Hõ~å‚ (K≥=ÙÅ∞ QÆÅk)
17. âßfiq`ü ( ‰õΩHõ¯ "≥uH˜ nxfl Ñ¨\ ˜ìOK«∞#∞) 18. Yx„`«=∂
( Éèí∂q∞Ö’ |ÅO KÕã¨∞H˘x LO@∞Ok) g\˜Ö’ 1#∞O_ç 6 =~°‰õΩ
=∞Ç¨q+¨=Ú HõÅq. 13 #∞O_ç 18 =~°‰õΩ q+¨=Ú ÖËxq.
J^èŒ~°fi"Õ^ŒO 5= HÍO_»Ö’ ''ã¨~°Êq+¨—— <åâ◊Hõ=∞QÆ∞ ã¨∂HõÎ=Ú
HõÅ^Œ∞. =ÚO^Œ∞ ã¨~Ê° =Ú Hõiz# "≥O@<Õ QÍ@∞ÃÑ#· 4 JOQÆ∞à◊=ÚÅ
=^ŒÌ QÆ\Qì˜ Í Hõ@∞ì Hõ@=ì ∞x K≥|∞`«∂ – _ÀÅ∞, #QÍ~å "å~Ú^Œº=ÚÅ∞
"å~ÚOz# q+¨=Ú kQÆ∞#x K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çOk.
Hõiz# áê=Ú#∞ K«OÑ≤"Ü Õ ∞« =∞x J@∞¡ KÕã#≤ KÀ, ã¨~Ê° q+¨=Ú
q~°∞QÆ∞#x K≥Ñ¨Ê|_ç#k. ã¨∞„â◊√`«=Ú JëêìOQÆ Ç¨Ï$^ŒÜ«∞=Ú
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
J^äŒ~°fi"Õ^Œ`«O„`«=Ú 57
PÜ«Úˆ~fi^Œ „QÆO^èŒ=ÚÅÖ’ ‰õÄ_® K≥Ñ¨Ê|_ç#k. 4–8 –12 JOQÆ∞

à◊=ÚÅ ÃÑ·# QÆ\ ˜ìQÍ Hõ@∞¡ Hõ@ì=∞x K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çOk.
J^èŒ~°fi "Õ^Œ=ÚÖ’ ''`å|∞=—— F+¨kè ã¨~°Êq+¨ <åâ◊#=Ú
KÕÜÚ« #x LÖËd¡ OK«|_çOk. nx ÅHõ}Δ =ÚÅ∞ ''KÕ^∞Œ Ñ¨ÙK«Û——‰õΩ QÆÅ=Ù.
nx<Õ ''Hõ@`«∞Oa—— JO^Œ∞~°∞. ÉèÏ=„Ñ¨HÍâ◊ – ~å[ xÑ¶¨∞O@∞=ÙÅ∞
nxx ==∞# HÍ~°Hõ=ÚÅ∞QÍ ¿Ñ~˘¯<åfl~°∞. HÍ=∞~°`«fl „QÆO^èŒ=∞O^Œ∞
– Hõ@∞`«∞Oa "Õ~°∞ QÀ=¸„`«=∞O^Œ∞ #∂i =∂„`«KÕã≤ h_»Ö’
ZO_çOz, =∞~°Å QÀ=¸„`«=ÚÖ’ #∂i J~°KÕu=∞O^•# ã¨~°ÊO
Hõiz# KÀ@ ÖËÑ¨#=Ú KÕã≤#KÀ q+¨=Ú Ç¨ÏiOK«∞#∞.
J^è~Œ fi° "Õ^=Œ ÚÖ’ ''`«ã∞¨ =Î —— J#∞ =¸eHõ ã¨~Ê° q+¨<åâ◊#=ÚQÍ
K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çOk. HÍh W^Õq∞\’ `≥eÜ«∞^Œ∞, uHõÎHÀâß`«H˜ (KÕ^Œ∞c~°)
ÅHõ}Δ =ÚÅ`À ãïáÈ=Ù#∞. HÍ=∞~°`fl« =∞O^Œ∞ KÕ^∞Œ c~° HõëêÜ«∞=ÚÖ’
`Õ<≥, <≥~ÚºÅ#∞ ã¨=∂#=ÚQÍ HõeÑ≤ `åyOz# q+¨=Ú Ç¨ÏiOK«∞
#x K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çOk. #n™êfl#O, D`«, ã¨~°Êq+¨=Ú#∞ Ç¨ÏiOK«∞#x
J^èŒ~°fi"Õ^Œ=ÚÖ’ 10= HÍO_»Ö’ 4–19 #O^Œ∞ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çOk.
Hõ#∞Hõ<Õ h\˜Hõ@∞¡‰õΩ JO`«q+Ö LO_»^Œ∞. D ã¨∂HõÎ=ÚÖ’<Õ
q+¨<åâ◊Hõ ÑÖK«=¸eHõÅ∞ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_®¤~Ú. 1. ^Œ~°ƒù, 2. â’zó, 3.
`«~°∞}Hõ, 4.Jâ◊fi"å~°O, 5. Ñ¨~°∞+¨"å~°O. `≥Å¡x âıfi`«F+¨^èŒ∞Å∞
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
58 J^äŒ~°fi"Õ^Œ`«O„`«=Ú
q+¨Ç¨Ï~°}=ÚÅx J^èŒ~°fiOÖ’ LÖË¡dOK«|_çOk. âıfi`«â◊|Ì=Ú `≥Å¡
lÖË¡_»∞‰õΩ ^èŒ#fiO`«i – ~å[xÑ¶¨∞O@∞=ÙÅ∞ J~°ú=Ú K≥|∞`«∞#flq.
K«~H° ãõ O¨ Ç≤Ï`«Ö’ (23–54) lÖË_¡ ∞» Ñ¨ÓÅ ~°ã=¨ Ú „`åQÆ∞@ =Å#
ã¨~°Êq+¨=Ú Ç¨ÏiOK«∞#x K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çOk. ã¨∞„â◊√`«=ÚÖ’ HõÅÊ™ê÷#O
5–18Ö’ lÖË¡_»∞ P‰õΩÅ#∞ u#flKÀ ã¨~°Ê q+¨Ç¨Ï~°}=∞x ¿Ñ~˘¯#
|_çOk. HÍ=∞~°`fl« =ÚÖ’ ã¨~Ê° =Ú Hõiz# KÀ@ lÖË_¡ ∞» "Õ~∞° #∂i
Ñ¨Ó`« "ÕÜ∞« =∞x K≥ÑÊ¨ |_çOk. lÖË_¡ ∞» "Õ~∞° – Ñ¨ÓÅK«∂~°=‚ Ú ^•iÖ’
"Õã≤#KÀ ã¨~°Ê=ÚÅ∞ ^ŒiKÕ~°=Ù.
WO„^Œ∞_»∞ ã¨~°Êq+¨<åâ◊‰õΩxQÍ 10–4–10 K≥Ñ¨Ê|_®¤_»∞.
ÔH·Ü«∞^Õ= "≥·^Œº xÑ¶¨∞O@∞ s`åº WO„^• Ü«∞}˜ F+¨kèˆH WO„^Œ Jx
¿Ñ~°∞. ÉèÏ=„Ñ¨HÍâ◊Ö’ HÍ=∞~°`«fl=ÚÖ’ WO„^•Ü«∞}˜ ã¨~°Ê q<å
â◊H=õ ÚQÍ K≥ÑÊ¨ |_çOk. J^è~Œ fi° "ÕÔŒ 4–7–2 q+¨<åâ◊# ã¨∂HõOÎ Ö’
Hõ~°OÉèí=¸eHõ (...?..) q+¨<åâ◊HõOQÍ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çOk. nxx
ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`À WzÛ# q+¨=Ú q~°∞QÆ∞#∞.
''J~°ãÖ „áêK«ºO q+¨=∞~°ãÖ =∞^Œ∞nK«ºO
JÉèË^Œ =∞^èŒ~åK«ºO Hõ~°OÉèË} qHõÅÊ`Õ II 4–7–2
Ç¨Ï$^ŒÜ«∞~ÀQÆ=ÚÅ‰õΩ Ç¨Ïi} â◊$OQÆÉèíã¨‡O "å_»=∞x
J^èŒ~°fi}"Õ^ŒOÖ’ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çOk.
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
J^äŒ~°fi"Õ^Œ`«O„`«=Ú 59
J#∞ `åfi Ç¨Ïi}À=$ëê Ñ¨ã¨ƒùâ◊º`«∞iƒù„Hõg∞`ü I

qëê}˜q+¨fi QÆ∞+≤ì`«O Ü«∞^Œã¨º ˆHΔ„uÜ«∞O Ç¨Ï$k II
J^èŒ~°fi}O – 3–7–2
ã¨fiÑ¨fl ^À+¨=ÚÅ‰õΩ [ÅzH˜`«û K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çOk. Jáê=∂~°æ
(L`«Îˆ~}˜) #Ñ¨ÙOã¨Hõ`«fi ^À+¨=Ú#∞ áÈQ˘@∞ì#∞.
Dâß<åO `åfi ÉèË+¨*Ï<å=Ú*Ë˚+¨ P~°ÉèÏ=∞¿ÇÏ I
K«„ˆH ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨g~°ºO ã¨~°fi™êfi F+¨^èÕ`åfiO II 4–121
"årHõ~°} zH˜`«û ^•fi~å g~°º=$kúH˜ =$ëêF+¨nè (..?...)
Hõã≤HõK«∞Û, ˆHáêOKü K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çOk.
"årHõ~°} ã¨∂HõÎO 4–4–1
Ü«∂O `åfi QÆO^èŒ~Àfi JY#^£ =~°∞}ÏÜ«∞ =∞$`«Éèí*Ë
`«O`åfi=Ü«∞O Y<å=∞™ÈºkèO âıÑ¶¨Ç¨Ï~°¬}Õ II
L^Œ∞ëê L^Œ∞ã¨∂~°º Lk^ŒO =∂=∞HõO =K«ó
L^Õ[`«∞ „Ñ¨*ÏÑü~°fi$ëê â◊√¿+¯} "ål<å II
Ñ¨Ù„`«„áêÑ≤ÎH˜ 6–11–1
[q∞‡K≥@∞ìÃÑ· "≥Úez# ~åq"≥ÚHõ¯ ~°ãÖ ¿ãqOK«_»O =Å¡
Ñ¨Ù„`«„áêÑ≤Î HõÅ∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok.
''â◊g∞ =∞â◊fi`«÷ P~°∂_è»ó `«„`«Ñ¨ÙãÖ=#O Hõ$`«O
`«^£ "≥· Ñ¨Ù„`«ã¨º "Õ^Œ#O `«`ü ¢ã‘Î ëêfi Éèí~å=∞ã≤ II
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
60 J^äŒ~°fi"Õ^Œ`«O„`«=Ú
ÉÁe¡ zH˜`«û 1–23–2

J^èŒ~°fi"Õ^Œ=∞O^Œ∞ âıfi`«‰õΩ+¨μì (ÉÁe¡) ~å=\ÏxH˜ HÍ~°}=ÚÅ∞
K≥ÑÊ¨ |_®¤~Ú. 1. Jã≤[÷ – Z=ÚHõÅO^Œ∞ ^À+¨=Ú =Å# 1. `«#∂[
– â◊s~°=ÚÖ’ =∂Oã¨^À+¨=Ú KÕ`« 3 `«fiKå K«~°‡^À+¨=Ú =Å#
4. ^ÀëêKå~°=Ú – PKå~°=Ú áê\˜~K«HõáÈ=Ù@ =Å# =K«∞Û#∞.
Wk 2 ~°Hõ=ÚÅ∞ 1. H˜ÖÏã¨. Wk K«~°‡=Ú#∞ qHõ$`«=Ú KÕÜ«Ú#∞.
2. Ñë`«. Wk ˆH=ÅO `≥Å¡=∞K«ÛÅ∞ =∂„`«"Õ∞ U~°Ê_»∞#∞. âßº=∂
F+¨nè (he) D ~ÀQÆ=Ú#∞ áÈQ˘@∞ì#∞. Jã¨∞s ‰õÄ_® K≥ÑÊ¨ |_çOk.
Jã¨∞i J#QÍ `≥Å¡"åÅ∞ ~°HõÎ„™ê==Ú x~ÀkèOK«∞@‰õΩ XHõ tÅ
K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çOk.
W=∂Ü«∂¿ãÎ â◊`«O Ç≤Ï~åóã¨Ç¨Ï„ãÖ ^èŒ=∞h~°∞`« I
`å™êO`Õ ã¨~åfiáê =∞Ç¨Ï=∞â◊‡<å aÅ=∞Ñ¨º^è•O II7–35–2
Wk `≥Å¡ (Ñ¶≤\òH˜~å) Jx ÉèÏqOK«=K«∞Û. qëê}HÍ =¸eHõ
("Õ∞+¨â◊$O„y) =∞$^•~°∞ã≤Oy ~°HõÎ„™ê==Ú#∞ PÑ¨Ù#x ''qëê}HÍ
<å=∞"åJã≤ Ñ≤„`«∂}ÏO =¸ÖÏ^Œ∞u÷`å "åfHõ$`« <åth—— 6–45–3
Ö’ K≥ÑÊ¨ |_çOk. "å`«~ÀQÆ=ÚÅ#∞ ‰õÄ_® Ç¨ÏiOK«∞#x K≥ÑÊ¨ |_çOk.
J^èŒ~°fi"Õ^Œ=ÚÖ’ U_»∞ „áê}=ÚÅ∞, Zxq∞k =∞*Ï˚
„QÆO^èŒ∞Å∞ K≥Ñ¨Ê |_®¤~Ú.
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
J^äŒ~°fi"Õ^Œ`«O„`«=Ú 61
=∞*Ï˚„QÆO^è∞Œ Å∞ 1. QÆ∞^Œ=Ú 2. <åaè 3. L^Œ~O° 4. Ç¨Ï$^ŒÜ∞« O

5. HõO~î°O 6. ^Œ=_»Å∞ 7. „Éèí∂=∞^èŒºO 8. =∞ã≤Î+¨¯O.
ã¨Ñ¨Î „áê}Ï#¿+ì =∞ã¨º™êÎO¿ãÎ =$âßÛq∞ „|Ç¨Ï‡}Ï
JÜ«∂ Ü«∞=∞ã¨º ™ê^Œ#=∞yfl^Œ∂`À J~°OHõ$`«ó II2–12–7
D =∞*Ï˚„QÆOkè ™ê÷#=ÚÖË Ü≥∂QÆâß¢ã¨Î=ÚÖ’ +¨\ò K«„Hõ
™ê÷#=ÚÅ∞QÍ ¿Ñ~˘¯<åfl~°∞.
=∞$`«∞ºO[Ü«∞O 6–13
WO^Œ∞ =¸_»∞ =∞O„`«=ÚÅ∞#flq. =∞$`«∞º=Ù 3 q^èŒ=ÚÅ∞.
1. ^Õ==^èŒ (^≥q· Hõ=ÚQÍ qÑ¨`∞« =Î Å# =K«∞Û#k. =∞O@Å∞, =~°^ÅŒ ∞,
Éèí∂HõOÑ¨=ÚÅ∞)
2. ~å[=^èŒ (Ü«Ú^Œú=ÚÅ∞, J`åºKå~°=ÚÅ∞)
3. qâ◊fi=^èŒ (^èŒ#Ö’Éèí=Ú`À [~°∞QÆ∞#q). =∞$`«∞º=Ù‰õΩ 100
~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÅ∞#flq. |∞∞+¨μÅ∞ 21 q^èŒ=ÚÅ∞QÍ `«Ñ¨ã¨∞û =Å#
=∞$`«∞º=Ù#∞ [~ÚO`«∞~°∞. JHÍÅ=∞$`«∞º=Ù #∞O_ç ~°H˜ΔOK«=∞x D
ã¨∂Hõ=Î ÚÖ’ „áêiúã∞¨ <Î åfl~°∞. B+¨^∞Œè Å‰õΩ, „ÉÏÇ¨Ï‡}∞Å‰õΩ #=∞™ê¯~°O.
1. #"≥∂ ^Õ= =^èÕÉè’º #"≥∂ ~å[=^èÕÉèíºó
J^èÀÜÕ∞ qâßfi<åO =^è•¿ãÎÉè’º =∞$`Àº #"≥∂ã¨∞Î`Õ
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
62 J^äŒ~°fi"Õ^Œ`«O„`«=Ú
2. #=∞¿ãÎ Jkè"åHÍÜ«∞ Ñ¨~å"åHÍÜ«∞`Õ #=∞ó
ã¨∞=∞`≥·º =∞$`Àº`Õ #"≥∂ ^Œ∞~°‡`≥·º `« W^ŒO #=∞ó
3. #=∞¿ãÎ Ü«∂`«∞^è•<ÕÉè’º #=∞¿ãÎ ÉèË+¨*ËÉèíºó
#=∞¿ãÎ =∞$`Àº =¸ÖËÉè’º „ÉÏÇ¨Ï‡}ËÉèíº W^ŒO #=∞óII
ã¨∂~°ºH˜~°} zH˜`«û 1–35
J^èŒ~°fi"Õ^Œ=ÚÖ’ ã¨∂~°ºH˜~°} zH˜`«û KåÖÏ q™êÎ~°=ÚQÍ
K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çOk. ã¨∂~°ºH˜~°}=ÚÅ∞ â◊s~°=Ú#‰õΩ ã¨∞Y=ÚxK«∞Û#∞.
J=∞$`«™êfl#=Ú =O\˜k. L^ŒÜ«∞H˜~°}=ÚÅ∞ t~À"åº^èŒ∞Å#∞,
Ç¨Ï$^ŒÜ«∞~ÀQÆ=ÚÅ#∞ x"åiOK«∞#∞.
L^Œº<£ Pk`«º ~°t‡aèó t~À‚¬~ÀQÆO Jh#â◊ó
JOQÆÉèË^ŒO Pjâ◊=∞ó– 9–8–22
#QÆflâ◊s~°=ÚÃÑ· ã¨∂~°ºH˜~°}=ÚÅ∞ „Ñ¨ãïOz# P~ÀQÆº=Ú
HõÅ∞QÆ∞#∞. 1–3–5
q^•‡ â◊~°ã¨ºÑ≤`«~°O ã¨∂~°ºO â◊`«=$+¨‚ºO II
`Õ<å `Õ`«<Õfi â◊OHõ~°O Ñ¨$kè"åºO `Õx¿+K«#O |Ç≤Ï¿+ì Jã¨∞ÎÉÏeu II
ã¨∂~°∞ºx Z„~°x ~ÀÇ≤Ï`« H˜~°}=ÚÅ∞ Ç¨Ï$^ŒÜ«∞~ÀQÆ=Ú#∞,
HÍ"≥∞~°#¡ ∞ áÈQ˘@∞ì#∞. PÜ«Ú=Ù xK«∞Û#∞. Wk P=ÙáêÅ =O\˜k.
Ü«∂~ÀÇ≤Ï}© ^Õ=`åºQÍ"À Ü«∂ L`«~ÀÇ≤Ï}˜ó II
~°∂ÑÖ ~°∂ÑÖ =Ü≥∂=Ü«∞ ™êÎaèëêìfi Ñï^Œ^èŒ‡ã≤1–22–3
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
J^äŒ~°fi"Õ^Œ`«O„`«=Ú 63
=∞<ÀzH˜`«û
=∞<À|Å=Ú KÕ`« Ç¨Ï$^ŒÜ«∞=Ú, Z=ÚHõÅ#∞ P~ÀQÆº
=O`«=ÚQÍ KÕã¨∞H˘#=K«∞Û#∞. ''Jã≤Î„ãÖãÖ Ñ¨Ù~°∞„ãÖ ã¨=∂ã≤÷`«O
Ç¨Ï$^ŒÜ«∂=∞Ü«∞O |ÖÏOâ◊O 8–14–1 ãÖHõÅÊ|Å=Ú KÕ`«
P~ÀQÆº=Ú#∞ =$kúÑ¨~°K«∞HÀ=K«∞Û#∞. 5–11–1
Ü«∞[˝ zH˜`«û 6–83–4
xÜ«∞=∞Ñ¨Ó~°fiHõ=ÚQÍ WO\˜Ö’ Ü«∞[˝=ÚÅ∞, Ç¨ÏŸ=∞=ÚÅ#∞
KÕÜ«ÚK«∞#flKÀ ™êO„HÍq∞Hõ ~ÀQÆ=ÚÅ∞ – "≥·~°ãπ "åº^èŒ∞Å∞ ~å=Ù.
ˆH#û~ü x"å~°}‰õΩ (QÆO_»=∂Å) Ç¨ÏŸ=∞O K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çOk.
gÇ‘Ï ™êfi=∂Ç¨ïuO Aëê}À =∞#™êfiÇ¨ =∞#™êk^ŒO
AÇ¨ÏŸq∞ 6–83–4, QÆ∞QÆ∞æÅ∞ Ç¨ÏŸ=∞O =Å# Jxfl ~ÀQÆ=ÚÅ∞
#tOK«∞#x K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çOk.
# `«OÜ«∞HΔÍ‡ J~°∞O^èŒ`Õ <≥·#O â◊Ñ¨^èÀ Jâ◊√fl`Õ
Ü«∞O ÉèË+¨[ã¨º QÆ∞QÆ∞æÖ’ó ã¨∞~°aè~°æO^èÀ Jâ◊√fl`Õ 19–38–1
Ü«∞^£ QÆ∞QÆ∞æÖ’ Ãã·O^èŒ=O Ü«∞`ü "åáêºã≤ ã¨=∞„kÜ«∞O
LÉèíÜ≥∂ ~°„QÆ=∞O <å=∂ã¨‡ Ji+¨ì`å`«ÜÕ∞ II
QÆ∞QÆ∞æÅ∞ – ã¨∞QÆO^èŒ"åÜ«Ú=Ù "å`å=~°}=Ú#∞ â◊√„ÉèíÑ¨~°z
P~ÀQÆºâ◊H˜Îx =$kúÑ¨~°∞K«∞#∞.
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
64 J^äŒ~°fi"Õ^Œ`«O„`«=Ú
â◊Åº zH˜`«û 4–12–1

J^èŒ~°fi"Õ^Œ=Ú#O^Œ∞ â◊ÅºzH˜`«û ‰õÄ_® K«Hõ¯QÍ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çOk.
^≥|ƒÅ∞ `«ye#Ñ¨Ù_»∞, Z=ÚHõÅ∞ qiy#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ =∂Oã¨~ÀÇ≤Ï}© F+¨kè
#Ü«∞=Ú KÕÜ«Ú#∞. =∂=¸Å∞ ~ÀÇ≤Ï}˜ J#QÍ U_»∞ F+¨^èŒ∞Å
ã¨=¸Ç¨Ï=Ú. 1. =∞Ol+¨ì, 2. Hõ@∞H˜, 3. „ÉÏÇ‘Ï‡, 4. `«∞Åã≤,
5. Ç¨Ï~°_,ç 6. Ç¨ÏbÌ, 7. QÆOÉèÏs. Wq ~°H„Îõ ™ê==Ú#∞ x~ÀkèOK«∞#∞.
"åÑ¨Ù#∞ `«yæOK«∞#∞. Éèí„^Œ J#∞ F+¨kè (™êi|) ÖË^• J#O`«
=¸ÅO. Wq qiy# Z=ÚHõÅ#∞ JuHÕK«∞ â◊H˜Î QÆÅq.
HÀÑ¨=Ú `«yæOK«∞ ã¨∂HõÎ=Ú 6–43–1
J^èŒ~°fi"Õ^Œ=ÚÖ’ ^Œ~°ƒù, Éèí∂i=∞Å F+¨^èŒ∞Å∞ HÀÑ¨=Ú#∞
`«yOæ K«∞#x K≥ÑÊ¨ |_ç#k. HÔ Ü
· ∞« ^Õ= "≥^· ºŒ xÑ¶∞¨ O@∞ s`åº Éè∂í i=∞Å
JO>Ë Yãπ (=\˜ì"Õà◊√§) Jx J~°úO. ã≤O^èŒ∞Ñ¶¨Å=∞<Õ F+¨kè D~°¬º#∞
`«yæOK«∞#∞. âße„QÍ=∞ xÑ¶¨∞O@∞ ~°`åflHõ~°=∞O^Œ∞ ã≤O^èŒ∞Ñ¶¨Å
QÆ∞}=ÚÅ∞ „ÉèÏOu<åâ◊Hõ=Ú, D~å¬º <åâ◊Hõ=∞x K≥Ñ¨Ê|_ç#k.
PÜ«∞O^Œ~Àƒù q=∞#∞ºHõó ™êfiÜ«∞K«~°}ÏÜ«∞ K«
=∞<Àºifi=∞#∞º Hõ™êfiÜ«∞O =∞#∞ºâ◊=∞# LK«º`Õ II
JÜ«∞OÜ≥∂ Éèí∂i=∞Åó ã¨=Ú„^Œ =∞=u+¨ìu
^Œ~°ƒùó Ñ¨$kè"åº Lu÷`À =∞#∞ºâ◊=∞# LK«º`Õ II
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
J^äŒ~°fi"Õ^Œ`«O„`«=Ú 65
L<å‡^Œ zH˜`«û 6–111–1

=∞#ã¨∞û Ü≥ÚHõ¯ L#‡`«Î`« âßOuOK«∞@ H˘~°‰õΩ JyflÜ«∞O^Œ∞
ã¨∞QÆO^èŒ áœ+≤ìHõ=ÚÖˇ·# F+¨^èŒ∞Å∞ "Õã≤ P ^èŒ∂=∞O Ñ‘Å∞Û@ =Å#
L<å‡^Œ=Ú `«QÆ∞æ`«∞Ok.
W=∞O"Õ∞ Jyfl Ñ¨Ù~∞° +Ö =Ú=ÚQÆºú O Ü≥∂|^Œóú ã¨∞Ü«∞`À ÖÏÅÑ‘u
J`Ànè`Õ Hõ$}=`ü ÉèÏQÆ^èÕÜ«∞O Ü«∞^•#∞#‡k `À ãü II
„H˜q∞<åâ◊#O 4–37–1
„H˜=ÚÅ#∞ <åâ◊#=Ú KÕÜÚ« F+¨kQè Í J*Ïâ◊$Oy K≥ÑÊ¨ |_ç#k.
Wk HÍHõ_®tOw, "Õ∞_è®tOw Jx 2 ~°Hõ=ÚÅ∞. P*Ïâ◊$Oy
q+¨=Ú#∞ ‰õÄ_® Ç¨ÏiOK«∞#∞.
UÜ«∞=∞QÆ <Àfl+¨nè<åO g~°∞^è•O g~åº=f
J[â◊$OQÆº ~å@H© `ÕH˜Δ‚â◊$Ow =ºÑ¨`«∞ó II
â◊`«=∂#=ÚÅ∞
â◊`«Ñ¨^èŒ „ÉÏÇ¨Ï‡}=Ú– HÍ`åºÜ«∞# „â∫`« ã¨∂„`«=ÚÅÖ’
|OQÍ~°=Ú#‰õΩ â◊`=« ∂#=∞<Õ ¿Ñ~°∞ K≥ÑÊ¨ |_çOk. ™êÜ«∞}∞_»∞ nxH˜
"åºYº „"åÜ«ÚK«∂ 100 QÆ∞~°∞qO^Œ yO[Å Z`«∞Î |OQÍ~°Ñ¨Ù aà◊§
Jx q=iOKå_»∞. "≥∞ÿ„`åÜ«∞}˜ ãÖÇ≤Ï`«Ö’ ~°[`« â◊`«=∂#=ÚÅ∞
‰õÄ_® K≥ÑÊ¨ |_®¤~Ú. =∞# PO„^è^Œ âÕ =◊ ÚÖ’ ¢ãÅÎ‘ ∞ =∞OQÆàã◊ ∂¨ „`«=Ú
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
66 J^äŒ~°fi"Õ^Œ`«O„`«=Ú
Å#∞ â◊`=« ∂#=ÚÅx =º=Ç¨ÏiOK«_O» Ö’ "Õ^HŒ ÍÅO <å\˜ „áêp#`«
L#flk. ^•xx xÅÉˇ@∞ìHÀ=_»O XHõ Q˘Ñ¨Ê=~°O. ''â◊`«O xëê¯
Ç≤Ï~°}ºÜ«∂—— Jx J^èŒ~°fiOÖ’ 20–131–5 Ö’ x+¨¯â◊|Ì=Ú
|OQÍ~°∞ aà◊§‰õΩ =º=Ç¨ÏiOK«|_çOk.
J^èŒ~°fiOÖ’ F+¨^èŒ∞Å∞
1.™È=∞Å`«:– Wk =¸[=`ü Ñ¨~°fi`«=ÚÃÑ· #∞#fl@∞¡ `≥Å∞Ñ¨
|_ç#k. JO^Œ∞KÕ`«<Õ nxx =∞ø[=`ü Jx Ñ≤eKÕ"å~°∞. ‰õΩ+¨ª J<Õ
F+¨kèH˜ ¿ãflÇ≤Ï`«∞_çQÍ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çOk. ''™È=∞™êºã≤ ã¨MÏ—— 5–4–7
Ç≤Ï=∂ÅÜ«∞=ÚÃÑ· D Ô~O_»∂ ÅaèOKÕq.
2. Jáê=∂~°æ:– L`«Îˆ~}˜ Jx `≥Å∞QÆ∞ ¿Ñ~°∞. J^èŒ~°fi"Õ^ŒOÖ’
nx =∞Ç¨Ï`«º=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù`«∂ 3 ã¨∂HõÎ=ÚÅ∞#flq. nx=Å#<Õ
^Õ=`«Å∞ ~åHõΔã¨∞Å#∞ [~ÚOKå~°@.
3. áê\Ï:– n<Õfl áê~î° JO\Ï~°∞. `≥Å∞QÆ∞Ö’ z~°∞ÉÁkÌ. Wk
|Å=~°úHõ"≥∞ÿ#k. nxx `åg^Œ∞Ö’ ^èŒiOK«=K«∞Û#∞. WO„^Œ∞_»∞
~åHõΔã¨∞Å`À Ü«Ú^Œú=Ú#‰õΩ "≥à◊√§#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ KÕuH˜ ^èŒiOKå_»∞.
4. Ñ≤Ñ¨Êe:– Wk "å`«~ÀQÆ=Ú, L<å‡^Œ∞Å#∞ áÈQ˘@∞ì#∞.
QÍÜ«∞=ÚÅ#∞ =∂#∞Ê#∞.
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
J^äŒ~°fi"Õ^Œ`«O„`«=Ú 67
Ñ≤Ñ¨Êb H˜ΔÑ¨Î ÉèË+¨r L`åu q^Œú ÉèË+¨r –6–109–1

5. Ñ¨$tfl=i‚:– nxx `≥Å∞QÆ∞Ö’ H˘Åá⁄#fl JO\Ï~°∞. ~°H^Îõ À+¨
=ÚÅ#∞ áÈQ˘_»∞`«∞Ok. H˘O^Œ~°∞ nx<Õ ÅHõΔ ‡}QÍ ÉèÏqã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞.
ãÖ`å#=Ú HõeyOK«∞#∞.
6. =$+¨É:íè – F+¨^∞Œè Å∞ |Å=Ú#∞ HõeyOKÕqQÍ K≥ÑÊ¨ |_®¤~Ú.
7. =∞^èŒ∞ÖÏ:– "åH± =∂^èŒ∞~°º=Ú#∞ HõeyOK«∞#∞.
8. =ÚO[:– Wk ~°HõÎ„™ê==Ú#∞ JiHõ@∞ì#∞.
9. â◊~°:– Wk Ô~Å∞¡ QÍÜ«∞=ÚÅ#∞ =∂#∞Û#∞.
10. ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨HÍO_»:– ^Œ∂~åfiQÆ_ç¤ âßÑ¨=ÚÅ#∞, ^Œ$+≤ì^À+¨=Ú
Å#∞ áÈQ˘@∞ì#∞.
11. ^Œâ◊=$HõΔ ^Œâ◊=¸ÅO "å`«~ÀQÆ=ÚÅ∞ Ç¨ÏiOK«∞#∞. =∞i
H˘xfl F+¨^èŒ∞Å∞ <å=∞=∂„`«OQÍ<Õ =∞#‰õΩ `≥eÜ«Ú#∞. P„|Ü«Ú,
qÇ¨ÏfiÅ, =∞^•=u, `ÒqeHÍ, JÅ™êÅ, ã≤ÖÏO*ÖÏ, hÖÏQÆÅ*ÏÖÏ
6–11–1
XHõKÀ@ P„|Ü«Ú =$HõΔ=Ú#‰õΩ `«e¡ =∞^•=u Ü«∞x, `«O„_ç
qÇ¨ÏÅ¡ =$HõΔ=∞x K≥Ñ¨Ê|_ç#k. JO>Ë ãÖHõ~°*Ï`«∞Å∞ P<å_Õ
LO_Õ=x =∞#=Ú ÉèÏqOK«=K«∞Û.
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
68 J^äŒ~°fi"Õ^Œ`«O„`«=Ú
=V$HõΔ=ÚÅ∞ – Å`«Å∞
1. Jâ◊fi`«÷O:– ~åq Wk J<ÕHõKÀ@¡ =i‚OK«|_ç#k. nxx
^Õ=`«Å x"åã¨™ê÷#=ÚQÍ ''^Õ=ã¨^Œ#O—— Jx Ñ≤Å∞=|_çOk.
2. #º„QÀ^èŒO:– =∞„i, 3. =∞Ç¨=$HõΔO, 4. tYO_ç<£:– Wk QÆ∞~°∞
qO^ŒÅ`«, 5. Éèí„^Œ:–Wk Å`«∞Î~°ã¨=Ú xK«∞Û#∞. 6. Ñ¨¡HõΔ, 7. Yk~°
–K«O„_», 8. ^è#Œ , 9. =~°–‚ "≥∂^Œ∞QÆ, 10. aÅfi=∂ˆ~_»∞, 11.L^Œ∞O
|~°O– "Õ∞_ç, 12. tOâ◊√áê – [q∞‡, 13. qHõOHõ`,« 14. `«ÖÏâß,
15. J~°∞˚#, 16. JÑ¶¨∂@, 17. Hõ~°¯s–HÍâ◊~°, 18. „ÉÏÇ‘Ï‡,
19. QÆQÆ∞æÅ∞, 20. J[â◊$Oy, 21. Ñ‘ÖÏ:– Wk ã¨∞QÆO^èŒ "≥ÚHõ¯,
22. Ñ‘ÖÏ:– nx ÑÖ_»¡#∞ áê=Ù~°=ÚÅ∞ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ uO\ÏÜ«∞@.
23. #Å^Œ:– =\˜ì"Õ~°∞ ÖË^• [\Ï=∂Oã≤.Wk HõÑ¶¨, ÃÑ·`«º=ÚÅ#∞
Ç¨ÏiOK«∞#∞. 24. BHõΔQÆOkè:– Wk "årHõ~°}=Ú#‰õΩ LÑ¨Ü≥∂QÆ
Ñ¨_»∞#∞. 25. „Ñ¨=∞Okh:– q+¨Ç¨Ï~°}=Ú. 26. J~°@∞:– nx
Hõ„~°`À ~°^èŒ=Ú Ü≥ÚHõ¯ W~°∞ã¨∞ KÕÜ«Ú^Œ∞~°∞. 27. JO[#:– nx`À
HÍ@∞Hõ KÕÜÚ« ^Œ∞~°∞. „uHõ‰Ωõ ^£ Ñ¨~fi° `« „áêO`«=ÚÅ∞#∞ Ü«∞=Ú<å#k
=^ŒÌ ÅaèOK«∞#@. 28. =∞^è∞Œ Ñ¶∞¨ :– uÜ«∞ºxk. WÑ¨Ê ÖË^• "≥∂^Œ∞QÆ.
HõxHõ@∞ì
J^è~Œ fi° "Õ^=Œ ÚÖ’ <åÅ∞QÆ∞ q^è=Œ ÚÅ∞QÍ WO„^Œ*ÏÅ=Ú ã¨$+≤Oì K«
=K«∞Û#x 6–6–9 Ö’ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_ç#k.
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
J^äŒ~°fi"Õ^Œ`«O„`«=Ú 69
WO^Œ∞Ö’ 1. Hõà◊√§:– Hõà◊§`À „ÉèÏOu HõeyOK«∞@. WO^Œ∞

H˘~°‰õΩ ''K«‰õΔΩ—— ~°‡O„`«=Ú K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çOk. nx<Õ `≥Å∞QÆ∞Ö’ HõxHõ@∞ì
JO\Ï~°∞. 2. =∞#ã¨∞û, 3. =∞O„`«=Ú, 4. `«Ñ¨ã¨∞û.
''K«‰õΔΩëÈ¿ÇÏ`Õ =∞#™È¿ÇÏ`Õ „|Ç¨Ï‡}À¿ÇÏ`Õ `«Ñ¨ã¨â◊Û ¿ÇÏ`Õ
"Õ∞<åº"Õ∞x~° ã¨º"Õ∞#Ü«∞¿ãÎ ãÖ`«∞ÜÕ∞™ê‡ PÉèíº^•Ü«∞Ou——5–6–9.
=jHõ~°}=Ú
Pã¨∞i F+¨kè`À ÉèÏ~°º `«# Éèí~°Î#∞ =jHõ~°}=Ú KÕã≤ `«#
J^Œ∞Ñ¨ÙÖ’ LOK«∞HÀ=K«∞Û#x K≥ÑÙ¨ K«∞#flk. D =¸eHõK`Õ « WO„^Œ∞_»∞
^Õ=`«ÅÖ’ Q˘Ñ¨Ê"å_»Ü≥∞º#x K≥Ñ¨Ê|_ç#k. ™ê^èŒº=ºH˜Î ZO`«^Œ∂~°
=∞O^Œ∞<åfl PHõ~°¬} =Å¡ `«# ^ŒQÆæ~°‰õΩ =™êÎ_»∞.
W^ŒO Y<åq∞ ÉèË+¨[O =∂OÑ¨â◊º =∞aè~À~°∞^ŒO ó
Ñ¨~åÜ«∞`À x=~°Î=∂ Ü«∞`«ó II „Ñü#O^Œ#O 7–38 II
D Jã¨∞i F+¨kè QÆ∂iÛ, "≥·^Œº â◊|Ìã≤O^èŒ∞ `≥ÖÏ¡"åÅx K≥|∞
`«∞#flk. ™êÜ«∞}∞_»∞ `«# ÉèÏ+¨ºOÖ’ ™œ=~°ÛÅ=∞x (ã¨∂~°ºÉèíHÍÎ)
K≥áêÊ_»∞. =jHõ~}° =ÚÖ’ â◊OYÑ¨Ù+≤xì ‰õÄ_® =â◊º=¸eHõQÍ K≥áêÊ_»∞.
kQÆ^Œ∞_»∞Ñ¨Ù =∞O„`«O – 3–9–5
^Œ$+≤^ì À+¨=Ú, #~°Ñ∞¨¶ ’+¨, âßÑ¨=ÚÅ=Å¡ U~°Ê_»∞ ~ÀQÆÉÏ^èÅŒ #∞
D =∞O„`«=Ú`À kQÆ`«∞_çz<å, Tk<å x"å~°}=∞QÆ∞#∞.
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
70 J^äŒ~°fi"Õ^Œ`«O„`«=Ú
^Œ∞¿+ì º Ç≤Ï`åfi Éèí`åûºq∞ ^Œ∂+¨~Úëêºq∞ HÍ|=O I
L^•â◊"À ~°ÉèÏW= â◊Ñ¨^èÕaèó ãï+¨º^èŒ II
JaèKå~° Hõ~°‡xO^Œ
W`«~°∞Å <åâ◊#=Ú H˘~°‰õΩ KÕÜ«Ú Hõ$`åº „Ñ¨Ü≥∂QÆ=ÚÅ∞
q^•fiOã¨∞Å#∞, hu=∞O`«∞Öˇ#· "åix Ug∞ KÕÜ∞« ÖË=Ù. „Ñ¨Ü∂≥ QÆ=Ú
KÕÜ«Ú =¸~°∞öÖË #tO`«∞~°∞. JaèKå~°Hõ~°‡ hK«"≥∞ÿ#^Œx QÆi›OK«
|_ç#k. 5–31–10.
=∞}∞Å∞
J^èŒ~°fi"Õ^Œ=ÚÖ’ qq^èŒ F+¨nè=∞}∞Å ^è•~°} =Å# â◊√ÉèíÑ¶ë
`«=ÚÅ∞ HõÅ∞æ#x, ÖÏÉè=í ÚÅ∞, P~ÀQÆº=Ú HõÅ∞QÆ∞#x qÑ¨ÙÅ=ÚQÍ
K≥Ñ¨Ê|_ç#k.
1. [OQÆ_»=∞}˜:– D =∞}˜ QÆ∂iÛ =¸_»∞ ã¨∂HõÎ=ÚÅ∞#flq.
nxH˜ =∞~˘Hõ ¿Ñ~°∞ JOy~°. W^Õq∞\˜? J#fl q+¨Ü«∞=ÚÖ’
q^•fiOã¨∞ÅÖ’ =∞`« ÉèË^Œ=ÚÅ∞#flq. =∞}˜ J#∞ â◊|Ì=Ú =∞#ó
J#∞ â◊|Ì=Ú#‰õΩ JÑ¨„ÉèíOâ◊~°∂Ñ¨=∞x H˘O^Œi Jaè„áêÜ«∞=Ú.
U^≥<· å K≥@∞ìÜÚ≥ Hõ¯ HÍO_»=Ú#∞ z#flz#fl =ÚHõ¯Å∞QÍ #iH˜ "å\˜x
QÆ∞O„_»=ÚQÍ KÕã≤# "å\˜x =∞}˜ JO\Ï~°∞. "å\˜H˜ ~°O„^èŒOKÕã≤
=∂ÅQÍ ^èŒiOK«=K«∞Û. P K≥@∞ì‰õΩ U QÆ∞}=ÚÅ∞#fl"À Jq ^•x
P‰õΩÅ Ö’#∂, "Õ~°∞ÅÖ’#∂ LO\ÏÜ«∞<Õk PÜ«Úˆ~fi^Œ ã≤^•úO`«O.
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
J^äŒ~°fi"Õ^Œ`«O„`«=Ú 71
D q^èŒOQÍ =∞#‰õΩ =∞Oz Ñ¶ë`åÅ∞ `«Å∞QÆ∞`å~Ú. Wq ~ÀQÆ=Ú

Å#∞ ^Œ∂~°O KÕ™êÎ~Ú.
™êÜ«∞}∞_»∞ [Oy_»=∞#QÍ XHõ =$HõΔ=∞x ¿Ñ~˘¯<åfl_»∞. U
=$HõΔ"≥∂ Z=iH© `≥eÜ«∞^Œ∞. HÍx nx ÅHõΔ}=ÚÅ∞ =Kå F+¨kè`À
áÈe L<åfl~Ú. ~å[xÑ¶¨∞O@∞=Ù, ÉèÏ=„Ñ¨HÍâ◊O WÖÏ `≥eÜ«∞
KÕã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú. L„QÆ QÆO^èŒQÆ∞}=Ú HõÅk. KÕ^Œ∞, =QÆ~°∞, L+¨‚g~°ºO,
PHõe, ==∞#HÍ~°Hõ=ÚÅ#∞, =$kúÑ¨~°K«∞#∞. ^Œ^Œ∞Ì~°¡#∞ ‰õÄ_®
áÈQ˘@∞ì#∞. =∞Å=¸„`«=ÚÅ#∞ â◊√kú KÕÜ«Ú#∞. Éèí∂`«ÉÏ^èŒ,
„H˜=ÚÅ#∞ áÈQ˘@∞ì#∞. J^èŒ~°fi"Õ^Œ=∞O^Œ∞ [Oy_»=Ú#‰õΩ ‰õÄ_®
W"Õ ÅHõΔ}=ÚÅ∞ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_ç#q.
H˘O^Œ~°∞ q^•fiOã¨∞Å∞ ™È=∞~°ãÖ`À KÕÜ«Ú QÆ∞\˜Hõ JO@∞
<åfl~°∞. [Oy_»=∞}˜x `åg^Œ∞ÖÏ ^èiŒ Oz#KÀ Z=ÚHõÅ∞ q~°∞QÆ∞@,
^ŒQÆ∞æ, #_»∞=Ú<˘Ñ≤Ê, #_»∞=Ú‰õΩ ãÖ|OkèOz# "åº^èŒ∞Å∞, K«~°‡
~ÀQÆ=ÚÅ#∞ x"åiOK«∞#∞. Éèí∞[=ÚÅ‰õΩ |Å=Ú xK«∞Û#∞. Hõ$`åº
„Ñ¨Ü≥∂QÆ=ÚÅ∞, JaèKå~°=ÚÅ =Å# Ug∞ „Ñ¨=∂^Œ=Ú HõÅ∞QÆ^Œ∞.
â◊`«$[Ü«∞=Ú HõÅ∞QÆ∞#∞.
2. Ñ„ u¨ ã¨~=° ∞}˜:– nxx Hõâº◊ Ñ¨|∞∞+≤ `«Ü∂« ~°∞KÕã≤ „Ñ¨Kå~°=Ú
KÕÃã#∞. 8–5–14 nxx ^èŒiOz#"åiH˜ QÆO^èŒ~°fi, JÑ¨û~°,
=∞#∞+¨μºÅ Hõ$`åº„Ñ¨Ü≥∂QÆ=ÚÅ∞ ^ŒiKÕ~°=Ù. Hõ=K«=Ú =Öˇ
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
72 J^äŒ~°fi"Õ^Œ`«O„`«=Ú
~°H˜ΔOK«∞#∞. ã≤OÇ¨Ï|Å∞_»QÆ∞#∞. =∞OQÆà◊„Ñ¨^Œ=Ú. D =∞}˜^è•~°}
=Å<Õ WO„^Œ∞_»∞ =$„`åã¨∞~°∞x [~ÚOK≥#∞. D =∞}˜ QÆ∂iÛ H“tHõ
ã¨∂„`«=Ú#O^Œ∞ W@∞¡#flk. Wk uÅHõ=$Hõ=Δ Ú =Å# `«Ü∂« ~°Q∞Æ #∞.
nxx ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞,`Õ<≥ÅÖ’ =¸_»∞ ~å„`«∞Å∞ LOK«=Öˇ#∞. J#O`«~°O
Jaè=∞O„uOz ^èŒiOKåe.
Hõâ◊ºÑ¨™êÎ fi =∞ã¨$[`ü Hõã¨ºÑ¨™êÎ fi ã¨"≥∞ÿ~°`ü I
Jaè=¿ãÎ fiO„^À =∂#∞¿+ a„Éèí`ü ãÖ„âı+≤}À [Ü«∞`ü II
=∞}Õ ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨g~°ºO =~°‡^Õ"å JHõ$}fi`« 8–5–14
3. =~°=∞}˜:– Wk =~°}=$Hõ=Δ Ú #∞O_ç `«Ü∂« ~°∞ KÕÜ∞« |_»∞#∞.
â◊„`«∞ÉÏ^è#Œ ∞ x"åiOK«∞#∞. nxH˜ F+¨kè QÆ∞}=ÚÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® HõÅ=Ù.
#HõΔ„`«HõÅÊ=∞O^Œ∞ nxx ^èŒiOz# "åiH˜ ^è≥·~°º=Ú HõÅ∞QÆ∞#x
K≥Ñ¨Ê|_ç#k.
4. JãÎ̈$`«=∞}˜:– Wk <≥~Úº, áêÅ∞, `Õ<≥ q∞„â◊=∞=ÚKÕ `«Ü∂«
~°Q∞Æ #∞. n~å…ÜÚ« =Ù, |Å=Ú, `Õ[ã¨∞ûÅ#∞ HõÅ∞QÆ*Ü Ë Ú« #∞. `«Ü∂« ~°∞
KÕÜ«Ú q^è•#=Ú `≥Å∞Ñ¨|_»ÖË^Œ∞.
5.^Œ~°ƒù=∞}˜:– Wk áêÑ¨=Ú#∞ áÈQ˘@∞ì#∞. „HÀ^èŒ=Ú
âßOuOK«∞#∞. â◊„`«∞<åâ◊Hõ=Ú.
6. B^Œ∞O|~° =∞}˜:– "Õ∞_çK≥@∞ì #∞O_ç U~°Ê_»∞#∞. ^èŒ#=$kú
HõÅ∞QÆ*ËÜ«Ú#∞.
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
J^äŒ~°fi"Õ^Œ`«O„`«=Ú 73
7. â◊OY=∞}˜:– Wk [ÅÉèíÜ«∞=Ú x"åiOK«∞#x #HõΔ„`«

HõÅÊ=Ú #O^Œ∞ K≥ÑÊ¨ |_ç#k. â◊OYf~°=ú Ú =Å# P~ÀQÆº=Ú HõÅ∞QÆ∞
#x, ÉÏÅ∞~°‰Ωõ |Å=Ú HõÅ∞QÆ*Ü Ë Ú« #x PÜ«Ú~ˆ fi^Œ „QÆO^è=Œ ÚÅÖ’
`≥Å∞Ñ¨|_ç#k. =∞Ç¨~å„+¨ì #O^Œ∞ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ D „Ñ¨Ü≥∂QÆ=Ú#∞
KÕÜ«Ú^Œ∞~°∞.
8. â◊`"« å~°=∞}˜:– Wk ãÖ`å#=Ú#∞ HõÅ∞QÆ*Ü Ë Ú« #∞. |∞∞+¨Éíè
F+¨kèQÍ Wk =i‚OK«|_çOk. nx H˘#ÉèÏQÆ=Ú Ñ¨ã¨∞Ñ¨Ù~°OQÆ∞Ö’
#∞O_»∞#∞. =O^Œ~ÀQÆ=ÚÅ#∞ <åâ◊#=Ú KÕÜ«Ú QÆ∞}=Ú HõÅk
Hõ#∞Hõ â◊`«"å~°=∞x ¿Ñ~°∞ =zÛ#@∞¡ ™êÜ«∞}∞_»∞ `«# J^èŒ~°fi
"Õ^ŒÉèÏ+¨º=∞O^Œ∞ ¿Ñ~˘¯<≥#∞. nxH˜ =Úà◊√§ LO_»∞#x `≥eÃÑ#∞.
ÉèÏ=„Ñ¨HÍâ◊ Ü«∞#∞ PÜ«Úˆ~fi^Œ „QÆO^èŒ=Ú#O^Œ∞ Wk Ô~O_»∞ ~°Hõ=Ú
Å∞QÍ z#fl,ÃÑ^•Ì ÉèË^Œ=Ú HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞#x K≥Ñ¨Ê|_ç#k. QÆ∞Å‡
~ÀQÆ=ÚÅ∞ J#QÍ =¸Åâ◊OHõ, ÉèíQÆO^Œ~°=Ú =O\˜ ~ÀQÆ=ÚÅ#∞
<åâ◊#=Ú KÕÜ«Ú#∞. Ñ¨ÙOã¨Î fi=Ú HõeyOK«∞#∞. nx<Õ â◊`å=i
JO\Ï~°∞.
9. Jcè=~°Î=∞}˜:– H“tHõã¨∂„`«=Ú #O^Œ∞ nxx `«Ü«∂~°∞
KÕÜ«Ú q^èŒ=Ú W@∞¡ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_ç#k. ÑÖK«Ö’Ç¨Ï=ÚÅ∞ q∞„â◊=∞=Ú
KÕã≤ (|OQÍ~°=Ú, "≥O_ç, ~åy, W#∞=Ú, ã‘ã=¨ Ú) „`«Ü∂≥ ^Œt k#=Ú
#∞O_ç =¸_»∞ ~ÀAÅ∞ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞, `Õ<≥ áê„`«ÅÖ’ LOz =∂ÅQÍ
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
74 J^äŒ~°fi"Õ^Œ`«O„`«=Ú
„QÆ∞zÛ ^Œ~ƒ° Ãù Ñ· #∞Oz Ç¨ÏŸ=∞=Ú KÕã≤ ^èiŒ OKåe. #+¨„ì ^Œ=ºÖÏÉè=í Ú,
áÈ~Ú# L^ÀºQÆ=Ú, Ñ¨^Œq Ñ¨Ù#ó „áêÑ≤ÎOK«∞#∞.
10. Ñ¨~°‚=∞}˜:– Wk "≥∂^Œ∞QÆ =¸eHõ. `≥·`«ÎsÜ«∞, „ÉÏÇ¨Ï‡}
s`åº Wk ™È=∞Å`« #∞O_ç [x‡Oz#k. #Hõ„Δ `« HõÅÊ=Ú ##∞ãïOz
^èŒ#=$kú HÀ~°∞"å~°∞ POw~°ã‘ =∞Ç¨âßOu KÕã≤ nxx ^èŒiOKåe.
11. á¶êÅ=∞}˜:– Wk K«O„^Œ=¸eHõ. |OQÍ~°=Ú`À HõeÑ≤
^èiŒ OKåe. â◊`$« <åâ◊#O, W+¨=ì ã¨∞„Î áêÑ≤Î HõÅ∞QÆ*Ü
Ë Ú« #∞. ^è•~°}qkèè
„`«Ü≥∂^Œt #∞O_ç 9 ~ÀAÅ∞ H©Δ~åkè"åã¨=ÚQÍ<Õ Ñ¨Ó~°fi„Ñ¨HÍ~°=Ú
12. "≥·Ü«∂º„Ñ¶¨∞=∞}:– Wk =¸eHÍ~°ã=¨ ÚKÕ `«Ü∂« ~°∞ KÕÜ∞«
|_»∞#∞. q^è•#=Ú `≥eÜ«∞^Œ∞. ~ÀQÆ<åâ◊HõO.
13. ã¨∞=~°‚^è•~°}:– ^•HΔÍÜ«∞} Ç≤Ï~°}º=Ú#∞ `åg^Œ∞ =Öˇ
^èŒiOz# `Õ[ã¨∞û, |Å=Ú, n~å…Ü«Ú=Ù HõÅ∞QÆ∞#∞. ¢ã‘ÎÅ∞ |OQÍ~°∞
QÍAÅ∞ ^èŒiOz#KÀ QÆ~åƒùâ◊Ü«∞=Ú Ñ¨Ù+≤ìQÍ, P~ÀQÆº=ÚQÍ
#∞O_»∞#∞. Ñ¨Ù„`«∞Å#∞ HÀi#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ Jku KÕuH˜ `«fi+¨ì |OQÍ~°∞
QÍAÅ#∞ `˘_çyOKå_»∞.
t"å~°Ê}=∞ã¨∞Î
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
75
=∞Ç¨x~åfi}
`«O„`«=Ú
„|Ç¨Ï‡N "Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
q^•º„Ñ¨g}, M.A. ãÖã¨¯$`«O.,
76
LáÈ^•…`«=Ú
''`åO„uHõ „QÆO^è•=o—— ji¬HÖõ ’ Wk 4= Ñ¨Ùã¨HÎ =õ Ú. =∞Ç¨
x~åfi} `«O„`«O. WO^Œ∞ 14 LÖÏ¡ã¨=ÚÅ∞, 2520 â’¡Hõ=Ú
Å∞<åfl~Ú. x~åfi}Ñ¨^Œ=Ú#∞ |\˜ì Wk É∫^Œú=∞`åxH˜ ãÖ|O
kèOz# ^•x=Öˇ JxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk. HÍx Jk Ü«∞^•~°úO HÍ^Œ∞.
J~Ú`Õ „áê~°OÉèíOÖ’ ''=∞Ç¨g~åÜ«∞ #=∞ó Jx ¿Ñ~˘¯#_»O
=Å¡, É∫^Œú ÖË^• *ˇ·# ^Œ~°≈#=Ú Ü«∞O^Œ∞ Jaè=∂#=Ú KÕ`«
Pq^è=Œ ÚQÍ „"åâß~°x ÉèÏqOK«=K«∞Û. ''=∞Ç¨x~åfi}O—— |∞^Œ∞xú
"≥∂HõΔã≤÷ux `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù`«∞Ok. q∞ye# `«O„`«=ÚÅ =Öˇ<Õ t=–
áê~°fif ãÖ"å^Œ ~°∂Ñ¨=ÚQÍ<Õ, D `«O„`«=Ú K≥Ñ¨Ê|_ç#k.
XHõ „QÆO^è•#∞™ê~°=ÚQÍ `«O„`«„QÆO^è=Œ ÚÅ∞ "≥Ú`«OÎ 192.
Éèí∂q∞ÃÑ· HÍOuˆ~Y ##∞ãïOz, PÜ«∂ ãÖ„Ñ¨^•Ü«∞=ÚÅÖ’
K≥Ñ¨Ê|_®¤~Ú. q+¨μ‚„HÍO`« Éèí∂=ÚÅÖ’ 64 `«O„`«=ÚÅ∞#flq.
Wq ÉˇOQÍÖò (Q“_» ^Õâ◊=Ú) #O^Œ∞ „Ñ¨Kå~°=ÚÖ’ #∞#flq.
™êfiq∞ Hõ$ëê‚#O^Œ D q+¨μ‚„HÍO`« `«O„`« ãÖ„Ñ¨^•Ü«∞=Ú
##∞ãïOz "å\˜ ãÖ„QÆÇÏ¨ =Ú#∞ ''`«O„`«™ê~°—— J<Õ „QÆO^è=Œ Ú
~°zOKå~°∞. ~°^èŒ„HÍO`« ãÖ„Ñ¨^•Ü«∞=ÚÖ’ 64 „QÆO^èŒ=Ú
Å∞#flq. Wq <Õ á êÖò , \˜ É ˇ \ ò "≥ Ú ^Œ Ö ˇ · # ^Õ â ◊ = ÚÅÖ’
77
=∞Ç¨x~å‡} `«O„`«=Ú
„Ñ¨Kå~°=ÚÖ’ #∞#flq. „Ñ¨ã¨∞Î`« =∞Ç¨x~åfi} `«O„`«=Ú D

ãÖ„Ñ¨^•Ü«∂xˆH K≥Ok#k . Ü«∞=#∞Å ^Œ∞~å„Hõ=∞}=Ú =Å¡
Ü≥∂QÆ∞ºÖˇ·# t+¨μºÅ∞ ÅaèOK«Hõ H˘xfl `«O„`«=ÚÅ∞ #+¨ì
„áêÜ«∞=ÚÖˇ·#q. WO^Œ∞ "≥·kHõ, `åO„uHõ, H“à◊ ^èŒ~°‡=ÚÅ∞
qÑ¨ÙÅ=ÚQÍ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_®¤~Ú. ã¨∞=∂~°∞ 750 ãÖIIÅ „H˜`«O
„"åã≤# ''=∞Ç¨ x~åfi} `«O„`«O—— ed`« „Ñ¨`∞« Å∞, ~Ô O_»∞ `«=∞‰õΩ
ÅaèOz#=x, "å\˜##∞ãïOz Ç≤ÏOn J#∞"å^Œ=Ú KÕã#≤ @∞¡
N |Å^Õ=„Ñ¨™ê^£ q∞„âß `≥eÜ«∞*Ëâß~°∞.
D `≥Å∞QÆ∞ J#∞"å^Œ=ÚÖ’, =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ# q+¨Ü«∞=Ú
ÅxflO\˜h „"åÜ«∞_»O [iyOk. Ñ¨Ù#~°∞‰õΩÎÅ∞, =~°‚#Å∞
=i‚OKå=Ú.
=Ú#∞Ñ¨\ ˜ L`åûÇ¨Ï=Ú`À<Õ D Ñ¨Ùã¨ÎHõ=Ú#∞ ‰õÄ_®
P^ŒiOK«QÆÅ~°x ÉèÏqã¨∞Î<åfl#∞.
9–9–1999 `«O„`« l*Ï˝ã¨∞=Ù

HÍH˜<å_». "Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`«∞¯=∂~ü.
78
N =∞Ç¨QÆ}ÏkèÑ¨`«ÜÕ∞ #=∞ó
=∞Ç¨ x~åfi} `«O„`«=Ú

â’¡II ysO„^Œ tYˆ~ ~°"Õ∞º <å<å~°`ÀflÑ¨ â’aè`Õ I
<å<å=$HõΔÅ`åH©ˆ~‚ <å<åÑ¨H˜Δ~° "≥·~°∞º`Õ II
ÔH·ÖÏã¨ Ñ¨~°fi`«td~°=Ú J<ÕHõ ã¨∞O^Œ~°~°`«fl=ÚÅ`À, qq^èŒ
=$HõΔ Å`«Å`À, <å<å Ñ¨HHΔ˜ Å˜ H˜ÖÏ ~å==ÚÅ`À, ã¨~fi° |∞∞`«∞ ‰õΩã¨∞=∞
ã¨∞~°a^è àŒ =◊ Ú`À =∞<À[˝"∞≥ ,ÿ j`«Åã¨∞QÆO^èŒ "åÜ«Ú=ÙÅ`À, JÑ¨û~°ãÅ¨
|$O^ŒQÍ#=ÚÅ`À, ^Œ@"ì ∞≥ #ÿ h_»Å`À, =∞`«HÎ ÀH˜Å ‰õΩÇ¨˙~å==Ú
Å`À ã≤^–úŒ Kå~°}–QÆO^è~Œ fi° QÍ}ÏÑ¨`∞« Å`À JÅ~å~°∞K«∞#flk. Hõ~∂° Ê~°
^è=Œ àÏHÍ~°∞_≥#· t=Ùx, Ö’HõHàõ Ïº}Ï~°"ú ∞≥ ÿ áê~°fiu WÖÏ „Ñ¨tflOzOk.
=∞Ç¨x~å‡} `«O„`«=Ú 79
^Õ=^Œ=! [QÆ<åfl^èŒ! Hõ~°∞}Ïxnè! „|Ç¨Ï‡~°∂Ñ¨ÙÖˇ·# g∞~°∞ 4 "Õ^Œ=Ú

Å#∞, âß„ã¨ÎÑ¨Ù~å}=ÚÅ#∞ Ö’HõÇ≤Ï`«O HÀi *Ï˝#aèHõΔ xKåÛ~°∞.
Hõ$`«ÜÚ« QÆ=Ú#O^Œ∞ =∂#=ÙÅ∞ ã¨`º« –^è~Œ ‡° =ÚÅ#∞ áê\Õz, ^Õ=,
Ñ≤`$« Ö’Hõ=ÚÅ‰õΩ x~å@OHõ=ÚQÍ "≥à§ı "å~°∞. ¢ã–Î‘ Ñ¨Ù~°∞+¨μÅO^Œ~∂°
huQÍ „|uˆH"å~°∞. „`Õ`åÜ«ÚQÆ=Ú#O^Œ∞, ^•fiÑ¨~° =∞O^Œ∞ ã¨‡ $`«∞Å
##∞ãïOz H˘O`«"Õ∞~° Hõ~å‡K«~°}O KÕ¿ã"å~°∞. HÍx áêÑ¨‰õÄÑ¨
ã¨^Œ$â◊"≥∞ÿ# D HõeÜ«ÚQÆ=Ú#O^Œ∞ ã¨~°fi^èŒ~°‡=ÚÅ∞ Ö’Ñ≤Oz#q.
^Œ∞~åKå~°=Ú „Ñ¨|e#k. "Õ^Œ=ÚÅ∞ "å\˜ „Ñ¨ÉèÏ==Ú#∞ HÀÖ’Ê
~Ú#q. ã¨‡ $`«∞Å ã¨‡~°}ÜÕ∞ ÖË^∞Œ . J<ÕHõ Ñ¨Ù~å}=ÚÅ∞ #+ì̈„áêÜ«∞
"≥∞ÿ#q. ^èŒ~°‡Hõ~°‡ q=ÚY∞Öˇ·, =∞^À#‡`«∞ÎÖˇ·, HÍ=Ú‰õΩÖˇ·, „‰õÄ~°∞Öˇ·,
ã¨fiÖÏÊÜ«Ú=Ù QÆÅ"åÔ~·, =∞O^Œ=∞`«∞Öˇ·, ~ÀQÆâ’Hõ« ã¨=∂‰õΩÅ z`«∞ÎÖˇ·,
x~°ƒÅ∞Öˇ·, hKåKå~°=Ú ã¨Å∞ÊK«∞<åfl~°∞. Ñ¨~°xO^Œ, Ñ¨~°„^ÀÇ¨ÏO,
Ñ¨~°^èŒ<åÑ¨Ç¨Ï~°}, Ñ¨~°¢ã‘Î ãÖQÆ=∞O JO`«\Ï „Ñ¨|e Ü«Ú#flk.
„ÉÏÇ¨Ï‡}∞Å∞ â◊¥„^•Kå~°=ÚÅ∞ áê\˜ã∂¨ Î ãÖ^è•º =O^Œ#=Ú =∂x,
Ü≥∂QÆº`« ÖËx"åiKÕ Ü«∞*˝Ü«∂QÆ=ÚÅ∞ KÕ~ÚOK«∞K«∂ ''JÜ«∂[º
Ü«∂[‰õΩÖˇ,· `«áÈ„=`« „Éè+í μ¨ Öì ,·ˇ Ö’Hõ=Ú#∞ "≥∂ãÿOK«∞@ÔH· [Ñ¨ÑÓ¨ *Ï
Ñ¨~åÜ«∞}∞Å =Öˇ #\ÕK«∞K«∂, <åã≤‰Î Ωõ Öˇ· ÑÖ_ç`∞« Å =Öˇ "Õ+=¨ ÚÅ∞
^èŒiOz „â◊^•úÉèíH˜Î q=i˚`«∞Öˇ·, â◊¥„^•#fl=Ú Éèí∞lOK«∞K«∂, ^èŒ#
Ö’Éèí=Ú QÆÅ"åÔ~· Ü«Ú<åfl~°∞.
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
80 =∞Ç¨x~å‡} `«O„`«=Ú
''„ÉÏÇ¨Ï‡}º zÇ¨Ïfl "Õ∞`å=`Õ¯=ÅO ã¨∂„`«^è•~°}O—— ˆH=ÅO
[O^≥=Ú =∂„`«"∞Õ „ÉÏÇ¨Ï‡} zÇ¨Ïfl=ÚQÍ #∞#flk. J#fláê# xÜ«∞
=∞=Ú ÖË^∞Œ . hKÕ K≥ÑÊ¨ |_ç# `«O„`«=ÚÅ∞ W\˜"ì åix L^ŒiÌ OK«QÅÆ
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Ü«ÚQÆ=ÚÖ’ Ô~O_»∞ áê^Œ=ÚÅ`À#∂, HõeÜ«ÚQÆ=ÚÖ’ áê^Œ
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
88 =∞Ç¨x~å‡} `«O„`«=Ú
=∂„`«=Ú KÕ`#« ∂ K«iOK«∞#∞. [#<åk ã¨~fi° ãÖ™ê¯~°=ÚÅ∞ PQÆ=∞
=∂~°æOÖ’<Õ KÕÜ«∞=Öˇ#∞.
„Ç‘ÏO NO „H©O Ñ¨~°"Õ∞â◊fis ™êfiÇ¨ II
D ^ŒâßHõΔ~° =∞O„`«=Ú#∞ ã¨~°fiq^•º =∞O„`«=Ú. nxH˜
HÍoˆH „Ç‘ÏO NO H©¡O KÕiÛ#KÀ ëÈ_»j =∞O„`«=∞QÆ∞#∞. Wk
KåÖÏ „Ñ¨ÉÏè ==Ú HõÅk. â◊H=Î˜ ∞O„`«=ÚÅ∞ H“àÏKå~°=ÚÖ’<Õ ÉÏQÆ∞QÍ
ã≤kúOK«∞#∞.
P`«‡`«`åfiÜ«∞ ™êfiÇ¨, q^•º`«`åfiÜ«∞ ™êfiÇ¨, t=`«`åfiÜ«∞
™êfiÇ¨ Jx PK«=∞#=Ú KÕã≤ h\˜Ü«∞O^Œ∞ ‰õΩÅÜ«∞O„`«=Ú edOz
=¸Å=∞O„`«=Ú 12 ™ê~°∞¡ [Ñ≤OK«=Öˇ#∞. P [Å=Ú `Õ*’
~°∂Ñ¨=ÚQÍ ÉèÏqOz ã¨∂~°º#=∞™ê¯~°=Ú KÕã≤ `«# t~°ã¨∞ûÃÑ·
K«Å∞¡‰Ωõ x =ÚYO, Hõà√◊ §, =Ú‰õΩ¯, K≥=ÙÅ∞ `åHÍe. =∞Ç¨áêÑ¨=ÚÅ#∞
<åâ◊#=Ú KÕÜÚ« P^•ºÜ≥ÿ∞ q^Œ‡¿ÇÏ Ñ¨~°"Õ∞â◊fiÔ~·º nè=∞Ç‘Ï `«<Àfl HÍm
„Ñ¨KÀ^ŒÜ«∂`ü – J<Õ QÍÜ«∞„f =∞O„`«O [Ñ≤OKåe.
J^ŒºHÍm â◊`«<å=∞ ™ÈÎ„`«O
â◊$}∞^Õg [QÆ^ŒfiO^Õº ™ÈÎ„`«"Õ∞ `«^Œ#∞`«Î=∞O
Ñ¨~î°<å„K«Ûù^Œ}Ï^Œºã¨º ã¨~°fiã≤núâ◊fi~À Éèí"Õ`ü II
J™œÉèÏQÆº „Ñ¨â◊=∞#O ã¨∞YãÖÑ¨kfi =~°ú#O II
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
=∞Ç¨x~å‡} `«O„`«=Ú 89
JHÍÅ =∞$`«∞ºÇ¨Ï~°}O ã¨~åfiÑ¨kfi x"å~°}O

N=∞^•^•º HÍeHÍÜ«∂ó ã¨∞Y™êxfl^èŒº HÍ~°}O
ã¨Î=™êºã¨º „Ñ¨™ê^Õ# „uÑ¨Ù~åi ~°Ç¨ÏOt"Õ II
™ÈÎ„`«™êºã¨º |∞∞+≤ˆ~Ìq ã¨^•t= L^•Ç¨Ï$`«ó
Kè«O^À#∞+¨μì ÉËÌ=`å^•º HÍoHÍ ÑïH©iÎ`å II
„Ç‘ÏOHÍo NOHõ~åo K«„H© HõàÏº}˜ HõàÏ=f
Hõ=∞ÖÏ Hõe^Œ~°ÊÑ¶‘∞fl HõÑ¨sì â◊ Hõ$áêxfi`å
HÍoHÍ HÍÅ=∂`åK« HÍÖÏ#Å ã¨=∞^Œ∞ºuó
HõÑïúh Hõ~åàÏã¨º Hõ~°∞}Ï=∞$`« ™êQÆ~å II
Hõ$áê=∞~¸ Hõ$áê^è•~å Hõ$áêáê~å Hõ$áêQÆ=∂
Hõ$âß#∞ó HõÑ≤ÖÏHõ$ëê‚ó Hõ$ëê‚#O^Œ q=iúh
HÍà◊~å„uó HÍ=∞~°∂áê HÍ=∞áêâ◊ q"≥∂K«h
HÍ^ŒOah HõÖÏ^è•~å HõeHõÅ‡+¨ <åth
‰õΩ=∂s Ñ¨Ó*#„Ñ‘`å ‰õΩ=∂s Ñ¨Ó[HÍÅÜ«∂
‰õΩ=∂s Éè’[<å#O^Œ ‰õΩ=∂s ~°∂Ñ¨^è•i}©
â’¡II Hõ^ŒO|=# ãÖKå~å Hõ^ŒO| =#"åã≤h
Hõ^ŒO|Ñ¨Ù+¨Ê ãÖ`Àëê Hõ^ŒO| Ñ¨Ù+¨Ê=∂eh
H˜â’~° HÍÅHõO~îåK« HõÅ<å^Œ x<åkh
HÍ^ŒO|s áê#~°`å`«^è• HÍ^ŒO|s „Ñ≤Ü«∂
HõáêÅáê„`« x~°`å HÕHÍà◊ =∂Åº^è•i}˜
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
90 =∞Ç¨x~å‡} `«O„`«=Ú
Hõ=∞ÖÏã¨# ãÖ`«∞ëêì Hõ=∞ÖÏã¨# "åã≤h
Hõ=∞ÖÏÅÜ«∞ =∞^èŒº™ê÷ Hõ=∞ÖÏ"≥∂^Œ "≥∂kh
HõÅÇ¨ÏOã¨QÆuó ÔHÂ¡|º <åth HÍ=∞~°∂Ñ≤}©
HÍ=∞~°∂Ñ¨ Hõ$`å"å™ê HÍ=∞Ñ‘~î° qÖÏã≤h
Hõ=∞hÜ«∂ HõÅÊÅ`å Hõ=∞hÜ«∞ qÉèí∂+¨}Ï
Hõ=∞hÜ«∞ QÆ}Ï~å^è•º HÀ=∞ÖÏOw Hõ$â’^Œs
HÍ~°}Ï=∞$`« ãÖ`Àëê HÍ~°}Ï#O^Œ ã≤kú^•
HÍ~°}Ï#O^Œ *Ï¿Ñëêì HÍ~°}Ï~°Û# Ç¨Ïi¬`å
HÍ~°}Ï~°‚= ã¨=∞‡QÍfl HÍ~°}Ï„=`« áêeh
Hõã¨∂Îs ™œ~°ÉèÏ"≥∂^• Hõã¨∂Îs uÅHÀ[fiÖÏ
Hõã¨∂Îs Ñ¨Ó[#~°`å Hõã¨∂Îs Ñ¨Ó[Hõ„Ñ≤Ü«∂
Hõã¨∂Îs ^•Ç¨Ï[#h Hõã¨∂Îs =∞$QÆ`À+≤}©
Hõã¨∂Îs Éè’[#„Ñ‘`å Hõ~°∂Ê~° K«O^Œ<ÀH˜Δ`å
Hõ~°∂Ê~° HÍ~°}ÏÇ¨¡^• Hõ~°∂Ê~å=∞$`« áê~Úh
Hõ~°∂Ê~°™êQÆ~° ™êfl`å Hõ~°∂Ê~° ™êQÆ~åÅÜ«∂
â’¡II ‰õÄ~°Ûc[ [Ñ¨„Ñ‘`å ‰õÄ~°Û*ÏÑ¨ Ñ¨~åÜ«∞}Ï
‰õΩb<å H“oHÍ~å^è•º H“mHõ „Ñ≤Ü«∞HÍi}˜
‰õΩÖÏKå~° H“`«∞H˜h ‰õΩÅ=∂~°æ „Ñ¨^Œi≈h
HÍjâ◊fis Hõ+¨ìÇ¨Ï„sÎ HÍjâ◊fi~° =~°^•~Úh
HÍjâ◊fi~° Hõ$`å"≥∂^• HÍjâ◊fi~°=∞<À~°=∂
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
=∞Ç¨x~å‡} `«O„`«=Ú 91
HõÅ=∞Or~° K«~°}ÏHõfi}`å¯Op qÉèí∂+¨}Ï

HÍOK«<å„k Hõ$`åQÍ~å HÍOK«<åK«Å H“=Ún
HÍ=∞c[ [áê#O^• HÍ=∞c[ ã¨fi~°∂Ñ≤}©
‰õΩuû`«Ñ¶‘∞fl ‰õΩb<åsÎ <åth ‰õΩÅHÍq∞h
„H©O „Ç‘ÏO NO =∞O„`«=ˆ~‚# HÍÅHõO@HõÑ¶¨∂ux
W`åº^•º HÍoHÍ^Õ"åºó â◊`«<å=∞ „Ñ¨H©iÎ`«O
HõHÍ~°‰õÄ@ Ñ¶¨∞\˜`«O HÍm~°∂Ñ¨ ã¨fi~°∂Ñ¨HõO
Ñ¨Ó*ÏHÍÖË Ñ¨ˆ~î^Œºã¨∞Î HÍoHÍ Hõ$`«=∂#ã¨ó
=∞O„`«ã≤^Œú~°ƒù "Õ^•â◊√`«ã¨º HÍm„Ñ¨ã‘^Œu II
J=∂"åã¨º =∞OQÆà◊"å~°O J~°ú~å„u ã¨=∞Ü«∞=∞O^Œ∞ ÑÖK«=∞
HÍ~°=ÚÅ`À PkHÍoHõ#∞ JiÛOz, D â◊`«<å=∞™ÈÎ„`«O ÑïîOz#
J™ê^èŒº=∞#flk LO_»^Œ∞.D ™ÈÎ„`«O108 ™ê~°∞¡ áê~åÜ«∞} KÕã≤#
Ñ¨Ù~°âÛ◊ ~°} JQÆ∞#∞. ^Õg! WHõ h‰õΩ HÍoHõ Ü≥ÚHõ¯ „`≥Ö· ’Hõº q[Ü«∞=∞<Õ
Hõ=K«O K≥|∞`å#∞ q#∞.
¢`≥·Ö’Hõº q[Ü«∞ Hõ=K«O
Jã¨ºN ¢`≥·Ö’Hõº q[Ü«∞ã¨º Hõ=K«ã¨º ã¨^•t= |∞∞+≤ó
J#∞+¨μìÑπ Kè«O^Œó P^•º HÍm^Õ=`å – „Ç‘ÏO c[O NOâ◊H˜Îó
„H©O H©ÅHõO – HÍ=∞º ã≤^Œúºˆ~ú Hõ=K«áêˆ~î qxÜ≥∂QÆó II FO
ã¨^•t= |∞∞+¨ÜÕ∞ #=∞ó t~°ã≤II FO J#∞+¨ìÑπ Kè«O^Œ¿ã #=∞ó
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
92 =∞Ç¨x~å‡} `«O„`«=Ú
=ÚMË II FO P^•º HÍoHÍ ^Õ=`åÜ≥ÿ∞ #=∞ó Ç¨Ï$k II FO
„Ç‘ÏO c*ÏÜ«∞ #=∞ó QÆ∞¿ÇÏº II FO NO â◊HÜ Îõ ∞Õ #=∞ó áê^ŒÜ∂≥ ó
II FO „H©O HÍoHÍÜ≥ÿ∞ #=∞ó ã¨ ~åfiOˆQ Jx JOQÆ<åºãÖ.
â’¡II „Ç‘Ï=∂^•º"Õ∞ t~°óáê`«∞ NO HÍm=^Œ#O =∞=∞
Ç¨Ï$^ŒÜ«∞O „H©O Ñ¨~åâ◊H˜Îó áêÜ«∂`«¯O~î°O Ñ¨~å`«Ê~å II
<Õ„`Õáê`«∞ [QÆ^•ú„f Hõ~“‚~°HõΔ`«∞ â◊OHõs
„Ñ¶¨∂}Oáê`«∞ =∞Ç¨=∂Ü«∂~°ã¨<åO ã¨~°fi=∞OQÆàÏ
^ŒO`å„#HõΔ`«∞ H“=∂s HõáÈÖË Hõ=∞ÖÏÅÜ«∂
Fëêª^èŒ~“HõΔ=∂ ~°ˆHΔ zÛ|∞HõO Kå~°∞Ç¨ã≤h II
„w"åOáêÜ«∂ `«∞¯ÖËâßx Hõ‰õΩ`åÊ`«∞ Hõ$áê=∞~¸
^ÒfiÉÏÇ¨ï ÉÏÇ¨ï^•~°ˆHΔ`«¯~“ ÔH·=Åº^•~Úh
ã¨¯O^èÒ HõÑïúh ™ê`«∞ Ñ¨Ù+¨ìO „`≥·Ö’Hõº `åi}©
áêˆ~≈fi áêÜ«∂^ŒÑ¨~å‚"Õ∞ Hõ\ Õ"Õ∞ Hõ=∞~îåã¨<åó
<åÉè∫áê`«∞ qâßÖÏH˜Δ „Ñ¨*Ï™ê÷#O „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=f
â’¡II T~°∂ ~°HõΔ`«∞ HõàÏº}˜ áê^Ò "Õ∞áê`«∞ áê~°fif
[Ü«∞^Œ∞~åæ=`«∞ „áê}Ï#û~åfiOQÆO ã¨~°fiã≤kú^•
~°HΔÍÇ‘Ï#O`«∞ Ü«∞`ü ™ê÷#O =i˚`«O Hõ=KÕ# K«
`«`«û~°fiO "Õ∞ã¨^•~°ˆHΔ ^•^•ºHÍm ã¨<å`«h
Wu`Õ Hõkè`«O k=ºO „`≥·Ö’Hõº q[Ü«∂cè^ŒO II
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
=∞Ç¨x~å‡} `«O„`«=Ú 93
ã¨~åfi<£ HÍ=∂ #"åáÈflu `«™ê‡^•ã¨∞ „Ñ¨ã‘^Œu

=∞O„`«ã≤kú ~°ƒù"Õ^•â◊√ HÕHõ~åó ‰õΔΩ„^Œã≤^ŒúÜ«∞ó II
JÑ¨Ù„`À ÅÉèí`Õ Ñ¨Ù„`«O ^èŒ<åsú „áêÑ¨ÙflÜ«∂^Œú#O
q^•ºsú ÅÉèí`Õ q^•ºOHÍg∞ HÍ=∂# "åÑ¨ÙflÜ«∂`üII
D Hõ=K«O 1000 ™ê~°∞¡ [Ñ≤¿ãÎ Ñ¨Ù~°â◊Û~°} Ü≥∂QÆº=∞QÆ∞#∞.
K«O^Œ<åQÆ~∞° Hõã∂¨ sÎ ‰õΩO‰õΩ=∞ ~°HKÎõ O« ^Œ#=ÚÅ q∞„â◊=∞O`À Éè∂í ~°˚
Ñ¨„`«OÃÑ· edOz, HõO~î°=∞O^Œ∞ QÍh, ‰õΩ_çKÕu Éèí∞[=Ú#‰õΩ QÍh
^èŒiOz# HÍoHÍ#∞„QÆÇ¨ÏO HõÅ∞QÆ∞#∞.
HÍoHÍ =∞O„`«[Ñ¨=Ú =∂ã¨t=~å„u =∞OQÆà◊"å~°O QÍx,
=∂ã¨t=~å„u â◊x"å~°O QÍh J~°ú~å„u Ü«∞O^Œ∞ 10"ÕÅ∞ [Ñ¨=Ú
KÕã≤ Ñ¨Ù~°âÛ◊ ~°} KÕÜ∞« =Öˇ#∞. =∞OQÆà"◊ å~°=Ú #∞O_ç =∞OQÆà"◊ å~°=Ú
=~°‰õΩ „Ñü~ÀE "≥~Úº [ÑÖ KÕã≤, "≥Ú`«ÎO 8"ÕÅ∞ [ÑÖ KÕã≤
Ñ¨Ù~°â◊Û~°} KÕÜ«∞=K«∞Û. D HÍm =∞O„`«=Ú#‰õΩ ã≤^•úi â’^èŒ#
ÖË^∞Œ . xÜ«∞=∞=ÚÅ∞ ÖË=Ù. z`«âÎ √◊ kú =∂„`«=Ú LO_»=Öˇ#∞. „|Ç¨Ï‡
=∞O„`«=Ú =Öˇ<Õ Ü≥∂QÆ∞º_≥·# QÆ∞~°∞=Ù #∞O_ç =∞O„`ÀÑ¨^Õâ◊=Ú
á⁄O^Œ=Öˇ#∞.
z`«Îâ◊√^Òú =∞¿ÇÏâßx „|Ç¨Ï‡*Ï˝#O „Ñ¨*ÏÜ«∞`Õ
„|Ç¨Ï‡*Ï˝<Õ ã¨=Ú`«Ê<Õfl Hõ$`åºHõ$`«ºO # q^Œº`Õ II
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
94 =∞Ç¨x~å‡} `«O„`«=Ú
`å`«Ê~°º=Ú:– z`«Îâ◊√kú =Å# „|Ç¨Ï‡*Ï˝#=Ú Hõey#Ñ¨Ù_»∞
Hõ$`«º=Ú – JHõ$`«º=ÚÖË^Œ∞.
r=ó „Ñ¨Hõ$u `«`«ÎfiOK« kHÍ¯ÖÏHÍâ◊"Õ∞= K« I
H©Δ`«º ¿ÑÎ*’ "åÜ«∞=â◊Û ‰õΩÅq∞`«ºcènèÜ«∞`Õ II
r=Ù_»∞ – „Ñ¨Hõ$u`«`«fiO – kH± – HÍÅ=Ú – Ñ¨$kèq – |ÅO
– `Õ[=Ú – "åÜ«Ú=Ù – PHÍâ◊=Ú D `˘q∞‡n ‰õΩÅ=∞O^Œ∞~°∞.
„|Ç¨Ï‡ q+¨Ü∞« Hõ"∞≥ #ÿ |∞kú`À xifiHõÅÊ=ÚQÍ KÕÜÚ« #^Õ ''‰õΩÖÏKå~°——
=∞O^Œ∞~°∞. nx=Å# ^è~Œ å‡~°ú HÍ=∞"≥∂Hõ=Δ ÚÅ∞ <åÅ∞QÆ∂ ã≤kOú K«∞#∞.
|Ç¨ï[<å‡i˚`« `«Ñ¨=Ú – ^•#=Ú W`åºk Ñ¨Ù}ºãÖK«Ü«∞=Ú
=Å#<Õ ‰õΩÖÏKå~°=Ú ã¨„Hõ=∞=ÚQÍ PK«iOK«QÆÅ∞QÆ∞#∞.
ã¨^Œ∞æ~°∞¿ã=:– J#∞„QÆÇ¨Ï=Ú =Å# ÑÖK«=∞HÍ~°=ÚÅ`À
‰õΩÖËâ◊fiix JiÛOK«QÆÅ∞QÆ∞#∞. H“à◊=∂~°æ=∞O^Œ∞ P^•º HÍmx
P~åkèOz ™ê^è‰Œ Ωõ _»∞ WÇ¨ÏÖ’Hõ=ÚÖ’ Éè’QÆ=ÚÅ#∞ – Ñ¨~Ö° ’Hõ=ÚÖ’
"≥∂Hõ=Δ Ú#∞ á⁄O^ŒQÅÆ ∞QÆ∞#∞. H“à◊ãO¨ ™ê¯~°=Ú [~°QxÆ ^Õ, WO„kÜ«∞
Ö’Å`«fi=ÚKÕ =∞^Œº áê#=Ú "≥Ú ^ŒÖˇ·# ÑÖ K« =∞HÍ~° = ÚÅ∞
ã‘fiHõiOK«~å^Œ∞.
P^Œº`«`«fiO qkú `Õ*’ kfifÜ«∞O Ñ¨=#O„Ñ≤ÜÕ∞ II
JÑ¨ã¨Î $fÜ«∞O *ÏhÇ≤Ï K«`«∞~°úO Ñ¨$kègO t"Õ
ÑÖK«=∞O [QÆ^•^è•~°O qÜ«∞kfikú =~å#<Õ II
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
=∞Ç¨x~å‡} `«O„`«=Ú 95
ÑÖK«=∞HÍ~°=ÚÅÖ’ =∞^Œº=Ú – `Õ[ó`«`«fi=Ú, =∂Oã¨=Ú

– "åÜ«Ú`«`«fiO, [Å`«`«fiO – =Ú„^Œ, Ñ¨$kèg`«`«fiO – "≥∞ÿ^èŒ∞#O
[QÆ^•^è•~°"∞≥ #ÿ PHÍâ◊``« fi« O. Hõ$`«, „`Õ`å, ^•fiÑ¨~° Ü«ÚQÆ=ÚÅO^Œ∞
„ÉÏÇ¨Ï‡}, HõΔ„uÜ«∞, "≥·â◊º, â◊¥„^Œ∞Å<Õ <åÅ∞QÆ∞ =~°‚=ÚÅ∞O_»∞#∞.
HõeÜ«ÚQÆ=Ú#O^Œ∞ 5= =~°‚=Ú ''™ê=∂#ºO—— QÍ LO_»∞#∞. Hõe
Ü«ÚQÆ=ÚÖ’ `«Ñ¨=Ú, "Õ^•^èŒºÜ«∞#=Ú ÖËHõ JÅÊHÍÅ r=ÙÖˇ·
Ü«ÚO^Œ∞~°∞. „|Ç¨Ï‡K«~åº„â◊=∞=Ú, "å#„Ñ¨™ê÷„â◊=∞=Ú ~Ô O_»∂ HõÅ=Ù.
ˆH=ÅO QÆ$Ç¨Ï™ê÷„â◊=∞O ÖË^• aè‰õΔΩHÍ„â◊=∞O Ô~O_Õ LO_»∞#∞.
QÆ$Ç¨Ïã¨∞#Î ‰õΩ JQÆ=∞=∂~°=æ ÚÖ’<Õ „H˜Ü∂« ã≤kú HõÅ∞QÆ∞#∞. aè‰ΩΔõ ‰õΩ#‰õΩ
"Õ^ÀHõÎ ^ŒO_»^•è ~°}, ãÖ™ê¯~°=ÚÅ∞ LO_»=Ù. D ~Ô O_»∞ P„â◊=∞=Ú
Å‰õΩ Jxfl =~°‚=ÚÅ "å~°∂ JkèHÍ~°∞ÖË. QÆ$Ç¨Ï™ê÷„â◊=∞ rq`«O
QÆ_Ñç #≤ `«~∞° "å`« `«`fi« *Ï˝#=Ú Hõey "≥~· åQÆº=Ú Hõey#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ ã¨<åºã¨
rq`«O QÆ_á» êe. =$^Œ∞Öú #·ˇ `«e`¡ O« „_»∞Å#∞, Ü«∞ø=#=u, Ñü„=`«
J~Ú# ÉèÏ~°º#∞, ãÖ`å#=Ú#∞ =ke ã¨<åºã¨=Ú „QÆÇ≤ÏOK«~å^Œ∞.
`«e¡`«O„_»∞Å#∞ áê~°fifÑ¨~°"Õ∞â◊fi~°∞Å∞QÍ ÉèÏqOz ¿ãqOKåe. W^Õ
QÆ$Ç¨Ïã¨∞ÎÅ‰õΩ `«Ñ¨=Ú =O\˜k. `«e¡`«O„_»∞Å#∞ J==∂xOK«~å^Œ∞.
"åiP[˝ g∞~°~å^Œ∞. "åix ZÅ¡Ñ¨C_»∂ ãÖ`À+¨Ñ¨~°K«=Öˇ#∞.
ÉèÏ~°º#∞ Ç≤ÏOã≤OK«~å^Œ∞. Ñ¨~¢° ãÅÎ‘ #∞ `åHõ~å^Œ∞. Ñ¨~¢° ãÅÎ‘ `À JÜ«ÚHõÎ
ÉèÏ+¨}O KÕÜ«∞~å^Œ∞.
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
96 =∞Ç¨x~å‡} `«O„`«=Ú
4ãÖIIÅ =~°‰õÄ ‰õΩ=∂~°∞Å#∞ QÍ~å|=Ú KÕÜ«∞=Öˇ#∞. 16
ãÖIIÅ =~°‰Äõ q^•º|∞^Œ∞Åú ∞ K≥ÑÊ¨ =Öˇ#∞. 20 ãÖIIÅ =Ü«∞ã¨∞ûÖ’
QÆ$Ç¨ÏHõ~°‡ÅÜ«∞O^Œ∞ "åix xÜ≥∂yOK«=Öˇ#∞. ‰õΩ=∂Ô~ÎÅ#∞ ‰õÄ_®
W>Ë¡ áÈ+≤Oz, Ü≥∂QÆ∞º_≥#· =~°∞#‰õΩ W=fi=Öˇ#∞. W@∞¡ KÕÜ∞« x"å~°∞
Ñ¨â√◊ =ÙÅ∞, áêáê`«∞‡Å∞ JQÆ∞^Œ∞~°∞. x„^Œ, JÅã¨º=Ú, A@∞ì ÃÑOK«∞
H˘#∞@ uO_ç, |@ìÅÜ«∞O^Œ∞ J`«ºO`« Pâ◊H˜Î HõeyÜ«ÚO_»~å^Œ∞.
Ü«ÚHÍÎÇ¨ ~°=Ú, Ü«ÚHõxÎ „^Œ, q∞`«ÉÏè +≤`fi« =ÚÅ#∞ áê\ÕK«=Öˇ#∞.
™œÇ¨~°úO =º=Ç¨~åOâ◊Û „Ñ¨=$uÎ „Ñ¨Hõ$u #$}ÏO
ã¨Ç¨Ï"å¿ã# `«Ô~·¯â◊Û qk`åfi qâ◊fi¿ã`«Î`«ó II
¿ãflÇ¨Ï=Ú, PK«~}° , ã¨fiÉèÏ==Ú, „Ñ¨=$uÎ g\˜x ã¨ÇÏ¨ "åã¨=ÚKÕ,
`«~¯° =ÚKÕ „QÆÇÏ≤ Oz `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘x JÑ¨Ù_»∞ qâ◊fiã≤OK«=Öˇ#∞. JO^Œih
#=∞‡~å^Œ∞. ã¨=∞Ü«∂#∞™ê~°=ÚQÍ Hõ~å‡#∞ëêª#=Ú Ü«ÚO_»=Öˇ#∞.
Ñ¨~„° ã‘ÅÎ Ü«∞O^Œ∞ "≥~· åQÆº=Ú, Ñ¨~^° #Œè =∞O^Œ∞ xã¨Ê $Ç¨Ï, ^ŒOÉè=í ∂`«û
~°º=Ú ÖËx"å~°∞ Ö’Hõ„`«Ü«∞ q*Ë`«Å∞. â◊√z Ô~O_»∞ q^èŒ=ÚÅ∞.
ÉÏÇ¨Ïº=Ú,JÉèºí O`«~=° Ú. g\˜K`Õ « Éèãí ‡¨ OKÕ`« |Ç≤Ïóâ∫K«=Ú JQÆ∞#∞.
„|Ç¨‡~°Ê} |∞kúKÕ JO`«ó â∫K«"Õ∞~°Ê_»∞#∞. x„^Œ#∞O_ç ÖËz#Ñ¨Ù_»∞,
"≥∞ÿ^èŒ∞<å#O`«~°=Ú, =∞Å=¸„`« qã¨~°˚<å#O`«~°=Ú, "≥∞ÿÅã¨Ê~°≈
J~Ú#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ |Ç≤Ïóâ∫K«=Ú#∞ PK«iOK«=Öˇ#∞. x`«º[Ñ¨=Ú =∂#
~å^Œ∞. HõeÜ«ÚQÆ=∞O^Œ∞ „ÉÏÇ¨Ï‡}∞Å∞ QÍÜ«∞„f =∞O„`«=Ú#∞ ''FO——
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
=∞Ç¨x~å‡} `«O„`«=Ú 97
HÍ~°=Ú`À#∂, HõΔ„uÜ«ÚÅ∞ ''N—— HÍ~°=Ú`À#∂, "≥·â◊√ºÅ∞ ''SO——

HÍ~°=Ú`À#∂ [Ñ≤OK«=Öˇ#∞.
HõÖÏ=#fl QÆ`«„áê}Ï <ÀÑ¨"åã¨ó „Ñ¨â◊ã¨º`Õ
LÑ¨"åã¨ „Ñüx^è•"ÕHõO ^•#O qnèÜ«∞`Õ
HõÖ∫^•#O =∞¿ÇÏâßx ã¨~°fiã≤kúHõ~°O Éèí"Õ`ü
`«`åÊ„`«O ˆH=ÅO*Ë˝Ü«∞ó ^Œi„^Œó ™êº„u¯Ü«∂xfi`«ó II
HõeÜ«ÚQÆ=∞O^Œ∞ =∂#=ÙÅ∞ J#flQÆ`« „áê}∞ÅQÆ∞@ KÕ`« LÑ¨
"åã¨=Ú „Ñ¨â◊ã¨Î=Ú QÍ^Œ∞. ^•xH˜ |^Œ∞Å∞QÍ XHõ ^•#=Ú KÕÜ«∞
=Öˇ#∞. HõeÜ«ÚQÆ=ÚÖ’ ^•#"Õ∞ ã¨~fi° ã≤kHú ~õ =° Ú. Ü≥∂QÆ∞º_≥,· n#∞_≥,·
^Œi„^Œ∞_≥·#"å_Õ ^•#=Ú#‰õΩ J~°∞›_»QÆ∞#∞. áê_»ºq∞, J+¨ìq∞,
K«`«∞~°Ìj, UHÍ^Œj, [#‡k#=Ú, `«e¡`«O„_»∞Å =∞~°}k#=Ú, "Õ^èŒ
k#=Ú Ñ¨Ù}ºHÍÅ=∞#|_»∞#∞. QÆOQÍ#k, =∞Ç¨#k, QÆ∞~°∞QÆ$Ç¨Ï=Ú,
ã≤^ŒúˆHΔ„`«=ÚÅ∞ Ñ¨Ù}ºf~°ú=Ú Å#|_»∞#∞. ‰õΩÅÑ¨Ó*Ï q^è•#=ÚÖ’
K«„HÍ#∞ëêì#=Ú KÕÜ«∞=Öˇ#∞. Éèˇ·~°gK«„Hõ q+¨Ü«∞=ÚÖ’ W\˜ì
xÜ«∞=∞=Ú ÖË^Œ∞.
Éèˇ·~°g K«„HõÑ¨Ó[
‰õΩÖÏKå~°∞º_»∞ JO^Œ"∞≥ #ÿ ™ê÷#=Ú#O^Œ∞ ‰õÄ~˘Ûx ''H©O¡ Ñ¶\¨ ò——
J#∞ =∞O„`«=ÚKÕ =ÚO^Œ∞QÍ Pã¨#â◊√kú KÕã∞¨ H˘#=Öˇ#∞. ™ê^è‰Œ Ωõ _»∞
=ÚO^Œ∞QÍ ã≤O^è∂Œ ~°=ÚKÕ QÍh, Z„~°KO« ^Œ#=ÚKÕ QÍh ÖË^• h\˜KÕ
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
98 =∞Ç¨x~å‡} `«O„`«=Ú
„uHÀ} =∞O_»ÅO ÖË^• K«`«∞~°„ã¨=∞O_»ÅO edOK«=Öˇ#∞. ^•xÃÑ·
XHõ z„u`«Ñ¶¨∞@=Ú #∞Oz JO^Œ∞ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞, JHõΔ`«Å∞ "ÕÜ«∞=Öˇ#∞.
^•xH˜ ã≤O^è∂Œ ~° uÅHõO kkÌ Ñ¶Å¨ =Ú, =∂q∞_ç zQÆ∞à◊√§ LOK«=Öˇ#∞.
J#O`«~°O Ñ¨hfl~°∞`À Ñ¶¨∞@=Ú xOÑ≤, FOHÍ~°=Ú`À ^èŒ∂Ñ¨
nÑ¨=ÚÅ∞ HõeÊOK«=Öˇ#∞. QÆO^èŒÑ¨Ù+¨Ê=ÚÅKÕ Ñ¨ÓlOz W+¨ì^Õ=`å
~å^èŒ# KÕÜ«∞=Öˇ#∞. QÆ∞~°∞^Õ=`« "≥Ú^ŒÅQÆ∞ 9 áê„`«Å#∞ ™ê÷Ñ≤OK«
=Öˇ#∞. =∞^Œºáê„`«#∞ ''Ñ¶¨\ò—— =∞O„`«=Ú`À „áÈH˜ΔOz k=º^Œ$+≤ì`À
K«∂_»=Öˇ#∞. P áê„`«Ü∞« O^Œ∞ QÆO^èÑŒ Ù¨ +¨Ê=ÚÅ #∞Oz P#O^ŒÉ~·ˇè g°
Éèˇ·~°=ÙÅ#∞ ^è•ºxOK«=Öˇ#∞. #=Ü«∞ø=#=u, q^•º=u, <å<å
ÅOHÍ~°Ü«ÚHõÎ, =~°^•ÉèíÜ«∞ =Ú„^ŒÅ∞ ^èŒiOz#k Ç¨ã¨=^Œ#,
#$`«ºw`å#Okx J~Ú# P#O^ŒÉèˇ·~°qx ^è•ºxOK«=Öˇ#∞.
P#O^ŒÉèˇ·~°= ^è•º#O
â’¡II #=Ü«∞ø=# ãÖÑ¨<åflO `«~°∞}Ï~°∞} q„QÆÇ¨O
Kå~°∞Ç¨™ê=∞$`åO ÉèÏ™ÈÅ¡ ã¨^Œfi^Œ# ÑÖHõ*ÏO
#$`«ºw`« Hõ$`å"≥∂^•O <å<åÉèí~°} Éèí∂+≤`åO
qz„`« =ã¨<åO^è•ºÜÕ∞ ^Œfi~åÉèíÜ«∞ Hõ~åO|∞*Ï"£∞ II
â’¡II Hõ~°∂Ê~°Ñ¨Ó~° ^èŒ=à◊O Hõ=∞ÖÏÜ«∞`åHõΔO
k"åºOÉ~åÉèí~°} Éèí∂+≤`«^ÕÇ¨Ï HÍOuO
"å"Õ∞# áê}˜Hõ=∞ÖË# ‰õΔΩ^è•HõΔáê„`«O
^ŒˆHΔ} â◊√^ŒúQÆ∞\˜HÍ<£ ^Œ^èŒ`«O ã¨‡~åq∞ II
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
=∞Ç¨x~å‡} `«O„`«=Ú 99
J#O`«~°O ''PO „Ç‘ÏO „H©O ™êfiÇ¨——

J#∞ =∞O„`«=Ú#∞ 108 ™ê~°∞¡ [Ñ≤Oz =∞^Œºâ’^èŒ#
QÆ$Ç¨Ïã¨∞Å÷ ∞ =∞^Œºáê„`«‰Ωõ „Ñ¨`åº=∂flÜ«∞OQÍ áêÅ∞, `Õ<,≥ áê#Hõ
=ÚÅ#∞ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOK«=K«∞Û. =∂O™êkHõ=Ú ‰õÄ_® ''PO „Ç‘ÏO
„H©O ™êfiÇ¨—— J#∞ =∞O„`«=Ú#∞ [Ñ≤Oz, HÍoHõ#∞ ^è•ºxOz „|Ç¨Ï‡
=∞Ü«∞ÉèÏ=#`À <Õ„`«=ÚÅ∞ =¸ã¨∞H˘x áê#–Éè’[#=ÚÅ#∞
PK«iOK«=Öˇ#∞. W^Õ `«O„`«=ÚÖ’ K≥ÑÊ≤ # Éè~·ˇ g° K«„HõÑÓ¨ [ . nxx
PK«iOK«∞@‰õΩ ^Õâ◊HÍÅ xÜ«∞=∞=Ú ÖË^Œ∞. Éèˇ·~°gK«„HÍ~°Û‰õΩx
K«∂z#O`«<Õ Ñ≤âßK«, QÆ∞Ç¨ÏºHõ, Ü«∞HõΔ, ÉèË`åàÏk „‰õÄ~°QÆ}=ÚÅ∞
^Œ∂~°=ÚQÍ áÈ=Ù#∞. K«„HõÑ¨Ó*Ï =∞^èŒº=∞O^Œ∞ =$^è• ãÖÉèÏ+¨},
L=Ú‡@ =O\˜ Ñ¨#∞Å#∞ KÕÜ«∞~å^Œ∞. =~°‚ÉèË^Œ=Ú áê\ÕK«~å^Œ∞.
kfi*Ï`«∞Å‰õΩ Ñ¨k ãÖ™ê¯~°=Ú Å∞O_»∞#∞. 1. QÆ~åƒù^è•#
2. Ñ¨ÙOã¨=#, 3. ã‘=∞O`À#flÜ«∞#, 4. *Ï`«Hõ~°‡, 5. <å=∞Hõ~°},
6. x„+¨¯=∞}, 7. J#fl„áêâ◊#, 8. K«∂_®Hõ~} ° , 9. LÑ¨#Ü«∞#,
10. q"åÇ¨Ï ãÖ™ê¯~°=ÚÅ∞. â◊¥„^Œ∞Å‰õΩ LÑ¨#Ü«∞# ãÖ™ê¯~°=Ú
ÖË^Œ∞. "åiH˜ `˘q∞‡k ãÖ™ê¯~°=ÚÖË LO_»∞#∞. x`«º<≥·q∞uÎHÍk
ã¨~°fiHõ~°‡Å∂ ''„Ç‘ÏO—— HÍ~°=Ú *’_çOz KÕÜ«∞=Öˇ#∞.Ü«ÚQÆÉèË^Œ=Ú
##∞ãïOz <åKÕ xQÆ=∂QÆ=∞ `«O„`«=ÚÅ∞ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_ç#q.
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
100 =∞Ç¨x~å‡} `«O„`«=Ú
‰õΩâ◊O_çHÍ (Ç¨ÏŸ=∞O)
~°=∞º"≥∞ÿ# „Ñ¨^Õâ◊=Ú#O^Œ∞ Ç¨Ïã¨Î „Ñ¨=∂}=ÚÖ’ ''ã¨÷O_çÅO——
HõeÊOK«=Öˇ#∞. (=∞\˜ì"Õã≤ ^•xÃÑ· =iÑ≤O_ç "ÕÜ«∞=Öˇ#∞) `«∂~°∞Ê
J„QÆ=ÚQÍ =¸_»∞ ˆ~YÅ∞ wã≤ ''Ç¨˙O—— J<Õ =∞O„`«=Ú`À
JÉèíºH˜ΔOz, ''~°O—— c[=Ú`À Jyflx fã¨∞‰õΩ=zÛ ''SO—— c[=Ú`À
^•xx =∞O_»Å=Ú#‰õΩ áê~°≈fiÉèÏQÆ=Ú# LOK«=Öˇ#∞. ‰õΩ_çKÕ`ÀÎ
''Ç‘ÏO „Hõ"åº^ÕÉ’è º #=∞ó ™êfiÇ¨—— J#∞ =∞O„`«=Ú#∞ ÑïOî z JO^Œ∞
#∞O_ç =∞O_»∞`«∞#fl XHõ ã¨q∞^èŒ#∞ ^ŒH˜Δ}kâ◊QÍ ~åHõΔã¨âßOuÔH· Ñ¨_»
"ÕÜ«∞=Öˇ#∞. D „Ñ¨HÍ~°=ÚQÍ Jyflx Ô~O_»∞KÕ`«∞Å`À ZuÎ „Ç‘ÏO
Éèí∂~°∞ƒù=ã¨∞û=ó J#∞K«∂ ã¨÷O_çÅ=Ú ÃÑ·#∞#fl =¸_»∞ˆ~YÅÃÑ·
LOK«=Öˇ#∞. ã¨q∞^èŒÅ`À [fieOÑ¨KÕÜ«∞=Öˇ#∞. <Õu`À ‰õÄ_ç#
ã¨q∞^èÅŒ ∞ JyflÖ’ "ÕÜÚ« K«∂ ^è#Œ O[Ü«∂yflx W@∞¡ ^è•ºxOK«=Öˇ#∞.
ÉÏÖÏ~å¯~°∞} ãÖHÍâ◊O ã¨Ñ¨ÎlÇ¨ÏfiO kfi=∞ã¨ÎHõO
J*Ï~°∂_è»O â◊H˜Î^èŒ~°O [\Ï=∞‰õΩ@ =∞O_ç`«O II
Jx ^è•ºxOz ''„Ç‘ÏO U¿ÇÏºÇ≤Ï ã¨~åfi=∞~°„Ñ≤ÜÕ∞ Ç¨Ï"åº"åÇ¨Ï
=Úxaèó ã¨QÆ}ˇÿã¨ûÇ¨Ï J^èŒfi~°O ~°HõΔ~°HõΔ #=∞ó ™êfiÇ¨ II J#∞ =∞O„`«
=Ú`À Jyflx P"åÇ¨Ï# KÕÜ«∞=Öˇ#∞. ''=¿ÇÏfl JÜ«∞O`Õ Ü≥∂xó——
Jx LK«ÛùiOz áê^•ºk LÑ¨Kå~°=ÚÅ∞ KÕã≤, JyflÜ≥ÚHõ¯ ã¨Ñ¨Î
lÇ¨ÏfiÅ‰õΩ J~°Û# KÕÜ«∞=ÅÜ«Ú#∞.
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
=∞Ç¨x~å‡} `«O„`«=Ú 101
HÍo, Hõ~åm, =∞<À["å, ã¨∞Ö’Ç≤Ï`å, ã¨∞^èŒ∂„=∂ ã¨∞ÊùeOyh,

qâ◊fi~°∂Ñ≤}© Jx `«∂~°∞Ê #∞O_ç L`«Î~°kâ◊ =~°‰õΩ 3™ê~°∞¡ „áÈHõΔ}
KÕÜ«∞=Öˇ#∞. `«~°∞"å`« ^ŒH˜Δ}kâ◊ #∞O_ç L`«Î~°kâ◊ =~°‰õΩ 3 ™ê~°∞¡
„áÈHÕΔ z Ç¨ÏŸ=∞ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ#∞ 3™ê~°∞¡ „áÈHÕΔ K«=Öˇ#∞. ãÖ÷ _çÅ=Ú#‰õΩ
`«∂~°∞Êkâ◊ #∞O_ç L`«~Î k° â◊ =~°‰Ωõ ^Œ~ƒ° Åù ∞ ÑïãÎ̈~}
° KÕÜ∞« =Öˇ#∞.
Wq „áêQÆ„QÆ=ÚQÍ, L^ŒQ„Æ QÆ=∞=ÚQÍ #∞O_»=Öˇ#∞. Jyflx ^ŒH}Δ˜ kâ◊
#∞Oz „|Ç¨‡ã¨#=Ú =^ŒÌ Z_»=∞KÕ~Ú JOQÆ∞+¨,ª Hõx+≤Hª Åõ `À „|Ç¨‡
ã¨#=Ú #∞O_ç XHõ ^Œ~°ƒù#∞ „QÆÇ≤ÏOz, „Ç‘ÏO x~°ã¨Îó Ñ¨~å=ã¨∞ó II
J#∞ =∞O„`«=Ú#∞ ÑïîOz JyflH˜ ^ŒH˜Δ}=Ú# "ÕÜ«∞=Öˇ#∞. ''¿ÇÏ
„|Ç¨Ï‡<£ W^ŒO`Õ HõeÊ`åã¨#O—— Jx „|Ç¨Ï‡#∞ Pã¨#=ÚÃÑ· PÇ¨fixOK«
=Öˇ#∞. ''ã‘^•q∞—— J#∞K«∞ „|Ç¨Ï‡ ‰õÄ~ÀÛ=Öˇ#∞. „|Ç¨Ï‡#∞ QÆO^èŒ
Ñ¨ÙëêÊHõΔ`«Å`À JiÛOz, W@∞¡ ^è•ºxOK««=Öˇ#∞.
QÀáêÜ«∞ Ü«∞[˝O Ü«∞*Ë˝â◊ Ü«∞[˝O áêÇ≤Ï |$Ç¨Ïã¨Ê`Õ
=∂OK«Ü«∞[˝ ÑüOáêÇ≤Ï Hõ~°‡™êH˜Δ #"≥∂ã¨∞Î`Õ II
„|Ç¨Ï‡ ''QÀáêÜ«∂q∞—— „|Ç¨Ï‡ ÖË#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ ^Œ~°ƒù#∞ „|Ç¨Ï‡#∞ WÇ¨
QÆK«Ûù PQÆK«Ûù Ü«∂=^Œº[˝ ã¨=∂Ñ¨#O `å=^Œƒù=kƒùó ™ê÷`«=ºO—— Jx
„áêiúOz #=∞ã¨¯iOK«=Öˇ#∞. KÕu`À h~°∞ „QÆÇ≤ÏOz, JyflÜ≥ÚHõ¯
Dâß#º HÀ}O #∞O_ç „|Ç¨Ï‡™ê÷#=Ú =~°‰õΩ 3 ™ê~°∞¡ „áÈH˜ΔOz
Ñ¨~°∞ºH˜ΔOz Jyflx ‰õÄ_® 3 ™ê~°∞¡ „áÈH˜ΔOz uiy "≥o§# J^Õ
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
102 =∞Ç¨x~å‡} `«O„`«=Ú
=∂~°æ=Ú #∞O_ç #_çz=zÛ `«#™ê÷#=ÚÖ’ ‰õÄ~˘Ûx ã¨÷O_çÅ=Ú
#‰õΩ L`«~Î =° Ú# ^Œ~ƒ° Åù #∞ L^Œ„QÆ=ÚQÍ ÑïãïÎ OK«=Öˇ#∞. [Åã¨ÇÏ≤ `«
„áÈH˜}Δ © áê„`«– P[º™ê÷e– ã¨q∞^èÅŒ ∞ – ‰õΩâ◊Å∞ "å\˜ÃÑ· LOK«=Öˇ#∞.
ã¨$H±– „ã¨∞==ÚÅ∞ „QÆÇÏ≤ Oz "å\˜ÃÑ· LOz, ''„Ç¨O–„Ç‘ÏO–„Ç¨˙O——
J#∞ =∞O„`«=Ú#∞ ÑïOî z ~Ô Ñ¨Ê"åÅÛ‰õΩO_® (k=º^Œ$+≤)ì "å@xfl\˜h
â◊√kú KÕÜ«∞=Öˇ#∞.
Éèí∂q∞ÃÑ· ‰õΩ_ç"≥∂HÍÅ∞ PxOz „ã¨∞H±`À „ã¨∞==Ú #∞O_ç
<≥~Úºx „QÆÇ≤ÏOz, ''â◊√ÉèËK«Ûù`À „Ç‘ÏO q+¨‚"Õ ™êfiÇ¨—— J<Õ =∞O„`«
=Ú`À 3™ê~°∞¡ PÇ¨ïu KÕÜ«∞=Öˇ#∞. "åÜ«∞=ºO #∞O_ç PˆQflÜ«∞O
=~°‰õΩ „Ñ¨*ÏÑüx =∞#™ê ^è•ºxOz ''„Ç‘ÏO „Ñ¨*ÏÑ¨`«ÜÕ∞ ™êfiÇ¨——
J<Õ =∞O„`«=Ú`À <Õu`À Ç¨ÏŸ=∞O KÕÜ«∞=Öˇ#∞. <≥·|∞∞u #∞O_ç
Dâß#ºO =~°‰Ωõ Ñ¨Ù~°O^Œ~∞° x =∞#™ê ^è•ºxOz ''„Ç‘ÏO Ñ¨Ù~°O^Œ~åÜ«∞
™êfiÇ¨—— J<Õ =∞O„`«=Ú`À <Õu`À Ç¨ÏŸ=∞O KÕÜ«∞=Öˇ#∞. =∞~°Å
<Õux „QÆÇ≤ÏOz JyflÖ’ L`«Î~°–^ŒH˜Δ} =∞^èŒºÖ’ ''„Ç‘ÏO Jwfl
ëÈ=∂ÉèÏºO #=∞ó—— Jx ÑïîOz 3 ™ê~°∞¡ PÇ¨ïu W=fi=Öˇ#∞.
D„Ñ¨HÍ~°O ^è•~åÇ¨ÏŸ=∞O KÕã≤ Ü«∞^•~°ú^Õ=`«‰õΩ Ç¨ÏŸ=∞O KÕÜ«∞
=Öˇ#∞. J#QÍ Ç¨ÏŸ=∞O t=Ù#‰õΩ KÕÜ«ÚK«∞#flKÀ =¸Å =∞O„`«
"≥∞ÿ# ÑÖKåHõΔs`À ''FO #=∞ót"åÜ«∞ ™êfiÇ¨ t"åÜÕ∞^ŒO #=∞ó——
Jx Ü«∞^è•ãÖYº Ç¨ÏŸ=∞O KÕÜ«∞=Öˇ#∞. =¸Å =∞O„`«=Ú z=~°
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
=∞Ç¨x~å‡} `«O„`«=Ú 103
''™êfiÇ¨—— L#flKÀ ~Ô O_»=™êi ™êfiÇ¨ KÕ~Û° #=ã¨~O° ÖË^∞Œ . HõeÜ«ÚQÆ

=∞O^Œ∞ „áêÜ«∞tÛ`«Î Ç¨ÏŸ=∞O KÕ~ÚOK«#=ã¨~°O ÖË^Œ∞. „ã¨∞==Ú`À
P[º=Ú „QÆÇ≤ÏOz ''Jã≤‡<£ Hõ~°‡}˜ ^Õ"Õâ◊ „Ñ¨=∂^•„^Œƒù=∞`ÀÑ≤ "å II
#∂º<åkèHõO Hõ$`«O Ü«∞K«Ûù ã¨~°fiO ã≤fi+¨ìHõ$`«O ‰õΩ~°∞—— II
Jx „|Ç¨Ï‡#∞ ^è•ºxOz „Ç‘ÏO ^Õq ™êfiÇ¨ J#∞K«∂ Ç¨ÏŸ=∞O
KÕÜ∞« =Öˇ#∞. =∞~°Å P[º=Ú „QÆÇÏ≤ Oz „Ç‘ÏO `«fi=∞ˆQfl ã¨~fi° Ö’HÍ<åO
áê=#O ã≤fi+≤ìHõ$`ü „Ñ¨Éèí∞ó II Ü«∞[˝™êH©Δ ˆHΔ=∞Hõ~åÎ ã¨~åfi<£ HÍ=∂<£
„Ñ¨ÑÓ¨ ~åÜ«∞ ™êfiÇ¨ II Jx ã≤fi+ì̈H$õ `ü Ç¨ÏŸ=∞O KÕÜ∞« =Öˇ#∞.JÜ«ÚHõÎ
Hõ~°‡ ÑïÇ¨~å~°úO „Ç‘ÏO Éèí∂ó™êfiÇ¨ „Ç‘ÏO Éèí∞=ó ™êfiÇ¨ó „Ç‘ÏO ã¨fió
™êfiÇ¨ J#∞ =∞O„`«=ÚKÕ "åºÇ¨Ï$u Ç¨ÏŸ=∞O KÕÜ«∞=Öˇ#∞.
„Ç‘ÏO Éèí∂~°∞ƒù=ó ã¨∞=ó ™êfiÇ¨ Jx XHõ™êi PÇ¨ïu WzÛ
Ü«∞[˝Hõ~°Î – Ü«∞[=∂x W^ŒÌ~°∂ PÇ¨ïu W=fi=Öˇ#∞. J#O`«~°O
''„Ç‘ÏO—— Ü«∞[˝Ñ¨`Õ Ñ¨Ó~À‚Éèí=`«∞ Ü«∞*’˝"Õ∞ Ç¨Ï$+¨ºO`«∞Ü«∞[˝ ^Õ=`åó
– Ñ¶Ö¨ Ïx ã¨=∞ºH± Ü«∞K«ÛOù `«∞ ™êfiÇ¨—— Jx Ñ¨Ó~å‚Çï¨ u W=fi=Öˇ#∞.
J#O`«~°O „áÈH˜Δ}©áê„`« [Å=Ú#∞ ‰õΩâ◊Å`À „QÆÇ≤ÏOz t~°ã¨∞ûÃÑ·
ãÖ=∂~°#˚ KÕÜ∂« e. PáÈÇ≤Ïëêì=∞ J<Õ =∞O„`«=Ú#∞ K«^∞Œ ==Öˇ#∞.
''ÜÕ∞ kfi+Öu K« =∂Ox`«ºO Ü«∂Oâ◊ÛkfiëÈ‡ #~å#fiÜ«∞O II
PáÈ ^Œ∞i‡„u Ü«∂¿ãÎëêO ãÖ`«∞ÉèíHõΔO`«∞ `åxÑ≤—— Jx h~°∞#∞
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
104 =∞Ç¨x~å‡} `«O„`«=Ú
Dâß#º=∞O^Œ∞ Éèí∂q∞ÃÑ· K«Å¡=Öˇ#∞. P ^Œ~°ƒùÅ#∞ PK«@<Õ =ke
''|∞kúO q^•º|ÅO "Õ∞^è•O „Ñ¨*Ï˝O „â◊^•úOÜ«∞â◊ó „tÜ«∞O P~ÀQÆºO
`Õ[ PÜ«Ú+¨ºO ^ÕÇ≤Ï "Õ∞"åÇ¨Ïº"åÇ¨Ï#—— II Jx ÑïîOz ''Ü«∞[˝
Ü«∞[˝ ÑüO QÆK«Ûù Ü«∞[˝O QÆK«Ûù Ç¨ï`åâ◊#ó II ™êfiO ÜÕ∞xO QÆK«Ûù
Ü«∞*Ë˝â◊ Ñ¨Ó~°Ü«∂™ê‡#‡<À~°^èŒ"£∞II JˆQfl HõΔ=∞ã¨fi ™êfiÇ¨ II
Jx ÑïOî z JyflH˜ L`«~Î É° Ïè QÆ=ÚÖ’ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`À PÇ¨ïu WzÛ
^ŒH˜Δ} ÉèÏQÆ=Ú#O^Œ∞ „|Ç¨Ï‡‰õΩ ^ŒH˜Δ} WzÛ qãï˚OK«=Öˇ#∞.
„ã¨∞=áê„`«‰Ωõ JO\˜# Éè™í ê‡xfl uÅHõ=ÚQÍ „QÆÇÏ≤ Oz ^èiŒ OK«=Öˇ#∞.
''„Ç‘ÏO „H©O ã¨~°fiâßOu Hõ~ÀÉèí=—— J<Õ =∞O„`«=Ú`À Ü«∞[˝Hõ~°Î
ÅÖÏ@=∞O^Œ∞ uÅHõ^è•~°} KÕÜ«∞=Öˇ#∞.
=∞\˜ìáê„`« ÖË^• ~åyáê„`«#∞ K«~°∞áê„`«QÍ „QÆÇ≤ÏOz JO^Œ∞
H˘kÌQÍ aÜ«∞º=Ú "Õã≤ áêÅ`À =O_ç „ã¨∞==Ú`À P[º=Ú "Õã≤,
JyflH˜ L`«Î~°ÉèÏQÆOÖ’ ‰õΩâ◊ÅÃÑ· LOz =¸_»∞™ê~°∞¡ ‰õΩâ◊Å`À P[º
„áÈHõ}Δ KÕã,≤ PKåÛùkOz „ã¨∞==Ú`À K«~∞° áê„`« #∞O_ç „^Œ=º=Ú#∞
„QÆÇ≤ÏOz ^•xÃÑ· H˘kÌQÍ P[ºO "Õã≤ ''*Ï#∞Ç¨ÏŸ=∞O—— KÕÜ«∂e.
J#O`«~°O ^è•~åÇ¨ÏŸ=∞O, „Ñ¨^è•# ^Õ=`åÇ¨ÏŸ=∞O KÕÜ«∂e.
â◊~°¯~å =∞^èŒ∞ ^Œ∞QÆúOK« Ñ¶¨∞$`«O^Œkè ã¨=∂Oâ◊HõO
ÑÖKå=∞$`« q∞^ŒO„áÈHõÎO ^ÕÇ¨Ïâ◊√^Òú qnèÜ«∞`Õ II
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
=∞Ç¨x~å‡} `«O„`«=Ú 105
ÑÖK«^•~°, `Õ<≥, áêÅ∞, ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞, <Õ~Ú g\˜x ÑÖKå=∞$`«

=ÚÅ∞ JO\Ï~°∞. Wq â◊s~°â◊√kú KÕÜ«Ú#∞. "åÑ‘‰õÄÑ¨ `«\ÏHõ
^Õ=`å „Ñü+¨ª, QÆ$Ç¨Ï, „=`«=ÚÅO^Œ∞ Jxfl"Õà◊ÖÏ ÑÖK«^Õ=`«Å#∞
Ñ¨ÓlOz =ã¨∞^è•~°, =$kú, „âß^ŒúO, ‰õΩâ◊HõO_çHõÅ#∞ PK«iOKåe.
Ñ¨Ó~å‚aè¿+HõO
H“ÖÏKå~°=ÚÖ’ QÆ∞~°∞=Ù ^•fi~å t+¨μº_»∞ Ñ¨Ó~å‚a+è ‰≤ Ωõ _Î ∞» HÍx^Õ
=∞^Œºx"Õ^Œ# KÕÜ«∞~å^Œ∞. =ÚO^Œ∞QÍ QÆ∞~°∞=Ù QÆ}Ñü Ñ¨Ó[ KÕã≤
‰õΩÅ™ê^è‰Œ Ωõ Å‰õΩ Éè’[#O ÃÑ\Ïìe. =∞~°∞ã¨\ ~˜ ÀA ™êfl#O KÕã≤ x`«º
Hõ~‡° #∞ KÕã∞¨ H˘x P[#‡Hõ$`« áêÑ¨Ñi¨ Ç¨~å~°Oú uÅ, HÍOK«# ^•#O
KÕã≤ „ÉÏÇ¨Ï‡} Éè’[#O ÃÑ\Ïìe. „u=¸~°∞ÎÅ#∞ JiÛOz =∂`«$
QÆ}Ï~°Û#, =$kú„âß^ŒúO KÕã≤ QÆ∞~°∞=Ù#∞ nHõΔ W=∞‡x „áêiúOKåe.
QÆ∞~°∞=Ù HõÖ’ÊHõÎ „Ñ¨HÍ~°O J~°Û# KÕã≤ #=áê„`«Å#∞ ™ê÷Ñ≤™êÎ~°∞.
QÆ∞~°∞áê„`« |OQÍ~°=Ú`À#∞, â◊H˜Îáê„`« "≥O_ç`À#∞, Náê„`« =∞Ç¨
â◊OY=ÚÖ’#∞, q∞ye# 6 ~åyáê„`«Å∞O_®e. "å\˜Ü«∞O^Œ∞
`«ÅÊ=ÚÅ∞Oz =∞Ç¨^Õ"å~°Û# KÕã≤, P#O^ŒÉèˇ·~°qH˜ `«~°Ê} KÕã≤,
J=∞$`«HÅõ â◊ Ñ¨Ó[ KÕã,≤ ^è∂Œ Ñ¨nÑ¨=ÚÅ∞, ã¨~fi° Éè∂í `«|e JiÊOKåe.
J#O`«~O° ã¨~fi° ^Õ=`åQÆ} <å=∞=ÚÅ∞ LK«Ûiù Oz =∞O„`«[Å=Ú`À
QÆ∞~°∞=Ù t+¨μºxH˜ Jaè¿+HõO KÕ™êÎ~°∞. Ñ¨Ó~å‚aè¿+Hõ=Ú =Å# „|Ç¨Ï‡
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
106 =∞Ç¨x~å‡} `«O„`«=Ú
*Ï˝#=Ú, t=`«`«fi=¸ HõÅ∞QÆ∞`å~Ú. D Ñ¨Ó~å‚aè¿+Hõ=Ú
9–7–5–3–1 ~ÀAÅÖ’ KÕÜ«∞=K«∞Û.
(WK«Û@ „ÉÏÇ¨Ï‡}Ïk *Ï`«∞Å‰õΩ ™ê=∂lHõ <åºÜ«∞=ÚÅ∞, "åi
‰õΩÅ^è~Œ ‡° =ÚÅ∞, Hõ$`åºHõ$`«º=ÚÅ∞ K≥ÑÊ¨ |_ç#q. H“àÏ~°Û#Ö’ `«ÑÊ¨
q∞ye# ã¨=∞Ü«∞=ÚÖ’ =∞^Œºáê#=Ú =∞Ç¨áêÑ¨=ÚQÍ K≥Ñ¨Ê
|_ç#k. HÍ=∞^Œ$+≤`ì À Ñ¨~„° ã‘ÅÎ #∞ K«∂_»~å^Œx, Ñ¨~^° #Œè =Ú#∞ PtOK«
~å^Œx "≥Ú^ŒÖˇ·# huÉ’^èŒÅ∞ KÕÜ«∞|_ç#q. ^˘OQÆ`«#=Ú#‰õΩ Hõ~°‚
KÕÛ^ù =Œ Ú ^ŒO_»#QÍ K≥ÑÊ¨ |_ç#k. ^˘OQÆ™êHõΔ º=Ú K≥ÑÙ¨ Ê"åiH˜ f„=
^ŒO_»# qkèOK«|_ç#k. ed`«~°∂Ñ¨=ÚQÍ #∞#fl^•xH˜ „áê^è•#º`«
W=fi|_ç#k. H˘xfl áêÑ¨=ÚÅ‰õΩ LÑ¨"å™êk, ã¨KÕÅ ™êfl#=Ú
"≥Ú^ŒÖ#·ˇ „áêÜ«∞tÛ`«=Î ÚÅ∞ K≥ÑÊ¨ |_ç#q. Pã≤ÇÎ Ï¨ ‰õΩ¯Å∞, "å~°ã`¨ åfik
<åºÜ«∞âß„ã¨Î q+¨Ü«∞=ÚÅ∞ qqiOK«|_ç#k. `«e¡`«O„_»∞Å#∞,
QÆ∞~°∞=Ù#∞, "≥Ú^ŒÖ#·ˇ ÃÑ^ŒÅÌ #∞ KÕu`À H˘\˜#ì "åiH˜ Pã≤ÖÎ ’ Ç¨Ï‰õΩ¯
áÈ=Ù#x K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çOk).
QÆ$Ç¨Ï„Ñ¨"Õâ◊ ã¨=∞Ü«∞=ÚÖ’ "åã¨∞ÎÑ¨Ó[ `«Ñ¨ÊxãïQÍ KÕÜ«∞
=Öˇ#∞. ÖËxKÀ J<ÕHõ qÑ¶¨∞fl=ÚÅ∞ HõÅ∞QÆ∞#∞. ^Õ"åÅÜ«∞=Ú#‰õΩ
^èfiŒ [ãÖ÷ Éè=í Ú#∞ 82 Ç¨Ïã¨=Î ÚÅ „Ñ¨=∂}=Ú HõÅk ^•#=Ú KÕã#≤ KÀ
PÜ«Ú~åÌÜ«∞=Ú ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞#∞. PÜ«Úëê¯=ÚÅ∞ #=„QÆÇ¨ÏÇ¨ÏŸ=∞=Ú
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
=∞Ç¨x~å‡} `«O„`«=Ú 107
Å#∞ PK«iOK«=Öˇ#∞. #"≥∂O`« =∞O„`«=ÚÅ‰õΩ z=~° =∞~˘Hõ #=∞ó

KÕ~°Û#=ã¨~°O ÖË^Œ∞.J^Õq^èŒ=ÚQÍ Ç¨ÏŸ=∞=Ú KÕÜ«Ú#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ =¸Å
=∞O„`«=Ú#‰õΩ z=~° ™êfiÇ¨ Ñ¨^Œ=Ú#flKÀ, =∞~˘Hõ ™êfiÇ¨ KÕ~°Û
#=ã¨~°=Ú ÖË^Œ∞.
''™êfiÇ¨O`ÕÑ≤ `«^è•=∞O„`Õ #^Œ^•º ^ŒfiÇ≤Ïfl =Å¡ÉèÏ"£∞ —— II
„QÆÇ¨Ï=ÚÅ‰õΩ "å\˜ =~å‚#∞™ê~°=ÚQÍ Ñ¨ÙëêÊHõΔ`«Å#∞ ã¨=∞
iÊOK«=Öˇ#∞. QÆ$Ç¨Ï=ÚÃÑ·# „uâ◊¥Å=Ú#∞ QÍh, K«„Hõ=Ú#∞ QÍh
LOK«=Öˇ#∞. Dâß#ºHÀ}=∞O^Œ∞ ^èŒfi[Ñ¨`åHõ=Ú#∞ LOK«=Öˇ#∞.
ëÈ_»â’Ñ¨Kå~°=ÚÅ∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨|_ç#q.
t=eOQÆ „Ñü+¨ª
ã¨fi~°‚Ñ¨Ó~°‚ Ñ¨Ó~°‚ =∞Ç‘Ï^•<å kfi["Õ∞^è• Ü«Ú`å~°Û<å`ü
x™ÈÎÜÕ∞ `ÀÜ«∞Hõ~°}ÏnÌ<å~°Î Ñï`À+¨}Ï`ü II
Ü«∞`«ÊùÅO ÅÉèË =∞~°Îºó`«™ê‡`ü HÀ\˜QÆ∞}Ñ¶¨ÅO
t=eOQÆ „ÑüëêªÜ«∂O ÅÉèí`Õ<å„`« ãÖâ◊Ü«∞ó II
`å`«Ê~°º=Ú:– |OQÍ~°O, Éè∂í q∞, "ÕÖÏk „ÉÏÇ¨Ï‡}Ï~°Û#, h~°∞
ÖËxKÀ@ ÉÏqx „`«qfiOK«∞@, n#∞Å#∞ ~°HΔ̃OK«∞@ "≥Ú^ŒÖˇ·# "å\˜
=Å# ÅaèOK«∞ Ñ¨Ù}º=Ú#‰õΩ HÀ\˜Ô~@¡ Ñ¨Ù}º=Ú t=eOQÆ „Ñü+¨ª
=Å# ÅaèOK«∞#∞.
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
108 =∞Ç¨x~å‡} `«O„`«=Ú
t=ˆHΔ„`«=∞O^Œ∞ KÕã≤# Ñ¨Ù}º=Ú HÀ\˜Ô~@¡ Ñ¶ë`«=Ú xK«∞Û#∞.
J^Õq^èŒ=ÚQÍ t=ˆHΔ„`«=ÚÖ’ áêÑ¨=Ú KÕã≤# =„[=Ú =O\˜
Hõiî#"≥∞ÿ#k.
t=eOQÆ „Ñü+¨ªÖ’ Jkè"åã¨=Ú 20 Ñ¨^•~°ú=ÚÅÖ’ KÕÜ«∞
=Öˇ#∞. =∞\˜ì, QÆO^èŒ=Ú, ~å~Ú,^è•#ºO, QÆiHõ, Ñ¨Ù+¨ÊO, [ÅO,
ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞, <Õ~Ú, aÜ«∞ºO Ñ≤O_ç, ã≤O^è∂Œ ~°=Ú, â◊OY[ÅO, QÀ~ÀK«#O,
`≥ÖÏ¡"åÅ∞, |OQÍ~°=Ú, "≥O_ç, ~åy, nÑ¨=Ú, J^ŒÌ=Ú J#∞ 20
„^Œ=º=ÚÅ`À „Ñü+¨ª‰õΩ =ÚO^Œ∞ Jkè"åã¨=Ú KÕÜ«∞=Öˇ#∞. D
q^èŒ=ÚQÍ 3 ™ê~°∞¡ Jkè"åã¨=Ú KÕÜ«∞=Öˇ#∞.
ÉèíQÆfl"≥∞ÿ#, JãÖÑ¨Ó~°‚"≥∞ÿ#, ‰õΩ+¨μª~Ày ã¨Ê $tOz# ^Œ∂+≤`«
Éèí∂q∞ Ü«∞O^Œ∞ Ñü`«"≥∞ÿ# t=eOQÆ=Ú#∞ Ñ¨ÓlOK«~å^Œ∞. W@∞¡
Ç‘Ï<åOQÆ =ÚÖˇ·# t=eOQÆ=ÚÅ#∞ h\˜Ö’ =ke"ÕÜ«∞=Öˇ#∞.
ã¨Ê~å≈k ^À+¨Ü«ÚHõÎ=ÚÖˇ·#KÀ uiy ãÖã¨¯iOz Ñ¨ÓlOK«=K«∞Û.
Hõ~‡° =ÖË¡ =∂#=Ù_»∞ |Okè`∞« _»Q∞Æ K«∞<åfl_»∞. Hõ~‡° HõÜ
Δ ∞« =Ú HÍx^Õ
"≥∂HõΔ=Ú ÅaèOK«^Œ∞. â◊√ÉèÏâ◊√Éèí Hõ~°‡Å =Å¡ „áêÑ≤ÎOK«∞ áêÑ¨ Ñ¨Ù}º
=ÚÅ∞ J#∞ÉèíqOK«∞@ =Å<Õ #tOK«∞#∞. ãÖÔHà◊√§ W#∞Ñ¨"≥·<å,
|OQÍ~°∞"≥·<å ÉÏkèOK«∞#∞ QÆ^•.
„|Ç¨‡k `«$}Ñ¨~°ºO`«=¸ [QÆ=∞O`å =∂Ü«∞KÕ HõeÊOK«|_ç
#k. ã¨`«º"≥∞ÿ# Ñ¨~°„|Ç¨Ï‡#∞ `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩx ã¨∞Y=Ú á⁄O^Œ=Öˇ#∞.
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
=∞Ç¨x~å‡} `«O„`«=Ú 109
<å=∞~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÅ#∞ Ñï`«ºlOz xâ◊ÛÅ"≥∞ÿ# x`«º„|Ç¨Ï‡ Ü«∞O^Œ∞

Hõ~‡° |O^è=Œ ÚÅ#∞ `˘ÅyOK«∞H˘x =Ú‰õΩ_Î ∞» HÍ=Öˇ#∞. [Ñ¨, Ç¨ÏŸ=∞,
LÑ¨"åã¨ â◊`=« ÚÅ =Å¡ =ÚH˜Î ÅaèOK«^∞Œ . =∞#ã¨∞ûKÕ HõeÊOK«|_ç#
~°∂Ñ¨=Ú =∂#=ÙÅ‰õΩ "≥∂HõΔ™êkèx J~Ú#@¡~Ú`Õ, ã¨fiÑ¨fl Å|ú
~åã¨º=Ú`À =∂#=ÙÅO^Œ~°∂ =∞Ç¨~åAÖË =∞QÆ∞^Œ∞~°∞. „|Ç¨Ï‡
*Ï˝#=Ú =Å#<Õ "≥∂HõΔ=Ú ÅaèOK«∞#∞.
L`«Î"≥∂ „|Ç¨Ï‡ ã¨^•ƒù"À ^è•º#ÉèÏ=ã¨∞Î =∞^èŒº=∞ó
ã¨∞Îu~°˚áÈ^èŒ"≥∂ ÉèÏ"À |Ç≤Ïó Ñ¨Ó*Ï^èŒ=∂^èŒ=∂ II
`å`«Ê~°º=Ú:– „|Ç¨Ï‡ÉèÏ==Ú L`«Î=∞"≥∞ÿ#k. ^è•º#Ü≥∂QÆ=Ú
=∞^èŒº=∞=Ú, [Ñ¨=Ú–™ÈÎ„`«=Ú J^èŒ=∞=Ú. q„QÆÇ¨~å^èŒ#
J^èŒ=∂^èŒ=∞=Ú.
Ñ¶¨∞@ã¨÷O Ü«∂^Œ$â◊O"Àº=∞ Ñ¶¨∞>ËÉèíˆQfl Ñ≤`å^Œ$â◊O I
#¿+ì^Õ¿ÇÏ `«^è≥·"å`å‡ ã¨=∞~°∂áÈ q~å[`Õ II
`å`«Ê~°º=Ú:– ‰õΩO_»Ö’Ñë ÉèÏQÆ=Ú â◊¥#º=Ú. ‰õΩO_» Ñÿe
##∂ J>Ë¡ â◊¥#º=ÚÖ’ Hõeã≤Ü«ÚO_»∞#∞. J>Ë¡ ^ÕÇ¨Ï=Ú #tOz
##∂ P`«‡ ã¨=∞ÉèÏ==ÚQÍ<Õ Ü«ÚO_»∞#∞.
QÆ$Ç¨Ïã¨÷–Éèˇ·‰õΔΩHõ P„â◊=∞=ÚÅÖ’ „|Ç¨Ï‡=∞O„`Àáêâ◊# ''FO
`«`û« `ü—— KÕÜÚ« K«∂ QÆ$Ç¨Ïã¨÷ ^è~Œ ‡° =ÚÅ#∞ x~°fiiÎOK«∞K«∞#fl#∂ Ü«∞`«∞Å
=Öˇ Ñ¨Ó[hÜ«ÚÅQÆ∞K«∞<åfl~°∞. Ñ¨Ó~å‚aè¿+Hõ q^è•#=ÚÖ’ ãÖ™ê¯~°
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
110 =∞Ç¨x~å‡} `«O„`«=Ú
=O`«∞_≥#· â‹"· å=^è∂Œ `« ã¨~fi° „âı+μ¨ _ª Q» ∞Æ K«∞<åfl_»∞. â‹"· å=^è∂Œ `«, „|Ç¨‡
=^èŒ∂`«Å∞, Ñ¨Ó~°‚, JÑ¨Ó~°‚ ÉèË^Œ=Ú KÕ`« uiy Ô~O_»∞ q^èŒ=ÚÅ∞
Ñ¨Ó~°∞‚Öˇ·#"å~°∞ Ñ¨~°=∞Ç¨ÏOã¨ Ü«∞x, JÑ¨Ó~°∞‚Å∞ Ñï„"å\ò Jx
Ñ≤Å∞=|_»∞^Œ∞~°∞. [Ñ¨, Ç¨ÏŸ=∞, „Ñüëêª^Œ∞ÅxflÜ«Ú ''FO `«`«û`ü——
=∞O„`« x+¨Ê#fl=ÚÖË. D =∞O„`«=Ú KÕ`« ã¨HÅõ =¸ ™êkèOK«=K«∞Û.
D=∞O„`«=Ú ~åyˆ~‰õΩÃÑ· edOz ^èŒiOz##∂ QÆ$Ç¨Ï=Ú, ã≤OÇ¨Ï
^•fi~°=Ú =^ŒÌ edOz##∂ ã¨~°fiâ◊√Éèí=ÚÅ∞ HõÅ∞QÆ∞#∞.
Ç¨ÏOã¨, Ü«∞`«∞Å∞, „ã‘ÎãÖQÆ=∞O, ^èŒ#„QÆÇ¨Ï}O KÕÜ«∞~å^Œ∞.
„áê~°|=ú Ú ##∞ãïOz ÅaèOz#k ã‘fiHõiOz qkè x¿+^èŒ =i˚`∞« Öˇ·
„|Ç¨Ï‡ÉèÏ==∞O^Œ∞ ã¨^• qÇ¨ÏiO`«∞~°∞. ã¨fi*Ïu zÇ¨Ïfl=ÚÅ∞ =ke
ÃÑ@ì=Öˇ#∞. QÆ$Ç¨Ïã¨÷ ^èŒ~°‡=ÚÅ∞ PK«iOK«~å^Œ∞. ã≤÷~°=ÚQÍ XHõ
„QÍ=∞=Ú#O^Œ∞ x=ã≤OK«~å^Œ∞. H“à◊^~Œè ‡° =Ú#‰õΩ q∞Oz#k ÖË^∞Œ .
ã¨=∞ã¨Î „áê}˜ áê^ŒzÇ¨Ïfl=ÚÅ∞ QÆ[áê^Œ zÇ¨Ïfl=ÚÖ’ b#"≥∞ÿ#@∞¡,
ã¨~fi° ^è~Œ ‡° =ÚÅ∞ HÍÅ^è~Œ ‡° =Ú #O^Œ∞ JO`«~åƒù==Ú á⁄O^Œ∞K«∞#flq.
Ü«∞^è•`«fiO „|Ç¨Ï‡}ó â◊H˜Î~°‡=∞ „áê}ÏkèHÍ=~å I
=∞Ç¨x~åfi} `«O„`«O"Õ∞ `«^è•*ÏhÇ‘Ï ã¨∞„=`Õ II
ã¨~°fi^èŒ~å‡xfi`«O `«O„`«O <å`«ó Ñ¨~°`«~°O Hõfiz`ü I
=∞Ç¨x~åfi} `«O„`«ã¨º HõàÏO<å~°›Ou ëÈ_»j"£∞ II
t"å~°Ê}=∞ã¨∞Î
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
111
57
~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú
„|Ç¨Ï‡N "Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
q^•º„Ñ¨g}, M.A. ãÖã¨¯$`«O.,
112
#=∞¿ãÎ
''`åO„uHõ „QÆO^è•=o—— ji¬HõÖ’ Wk 5= Ñ¨Ùã¨ÎHõ=Ú.
Wk ''~°™ê~°‚=O—— J<Õ ~°ã¨`«O„`«O. ~°ã¨"å^Œ q^Œº QÆ∂iÛ,
áê^Œ~ã° =¨ Ú QÆ∂iÛ Ñï*Ï˝#=Ú HõeyOK«∞#∞. Wk 8 Ñ¨@=Ú
ÅÖ’ 2317 J#∞+¨μÑì π â’¡HÍÅÖ’ ~°zOK«|_ç#k. áê^Œ~ã° =¨ Ú
#‰õΩ 8 q^èŒ=ÚÅ ãÖ™ê¯~°=Ú QÍqOK«∞"å~°∞, ~°™êÜ«∞#
q^Œº, „Ñ¨Ü≥∂QÆÑ¨Ó~°fiHõ=ÚQÍ KÕÜ«∞^ŒÅz#"å~°∞, xÜ«∞=∞
x+¨ìÅ`À =ÚO^Œ∞ =∞O„`«™ê^èŒ# KÕã≤, J#O`«~°=Ú ~°ã¨
ÑÖ_ç`«∞Å =^ŒÌ H˘O`« J#∞Éèí==Ú ãÖáêkOK«=Öˇ#∞.
~°ã¨=Ú#∞ |OkèOK«∞, ~°ã¨=Ú#∞ *Ï~°} KÕÜ«Ú =¸eHõÅ∞
WO^Œ∞ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_ç#q.
_ÀÖÏÜ«∞O„`«=Ú, q^•º^èŒ~° Ü«∞O„`«=Ú, JO^èŒ=¸ã¨,
Éè∂í ^è~Œ ° Ü«∞O„`«O, "åÅ∞HÍÜ«∞O„`«O, =„[=¸ã¨ "≥Ú^ŒÖ#·ˇ q
J#∞Éè=í A˝Ö#·ˇ PÜ«Ú~ˆ fi^Œ "≥^· ∞Œ ºÅ Ñ¨~º° "ÕH}Δõ Ö’ KÕÜ∞« =Öˇ#∞.
ˆH=ÅO ^èŒ<åâ◊ QÆÅ"åiH˜ ~°ã¨"å^ŒO ã≤kúOK«^Œ∞ Ü≥∂QÆº`«,
`«`«fi ^Œ$+≤ì, ã¨=∞ÉèÏ=O, t"å#∞„QÆÇ¨ÏO HõÅ"åiˆH ~°ã¨q^Œº
ã≤kúã¨∞ÎOk. =∞# „áêp#q^ŒºÅÖ’ Ju=∞Ç¨ÏŸ#fl`«"≥∞ÿ# D
~°ã¨"å^Œ q^Œº QÆ∂iÛ JO^ŒiH© `≥eÜ«∞*ˇáêÊÅ<Õ `«Ñ¨#`À<Õ
113
57
D ~°K«# [iyOk. WHõ ~°ã¨"≥·^ŒºO –~°ã¨"å^ŒO D Ô~O_»∂
ˆH=ÅO XHõ¯i=ÖË¡ JÜÕ∞ºqHÍ=Ù. J<ÕHõ =ºÜ«∞– „Ñ¨Ü«∂ã¨Å∞
HõÅ∞QÆ∞`å~Ú. =¸eHÍ =∞~°‡A˝Å ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞O ZO`À J=ã¨~O° .
"≥^· ºŒ Ñ¨~O° QÍ ~°ãO¨ { qq^èŒ Ö’Ç¨Ï=ÚÅ∞ { qq^èŒ =¸eHõÅ∞,
Ñïâ’^èŒ# [iÑ≤, qq^èŒ ~ÀQÆ=ÚÅ#∞ `«yæOK«∞ B+¨^èŒ=ÚÅ∞
`«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕã≤# =∂#=*ÏuH˜ =∞Ç¨ÏŸÑ¨HÍ~°O [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok.
JO^Œ~°∂ PÜ«Ú~å~ÀQÆº=ÚÅ`À ã¨∞YÑ¨_»=K«∞Û. D kâ◊QÍ<Õ
~°ã¨Ñïâ’^èŒ# [~°QÍÅx <å PHÍOHõΔ. J@∞=O\˜ „¿Ñ~°}
á⁄Ok Hõ$`«H$õ `«∞ºÅ∞ HÍ"åÅx Ptã¨∂Î t"å#∞„QÆÇÏ¨ O JO^ŒiH©
HõÅQÍÅx, t=Ùx „áêiúã¨∞Î<åfl#∞.
Ñ¨Ùëêº~°¯O `«O„`« l*Ï˝ã¨∞=Ù
30–10–99
HÍH˜<å_» "Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`«∞¯=∂~ü.
ãÖã¨¯ $`« ~°ã¨âßG „QÆO^äŒ=ÚÅ q=~°=ÚÅ‰õΩ

D "≥∞~ÚÖò KÕÜ«∞O_ç.
e-mail : sampth 2016@yahoo.com
114
~°ã¨`«O„`«=Ú
FO ~°¿ãâ◊fi~åÜ«∞ #=∞ó
~°ã¨~Àzã¨∞û
â’¡II ã≤^Õú~°¿ã Hõiëêºq∞ x~åÌi„^ŒºQÆ^ŒO [QÆ`ü
~°ã¨^è•º#q∞^ŒO „áÈHõÎO „|Ç¨Ï‡Ç¨Ï`åºk áêÑ¨#∞`ü II
`å`«Ê~°º=Ú:– áê^Œ~°ã¨"å^Œ q^Œº ã≤kúOz#@¡~Ú`Õ D
„Ñ¨ÑO¨ K«OÖ’ ~ÀQÆÉÏ^è,Œ ^Œi„^ŒÉÏ^èŒ ÖË‰Ωõ O_® KÕ™êÎ#∞. W^Õ ~°ã^¨ •è º#
â’¡HOõ . D â’¡HÑõ ~¨ #°î O =Å# „|Ç¨Ï‡Ç¨Ï`åºk áê`«H=õ ÚÅ∞ #t™êÎ~Ú.
J^èŒ~°fi}"Õ^ŒO 7–23–4 Ö’, áê^Œ~°ãÖ=Å¡ ~ÀQÆx=$uÎ,
J[~å=∞~°"≥∞ÿ# ^ÕÇ¨Ïã≤nú K≥Ñ¨Ê|_®¤~Ú. K«~°‰õΩ_»∞, ã¨∞â◊$`«∞_»∞,
"åQÆƒ@ù ∞_»∞ "≥Ú^ŒÖ#·ˇ „áêp# PÜ«Ú~ˆ fi^Œ âß„ã¨"Î `Õ ÅÎ« ∞ ~°ã„¨ áê^è•<åºxfl
QÆ∞iÎOz "å\˜ q^è•<åÅ∞ q=iOKå~°∞.
~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú 115
PÜ«Úˆ~fi^ŒOÖ’ zH˜`«û 4 q^èŒ=ÚÅ∞QÍ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çOk.

P^èŒ~°fi}˜, POw~°ã≤ ^≥·g=∞#∞+¨º*Ï L`«
F+¨^èŒÜ«∞ó„Ñ¨*ÏÜ«∞O`Õ Ü«∞^•`«fiO „áê}l#fiã≤ II
J^èŒ~°fi"Õ^ŒO – 4–36
1. P^èŒ~°fi}˜ zH˜`«û :– ( =∞O„`«=ÚÅ`À "åºkèx `«yOæ K«∞#k.)
2. POw~°ã‘ zH˜`«û :– (k=º F+¨nè, =∞O„`« q∞o`«=Ú) 3. ^≥·g
zH˜`û« :– áê^Œ~ã° =¨ Ú, Ö’Ç¨Ï=ÚÅ`À `«yOæ K«∞#k. 4. =∞#∞+¨º*Ï:–
K«∂~°‚ – HõëêÜ«∞=Ú– ÖËÇ¨Ïº=ÚÅ`À `«yæOK«∞#k.
''~°ã¨Ñ¨^Œúu—— Ü«∞O^Œ∞ ~ÀQÆzH˜`«û 3 q^èŒ=ÚÅ∞QÍ LÖË¡dOK«
|_çOk. 1. ^≥·gzH˜`«û ´ ~°ã¨zH˜`«û. 2. =∂#g zH˜`«û ´ F+¨^èŒ∞
Å`À KÕÜ«∞|_çOk. 3. ~åHõΔã¨ zH˜`«û ´â◊G=Ú`À HÀã≤ KÕÜ«Ú#k.
JO^Œ∞KÕ`«<Õ
L`«Î"≥∂ ~°ã¨"≥·^Œºã¨∞Î =∞^èŒº"≥∂ =¸eHÍkaèó
J^èŒ=∞ó â◊G^•Ç¨ÉèÏºO II Jx K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çOk.
Ç≤Ï~°}º^è•~°} :– ¿ã=#=Å¡ F[ã¨∞û, `Õ[ã¨∞û, |ÅO,
PÜ«Ú=Ù =$kúá⁄O^Œ∞`åÜ«∞x J^èŒ~°fi"Õ^ŒO 1–35–3 Ö’ ¿Ñ~˘¯#
|_çOk. "Õ^ŒHÍÅO #∞Op ~°ã¨=¸, |OQÍ~°=Ú B+¨^èŒ=ÚÅ∞QÍ
LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOKÕ"å~°x `≥Å∞ã¨∞Î#flk.
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
116 ~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú
K«~°‰õΩ_»∞, Jyfl"Õâ◊√x "≥·^Œº`«O„`«=Ú#∞ ãÖã¨¯iOz K«~°Hõ
59 ãÖÇ≤Ï`« J<Õ "≥^· ºŒ „QÆO^è•xfl ~°zOKå_»∞. nx ~°K<« åHÍÅO ãÖkQÆOú
J~Ú#Ñ¨Ê\˜H© JÖòÉˇ~°∂x – ã≤Åfi<£ ÖËg – Ç¨~°flÖò "≥Ú^ŒÖˇ·#
"åi =∞`«s`åº „H©ã∞¨ âÎ H◊ Oõ 1= â◊`åaÌ^·≥ LO_»=K«Ûx ÉèÏqã¨∞<Î åfl~°∞.
J~Ú`Õ K«~°‰õΩ_»∞ ãÖã¨¯ $`« "≥·Ü«∂ºHõ~°}˜ J~Ú# „H©ã¨∞ÎÑ¨Ó~°fiÑ¨Ù
"å_≥·# áê}˜x HõO>Ë Ñ¨Ó~°∞fi_»∞. ZO^Œ∞KÕ`«#O>Ë, áê}˜x `«#
Jëêì^è•ºÜ«∞=ÚÖ’ ''Hõ~î° K«~° HÍÅ∞¡H±—— – 4–3107 Jx K«~°‰õΩx
¿Ñ~˘¯<åfl_»∞. JO^Œ∞KÕ`« K«~°‰õΩx HÍÅO ã¨∞=∂~°∞ „H©IIÑ¨ÓII 2 "ÕÅ
ãÖIIÅ∞ J~Ú LO_»=K«Ûx ÑÖ_ç`«∞Å ã≤^•úO`«O.
ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞ PÜ«Úˆ~fi^Œ qHÍã¨=Ú „H©IIÑ¨ÓII 600 ãÖII =~°‰õΩ
[iyO^Œx K≥Ñ¨Ê=K«∞Û. `«HõΔtÅ, #ÅO^Œ, HÍj q^•ºÑ‘~î°=ÚÅÖ’
\˜Éˇ\òÖ’x É∫^Œú =∞~î°=ÚÅÖ’ PÜ«Úˆ~fi^Œ=Ú Ü≥ÚHõ¯ J^èŒºÜ«∞
<å^Œ∞Å∞ [iÔQ_çq. K«~°‰õΩx J#O`«~°=Ú ã¨∞„â◊√`«∞_»∞ `«#
PÜ«Ú~ˆ fi^Œ „QÆO^è=Œ ÚÖ’ â◊Åº`«O„`«=Ú#∞ qâı+=¨ ÚQÍ q=iOKå_»∞.
hK«Ö’Ç¨Ï=Ú#∞ L`«¯ $+¨ìÖ’Ç¨Ï=ÚQÍ =∂iÛ#Ñ¨Ù_Õ, ™ê^è•~°}
^ÕÇ¨Ï=Ú#∞ k=º^ÕÇ¨Ï=ÚQÍ =∂~°∞Û@‰õΩ `«y#^ŒQÆ∞#∞. Hõ#∞Hõ<Õ
áê^Œ~°ã¨=Ú`À |OQÍ~°=Ú KÕÜ«Ú@‰õΩ =ÚO^Œ∞ „Ñ¨Ü«∞`«fl=Ú
KÕÃã_ç"å~°∞. P^èŒ∞xHõ q*Ï˝#âßG s`åº ‰õÄ_® =¸ÅHõ=ÚÅÖ’
80 = =¸ÅHõ=Ú áê^Œ~°ã¨"≥∞ÿ`Õ 79 = =¸ÅHõ=Ú UÜ«Ú
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú 117
|OQÍ~°=∞QÆ∞K«∞#flk. áê^Œ~°ã¨=Ú Ü≥ÚHõ¯ J}∞=ÙÖ’x #∂H˜¡Ü«∞<£

Ö’x 1 „áÈ\Ï#∞ `˘ÅyOz# Jk |OQÍ~°∞ J}∞=QÆ∞#∞. nx
QÆ∞iOKÕ J<ÕHõ =¸eHõÅ∞, =∞O„`«=ÚÅ∞, Éèíã¨‡=ÚÅ∞, Ñ¨Ù@=ÚÅ∞
"≥Ú^ŒÖˇ·# â’^èŒ#Å∞ [iy#q. JO^Œ~°∂ ™êkèOK«ÖËHõáÈ~Ú<å
H˘O^Œ~°∞ ™êkèOKå~°∞. H˘O^Œ~°∞ "≥·^Œº„âı+¨μìÖˇ·<å~°∞.
~°ã¨~°`«fl ã¨=ÚK«ÛùÜ«∞=ÚÖ’ 27 ~°ã¨ã≤^Œ∞úÅ∞ ¿Ñ~˘¯#|_®¤~°∞.
Pk=∞, K«O„^Œ¿ã#, ÅOˆHâ◊√_»∞, qâß~°^Œ∞_»∞, Hõáêe, =∞`«∞Î_»∞,
=∂O_»=º, ÉèÏã¨¯~°, â◊¥~°¿ã#Hõ, ~°`«flHÀâ◊, â◊OÉèí∞, ™êufiHõ,
#~°"åÇ¨Ï#, WO„^Œ^Œ, QÀ=ÚY HõO|e, "åº_ç, <åQÍ~°∞˚#,
ã¨∞~å#O^Œ, <åQÆÉ’kè, Ü«∞â’^è#Œ , YO_», HÍáêeHõ, „|Ç¨Ï‡, QÀqO^Œ,
ÅOÑ¨Hõ, Ç¨Ïi „Ñ¨Éèí$`«∞Å∞ giÖ’ H˘O^Œi QÆ∂iÛ q=~°=ÚÅ∞
ÅaèOK«∞K«∞#flq.
„áêp# ~°™êÜ«∞#"Õ`«ÎÅ∞
1. "åº_ç:– W`«_∞» "åÇ‘ÏHõ ^Õâ=◊ Ú#‰õΩ K≥Ok# ~°™êKå~°∞º_»∞.
ãÖã¨¯ $`« "åºHõ~°}=Ú#∞ ‰õÄ_® ~°zOKå_»∞. W`«_»∞ ~°zOz#
~°ã¨„QÆO^èŒ=ÚÅ∞ ÅaèOK«∞@ÖË^Œ∞.
2. <åQÍ~°∞˚<åKå~°∞º_»∞:– W`«_»∞ Q˘Ñ¨Ê ~°ã¨ã≤^Œ∞ú_»∞. J<ÕHõ
=∞Ç≤Ï=∞Å∞ „Ñ¨^Œi≈Oz#"å_»∞. W`«_»∞ âß`«"åÇ¨Ï#, Hõx+¨¯,
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
118 ~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú
Jâ◊fiÑ¶¨∞’+¨μÅ ã¨=∞HÍe‰õΩ_»∞ J#QÍ „H©IIÑ¨Ó 1= â◊`åaÌ"å_»∞.
ÖÏ=∂`å~å<å^è£ ##∞ãïOz <åQÍ~°∞˚# ã≤^Œ∞ú_»∞ 529 ÖË^• 571
ãÖIIÅ∞ rqOKå_»∞. ~°™êÜ«∞#¿ã=# =Å¡ n~å…Ü«Ú=Ù á⁄O^•_»∞.
P<å\˜ =∞Ç¨~åAÅ#∞ `«# =∞Ç≤Ï=∞Å`À PHõ@∞ì‰õΩx, "åiH˜
q∞„`«∞_»Ü«∂º_»∞.
W`«_»∞ 1. Ö’Ç¨ÏâßG=Ú, 2. ~°ã¨~°`åflHõ~°=Ú, 3. HõHõΔÑ¨Ù\˜,
4. Ü≥∂QÆ™êQÆ~°O "≥ÚII J=¸Åº „QÆO^èŒ=ÚÅ#∞ ~°zOKå_»∞.
K«∞~°Hõ–ã¨∞„â◊√`« „QÆO^èŒ=ÚÅ‰õΩ "åºMÏº#=Ú „"åã≤# K«„Hõ^Œ`«∞Î_»∞
`«# ~°™êÜ«∞<åkèHÍ~°=ÚÖ’ <åQÍ~°∞˚<åKå~°∞Ûx ã¨∞ÎuOK«∞K«∂
<åQÍ~°∞˚#∞x Ö’Ç¨ÏâßG „QÆO^èŒ=Ú#∞ QÆ∂iÛ W@∞¡ „Ñ¨â◊Oã≤OK≥#∞.
''<åQÍ~°∞<˚ À =ÚhO„^Œó â◊âßã¨ Ü«∞Ö’¡ÇÏ¨ âßG =∞uQÆÇÏ¨ #O `«™êº~°ãú º¨
ã¨‡ $`«Ü∞Õ =Ü«∞"Õ∞`«`ü qâ◊^•Hõ~ÔΔ ó· „|∂=∞ó—— W`«_∞» ~°zOz# HõHÑΔõ Ù¨ \˜
=∞O„`«âßG „QÆO^è=Œ Ú [QÆ„`«Êã≤^=úŒ Ú.<åQÍ~°∞<˚ åKå~°∞º_»∞ ~°zOz#
Ü≥∂QÆ™êQÆ~=° Ú <ÕáêÖòÖ’x Ñ¨Ùã¨HÎ õ ÉèÏO_®~°=ÚÖ’ „"å`« „ÑüãÖYº
22–11–32 Ö’ L#flk. 7= â◊`åaÌ"å_≥·# K≥·<å Ü«∂„f‰õΩ_»∞
Ç¨ïÜ«∂<£`åûOQ∑ `«# ÉèÏ~°`ü Ü«∂„`å^Œi≈xÖ’ <åQÍ~°∞˚<åKå~°∞ºx
q=~°=ÚÅ∞ ¿Ñ~˘¯<åfl_»∞. âß`«"åÇ¨Ï#∞x H˘~°‰õΩ <åQÍ~°∞˚#∞_»∞
ã¨∞Ç¨Ï$ÖË¡Y J#∞ „QÆO^èŒ=Ú#∞ ~°zOKå_»∞. ~°ã¨âßG=Ú#∞ QÆ∂iÛ
~°ã¨~°`åflHõ~°"Õ∞ „Ñ¨^èŒ=∞ „QÆO^èŒ=Ú. WO^Œ∞ <åQÍ~°∞˚<åKå~°∞º_»∞
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú 119
=∞iÜ«Ú âße"åÇ¨Ï#∞_»∞, ~°`«flÑ¶¨∞’+¨μ_»∞, =∂O_»=ÙºÅ =∞^èŒº

K«~åÛ~°∂Ñ¨=ÚQÍ „Ñ¨â’fl`«Î~° q+¨Ü«∞=ÚÅ`À ~°K«# ™êyOk.
3. K«~°Ê\˜<å^èŒ∞_»∞:– 64 ã≤^∞Œ Åú Ö’ 59= =„[Ü«∂# ã≤^∞Œ _ú ∞» .
\˜Éˇ\ò Ñ¨~°OÑ¨~°Ö’ W`«xx ''g∞#áê—— Ü≥ÚHõ¯ QÆ∞~°∞=ÙQÍ K≥Ñ¨Ê
|_çOk. HÍx <å^èŒ Ñ¨~°OÑ¨~°Ö’ W`«_»∞ QÀ~°Mò<å^èŒ∞x t+¨μº_»∞
W`«_»∞ 14= â◊`åaÌH˜ Ñ¨Ó~°∞fi_»∞.
H˘xfl „áêp# ~°ã¨âßG „QÆO^èŒ=ÚÅ∞
1. ‰õΩq∞˚HÍ `«O`„ =
« Ú:– Wk 6= âß`å|Ì=ÚÖ’x =∞Ç¨Ü«∂#
É∫^Œú ãÖ„Ñ¨^•Ü«∞=Ú#‰õΩ K≥Ok#k. <ÕáêÖò ~åA „QÆO^è•ÅÜ«∞=Ú
Ö’ #∞#flk. cÇ¨~üÖ’ ^Œ~åƒùOQÍ Ü«¸x=i≈\©Ö’ XHõ „"å`«„Ñü
L#flk. WO^Œ∞ ~°ã¨q^Œº =~°‚# L#flk.
8= â◊`åaÌÖ’ q„Hõ=∞tÅÖ’ `«O„`«q^Œº „Ñ¨=ÚY™ê÷#=Ú
<å„Hõq∞Oz#k. HÍHõ K«O_ôâ◊fi~°`«O„`«O nx ~°K«~Ú`« XHõÜ≥∂y
J~ÚLO_»=K«∞Û#x ÑÖ_ç`åaè„áêÜ«∞O ~°ã¨`«O„`« q+¨Ü«∞=Ú
eO^Œ∞#flq.
~°ã¨ Ç¨Ï$^ŒÜ«∞ `«O„`«O
Wk 9= â◊`å|ÌH˜ K≥Ok#k. „QÆO^èŒHõ~°Î ¿Ñ~°∞ `≥eÜ«∞^Œ∞. 19
J=É’^èŒÅ∞QÍ qÉèílOK«|_ç#k. ~°ã¨„Ñ¨â◊Oã¨ #∞Oz ~°ã¨ÉèíHõΔ}
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
120 ~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú
q^è•#=Ú =~°‰õΩ J<ÕHõ q+¨Ü«∞=ÚÅ∞ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_®¤~Ú. =∞Ç¨~°ã¨,
LÑ¨~°ã¨, ™ê^è•~°}~°ã¨, q+¨, LÑ¨q+¨, [O`«∞„^Œ=º =sæHõ~°}Ö’
ÉèË^Œ=ÚÅ∞ ~°ã¨ „QÆO^èŒ=ÚÅÖ’ #∞#flq. q_»=Ú Ü≥ÚHõ¯ ÑïÉèÏ+¨
x~å‡}qkè "≥Ú@ì"≥Ú^Œ@QÍ D „QÆO^èŒ=ÚÖ’<Õ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_ç#k.
q_»=∞#QÍ Jyflã¨Ç¨Ü«∞=ÚKÕ U Ö’Ç¨Ï=Ú#∞ Ñ¨~åºÑ¨Î Ñï
=∂}=ÚÖ’ *Ï~°} KÕÜÚ« <À Jk q_»=∞#|_»∞#∞. Wk ™œ=~°ÛÅO,
„uHõ@∞ ã¨Êù\ ˜Hõ, HÍjãÖ, QÆO^èŒHõ=ÚÅ q∞„â◊}KÕ `«Ü«∂~°QÆ∞#∞.
zH˜`åû HõeHÍ
Wk 9= â◊`åaÌH˜ K≥Ok# ''fã¨@∞—— x ~°K«#, WO^Œ∞ J<ÕHõ
~ÀQÆ=ÚÅ‰õΩ zH˜`«û, ~°™êÜ«∞# `«O„`«=Ú, "årHõ~°}=Ú
K≥Ñ¨Ê|_®¤~Ú.
~°ã¨ ~°`åflHõ~°O
Wk 12= â◊`åaÌ"å_≥#· x`«º<å^èŒ ã≤^∞Œ _ú ∞» ~°zOz#k. WO^Œ∞
1. ~°ãŸO_»O, 2. ~°¿ãO„^ŒYO_»O, 3. "åkYO_»O, 4. ~°™êÜ«∞#
YO_»O, 5. =∞O„`«YO_»=ÚÅ∞#flq. ~°ã¨âßG q+¨Ü«∞=ÚÖ’
~°™êÜ«∞#YO_»=Ú KåÖÏ "≥·t+¨ì º=Ú HõÅk. "årHõ~°}=Ú,
ˆHâ◊~°O[# Ü≥∂QÆ=ÚÅ∞, P~ÀQÆºã≤kúHõ~° q+¨Ü«∞=ÚÅ∞ ¿Ñ~˘¯#
|_ç#q.
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú 121
~°™ê~°‚=O
Wk 12= â◊`åaÌH˜ K≥Ok#^Œx PKå~°º „Ñ¨Ñ¨ÙÅ¡K«O„^Œ ÉèÏq
ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. ~°K«~Ú`« `≥b^Œ∞.18 Ñ¨@=ÚÅÖ’ 2317 â’¡Hõ=ÚÅÖ’
~°zOK«|_ç#k. `«O„`å=`å~°, =∞O„`«<åºã¨=ÚÅ #∞O_ç ^ÕÇ¨Ï"Õ^èŒ
=~°‰Ωõ q=iOK«|_çOk. „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î O« D ''~°ã`¨ O« „`«O—— D ~°™ê~°=‚ =Ú
<å^è•~°=ÚQÍ KÕã¨∞H˘x ~°zOz#k. Éèˇ·~å"å#O^Œ ã≤^Œ∞ú_»∞ nx
~°K«~Ú`«QÍ ÑÖ_ç`«∞Å∞ Jaè„áêÜ«∞Ñ¨_»∞`«∞<åfl~°∞. J#O`«~° HÍb#
~°ãâ¨ ßG „QÆO^è=Œ ÚÖˇ#· ~°¿ãO„^Œ zO`å=∞}˜, ~°ã~¨ `° fl« ã¨=ÚK«ÛÜ ù ∞« O,
ã¨~fi° ^Œ~≈° # ãÖ„QÆÇÏ¨ O, Ü≥∂QÆ`~« O° y}©, ~°ãH¨ Í=∞^è#Õ ∞ "≥ÚII „QÆO^è•
ÅÖ’ ~°™ê~°‚=O #∞O_ç „QÆÇ≤ÏOKå~°∞. Wk KåÖÏ „áê=∂}˜Hõ"≥∞ÿ#,
„áêK«∞~°º"≥∞ÿ# ~°ã¨âßG „QÆO^èŒ=Ú.
~°ã¨„Ñ¨HÍâ◊ ã¨∞^è•Hõ~°O
Wk 13= â◊`åaÌH˜ K≥Ok# Ü«∞â’^è~Œ ∞° x ~°K#« . W`«_∞» QÆ∞[~å`ü
Ö’x E<åQÆ_è£Ö’x „ÉÏÇ¨Ï‡}∞_»∞. Wk 13 J^è•ºÜ«∞=ÚÅÖ’ ~°zOK«
|_ç#k. D ~°K«# `«# J#∞Éèí==ÚÅ=Å¡, QÆ∞~°∞–âß„™êÎ#∞jÅ# =Å¡
~°zOz#@∞¡ Ü«∞â’^è~Œ ∞° _»∞ K≥áêÊ_»∞. ^è•`«∞ H“`«∞Hõ=∞<Õ 111= J^è•ºÜ«∞
=ÚÖ’ ''¿ÇÏ=∞Hõ~°}—— Ñ¨^Œú`«∞Å∞, `å#∞ KÕã≤#g, âßG=ÚÖ’ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_ç
#g, 18 =~°‰õÄ ¿Ñ~˘¯<åfl_»∞. Hõ$„u=∞OQÍ =Ú`«º=¸, Ñ¨QÆ_»=¸
`«Ü«∂~°∞KÕ¿ã q^è•#O K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çOk.
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
122 ~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú
~°ã¨~°`«fl ã¨=ÚK«ÛùÜ«∞O
Wk 15= â◊`åaÌH˜ K≥Ok# "åQÆƒù@ ~°™êKå~°∞ºx Hõ$u.
J^èŒºÜ«∞#, J^è•ºÑ¨# „Ñ¨Ü≥∂QÆ=ÚÅÖ’ D „QÆO^èŒO KåÖÏ „áê=Ú
MÏºxfl á⁄Ok#k. 30 J^è•ºÜ«∞=ÚÅ∞. 11= J^è•ºÜ«∞=ÚÖ’
25 ~°ã¨|O^èŒ=ÚÅ∞ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_®¤~Ú. áê^Œ~°ã¨=ÚÖ’x K«OK«Å`«fiO
áÈQ˘\˜ì, KÕu`À fã¨∞H˘<ÕÖÏ KÕ¿ã q^è•#=ÚÅ∞. ~°ã¨=Ú#∞ Hõiî#
=ÚQÍ |^Œ=ú Ú KÕ¿ã Ñ¨^`úŒ ∞« Å∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨|_®¤~Ú. Wq 1. Ç¨Ï~î|° O^èOŒ ,
2. P~À@|O^èŒO, 3. JÉèÏã¨|O^èŒO,4. „H˜Ü«∂Ç‘Ï#|O^èŒO, 5.
Ñ≤+≤ìHÍ|O^èŒO, 6. HΔÍ~°|O^èŒO, 7. M’@|O^èŒO, 8. áÈ@|O^èŒO,
9. HõÅ¯|O^èŒO, 10. Hõ[˚b|O^èŒO, 11. ã¨r=|O^èŒO, 12. xs˚=
|O^èŒO, 13. xsƒ[|O^èŒO, 14. ã¨c[|O^èŒO, 15. â◊$OYÖÏ
|O^èOŒ , 16. „^Œ∞u|O^èOŒ , 17. ÉÏÅHõ|O^èOŒ , 18. ‰õΩ=∂~°|O^èOŒ ,
19. `«~°∞}|O^èŒO, 20. =$^Œú|O^èŒO, 21. =¸iÎ|O^èŒO, 22.
[Å|O^èŒO, 23. Jyfl|O^èŒO, 24. ã¨∞ãÖã¨¯ $`«|O^èŒO, 25.
=∞Ç¨|O^èŒO.
~°ã¨™ê~°O
Wk 13= â◊`åaÌH˜ K≥Ok# QÀqO^•Kå~°∞ºx ~°K«#. W`«_»∞
QÆ∞[~åf „ÉÏÇ¨Ï‡}∞_»∞. W`«_∞» J<ÕHõ âßG=ÚÅ∞ K«kq, J<ÕH™õ ê~°∞¡
„Ñ¨Ü≥∂QÆ=Ú KÕã≤ ~°ã¨™ê~°O ~°zOz#@∞¡ K≥áêÊ_»∞. ~°ã¨Hõ~°‡‰õΩ
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú 123
ãÖ|OkèOz# ã¨HõÅ q+¨Ü«∞=ÚÅ∞ WO^Œ∞ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_ç#@∞¡, WO^Œ∞

ÖËxk =∞Ô~Hõ¯_® ÖË#@∞¡ ã¨fiÜ«∞=ÚQÍ K≥áêÊ_»∞. ~°ã¨™ê~°O ™ê~°úHõ 63
<å=∞^èÕÜ«∞"≥∞ÿ#k. 9= Ñ¨@Å=ÚÖ’ \˜Éˇ\ò É∫^Œ∞úÅ∞ ^è•`«∞"å^Œ
q^ŒºÖ’ Q˘Ñ¨Ê"å~°x ¿Ñ~˘¯<åfl_»∞. Wk 26 JkèHÍ~°=ÚÅÖ’ ~°zOK«
|_çOk. ~°ã,¨ LÑ¨~ã° ¨ ^è•`«∞=ÙÅ ~°OQÆ„^•=„H˜Ü∞« U âßG=ÚÖ’#∂
K≥ÑÊ¨ ÖË^xŒ É∫^Œ∞Åú ^•fi~å `å#∞ „QÆÇÏ≤ Oz#@∞¡ K≥áêÊ_»∞ ¿ÇÏ=∞c[.
`å~åc[ q=~°=ÚÅ∞ 11= Ñ¨@Å=ÚÖ’ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_®¤~Ú. â◊`«"Õkè,
ÅHõΔ"Õkè, HÀ\˜"Õkè, ¿ÇÏ=∞, `å~° c[=ÚÅ∞ q=iOKå_»∞. XHõ
ÉèÏQÆ=Ú ~°ã¨c[=Ú, 100 ÉèÏQÆ=ÚÅ J#ºÖ’Ç¨Ï Ñ¨^•~°ú=Ú#∞
|OQÍ~°=ÚQÍ =∂~°∞Û#k â◊`«"Õkè JO\Ï~°∞.
~°¿ãO„^Œ zO`å=∞}˜
Wk 14= â◊`åaÌ"å_≥·# _è»O_è»Hõ<å^èŒ∞x ~°K«#. QÆ^Œº Ñ¨^•º
`«‡Hõ=ÚQÍ 9= J^è•ºÜ«∞=ÚÖ’ ~°zOK≥#∞. Wk J#∞Éèí=O`À
Ñ¨sH˜ΔOz „"åã≤#@∞¡ ¿Ñ~˘¯<åfl_»∞.
~°¿ãO„^Œ™ê~° ãÖ„QÆÇ¨ÏO
Wk 14= â◊`åaÌ"å_≥·# QÀáêÅHõ$+¨‚Éèí@∞ì ~°K«#. 2 J^è•º
Ü«∞=ÚÅÖ’ 719 â’¡Hõ=ÚÅ∞ ~°zOK«|_ç#q. WO^Œ∞ ã¨fi~°‚Éèíã¨‡
qkè, ^è•`«∞, ~°ã=¨ ∂~°}=ÚÅ∞, ~°™œ+¨^=Œè ÚÅ `«Ü∂« s K≥ÑÊ¨ |_çOk.
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
124 ~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú
3
ã¨∞=~°‚ `«O„`«O
Wk N~å=∞–t= ãÖ"å^Œ ~°∂Ñ¨=ÚQÍ K≥ÑÊ¨ |_ç#k. ~°K~« Ú`«
<å=∞=Ú, ^ÕâH◊ ÍÅ=ÚÅ∞ `≥eÜ«∞=Ù. WO^Œ∞ J<ÕHõ Pâ◊Û~°ºHõ~"° ∞≥ #ÿ
~°ã¨q*Ï˝# q+¨Ü«∞=ÚÅ∞#flq.
WOHÍ ~°ãã¨ O¨ Hˆ `« HõeHõ (HÍÜ«∞ã¨÷ Kå=ÚO_»∞_»∞ 16= â◊`åaÌ)
^è•`«∞„H˜Ü«∞ (17= â◊`åaÌ ~°K«#) Ü≥∂QÆ~°`åflHõ~°O (=∞Ü«¸~°
áê^Œaè‰õΔΩ 17= â◊`åaÌ ~°K«#) ~°¿ãO„^Œ K«∂_®=∞}˜ (™È=∞^Õ=Ù_»∞
12= â◊`åaÌ) ÉèÏ=„Ñ¨HÍâ◊ (ÉèÏ=q∞„â◊√_»∞ 16= â◊`åaÌ) HõOHÍbÜ«∞
~°™ê^è•ºÜ«∞O (14= â◊`åaÌ) ~°ã¨~å[O (q+¨μ‚^Õ=Ù_»∞ 14 A D)
~°ã¨~°`«fl „Ñ¨nÑÖ (15 A D) ~°ã¨H“=Úk – ~°ã¨HÍ=∞^èÕ#∞ (16 A D)
`À_»~å#O^Œ (`À_»~ü=∞Öò 16= â◊`åaÌ) "≥Ú^ŒÖˇ·# J<ÕHõ
„QÆO^èŒ=ÚÅ∞#flq.
ã¨∞=∂~°∞ 183 ~°ã¨„QÆO^èŒ=ÚÅ∞#flq. H˘xfl „Ñ¨K«∞~°} á⁄Ok
#q. H˘xfl `åà◊Ñ¨„`« „QÆO^èŒ~°∂Ñ¨=ÚQÍ<Õ Ü«Ú#flq.
~°™È"≥· ã¨ó
`«O„`« l*Ï˝ã¨∞=Ù
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`«∞¯=∂~ü.
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
125
FO „Ç‘ÏO NO
~°ã¨`«O„`«=Ú
â’¡II Ü«∞ã≤‡<£ ã¨~°fiO Ü«∞`«óã¨~°fiO Ü«∞óã¨~°fiO ã¨~°fi`«â◊ÛÜ«∞ó
Ü«∞â◊Û ã¨~°fi=∞Ü≥∂ x`«ºO`«Ãã·‡ ã¨~åfi`«‡<Õ #=∞óII
ÔH·ÖÏã¨ tYˆ~ ~°"Õ∞º <å<å~°`«fl qÉèí∂+≤`Õ
<å<å„^Œ∞=∞ Å`åH©ˆ~‚ QÆ∞Ñ¨ÎãÖ|O^èŒ =i˚`ÕII
^Õ=^Õ=O ã¨∞MÏã‘#O hÅHõO~î°O „uÖ’K«#O
„Ñ¨}=∞º t~°™ê^Õg áê~°fif ÑïÑ¨$K«ÛùuII
JO^Œ"≥∞ÿ# ÔH·ÖÏã¨ tY~°=Ú qq^èŒ =$HõΔÅ`«Å`À, ~°=∞º"≥∞ÿ#
~°`fl« =ÚÅ`À JÅ~å~°∞`«∞#flk. ã¨∞MÏã‘#∞_≥#· ^Õ=^Õ=Ù_»∞ Ñ¨~"° ∞Õ â◊fi~°∞
xH˜ t~°™ê #=∞ã¨¯iOz áê~°fiu W@∞¡ „Ñ¨tflOz#k.
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
126 ~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú
=∞Ç¨^Õ=, H“àÏk "å=∞=∂~°æ<åâ◊Hõ, h J#∞„QÆÇ¨Ï=Ú KÕ`«
J<ÕHõ q*Ï˝# q+¨Ü«∞=ÚÅ∞ `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘O\˜x. U `«O„`«=Ú#O^Œ∞
K≥Ñ¨Êx ''r=#∞‡H˜Î—— QÆ∞iOz q=iOK«∞=Ú ™êfig∞!
Éèˇ·~°=Ù_ç@∞¡ ÑëÔH#∞. ¿ÇÏ áê~°fif! Éèí‰õΩÎÅ Ç≤Ï`«=Ú HÀi h=Ù
J_çy#k ÉÏQÆ∞Ok. J[~å=∞~°"≥∞ÿ# ^ÕÇ¨Ï=Ú`À t=`å^•`«‡º=Ú
á⁄O^Œ∞ r=#∞‡H˜Î ^Õ=`«Å‰õΩ ‰õÄ_® ^Œ∞~°É¡ "íè ∞≥ #ÿ k. =∞~°}Ï#O`«~=° Ú
á⁄O^Œ∞ "≥∂HõΔ=Ú x~°~°úHõ"≥∞ÿ#k. ˆH=ÅO â◊s~°O #tOz# =ÚH˜Î
~å^Œ∞. W^Õ x["≥∞ÿ#KÀ ã¨HõÅ Ñ¨â◊√=ÙÅ∞ =ÚH˜Îá⁄O^Œ∞#∞. â◊√„Hõ,
â’}˜`«, =¸„`«Ñ¨Ùs+¨ ¿ã=# J#∞ãïOK«∞K«∞ "å=∞=∂~°æ=∞O^Œ∞
‰õÄ_® =ÚH˜Î ÅaèOK«^Œ∞. +¨\ò ^Œ~°≈#=ÚÅO^Œ∞ q=iOK«∞ =ÚH˜Î
KÕuÜ«∞O^Œ∞#fl Lã≤iHõ =Öˇ „Ñ¨`º« Hõ=Δ Ú HÍ^Œ∞. Ñ¨Ù}Ïº`«∞ºÅ∞, =∞O„`«
"Õ`«ÎÅ∞, Ü«∞[˝=ÚÅ∞ KÕÜ«Ú"å~°∞ ‰õÄ_® ZÅ¡HÍÅ=Ú â◊s~°^è•~°}
KÕÜ∞« ÖË~∞° . â◊s~°=Ú ^èiŒ Oz z~°Orq`«fi=ÚQÍ #∞O_»∞@ ^Õ=`«Å‰õΩ
‰õÄ_® ^Œ∞~°¡Éèí=Ú. WHõ =∂#=ÙÅ q+¨Ü«∞=Ú K≥Ñ¨Ê<ÕÅ? â◊s~°
<åâ◊#=Ú KÕ`« ^è~Œ ‡° =Ú, „H˜Ü∞« Å∞ ã¨=∞ã¨=Î ¸ #tOK«∞#∞.JO^Œ∞KÕ`«
ã¨~fi° Ü«∞`«fl=ÚQÍ â◊s~°=Ú#∞ ~°HOΔ˜ K«=Öˇ#∞. D z~°HÍÅ â◊s~°^•è ~°}
1. ~°ã¨=Ú (áê^Œ~°ã¨=Ú), 2. "åÜ«Ú=Ù („áê}"åÜ«Ú=Ù), D
Ô~O_»∞ q^èŒ=ÚÅ∞QÍ ™êkèOz „|uH˜Ü«ÚO_»QÆ<Õ =ÚH˜Îx ™êkèOK«
=K«∞Û.
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú 127
=¸iÛ`À Ç¨Ï~°`Õ"åºkèO =∞$`À r=Ü«∞u ã¨fiÜ«∞O

|^ŒúóMË K«~°`åO ‰õΩ~åº`ü ~°™È"åÜ«Úâ◊Û Éèˇ·~°qó II
áê~°fif! áê^Œ~°ã¨=Ú, „áê}"åÜ«Ú=Ù D Ô~O_»∂ =¸iÛù`«
"≥∞ÿ#KÀ "åºkè<åâ◊#=Ú#∞, =∞$`«"≥∞ÿ#KÀ r=#=Ú#∞, |O^èŒ#
á⁄Ok#KÀ PHÍâ◊Q=Æ ∞#`«fi=Ú HõeyOK«∞#∞. áê^Œ~ã° =¨ Ú =¸iÛù`«
=∞=@=∞O>Ë – QÆO^èŒHõO, K«O^Œ#O, JQÆ~°∞ "≥ÚII „^Œ=º=ÚÅ`À
=¸~°Ûù# ãÖ™ê¯~°O á⁄Ok ~°HõÎã≤O^èŒ∂~°O "≥ÚII ~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÅ`À
~ÀQÆ=Ú =Å# áÈQ˘@∞ì â◊H˜Îx á⁄O^Œ∞#∞. =∞$`«=∞#QÍ Éèíã¨‡=Ú.
â◊√^Œ~ú ã° ¨ Éèãí ‡¨ =Ú =∂#=ÙxH˜ r=#=Ú HõeyOK«∞#∞. |O^è#Œ =∞#QÍ
~°ã¨QÆ∞\˜Hõ. Wk MËK«~°`«fi=Ú xK«∞Û#∞. „áê}"åÜ«Ú=Ù ‰õÄ_® D
3 ~°H=õ ÚÅ ãÖ™ê¯~°=ÚÅ∞ á⁄Ok#KÀ qâı+¨ Ñ¶e¨ `«=ÚÅ xK«∞Û#∞.
(„áê}ÏÜ«∂=∞=Ú "≥ÚII q+¨Ü∞« =ÚÅ∞, t=ãÖÇ≤Ï`« "≥ÚII „QÆO^è=Œ Ú
ÅO^Œ∞ q=iOK«|_ç#q) *Ï˝#=Ú=Å# "≥∂HõΔ=Ú HõÅ∞QÆ∞#∞. D
*Ï˝#=Ú â◊s~°^è•~°∞ÅˆH ™ê^èŒº=Ú HÍ|\˜ì â◊s~°^è•~°} áê^Œ~°ã¨=Ú
=Å<Õ ãÖÉè=í =Ú. Jz~°HÍÅ=ÚÖ’<Õ â◊s~°=Ú J[~å=∞~°=∞QÆ∞#∞.
~°ã¨Ü≥∂QÆ=Ú =Å# =∞#ã¨∞û ^è•º# =∞QÆfl=∞QÆ∞#∞. â◊s~°=Ú#‰õΩ
[~å=∞~°}=Ú Å∞O_»=Ù. =∞$`«~°ã¨ ¿ã=# =Å# =∞O„`«ã≤kú
HõÅ∞QÆ∞#∞.
`«ã¨º=∞O„`åâ◊Û ã≤^èŒºOu Ü≥∂âßflu =∞$`«â◊¥`«HõO
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
128 ~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú
=∞^Œº–=∂O™êk ¿ã=‰õΩÅQÆ∞ `å=∞ã¨QÆ∞}=Ú HõÅ"åiH˜
~°ã¨*Ï˝#=Ú ^Œ∞~°¡ÉèíO.
QÀ=∂Oã¨ ÉèíHõΔÜÕ∞^Œºã¨∞Î Ñ≤ÉË^Œ=∞~° "å~°∞}Õ I
‰õΩb#O `«=∞Ç¨ÏO=∞<Õº ~°ã¨[˝=∞Ñ¨ˆ~ ^èŒ=∂ó II
`å`«Ê~°º=Ú:– QÀ=∂Oã¨ ÉèíHõΔ‰õΩÅ∞, ã¨∞~åáê#=∞`«∞ÎÅ∞ gˆ~
Q˘Ñ¨Ê ~°ã"¨ `Õ ÅÎ« ∞. W`«~∞° Å∞ J^è=Œ ÚÅ∞ J#QÍ – QÀ=∂OãÖ JO>Ë
P=Ù=∂OãÖ HÍ^Œ∞. QÀ J#QÍ <åÅ∞Hõ. <åÅ∞Hõ z=i ÉèÏQÆ=Ú#∞
JOQÆ∞\˜Ü«∞O^Œ∞ QÆÅ T~°úfi ~°O„^èŒ=ÚÖ’ „Ñ¨"ÕtOÑ¨*Ëã≤, ã¨∞~å
áê#=Ú J#QÍ t~°ã¨∞ûÖ’x Ñ‘Ü«¸+¨ „QÆOkè#∞O_ç (Ñ‘xÜ«∞Öò
QÍ¡O_£) „ã¨qOK«∞ J=∞$`« ~°ãäO^Œ∞ áê#=Ú KÕã≤ P#OkOK«∞
"åˆ~ ~°ãÄ˝Å∞. W`«~°∞ÅO`å J^èŒ=ÚÖË.
Jã¨Å∞ QÆ~°ƒù=∞#QÍ ~°ã¨"Õ∞ QÆ~°ƒù=Ú. HÍ~°}"Õ∞=∞#QÍ nx
Ü«∞O^Õ LÑ¨~ã° ,¨ =∞Ç¨~°ã¨ ^è•`«∞=ÙÅ∞ ã¨HÅõ =¸ b#=∞QÆ∞#∞. nx
¿ã=# =Å<Õ ''HÍÜ«∞ã≤kú—— HõÅ∞QÆ∞#∞. t==∂Ü«∞ KÕ`« =∞^Œº–
=∂Oã¨~°`«∞Å∞ "Õ∞=Ú =Ú‰õΩÎÅ=∞x Q˘Ñ¨ÊÅ∞ K≥Ñ¨C^Œ∞~°∞. ^ÕÇ¨Ïã≤kú
á⁄Ok# HÍh t=`«`«fi=Ú „áêÑ≤ÎOK«^Œ∞. Wk ~°ã¨ã≤kú =Å#<Õ
ÅaèOK«∞#∞. [QÆ=Ú#‰õΩ =∞#=Ú =∂`åÑ≤`«~°∞Å=Ú =∞#Ü≥ÚHõ¯
=∞Ç¨"≥∞ÿ^èŒ∞# ãÖÉèí==Ú áê^Œ~°ã¨=Ú. <åÜ≥ÚHõ¯ ^ÕÇ¨Ï~°ã¨=ÚQÍ
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú 129
|Ü«∞Å∞ "≥_»e#k Hõ#∞Hõ<Õ nxH˜ ''~°ã¨—— =∞x ¿Ñ~°∞. nxx

^Œi≈Oz<å, ã¨Êi≈Oz<å, ÉèíHõΔ} KÕã≤<å, ã¨‡iOz<å, Ñ¨ÓlOz<å,
^•#=Ú KÕã≤<å, ''Ñ¨Ù}ºÑ¶¨Å=Ú—— HõÅ∞QÆ∞#∞. ˆH^•~åk eOQÆ=ÚÅ∞
Éèí∂q∞ÃÑ· Zxfl HõÅ"À, "å\˜ ^Œ~°≈#Ñ¶¨Å=Ú ~°ã¨ ^Œ~°≈#=Ú =Å#
ÅaèOK«∞#∞. K«O^Œ<åQÆ~∞° Hõ~∂° Ê~° ‰õΩO‰õΩ=∞ =∞^èºŒ =¸iÛù`« ~°ã=¨ Ú
#∞Oz t=Ñ¨Ó[ KÕã≤# t"å#∞„QÆÇ¨Ï=Ú HõÅ∞QÆ∞#∞. â◊√^Œú áê^Œ~°ã¨
ÉèíHõΔ} =Å# ã¨HõÅáê=ÚÅ∞ #tOK«∞#∞. (â◊√^Œú áê^Œ~°ã¨ ÉèíHõΔ}
KÕÜ«Ú"å~°∞ =ÚO^Œ∞QÍ â◊s~°=Ú#∞ ˆHΔ„fHõ~°} Ñ¨^Œú`«∞Å ^•fi~å
â◊√kú KÕã¨∞H˘#=Öˇ#∞. ÖËxKÀ „áê}ÏáêÜ«∞=Ú ãÖÉèíqOK«∞#∞.)
J„ÉèHí *õ Ï~°} KÕã#≤ KÀ áê^Œ~ã° ¨ ¿ã=# =Å# ~ÀQÆ=ÚÅ∞ #tOK«∞#∞.
"Õ~Ú ã¨fiÜ«∞OÉè∂í eOQÍ~°Û# Ñ¶Å¨ =Ú#‰õΩ HÀ\Ỗ~@∞¡ Ñ¶e¨ `«=Ú ''~°ã¨
eOQÍ~°Û#—— =Å¡ ÅaèOK«∞#∞.
â’¡II ã¨fiÜ«∞O Éèí∂eOQÆ ™êÇ¨Ï„Ãã·ó Ü«∞`«ÊùÅO ã¨=∞ºQÆ~°Û<å`ü
`«`«ÊùÅO HÀ\˜QÆ∞}˜`«O ~°ãëOQÍ~°Û<å^Œƒùg`ü II
J^èŒ=∞ó YQÆ"å^Œã¨∞Î q_»"å^Œã¨∞Î =∞^èŒº=∞ó
L`«Î"≥∂ =∞O„`«"å^Œã¨∞Î ~°ã¨"å^À =∞Ç¨ÏŸ`«Î=∞ó II
áê^Œ~ã° e¨ OQÆ x~å‡}=Ú J<ÕHõ q^è=Œ ÚÅ∞QÍ HõÅ^Œ∞. "å\˜Ö’
1. YQÆ"å^Œ=Ú:– J„ÉèíHõ=Ú`À ~°ãëOQÆ=Ú KÕÜ«Ú
q^è•#=Ú HõÅ^Œ∞. Wk J^èŒ=∞"≥∞ÿ#k.
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
130 ~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú
2. q_»"å^Œ=Ú:– qq^èŒ q_»=ÚÅKÕ ~°ãe¨ OQÆ=Ú KÕÜÚ« #k
« å^Œ=Ú:– =∞O„`«=ÚÅKÕ áê^Œ~ã° e¨ OQÆ=Ú
=∞^èºŒ =∞O. 3. =∞O„`"
KÕÜ«Ú q^è•#=Ú, Ñ¨Ó[ L`«Î=∞"≥∞ÿ#k. 4. ~°ã¨"å^Œ=Ú,
Hõ~°∂Ê~°=Ú "≥Ú^ŒÖ#·ˇ "å\˜KÕ KÕÜÚ« ~°ãe¨ OQÆ x~å‡}=Ú, Ñ¨Ó[
=∞Ç¨ÏŸ`«Î=∞"≥∞ÿ#k.
=∞O„`«–`«O„`«=ÚÅ#∞, ~°ã¨Ü≥∂QÆ=Ú#∞ ^Œ∂+≤OK«∞"å~°∞
Ñ¨Ù}º=Ú#∞ HÀÖ’Ê~Ú áêÑ¨ÙÅQÆ∞^Œ∞~°∞. ''~°ãq¨ ^Œº—— =¸_»∞ Ö’Hõ=ÚÅ
Ö’#∂ ã¨∞^Œ∞~°¡ÉèíO. nx=Å# Éèí∞H˜Î–=ÚH˜Î Ô~O_»∂ ã≤kúOK«∞#∞.
ã¨^Œ∞æ}∞Öˇ·# "åiH˜ ~°ã¨q^•º^•#=Ú KÕã≤# Ñ¨Ù}º=Ú HõÅ∞QÆ∞#∞.
ã¨^Œ∞æ~°∞=Ù ^Õâ◊HÍÅ=ÚÅ∞ `≥eã≤#"å_»∞, ^ŒÜ«∂^•H˜Δ}º=ÚÅ∞
HõÅ"å_»∞, Ö’Éè"í ∂≥ Ç¨Ï=ÚÅ∞ ÖËx"å_»∞, =∞O„`å#∞ëêª# `«`Ê« ~°∞_»∞,
QÆOcè~°∞_»∞, ™ê=Ú„kHõ âß„™ÈÎHõÎ â◊s~å=Ü«∞==ÚÅ∞ HõÅ"å_≥·
Ü«ÚO_»=Öˇ#∞. t+¨μº_»∞ ‰õÄ_® q#Ü«∞=O`«∞_»∞, ã¨`«º"åk, ^èŒ$_»
xâ◊ÛÜ«∞=Ú HõÅ"å_»∞ J~Ú=ÙO_®e.
xkè ™ê^èŒ‰õΩÅ∞
Z=x Ç¨Ïã¨Î=ÚÖ’ ‰õΩO_», *ˇO_®, â◊OY=Ú "≥ÚII zÇ¨Ïfl=Ú
Å∞O_»∞<À "åi<Õ xkè ™êkèOK«∞@Ö’ xÜ≥∂yOK«=Öˇ#∞. Z„~°\ ˜
A@∞ì"å~°∞ Hõiî#â◊s~°∞Å∞, ZO_ç# ÅÖÏ@=Ú HõÅ"å~°∞, L+¨‚
áê^Œ∞Å∞, ^è•`«∞"å^Œ=Ú#‰õΩ Ü≥∂QÆ∞ºÅ∞ ~°ã¨ã≤kú ™ê^èŒ#Ö’, ~°ã¨nHõΔ
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú 131
„QÆÇ≤ÏOz =ÚO^Œ∞ =∞O„`«™ê^èŒ# KÕÜ«∞=Öˇ#∞. ÖËxKÀ ~°ã¨"å^Œ=Ú

ã≤kOú K«^∞Œ . ~°ã™¨ ê^è#Œ Ö’ Ü≥∂QÆ∞ºÖˇ#· ¢ãÅÎ‘ #∞ ‰õÄ_® ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞‰õΩÅ∞QÍ
ã‘fiHõiOK«=K«∞Û. "å~°∞ ã¨^•Kå~°=O`«∞Å∞, jÅ=O`«∞Å∂ J~Ú
LO_»=Öˇ#∞. Hõ$+¨‚Ñ¨HõΔ=∞O^Œ∞ |∞∞`«∞=∞u JQÆ∞#k H©Hõ}˜, â◊√Hõ¡Ñ¨HõΔ
=∞O^Œ∞ =∂„`«"Õ∞ |∞∞`«∞=∞u JQÆ∞ ¢ã‘Î HÍOzHÍzx. Ñ¨k‡h*Ïu
„ã‘ÎÅ∞ ~°ã¨Hõ~°‡Ü«∞O^Œ∞ Ü≥∂QÆ∞ºÅ∞.
Ü≥∂QÆ∞º~åÖˇ·# ¢ã‘Î JQÆ∞@‰õΩ ™ê^èŒ‰õΩ~åÅ∞ `«# `«e¡`«O„_»∞Å#∞
t=áê~°fi`«∞Å∞QÍ ÉèÏqOz, x~°‡Å|∞kú`À MËK«s=Ú„^Œ`À ''¿Ñ¶`å¯~°
Éèˇ·~°g—— =∞O„`«O (TOÇ¨˙O Ñ¶¨\ò ™êfiÇ¨) 1 ÅHõΔ [ÑÖ KÕÜ«∂e.
W@∞=O\˜ ¢ã‘Îx ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞‰õΩ~åeQÍ fã¨∞HÀ=K«∞Û.
~°ã¨Hõ~°‡‰õΩ ™ê÷#=Ú
x~°#˚ ™ê÷#=ÚÖ’, U q^è=Œ ÚÖˇ#· W|ƒO^Œ∞Å∞ ÖËxKÀ@ ã¨∞~°H`Δ˜ «
„Ñ¨^Õâ◊=ÚÖ’ ~°ã¨Hõ~°‡ „áê~°OaèOK«=Öˇ#∞.Ç¨Ï$^ŒÜ«∂Ç¨Ï¡^ŒHõ~°"≥∞ÿ#
„Ñ¨H$õ u, F+¨^∞Œè Å∞ QÆÅ „Ñ¨^âÕ =◊ Ú, [ÖÏâ◊Ü∞« =ÚÅ∞, qq^èŒ Ñ¨Ù+¨Ê–Ñ¶Å¨
=$HõΔ=ÚÅ`À xO_ç#k. Ñ¨H˜ΔQÆ}=ÚÅ`À ‰õÄ_ç#k J~Ú LO_»
=Öˇ#∞. =∞^èŒº# =∞O@ÑÖ xi‡Oz, =ÚO^Œ∞QÍ QÆ}Ñü Ñ¨Ó[
KÕÜ«∂e. J#O`«~°O ''~°™êO‰õΩâ◊^Õq——H˜, ~°¿ãâ◊fi~° =¸Å
=∞O„`«=Ú`À (FO „Ç‘ÏO NO) P"åÇ¨Ï# KÕã≤ Ñ¨Ó[ KÕÜ«∂e.
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
132 ~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú
Ñ‘~=°î Ú ÃÑ· ~°ãe¨ OQÆ=Ú |OQÍ~°=Ú LOKåe. Ç¨Ïã¨„Î Ñ¨=∂} K«`∞« ~°
„ã¨"kÕ Hõ xi‡Oz J+¨kì HÍÊÅ‰õΩÅ#∞ Ñ¨ÓlOz, Ñ¨Ó~åfik„Hõ=∞=ÚQÍ
=∂H˜ΔHõO,q=∞ÅO, =∞#ótÅ, K«Ñ¨ÅO, ~°ã¨Hõ~°∂Ê~°O, ã¨ã¨ºHõO,
QÆO^èŒHõO, Ç¨Ï~°`åà◊O LOKåe.
J#O`«~°O „`«ºO|ˆHâ◊fi~°∞x P~åkèOKåe. 22 JHõΔ~°=ÚÅ
~°¿ãâ◊fi~° =∞O„`«=Ú`À ~°ã¨Éèˇ·~°=Ùx JiÛOKåe. (FO „H©O ~°¿ãâ◊fi
~åÜ«∞ =∞Ç¨HÍÖÏÜ«∞ =∞Ç¨|ÖÏÜ«∞ JÑ¶∞¨ ’~° Éè~·ˇ "° åÜ«∞ =„[g~°„HÀ^èŒ
HõOHÍà◊ HΔ“¡O HõΔ¡ó) J#O`«~°O ~°ã¨ã≤kúH˜ ÑÖK«c[ q^Œº`À (SO
„Ç‘ÏO NO H©¡O „Ç‘ÏO) t=ÙxH˜, ~°™êO‰õΩâ◊^ÕqH˜ ëÈ_»â’Ñ¨Kå~°
Ñ¨Ó[ – âßOuáê~î°O KÕÜ«∂e. Ñ¶¨∞O\Ï<å^ŒO KÕã≤ JÑ¶¨∞’~°
=∞O„`«O`À ã¨~fi° qÑ¶∞¨ fl x=$`«º~°Oú Éè∂í `«–Ü«∞HõΔ – ~åHõãΔ ¨ – Ñ≤âßK«∞
Å‰õΩ |e x"Õ^Œ# KÕÜ«∂e.
J#O`«~°O ~°™êO‰õΩj q^Œº#∞ Ü«∞^è•â◊H˜Î [Ñ≤Oz – Ü≥∂x,
"Õ∞YÅ`À ‰õÄ_ç# ''Ç¨ÏŸ=∞‰õΩO_»=Ú—— #O^Œ∞ <Õ~Ú, uÅÅ∞, Ç¨ÏŸ=∞O
"ÕÜ«∂e. ÑÖK«c[ =∞O„`«=Ú#∞ 1 ÅHõΔ [Ñ≤OKåe. JÑ¨C_Õ
~°ãÉ¨ ~·ˇè =° ã≤kú HõÅ∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. ã¨`º« O, JÇ≤ÏOã¨, Ñ¨~„° ^Œ=ºO fã¨∞H˘#
‰õΩO_® LO_»∞@, „|Ç¨Ï‡K«~°ºO, ^ŒÜ«∞ xÜ«∞=∞=ÚÅ∞ áê\˜ã¨∂Î
~°™êO‰õΩj =∞O„`«=ÚÅ∞ =¸_»∞"Õà◊ÖÏ "≥~Úº ÖË^• =O^Œ ™ê~°∞¡
[Ñ≤OKåe.
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú 133
W@∞=O\˜ =∞O„`«"Õ`«ÎÅˆH F+¨^èŒ∞Å∞ Ñ¶ëOK«∞#∞. ~°™êO‰õΩâ◊

*Ï˝#=Ú ÖËx^Õ ~°ãã¨ k≤ ú HõÅ∞QÆ^∞Œ . ãÖ„Ñ¨^•Ü«∞=Ú `≥eã≤# QÆ∞~°∞=Ù
=^ŒÌ nHõΔ „QÆÇ≤ÏOKåe.
=∞O@Ñ¨=Ú#‰õΩ `«∂~°∞Ê# F+¨^∞Œè Å∞, PˆQflÜ«∞=ÚÖ’ ~°ã¿¨ Ñfi^Œ#
™ê=∞„y, ^ŒH˜Δ}=ÚÖ’ Ö’Ç¨Ï=∂~°Hõ =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ∞, <≥·~°∞uÖ’ #∂~°∞@
‰õΩÑ¨Ü≥∂yOK«∞ HõÅfi=Ú, Ñ¨_»=∞~°Ö’ „^Œ∞u„H˜Ü«∂ ™ê=∞„y,
"åÜ«∞=º=ÚÖ’ T^Œ∞@‰õΩÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOK«∞ ™ê=∞„y, L`«~Î =° ÚÖ’ ~°OQÆ∞
ÃÑOá⁄OkOK«∞ „^Œ=º=ÚÅ∞, Dâß#º=ÚÖ’ ~°ã"¨ ^Õ Œè ‰õΩÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOK«∞
„^Œ=º=ÚÅ#∞ LOK«=Öˇ#∞.
~°ã¨Éèˇ·~°=Ùx PHÍ~°=Ú
t=Ùx ÑÖK«=ÚY=ÚÅÖ’ ã¨^Àº*Ï`«=Ú ~°ãÉ¨ ~·ˇè =° Ùx "≥∂HÍÅ∞,
"å=∞^Õ = Ù_» ∞ QÆ ∞ Ç¨ Ï º™ê÷ # =Ú–JÑ¶ ¨ ∞ ’~° = Ú– Ç¨ Ï $^Œ Ü « ∞ =Ú–
`«`«∞Ê~°∞+¨μ_»∞ =ÚY=Ú–Dâß#∞_»∞ „Éèí∂=∞^èŒºÉèÏQÆ=Ú J~°ú
K«O„^Œ∞_»∞ ÅÖÏ@=Ú, „|Ç¨Ï‡~°O„^èŒ=∞O^Œ∞ â◊H˜Î L#flk. ™ê^èŒ‰õΩ_»∞
UHÍ„QÆz`«Î=Ú`À, L#‡hÉèÏ==Ú K≥O^Œ=Öˇ#∞.
~°ã¨Éèˇ·~°= ^è•º#=Ú
â’¡II â◊¥#ºO â◊¥#ºO Ñ¨Ù#ó â◊¥#ºO „uâ◊¥#ºOK« x~å=∞Ü«∞O
#Éèíâ◊Û QÆQÆ#O"Àº=∞ Y=∂HÍâ◊O K«ˆH=ÅO
x+¨¯ÅO x~°‡ÅO x`«ºO xã¨Î~°OQÆO x~å=∞Ü«∞O
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
134 ~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú
x„+¨ÊÑÖK«O x~å^è•~°O x~°∞æ}O QÆ∞}QÀK«~°O
U=O ~°∂ÑÖ ã¨^•^è•ºÜÕ∞`ü ã¨fi^Õ¿ÇÏ ~°ã¨Éèˇ·~°=OII
~°ãÉ¨ ~·è̌ =° Ùx xâ◊ÛÅ =∞#ã¨∞û`À ^è•º#=Ú KÕÜÚ« @ =Å# Jyfl
=∞^èºŒ =∞O^Œ∞ áê^Œ~ã° =¨ Ú |O^è=Œ ∞QÆ∞#∞. =∞O@Ñ¨ |Ç≤Ïó „Ñ¨^âÕ =◊ Ú
#O^Œ∞, =∞^Œº–=∞`«ûº–=∂Oã¨=ÚÅ`À Ü«∞Hõ,Δ QÆO^è~Œ fi° , ~åHõãΔ ∞¨ Å‰õΩ
J~°Û# KÕÜ«∞=Öˇ#∞.
~°ã¨ã≤kú Hõey# `«~°∞"å`«, ~°™êÜ«∞# =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ#∞ <åâ◊#=Ú
KÕã,≤ P „QÍ=∞=Ú =ke "ÕÜ∞« =Öˇ#∞. =∞Ç¨ ~°ãã ¨ k≤ ú Hõey# J#O
`«~°=Ú =∞^èŒ∞Hõ~°=$uÎ (aèHΔÍ=$uÎ) KÕÜ«ÚK«∂ rqOK«=Öˇ#∞.
~°ã¨|O^èŒ"≥∞ÿ# Ñ≤=∞‡@ U"≥∞ÿ<å qÑ¶¨∞fl=ÚÅ∞ Hõey#KÀ, âßOu
q^è•#=ÚÖ’ ~°ã¨âßOu KÕÜ«∞=Öˇ#∞. ~°ã¨HΔÀÉèí=Ú KÕÜ«∞~å^Œ∞.
ã≤^Œú"≥∞ÿ# áê^Œ~°ã¨=Ú ¢ã‘Î Ç¨Ïã¨Î=ÚÖ’ LOK«~å^Œ∞, K«∂Ñ≤OK«
~å^Œ∞. W`«~°∞Å ^èŒ#=Ú`À ~°ã¨ã≤kú „Ñ¨Ü«∞`«fl=ÚÅ∞ KÕÜ«∞~å^Œ∞.
Ñ¨~°¢ã‘Î ã¨Ê~°≈, Ñ¨~å#flÉè’[#O x+≤^ŒúO. ã≤^Œú~°ã¨=Ú ^Œ∞+¨μìÅ‰õΩ
W=fi~å^Œ∞. J+¨qì ∞, K«`∞« ~°tÌ , J=∂"åã¨º, Ñ¨Ù#flq∞, LQÍk, q+¨μ=`ü
~ÀAÅÖ’, Ü«∞^è•â◊H˜Î ~°™È`«û==Ú KÕÜ«∂e.
~° ™ È`« û ==Ú KÕ Ü « Ú @=Å# =∞Ç¨  áêÑ¨ = ÚÅxflÜ« Ú
#tOK«∞#∞. ™ê^èŒ‰õΩ_»∞ ~°ã¨Ñ¨Ó[ KÕÜ«Ú „Ñ¨f™ê÷#=Ú#O^Œ∞, ã¨HõÅ
Hõ+¨ì=ÚÅ∞ `˘Åy, ã¨∞YãÖ`À+¨=ÚÅ∞, â◊√Éèí=ÚÅ∞ HõÅ∞QÆ∞#∞.
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú 135
~°ã¨™ê^èŒ# áê„`«Å∞
17 JHõΔ~°=ÚÅ HÍm=∞O„`«=Ú, ~°ã¨=Ú #∂~°∞ ~åuHõÅfi=Ú
ÃÑ· <åºã¨=Ú KÕÜ«∞=Öˇ#∞. 32 JHõΔ~°=ÚÅ∞ Ñ¶¨∞’~°=∞O„`«=Ú
=∞~°úHõ=ÚÃÑ· <åºã¨=Ú KÕÜ«∞=Öˇ#∞. HÍÅáêâ◊ =∞O„`«=Ú`À („H©O)
QÆOlx Jaè=∞O„uOKåe. 88"ÕÅ k=ºMËK«sQÆ}=Ú, ~°ã¨Éèˇ·~°=Ùx
^•ã‘Q}Æ =Ú ''™ÈÇ¨ÏO Ç¨ÏOã¨ó—— J#∞ =∞O„`«=Ú#∞ [Ñ≤OK«∞@ =Å#
~°ã¿¨ Ñ+¨} Hõ~‡° Ü«∞O^Œ∞, MËKs« QÆ}=Ú J^Œ$â◊º=ÚQÍ ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞Ñ¨_∞» #∞.
nx<Õ ''‰õΩÅMËK«s—— q^Œº Jx „Ñ¨ã≤kú. Ãã·O^èŒ=Å=}=Ú`À QÆOl
`«Ü«∂~°∞KÕã≤ ~°™êO‰õΩj q^Œº#∞ [Ñ≤OKåe. ÉˇÅ¡=Ú, W@∞Hõá⁄_ç
q∞„â◊=∞=Ú`À ~°ã¨=∞~°ú# „uâ◊~å=∞O„`«=Ú`À (FO „Ç‘ÏO H©¡O)
KÕÜ«∞=Öˇ#∞. _®=∞~° =∞O„`«=Ú "åÜ«Ú<åoHõÅO^Œ∞, zO`å=∞}˜
=∞Ç¨q^Œº Hõ=K«=ÚÅO^Œ∞ K«O_çHÍ =∞Ç¨=∞O„`«=Ú ~°ã¨áê„`«
Ü«∞O^Œ∞ <åºã¨=Ú KÕÜ«∞=Öˇ#∞. #"åHõΔix THõ, QÀ=∞Ü«∞=∞O^Œ∞,
QÆOlÜ«∞O^Œ∞ „uÑ¨Ù~°Éèˇ·~°qx, JyflÜ«∞O^Œ∞ „u‰õÄ\ÏHõΔ „u<Õ„`«∞x
h\˜Ü«∞O^Œ∞ 84K«O_çHõÅ#∞ <åºã¨=Ú KÕÜ«∞=Öˇ#∞. HÀ+¨ì=ÚÖ’
JÑ¶∞¨ ’~°, Hˆ „Δ `«áêÅ‰õΩÅ#∞, =¸ã¨Ü∞« O^Œ∞ =∞Ç¨ áêâ◊√Ñ¨`åG =∞O„`«
=Ú#∞ <åºã¨=Ú KÕÜ«∞=Öˇ#∞. D q^èŒ=ÚQÍ ~°ã¨Hõ~°‡Ü«∞O^Œ∞
LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOK«∞ ã¨HõÅ ™ê=∞„yx =∞O„`«Ñ¨Ó`«=Ú KÕÜ«∞=Öˇ#∞.
J#O`«~°"Õ∞ ~°ã¨Hõ~°‡#∞ „áê~°OaèOKåe. ~°ã¨=Ú ã≤kúOK«∞ ã¨=∞
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
136 ~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú
Ü«∞=Ú#, ™ê^èŒ‰õΩ_»∞ =∞#ã¨∞Ö’ ~°™êO‰õΩâ◊ =∞Ç¨=∞O„`«=Ú#∞
[Ñ≤OKåe. D =∞O„`«=ÚKÕ =¸_»∞ Ö’Hõ=ÚÅ∞ =â◊=∞QÆ∞#∞.
áê^Œ~°ã¨=Ú _ÀÖÏ¿ãfi^Œ# KÕÜ«Ú =¸eHõÅ∞. D „HÕk
F+¨^èŒ∞Å Ñ¨Ù+¨Ê, =¸Å, ^Œà◊=ÚÅ∞, áê^Œ~°ã¨=Ú#∞ _ÀÖÏ¿ãfi^Œ#
KÕÜÚ« @Ö’ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOK«∞#∞. ã¨~åÊH˜,Δ =Ç≤ÏflHõ~À¯\˜, [ÅaO^Œ∞*Ï,
Ñ≤Å¡Ñ‘K«~å, QÆ∞O@QÆÅ~å, â◊~°Ñ¨ÙOY, QÆe*Ë~°∞, =∞O_»∂HõÑï‚,
=∞`åûºH˜,Δ „|Ç¨Ï‡^ŒO_ç, tYO_çx, HÍHõ=∂z, HõáÈuHÍ, q+¨μ„‚ HÍO`å,
ã¨Ç¨Ï^Õq, =∞Ç¨|ÖÏ, <åQÆ|Å, K«„Hõ=∞~°ú, ‰õΩ~°∞Oy}˜, z~°∞ÉÁkÌ,
he, ™êfiex, Ñ¨^Œ‡Kåi}˜, QÀlÇ¨fi, Ñ¶¨}˜lÇ¨fi (QÆiHõ), HÀH˜ÖÏH˜Δ
(Q˘aƒ), Ñ¶¨∞#^èŒfix, PY∞Ñï‚„uÑï‚ (H˘Åá⁄#fl), kfiÑï‚, UHõÑï‚
(HõK«∂Û~°O) uuÎ_ô, H©Δi}˜ ~åã¨#, "Õ∞+¨â◊$Oy (=∞$^•~°∞ â◊$Oy)
‰õΩ‰õΩ¯\˜, Hõ$+¨‚Ñï‚ (Hõ$+¨‚`«∞Åã≤) `«∞Åã≤, H˘O_»=∞e¡.
áê^Œ~°ã¨=Ú#∞ xs˚==Ú KÕÜ«Ú =¸eHõÅ∞
K«O_®e, ~åHõΔã≤, HõO@HÍi, QÆ[Hõi‚HÍ, â◊OYÑ¨Ù+≤ì, ÖÏOQÆe,
(h\˜Ñ≤Ñ¨Êe) ÉÏÅ"≥∂K«Hõ, Z„~°*ˇ=Ú_»∞, ~°HÎ̃HÍ (ÃÑ^ŒÌQÀiO@) #Å¡
z„`«=¸ÅO, â◊$QÍÅlÇ¨fi – =„r (P‰õΩ*ˇ=Ú_»∞) K«„H˜, UHõg~°,
~°∞^ŒOu (J_»q â◊#QÆ) `≥Å¡QÆ∞~°∞qO^Œ, ã¨∂~°}qO^Œ, `≥Å¡`«∞Åã≤,
[q∞‡, Ñ¨ã¨∞Ñ¨Ù [\Ï=∂Oã≤ #~°lÇ¨fi, ¿ÇÏ=∞Ñ¨Ù+≤ì (<ÕÅ`«OˆQ_»∞)
HÍHõ=ÚO_ç, J=∞$`«=e¡ (uÑ¨ÊfQÆ) QÆ*Ïi, `«=∞Åáê‰õΩ, ã¨∂~°ºÉèHí Îõ
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú 137
(„á⁄^Œ∞Ìu~°∞QÆ∞_»∞), J["≥∂^Œ, ™È=∞Å`«, =#~ål, J[=∂i,

HÀ@~åH˜Δ, Ç¨Ï#∞=∞u, HÍeHÍ, ‰õΩÇ¨ÏHõO qHÍH˜Δ~°‰õOK«∞H˜, Z„~°z„`«
=¸ÅO, âßM’@HõO (`«Ñ¨ã≤) „|Ç¨Ï‡Kåi}˜ HÍOK«x (Ñ¨ã¨∞Ñ¨Ù)
F+¨^èŒ∞Å∞, áê^Œ~°ã¨=Ú#∞ KåOK«Åº ^À+¨~°Ç≤Ï`«=ÚQÍ KÕÜ«Ú#∞.
áê^Œ~°ã¨ =∂~°} =¸eHõÅ∞
Hõ@∞`«∞Oa–^Õ=^•o–WO„^•Ü«∞}˜ `≥Å¡"åqe, "≥∂^Œ∞QÆ q`«Î#
=ÚÅ∞, „ÑüÎHÍ_»Å∞, #Å¡rÅHõ„~°,H˜Δ~°HõOK«∞H˜–#Å¡ L"≥∞‡`«Î `≥Å¡lÖË¡_»∞
Ñ≤ÑÅ‘ ∞HõO –zO`«H~õ À¯\˜, (JQÍHõ~)° HÍHõ~,° QÀlÇ¨Ïfi– HÍHõ[OÑ¶∞¨ ("≥Å=∞
ãÖkè) =∞Ç¨HÍm (HÍH˜^˘O_») â◊O|i. `≥Å¡ QÆ∞iqO^Œ, `≥Å¡ T_»∞QÆ,
=∂ˆ~_»∞ g\˜ q`«Î#=ÚÅ∞ ~°ã¨=∂~°}=Ú KÕÜ«Ú#∞.
áê^Œ~°ã¨ |O^èŒ =¸eHõÅ∞
Z„~°*ˇ=Ú_»∞, ™È=∞Å`«, ~°∞^ŒOu, (J_»q â‹#QÆ) Z„~° z„`«
=¸ÅO, âßM’@H© (`«Ñã¨ )≤ ^Œ∞QÆ~ú ∞° Ç¨Ï D "≥ÚHõ¯, (HÍeáÈ~Ú##∂
uiy zQÆ∞iOK«∞ XHõ =∞Ç¨ B+¨nè) "≥∂kx, q^è•~å (=∞Ü«∂º‰õΩ
á⁄#fl) Hõ$+¨‚ =∂~å˚i, â◊OYÑ¨Ù+≤,ì HÍHõ=∂z, hÅ*’ºu, (ã≤^=úŒ ¸eHõ)
`«$}*’ºu (k"Òº+¨kè) L`«¯\Ï, ¿ÇÏ=∞=Å¡i (r=Ou) „u^ŒO_ç,
„|Ç¨Ï‡^ŒO_ç, K«„HÍOH˜, "≥∞@ì`å=∞~°, <åQÆlÇ¨Ïfi, <åQÆHõi‚, „`«â◊¥e,
„uÑ¶Ö¨ ÏHÍ~° Ñ¨„`åÜ«∂ â◊=∂ºHõÑÅ¨¶ =`ü ^ŒàÏ „uâ◊¥e hu qMÏº`å)
„uÑ¶Å¨ O=O\˜ P‰õΩÅ∞, QÆeyˆ~Å ÑÖ_»=¡ O\˜ ÑÖ_»∞¡ HõeÜæ Ú« O_»∞#∞.
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
138 ~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú
„u^ŒO_ç â’¡. ã¨Ñ¨ÙëêÊÅe`À ¿Ñ`å ~°HõÎ=ºã¨Î Ñ¶¨ÖÏxfi`å ~°ã¨|O^èŒ
q^èÒ„áÈHÍÎ „u^ŒO_ôu Hõ$`åaè^è•ó ~°ã¨HÍ=∞^èÕ#∞) HÀ=∞Å "≥∞ÿ#
Ñ¨Ù=ÙfiÅ∞ Hõey JHõ¯_»Hõ¯_® Z„~°ÑÖ_»¡`À LO_»∞#∞). g~°=e¡
(~°HÍÎH©Δ~°=f aÅfi ^Œà∫Ñ¨=∞ ^ŒàÏxfi`å II ~°ã¨HÍ=∞^èÕ#∞II ) Z„~°\ ˜
áêÅ∞ Hõey =∂ˆ~_»∞ P‰õΩÅ∞ =O\˜ P‰õΩÅ∞ Hõey Ü«ÚO_»∞#∞.
áê^Œ~°ã¨ „^•=} =¸eHõÅ∞
QÆ[Ñ≤Ñ¨Êe, J~°\ ˜, HÀâß`«H˜ (c~°), ã¨∂i} HõO^Œ, L^ŒHõHõ},
HÍHõ=∂z, =ÚÅQÆ, ^Õ=^•m Wq ~°ã¨„^•=}O KÕÜ«Ú#∞. g\˜
ãÖÜ≥∂QÆ=Ú =Å# ^è•`«∞=ÙÅ áê^Œ~°ã¨=Ú Ü≥ÚHõ¯ ^À+¨=ÚÅ∞
`˘ÅQÆ∞#∞.
áê^Œ~°ã¨ „HÍ=∞} =¸eHõÅ∞
HÍHõ=∂z, HÍã¨=∞~°ú,(Hõã≤qO^Œ) Hõ$`åO[e, =~åÇ¨ÏHõi‚
(Jâ◊fiQÆO^èŒ) ã‘@i, Ç¨ÏOã¨áêk, Ñ≤Å¡Ñ‘K«~°, `«=∞Åáê‰õΩ, <åyx,
(â’¡– <åyh`«∞ºK«º`Õ =b¡ <å=∞Éè’QÆ ã¨=∂OyHÍ! ã¨~åÊkHõ q+¨Ñ∞‘¶ fl
K« ™ê ã¨fiK«Ûù ~°ã¨|Okèh II ~°ã¨HÍ=∞^èÕ#∞) – <åyh J#∞#k
XHõfQÆ, nxH˜ Ñ¨_»QÆÅ=Öˇ J‰õΩÅ∞ Hõey, ã¨~åÊHÍ~°=ÚÖ’ fQÆ
„áê‰õΩ#∞. Wk ã¨~Ê° q+¨=Ú#∞ Ç¨ÏiOK«∞#∞. ~°ã|¨ O^è=Œ Ú KÕÜÚ« #∞.)
J~°∞˚x (=∞kÌ) H©Δ~°<åo, lÖË¡_»∞ J‰õΩÅ∞, K«q ‰õΩ~°=HõO (=ÚÅ∞
QÀiO@) HÍHõ~°.
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú 139
J+¨ì=¸eHõÅ∞
Éèí∂áê@e, H“=∂i, ã≤OÇ¨Ï=e¡ â◊¥Hõi, L"≥∞‡`«Î, áê@e,
`«=∞Åáê‰õΩ, Éè$í OQÆ~å[, (QÆ∞O@QÆÅQÆ~)° . Wq ~°ãâ¨ ’^è#Œ – *Ï~°}Ö’
LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOK«∞#∞.
ÑÖK«~°`«fl =¸eHõÅ∞
=∞O„`« ã≤^•úã#¨ , HõOHÍà◊ MËKi« , WOk~°, Hõ=Δ ∂áêe, xâßK«i
Wq ~°ã¨â’^èŒ# *Ï~°}Ö’ k=º F+¨^èŒ∞Å∞. ~°ã¨|O^èŒ#=ÚÖ’
„QÆÇ≤ÏOK«∞ =¸eHõÅ∞ ~°™êO‰õΩâ◊ =∞O„`«=Ú`À fÜ«∞=Öˇ#∞. D
ÑÖK«~°`«fl =¸eHõÅ∞ ~°ã¨ ãÖÜ≥∂QÆ=ÚKÕ MËK«s ã≤kú HõÅ∞QÆ∞#∞.
„uHΔÍ~°=ÚÅ∞, @OHõ}HΔÍ~°=Ú, Ü«∞=HΔÍ~°=Ú, ãïH˚ ÍHΔÍ~°=Ú. W>Ë,¡
=$HõΔHΔÍ~°=ÚÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® HõÅ=Ù. #∞=ÙfiÅ∞, L`«Îˆ~}˜, J~°\ ˜, "≥∂^Œ∞QÆ,
=ÚÅQÆ, JÅ¡O, zO`«, g\˜ HΔÍ~°=ÚÅ#∞ =$HõΔHΔÍ~°=Ú ÅO^Œ∞~°∞.
ÑÖK«Å=}=ÚÅ∞:– ã¨=Ú„^ŒO, Ãã·O^èŒ=O, #"å™ê~°O,
™œ=~°ÛÅ, (#Å¡LÑ¨C) HÍK«O (QÍAÑ¨C).
ÑÖK«=∞Ç¨ q+¨=ÚÅ∞:– ã¨‰õΩÎHõO, HÍÅ‰õÄ@O, `≥Å¡=Úã¨Î,
â◊$Oy, #Å¡q+Ö.
ÑÖK«LÑ¨ q+¨=ÚÅ∞:– *ˇ=Ú_»∞,lÖË¡_»∞, L"≥∞‡`«Î,QÆ<Õfl~°∞,
ÖÏOQÆe, 5 LÑ¨q+¨=ÚÅ∞.
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
140 ~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú
ÑÖK«`≥·Å=ÚÅ∞:– ‰õΩã¨∞OÉèí`≥·ÅO, HõOQÆ∞}˜, #HÍÎ, #∞=ÙfiÅ
#∂<≥, P=#∂<≥.
ÑÖK«=¸„`«=ÚÅ∞:– U#∞QÆ∞, QÆ∞„~°O, "Õ∞Hõ, ¢ã‘Î, P=Ù, g\˜
=¸„`«=ÚÅ∞ ÑÖK«=¸„`«=ÚÅ∞.
ÑÖK«Ñ≤`«Î=ÚÅ∞:– KÕÑ¨, P=Ù, QÆ∞„~°O, =∞x+≤, <≥=∞e g\˜ =ã¨Å∞.
ÑÖK«ÑÙ¨ s+¨=ÚÅ∞:– áê=Ù~°O, „QÆ^,ÌŒ <≥=∞e, HÀ_ç, áêÅÑ≤@.ì
g\˜<Õ q\òÑÖK«HõO JO\Ï~°∞.
~°H=Îõ ~°∞:æ – =∞Ol+Öª , ‰õΩO‰õΩ=∞, ÅHõ¯, K«O„_», q[Ü«∞ ™ê~°O.
Wq ~°H=Îõ ~°∞æ „^Œ=º=ÚÅ∞. "≥∂^Œ∞QÆ, Ñ¨ã∞¨ Ñ¨Ù =∞^ŒÜ∞« Ou, ‰õΩã¨∞OÉèOí ,
‰õΩK«O^Œ#O. Wq ÃÑ·`«º=~°∞æ „^Œ=º=ÚÅ∞.
ã¨∞#flO, â◊OYO, PeÛÑ¨Ê, QÆ=fi, `åÉËÅ∞_çÑ¨Ê â◊√Hõ¡=~°∞æ „^Œ=º
=ÚÅ∞. QÆ∞~°∞qO^Œ, @OHõ}O, `Õ<≥, <≥~Úº, ÉˇÅ¡O Wq „^•=}
ÑÖK«Hõ=ÚÅ∞.
Jxfl~°Hõ=ÚÅ HΔÍ~°=ÚÅ∞ =∞Å=ÚÅ#∞ Ç¨ÏiOK«∞#∞. P=∞¡
Ñ¨^•~°ú=ÚÅ∞ „Ñ¨|∞^Œú=Ú KÕÜ«Ú#∞. q+¨=ÚÅ∞ `«"≥∂QÆ∞}=Ú
áÈQ˘@∞ì#∞. `≥·Å=ÚÅ∞ =∂~°Ì=O HõeyOK«∞#∞.
J„ÉèíHõO
Wk áê~°fif^Õq ~°[ã¨∞û. Ñ‘`å„ÉèíHõO (Zinnwaldite), Hõ$ëê‚
„ÉèíHõO(Biolite) â◊√HÍ¡„ÉèíHõO (Museavite), ~°HÍÎ„ÉèíHõO (Lepidolite),
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú 141
=~°‚=ÚÅ∞QÍ <åÅ∞QÆ∞ ~°Hõ=ÚÅ∞ ÅaèOK«∞#∞. Ñ≤<åHõO, ^Œ∞~°∞ú~°O,

<åQÆO, =„[=∞x <åÅ∞QÆ∞ `«~°QÆ`«∞Å∞. g\˜Ö’ Ñ≤<åHÍ„ÉèíHõO Jyfl
Ü«∞O^Œ∞ "Õã≤#KÀ z@Ñ¨@ÖÏ_»∞#∞. ^Œ∞~°∞Ì~å„ÉèíHõO JyflÜ«∞O^Œ∞
"Õã≤# |∞ã¨|∞ã¨ÖÏ_»∞#∞. =„*Ï„ÉèíHõO JyflÜ«∞O^Œ∞ "Õã≤# ^èŒfix
KÕÜ«∞^Œ∞. ã≤÷~°=ÚQÍ #∞O_»∞#∞. Ñ≤<åHÍ„ÉèíHõO ‰õΩ+¨μª~ÀQÆ=Ú#∞
HõeyOK«∞#∞. ^Œ∞~°∞Ì~°O =∞~°}=Ú#∞, <åQÍ„ÉèíHõO ~ÀQÆ=Ú#∞
(ÉèQí OÆ ^Œ~° "åºkè) WK«∞Û#∞. ~°ã,¨ ~°™êÜ«∞# Hõ~‡° ÅÖ’ =„*Ï„ÉèHí =õ Ú<Õ
LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOKåe.ÖËK«H˜@ìO (J„ÉèíHõ H˜@ì=Ú#∞) Jã¨Å∞ LÑ¨
Ü≥∂yOK«~å^Œ∞.
J„ÉèíHõ ¿ãfi^Œ# =¸eHõÅ∞
JQÆãÎ̈º Ñ¨Ù+¨Ê~°ãÖ, Hõ=∞Å~°ãÖ, HõÑ≤ – uO^Œ∞Hõ, x=∞‡, "Õ∞Ñ¶¨∞
<å^ŒO, QÆe*Ë~°∞, zO`«, QÆOl, P=∞¡~°ãÖ, QÆ<Õfl~°∞, JÅ¡O`≥·ÅO,
[q∞‡~°ãÖ, =„[=e¡ g\˜ ~°ã¨ HõëêÜ«∞=ÚÅÖ’ 3 ~ÀAÅ∞ _ÀÖÏ
Ü«∞O„`«=ÚÖ’ ¿ãfi^Œ# KÕÜ«∂e. JÑ¨Ù_»∞ J„ÉèíHõ=ÚÖ’x ^À+¨=Ú
Ç¨ÏiOK«∞#∞. ^è•<åº„ÉèíHõO – J„ÉèíHõOÖ’ ^•xÖ’x 4= =O`«∞
^è•#º=ÚÖ’ HõeÑ≤ HõO|oÖ’ LOz 3 ~å„`«∞Å∞ h\˜Ö’ <å#Éˇ\ ì̃#
`«~∞° "å`« #∂i HõO|m #∞O_ç |Ü«∞\˜H˜ =zÛ# ^•xx „QÆÇÏ≤ OKåe.
HõO|oÖ’ ~å~Ú, Wã¨∞Hõ LO_çáÈ`«∞Ok. nx<Õ ^è•<åº„ÉèíHõO
JO\Ï~°∞.
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
142 ~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú
J„ÉèíHõ „^•=} qkè

''~°™ê~°‚=O—— Ö’ 16 Ñ¨^Œú`«∞Å∞ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_®¤~Ú.
HÍO`«áêëê}O
nx<Õ HÍO`«Ö’Ç¨ÏÑ¨Ù JÜ«∞™ê¯O`«O JO\Ï~°∞. Wk „ÉèÏ=∞HõO,
K«∞O|HõO, Hõ~¬° HOõ , „^•=HõO Jx <åÅ∞QÆ∞ ~°H=õ ÚÅ∞. WO^Œ∞ Hõ~¬° H,õ
„^•=Hõ, HÍO`« áêëê}=ÚÅ∞ ~°ã¨ ~°™êÜ«∞# Hõ~°‡Ü«∞O^Œ∞ LÑ¨
Ü≥∂yOK«∞#∞. áê^Œ~°ã¨=Ú =∞`«Î QÆ*ËO„^Œ=∞~Ú`Õ ^•xx =â◊=Ú
KÕã¨∞H˘#∞ JO‰õΩâ◊=Ú =O\˜k D áêëê}=Ú.
=„[=Ú
Wk âı fi `« , Hõ $ +¨ ‚ , ~° H õ Î , Ñ‘ ` « = ~° ‚ = ÚÅÖ’ Åaè O K« ∞ #∞.
QÆ∞O„_»=ÚQÍ, ã¨=∞Ñ¶¨ÅHõ=ÚÅ∞ QÆÅk Ñ¨Ù~°∞+¨ =„[=Ú. Ô~O_»=k
q+¨Ü«ÚHõÎ"≥∞ÿ#k ¢ã‘Î =„[=Ú. n~°…, „uHÀ}, JO_®HÍ~°=Ú QÆÅk.
#Ñ¨ÙOã¨Hõ =„[=Ú, Ñ¨Ù~°∞+¨ =„[=ÚÅ∞ `Õ*’=O`«"≥∞ÿ#g ~°ã¨Hõ~°‡
Ü«∞O^Œ∞ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOK«∞#∞. ''=„[Éèíã¨‡—— q^è•#=ÚÅ∞ 16 ¿Ñ~˘¯#
|_ç#q.
=„[ =∞$^Œ∞Hõ~°} qkè
â’¡II <åQÆ=ÖÏº „ÑëÑ¨ÎO`«∞ `«`«Ê„`Õ}ˇÿ= "Õ+≤ì`«O
*Ï#∞=∞^èÕº ã≤÷`«OÜ«∂=∞O =∞$^Œ∞ ãÖ*ÏÜ«∞`Õ ^èŒ$=O II
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú 143
`å`«Ê~°º=Ú :– `«=∞Åáê‰õΩ #∂i P =Ú^ŒÌ`À =„[=Ú#‰õΩ

ÖËÑ¨#=Ú KÕã≤, XHõ `«=∞Åáê‰õΩÖ’ K«∞@ìÉˇ\ ˜ì "≥∂HÍe =∞_»=∞Ö’
1 *Ï=Ú (=¸_»∞QÆO@Å∞) LOz#, =„[=Ú =∞$^Œ∞`«fi=Ú á⁄Ok
ÉèË^Œ# Ü≥∂QÆº=∞QÆ∞#∞.
"≥·„HÍO`«O
Ö’Ç¨Ï=ÚÅ#∞ qHõ$`«=ÚQÍ KÕÜÚ« #∞. Hõ#Hõ g\˜x "≥„· HÍO`«=Ú
Åx JO\Ï=Ú. =∞Ç≤Ïëêã¨∞~° ~°HõÎ=Ú Éèí∂q∞ÃÑ·|_ç P „Ñ¨^Õâ◊=Ú
ÅO^Œ∞ "≥„· HÍO`«=Ú ÖË~Ê° _ç#q. Wq <åÅ∞æ =~°=‚ ÚÅÖ’ ÅaèOK«∞#∞.
J+¨ì =∞Ç¨~°ã¨=ÚÅ∞
=∂H˜HΔ Oõ , q=∞ÅO, tÖÏl`ü, K«ÑÅ¨ , ~°ã,¨ Hõ~∂° Ê~°O, ã¨ãº¨ HõO,
^Œ~°^ŒO, ™œg~åO[#O Wq =∞Ç¨~°ã¨=ÚÅ∞.
=∂H˜ΔHõO
Wk ¿ÇÏ=∞ =∂H˜ΔHõO, `å~°=∂H˜ΔHõO Jx Ô~O_»∞ ~°Hõ=ÚÅ∞.
"≥Ú^Œ\ ˜k H˘O`« |OQÍ~°∞ =~°‚=ÚÖ’#∂, Ô~O_»=k "≥O_ç ~°OQÆ∞
Ö’#∂ LO@∞Ok. ~°ã"¨ å^Œ q^ŒºÖ’ D ~Ô O_ç\ x˜ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOKåe.
Wk L`«Î=∞ Ö’Ç¨Ï"Õ^èŒ HÍ~°HõO.
J+¨ì LÑ¨ ~°ã¨=ÚÅ∞
QÆO^èŒHõO, Ç¨Ïi`åà◊O, =∞#t≈Å, ™œ~åRO, J„ÉèíHõO, ã¨fi~°‚
ÔQ·iHõO, ~å*Ï=~°ÎO, ‰õΩO‰õΩ+¨ìO. zÅ∞Hõ =Ú‰õΩ¯ =~°‚O =O\˜ ~°OQÆ∞
Hõey# QÆO^èŒHõO „âı+¨ì"≥∞ÿ#k.
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
144 ~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú
QÆO^èŒHõ â◊√kú
QÆO^èŒHõ=Ú ã¨fiÉèÏ= – ã¨fi~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÅ`À , ~°ã¨=Ú`À ã¨=∂#
"≥∞ÿ#k. áêÅ∞, JÅ¡O~°ãÖ, Éèí$OQÆ~å[~°ãÖ, x=∞‡~°ãÖ g\˜Ö’
U_»∞ ™ê~°∞¡ â’^èŒ# KÕã≤# QÆO^èŒHõO â◊√kúÜ«∞QÆ∞#∞.
+¨\ò Ö’Ç¨Ï=ÚÅ∞
|OQÍ~°O, "≥O_ç, ~åy, fHõΔ}O, =OQÆO, <åQÆO Wq „Hõ"Õ∞}
|ÅÇ‘Ï#=ÚÅ∞.
ã¨~°fi Ö’Ç¨Ïã≤kú
*ˇ=Ú_»∞, `≥Å¡lÖË¡_»∞ áêÅ∞, Ç¨Ïeh, (XHõ ~°Hõ"≥∞ÿ# QÆ<Õfl~°∞)
HõOK«∞H˜, ã¨∂~°}HõO^Œ, z„`«HõO, QÆ∞O[, L"≥∞‡`«Î, Jâ◊fiQÆO^èŒO,
WO„^Œ"å~°∞}˜ g@xfl\˜ "Õ~°¡#∞ ^ŒOz =Ú^ŒÌ KÕã≤ g\˜Ö’ |OQÍ~°∞
Ö’Ç¨ÏÑ¨Ùˆ~‰õΩÅ#∞ 7~ÀAÅ∞Oz, uiy ˆQ^≥ =∞l˚QÆÖ’ #∞Oz#
Ö’Ç¨Ï^À+¨=ÚÅ∞ áÈ=Ù#∞. ãÖ^ÕÇ¨Ï=Ú ÖË^Œ∞.
~åQÆãÖYºÅ∞
Ö’Ç¨Ï=ÚÅ‰õΩ QÆÅ =~°=‚ ÚÖ’ Éè^Ë =Œ ÚÅ∞O_»∞#∞. =~å‚kHè ºõ =Ú
KÕ`«<Õ ã¨fi~°‚.Ö’Ç¨Ï=Ú „Ñ¨HÍtOK«∞#∞. ~°`«fl=ÚÅÖ’ ‰õÄ_® =~°‚=Ú
Å∞O_»∞#∞.
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú 145
c[x~å‡} qkè
¿ÇÏ=∞c[O, `å~°c[O Jx ~Ô O_»∞ q^è=Œ ÚÅ∞. Ñ¨ã∞¨ Ñ¨Ù, Z~°∞Ñ¨Ù
„^Œ"åºÅ`À ã¨fi~°‚ x~å‡}O – `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù „^Œ=º=ÚÅ`À ~°l`« x~å‡}O
[~°∞QÆ∞#∞. uiy Wk HõeÊ`«O, ~°Ol`«O, Ñ¨Hfiõ O Jx 3 q^è=Œ ÚÅ∞.
HõeÊ`«O uiy â◊√^Œú, q∞„â◊ ÉèË^Œ=ÚKÕ 2 q^èŒ=ÚÅ∞.
^ŒfiO^Œfi "Õ∞à◊#O
2 „^Œ=º=ÚÅ#∞ HõÅ∞Ñ¨Ù q^è•#=Ú. ¿ÇÏ=∂„ÉèOí , ã¨fi~°‚ J„ÉèHí Oõ
q∞„â◊} KÕÜ«Ú Ñ¨^Œúu. Z„~°QÆe*Ë~°∞, J~°\ ˜ ^Œ∞OÑ¨, HÍHõ=∂z,
`≥Å¡ QÆe*Ë~°∞, #~°HõáêÅ K«∂~°‚O, QÆOl, @OHõ}O, Wq HõeÑ≤
áêÅ∞, #∂<≥ g\˜`À =¸ã¨Ö’ LOz ÉÏQÍ ^è•‡`«O (Tk#)
KÕã≤# ã¨fi~°‚=Ú, J„ÉèíHõ=Ú Hõeã≤áÈ=Ù#∞.
=OQÍ„ÉèíO
=OQÆ=Ú ^ŒOz, ~°ã¨=ÚÖ’ @OHõ}O HõeÑ≤ J~°\ ˜^Œ∞OÑ¨
~°ã¨=Ú`À =∞iúOz, J#O`«~°O J„ÉèíHõO HõeÑ≤ =¸ã¨Ö’ LOz
Tk# =OQÍ„Éèí=ÚÅ∞ Hõeã≤áÈ=Ù#∞.
c[ ~°O[#O
¿ÇÏ=∂H˜HΔ õ K«∂~°=‚ Ú, `å„=∞K«∂~°=‚ Ú ^ŒO^Œfi"Õ∞à◊#=ÚKÕ =∂H˜HΔ õ
ã¨`«fi=Ú`À ~°ã¨=Ú ~°Ol`«=∞QÆ∞#∞.
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
146 ~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú
ã¨fi~°c[ x~å‡}O
¿ÇÏ=∂H˜ΔHõO, QÆO^èŒHõO, Ç¨Ïi`åà◊O, =∞#t≈Å, "≥·„HÍO`«O,
HÍO`«O, ã¨ã¨ºHõO, q=∞ÅO, „™È`ÀO[#O, ~°ã¨Hõ~°∂Ê~°O g\˜x
K«∂~°‚=Ú KÕã≤, ã¨fi~°‚=ÚÖ’ "åÇ≤ÏOÑ¨ KÕÜ«∞=Öˇ#∞.
~°l`« c[x~å‡}O
fHõΔ}Ï„ÉèíO, `å~°=∂H˜ΔHõO, q=∞ÅO, ~°ã¨Hõ~°∂Ê~°=ÚÅ#∞
ã¨=∞ÉèÏQÆ=ÚÅ∞QÍ „QÆÇ≤ÏOz – =OQÆO 4 ÉèÏQÆ=ÚÅ∞ ^èŒ=∞# „H˜Ü«∞
^•fi~å K«∂~°‚=Ú KÕã≤ Ñ¨Ù@=Ú ÃÑ\˜ì Éèíã¨‡=Ú KÕÜ«∂e. Wk ~°l`«
=ÚÖ’ "ÕkèOK«∞#∞. 32QÆ∞}=ÚÅ `åÅÉèíã¨‡=Ú „Ñ¨ˆHΔÑ¨=ÚKÕ
=OQÆc[=∞x K≥Ñ¨Ê|_»∞#∞.
~°ãÖ
ã≤^Œú™ê÷#=∞O^Œ∞#fl ~°ã¨=Ú ã≤^Œú~°ã¨=Ú=Ú J#|_»∞#∞. W@∞
=O\˜ áê^Œ~°ã¨=Ú ~ÀQÆ=ÚÅ#∞ áÈQ˘@∞ì#∞. =$^•úÑ¨º=Ú#∞
áÈQ˘@∞ì#∞. â◊√^Œãú ^≤ úŒ ~°ã=¨ Ú KÕ`<« Õ ^ÕÇÏ¨ "Õ^,Œè Ö’Ç¨Ï"Õ^Œè ã≤kOú K«∞#∞.
*Ï~°}, ™ê~°} Hõ~°‡ÅÜ«∞O^Œ∞ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOK«∞#∞. ¿ãfi^Œ#, =∞~°ú#,
Kå~°}, *Ï~°} (Éèíã‘‡Hõ~°}O) „^•=}, ~°O[#, ™ê~°}, „HÍ=∞}
Hõ~°‡Å∞ ÉÏQÆ∞QÍ `≥eã≤# "åiˆH ~°ã¨Hõ~°‡ ã≤kúOK«∞#∞.
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú 147
~°ã¨=Ú ¿ãfi^Œ# KÕã≤# f„=`«fi=Ú =K«∞Û#∞. =∞~°ú# =Å#

=∞Å=Ú #tOK«∞#∞. Kå~°} =Å# |Å=Ú =K«∞Û#∞. *Ï~°} =Å#
|O^èŒ#=∞QÆ∞#∞. „^•=} =Å# UHÍHÍ~°=∞QÆ∞#∞. ~°O[# =Å#
=~°‚=Ú =K«∞Û#∞. ™ê~°} =Å# "åºÑ¨Hõ`«fi=Ú =K«∞Û#∞. „HÍ=∞}
=Å# „HÍ=∞}â◊H˜Î Ñ¨Ù@∞ì#∞. ~°ã¨=Ú#‰õΩ J~Ú^Œ∞ QÆ`«∞Å∞ HõÅ=Ù.
Wq =∞Å~°∂ÑÖQÍ#∂, [Å~°∂ÑÖQÍ#∂, ^èŒ∂=∞~°∂ÑÖQÍ#∂,
Ç¨ÏOã¨ QÆu (ZyiáÈ=Ù@) <åÅ∞QÆ∞ q^èŒ=ÚÅ ~°ã¨=Ú x„+¨¯
q∞OK«∞#∞. J~Ú^Œ= QÆu J^Œ$â◊º~°∂Ñ¨"∞≥ #ÿ k. Wk r=QÆu. ^ÕÇÏ¨ =Ú
#∞O_ç r=Ù_»∞ x~°æq∞Oz#@∞¡ x~°æq∞OK«∞#∞. nxx =∞O„`«
^è•º#=ÚÅ KÕ`« x~ÀkèOK«=Öˇ#∞. ^è∂Œ =∞O z@Ñ¨@ÖÏ_»∞@, HõÑÊ¨ =Öˇ
ZQÆ∞~°∞@, JHõOÑÖ, qHõOÑÖ J#∞#q J~Ú^Œ∞J=ã¨÷Å∞ ~°ã¨=Ú
‰õΩO_»∞#∞. HõÅfi=ÚÖ’ ~°ã=¨ Ú =∞~°#Ì KÕÜÚ« #Ñ¨Ù_»∞ =¸_»∞ QÆ`∞« Å∞
ãÖÉèíqOK«∞#∞.
[Å=Ú#O^Œ∞ Ç¨ÏOã¨QuÆ Ö’#∂ ~Ô O_»∞ QÆ`∞« Å∞ ãÖÉèqí OK«∞#∞.
â◊√^Œú ~°ã¨=Ú#‰õΩ ã¨fi~°‚O WzÛ, xÜ«∂=∞Hõ B+¨^èŒ∞Å`À ã¨ÎOÉèí#
KÕÜ«∂e. xÜ«∞=∞#O =Å¡ =∞ÅQÆu, ^èŒ∂=∞QÆu ã¨ÎOaè™êÎ~Ú. D
xÜ«∞=∞#O =Å¡ |∞^Œ∞ƒù^Œ ^èŒfix ÖË‰õΩO_® JyflÜ«∞O^Œ∞ ™ê÷~¸
ÉèÏ==Ú á⁄O^Œ∞#∞. ~°ã=¨ Ú ÉÏQÆ∞QÍ F+¨^∞Œè ÅKÕ â◊√^Œ=ú Ú KÕÜ∞« xKÀ,
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
148 ~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú
z@Ñ¨@â◊|=Ì Ú, ^è∂Œ Ñ¨=Ú , ZyiáÈ=Ù@ (=∞O_»∂HõQuÆ ) [~°∞QÆ∞#∞.
_ÀÖÏÜ«∞O„`«=Ú #O^Œ∞ =¸_»∞ ~ÀAÅ∞ ÉÏQÆ∞QÍ ¿ãfi^Œ# KÕÜ«∞
=ÅÜ«Ú#∞. ¿ãfi^•#O`«~°"Õ∞ =∞~°ú#Hõ~°‡ KÕÜ«∂e.
~°ã¨=Ú^•fi~å WK«∞ÛPÇ¨~°=Ú(QÆO^èŒHõO–=∂H˜ΔHõO "≥ÚII)
~°ã¨Ñ≤+≤ìHÍ Jx ¿Ñ~°∞. W\˜ì ~°ã¨QÆ~°ƒù=Ú #O^Œ∞ „^Œq`«=Ú KÕÜ«Ú@
*Ï~°} J#|_»∞#∞. J#O`«~O° ~°H=Îõ ~°æ QÆ}=ÚKÕ ~°O[#O KÕÜ∂« e.
J<ÕHõ™ê~°∞¡ *Ï~°} KÕã≤, ~°O[# KÕã≤# Ñ≤=∞‡@ ã¨fi~°‚=Ú`À ™ê~°}
KÕã≤, J#O`«~°O „HÍ=∞} KÕÜ«∂e. JÑ¨C_Õ ~°ã¨=Ú`À Ö’Ç¨Ï"Õ^èŒ
KÕÜ«∂e. â◊√^Œú áê^Œ~°ã¨=Ú „|Ç¨Ï‡ã¨fi~°∂Ñ¨=Ú, =¸iÛù`« ~°ã¨=Ú
q+¨μ‚ ã¨fi~°∂Ñ¨=Ú, |^Œ~ú ã° =¨ Ú ~°∞„^Œ ã¨fi~°∂Ñ¨=Ú. ~°ã=¨ ÚÖ’ q+Ö,
=Ç≤Ïfl, =∞ÅO J#∞ =¸_»∞ ^À+¨=ÚÅ∞#flq. q+¨^À+¨=Ú =Å#
"≥·+¨=∞º=Ú, =Ç≤Ïfl^À+¨=Ú =Å# K«~°‡~ÀQÆ=Ú (ÉÁe¡, ‰õΩ+¨μª), =∞Å
^À+¨=ÚKÕ`« L^Œ~°~ÀQÆ=Ú. D =¸_»∞ ~ÀQÆ=ÚÅKÕ`« =∞~°}=Ú
ãÖÉèíqOK«∞#∞.
~°ã¨¿ãfi^Œ# =¸eHõÅ∞
=∞Ç¨|ÖÏ, <åQÆ|ÖÏ, "Õ∞Ñ¶¨∞<å^èŒ, QÆe*Ë~°∞, "Õ∞+¨â◊$Oy g\˜
~°ã=¨ ÚÅKÕ ~°ã=¨ Ú#∞ #=™ê~°=Ú`À HõeÑ≤ =¸_»∞ ~ÀAÅ∞ ¿ãfi^Œ#
KÕÜ«∂e. JÑ¨~ål`«, =∞`åûºH˜Δ, ã¨Ç¨Ï^Õq, QÆe*Ë~°∞, „uÑ¶¨ÖÏ
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú 149
„Ñ≤Ü«∞OQÆ∞, Ñ≤Å¡Ñ‘K«~° g\˜ K«∂~°‚=Ú`À á⁄@∞ìÖËx ^è•<åº=∞‚=Ú

#O^Œ∞ (QÆOl) LOz, Ãã·O^èŒ= Å=}O, ™⁄Oiî =∞iÜ«Ú Ñ≤Ñ¨Êà◊√§,
z„`«HõO, JÅ¡O g\˜ 16= ÉèÏQÆ=Ú`À ~°ã¨=Ú#∞ =∞iÌOz _ÀÅ
Ü«∞O„`«=ÚÖ’ =∞O^•yflÖ’ =¸_»∞~ÀAÅ∞ ¿ãfi^Œ# KÕÜ«∂e.
T_»∞QÆ, ~°ã¨=Ú Ü≥ÚHõ¯ q+¨^À+¨=∞#∞ Ç¨ÏiOK«∞#∞. J~°QÆfi^èŒ –
=Ç≤Ïfl ^À+¨=Ú#∞, z„uHõO (Plumbago Zeylanica )=∞Å
^À+¨=Ú#∞ Ç¨ÏiOK«∞#∞. ‰õΩ=∂s ã¨Ñ¨ÎHõOK«∞Hõ ^À+¨=Ú#∞
áÈQ˘@∞ì#∞. â◊G"Õ`«Î D =¸eHõÅ`À ~°ã¨=Ú#∞ =∞iúOz áê`«#
KÕÜ«∂e. =ÚO^Œ∞QÍ ~°ã¨=Ú#∞ J„ÉèíHõ *Ï~°} KÕÜ«∂e. `«~°∞"å`«
Jxfl `«`«fi=ÚÅ`À *Ï~°} KÕã≤ â◊√^Œú=∂H˜ΔHõ *Ï~°} ã¨fi~°æ*Ï~°}
KÕÜ«∂e. ~°ã¨=Ú "Õ_çÖ’<Õ „^•=} KÕã≤ ÉÏÇ¨Ïº„^Œ∞u KÕÜ«∂e.
`«~°∞"å`« ~°O[#, ™ê~°}, „HÍ=∞}Å∞ `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘x Ö’Ç¨Ï"Õ^èŒ
KÕÜ«∂e.
Kå~°} *Ï~°} =∞O„`«=Ú
FO #"≥∂ J=∞$`« Ö’Ç¨Ü«∞ Ñ¨~å=∞$`«
~°™È^Œƒù"åÜ«∞ Ç¨ïO ™êfiÇ¨ II
Ñ¨Ó~°fiO ~°∞~°∞ J#∞ ~åHõΔã¨~åA ^•fi^Œâ◊QÆ∞} fHõΔ} *Ïi`«
~°ã¨Éèíã¨‡=Ú 1Ñ¶¨ÅO ¿ãqOz |Ö’#‡`«∞Î_≥· Éèí∂q∞x ÃÑH˜eOK≥#∞.
ÔH·ÖÏã¨=Ú<Õ K«∂~°‚=Ú KÕÃã#∞. JÑ¨Ù_»∞ t=Ù_»∞ ^è•º#=Ú KÕã≤
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
150 ~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú
Ñ¨#flQÆ=Ú (Lead) #O^Œ∞ =∞#t≈Å =∞iúOz g\˜ ã¨=∞ÉèÏQÆ=Ú
~°ã¨=Ú *Ï~°} KÕã≤, P „uâ◊¥Å=Ú`À ^•#=Ùx ãÖÇ¨ÏiOK≥#∞.
~°ã¨ „HÍ=∞} „^Œ=º=ÚÅ∞
=`«û<åaè, QÆO^èŒHõO, =∂H˜ΔHõO, J„ÉèíHõO, HÍHõq+¨ª, ã¨Ç¨Ï^Õq,
=Ç≤ÏfltY g@xfl\˜ HõHõÅ¯=Ú`À ~°ã¨=Ú „HÍ=∞}=∞QÆ∞#∞.
Ö’Ç¨Ï – ^ÕÇ¨Ï "Õkè ~°ã¨=Ú
â’¡II `«~°∞}Ïk`«º ãÖHÍâ’ <å<å=~°‚ó ã¨∞ˆ~â◊fii
"Õ^èŒÜÕ∞^ÕÌÇ¨Ï Ö’Ç¨x ~°Ol`À ~°ã¨Éèˇ·~°=ó II
ÉÏÅã¨∂~°∞ºx`À ã¨=∂#"≥∞ÿ# J<ÕHõ =~°‚=ÚÅ`À ~°Ol`«"≥∞ÿ#
~°ã¨=Ú ^ÕÇ¨Ï–Ö’Ç¨Ï "Õ^èŒÅ∞ KÕÜ«Ú#∞. „HÍ=∞} KÕÜ«∞x ~°ã¨=Ú
B+¨^èŒHõ~°‡‰õÄ, ~°™êÜ«∞#Hõ~°‡‰õÄ Ô~O_ç\ ˜H© Ñ¨x KÕÜ«∞^Œ∞. QÆO^èŒHõ
=Ú`À Hõeã≤ =¸iÛù`«"≥∞ÿ# ~°ã¨=Ú "åºkè<åâ◊=ÚÖ’ qâı+¨=ÚQÍ
Ñ¨x KÕÜÚ« #∞. F+¨^∞Œè Å ^•fi~å =¸iÛù`"« ∞≥ #ÿ ~°ã=¨ Ú uiy r==Ú
á⁄^Œ^∞Œ J#QÍ KåOK«ÖÏºk ^À+¨=ÚÅ∞ ^•xÜ«∞O^Œ∞ uiy LO_»=Ù.
J[<å~ÚHÍ =∞Ç¨Ï∫+¨nè (#Å¡ÑüÎ) ãÖÑ¨~°¯=Ú KÕ`«<Õ ~°ã¨=Ú
|O^èŒ#=∞QÆ∞#∞.
D =∞Ç¨Ï∫+¨nè ~°ã¨=Ú`À áê^Œ~°ã¨=Ú#∞ 7~ÀAÅ∞ =∞iÌOz,
^•x â◊`åOâ◊ =∂„`«=Ú`Õ "Õ^èŒ [iÑ≤# k=ºHÍOK«# =∞QÆ∞#∞.
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú 151
14~ÀAÅ∞ =∞iÌOz# ÅHõ"Δ kÕ è ~°ã=¨ Ú ã≤kOú K«∞#∞. 8 Ö’Ç¨Ï=ÚÅ#∞

"ÕkOè K«∞#∞. 21~ÀAÅ∞ =∞~°#Ì KÕ ^Œâ◊ ÅHõ"Δ ^Õ ,Œè 28 ~ÀAÅ∞ =∞~°#Ì KÕ
HÀ\˜"Õ^èŒ =∞Ç¨~°ã¨=Ú ã≤kúOK«∞#∞. D =∞Ç¨Ï∫+¨kèÜÕ∞ HÍHõ HõOHÍà◊
MËK«i, =∂Ñ¶¨∞MËK«s J#∞ k"Òº+¨^èŒ=ÚÅ∞ ~°ã¨|O^èŒ=Ú`À#∂
~°™êÜ«∞# Hõ~°‡Ö’ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOK«∞#∞.
Wq ^˘~°∞‰õΩ@ ^Œ∞~°É¡ =íè Ú. 64 k"Òº+¨^=Œè ÚÅ∞ ~°™œ+¨^Œè Ñ¨~O°
Ñ¨~°Ö’ #∞#flq. ^≥·==∂Ü«∞KÕ =¸_è»∞Å∞ g\˜x QÆ∞iÎOK«ÖË~°∞.
Jk=º=ÚÖˇ·# `«$}∫+¨^èŒ=ÚÅ∞ QÆ∞Ç¨ÏÅÖ’ [x‡OK«∞#∞. Wq ~°ã¨
|O^èŒ#=Ú KÕÜ«∞ÖË=Ù. QÆ*Ïi=¸eHÍ ã¨Ê~°≈KÕ, HΔÍ‡áêe k=º
=¸eHõKÕ ~°ã¨=Ú |^Œú=∞QÆ∞#∞. `«$}*’ºu J#∞ k"Òº+¨kè HõÅ^Œ∞.
Wk ~å„`«∞Å Ü«∞O^Œ∞ „Ñ¨HÍtOK«∞#∞. nx"Õ~∞° áêÅÖ’¡ "Õã#≤ áêÅ∞
~°H=Îõ ~°=‚ Ú#∞ á⁄O^Œ∞#∞. nx "Õ~∞° , ~°ã=¨ Ú, QÆO^èHŒ =õ Ú, J„ÉèHí =õ Ú,
QÆ[x=∞‡ ~°ã¨=Ú`À =∞iÌOz ~åyˆ~‰õΩÅ‰õΩ ÖËÑ¨#=Ú KÕã≤ =¸_»∞
Ñ¨Ù@=ÚÅ∞ ÃÑ\˜ì# ã¨~°fiã≤kú. W^Õ q^èŒ=ÚQÍ LK«Û\©~°HõÎã¨∞flÇ‘Ï –
#Å¡z„`« =¸ÅO F+¨^èŒ∞Å∞ ~°™êÜ«∞# Hõ~°‡Ö’ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOK«∞#∞.
^ŒQÍú~ÀÇ¨Ï J#∞ k"Òº+¨kè ã¨Ê~°≈ =∂„`«=Ú KÕ`<« Õ "ÕkOè K«∞#∞.
Wk ã¨Ê~°≈"Õk =¸eHõ. nxx #iH˜<å, HÍeÛ<å "≥O@<Õ
zQÆ∞iOK«∞#∞. nxÑ¨ÓÅ∞ Z~°∞Ñ¨Ù, Ñ¨ã¨∞Ñ¨Ù, `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù, #Å∞Ñ¨Ù ~°OQÆ∞
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
152 ~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú
ÅÖ’ #∞O_»∞#∞. â‹#QÆP‰õΩÅ =Öˇ #∞O_»∞#∞. Wk QÀ^•=i, QÆOQÍ
#k f~°„áêO`«=ÚÅÖ’ L[˚~ÚhH˜ ^ŒH˜Δ}ÉèÏQÆ=ÚÖ’ ÅaèOK«∞#∞.
=¸‰õΩ_»∞Ö’ =∞\˜ì"Õã≤ `≥Å¡ QÆ∞iqO^Œ Ñ¨Ù+¨ºg∞ #HõΔ„`«=Ú#∞ ‰õÄ_ç
J+¨ìg∞, K«`«∞~°Ìj u^èŒ∞ÅÖ’ áêu ^•xx ÃÑOK«=Öˇ#∞. J#O`«~°O
ã≤^Œú=∞O„`«=Ú`À c[„QÆÇ¨Ï}=Ú KÕÜ«∞=Öˇ#∞.
''FO #"≥∂ ÉèíQÆ=u âıfi`«=b¡ âıfi`«Ñ¨~°fi`« "åã≤x
ã¨~fi° HÍ~åº}˜ ‰õΩ~°∞ ‰õΩ~°∞ J„ÑüÇ¨Ï`Õ #"≥∂ #=∞ó ™êfiÇ¨——II
Wk ã≤^=úŒ ∞O„`«=Ú. P~°∞ =∂ã¨=ÚÅ∞ =∞O„`«ÑÓ¨ `« [Å=Ú`À
"≥ÚHõ¯#∞ ~°H˜ΔOKåe. â◊√^Œú`å„=∞O 900 „QÍ=ÚÅ∞ =¸ëê
Ü«∞O„`«=Ú #O^Œ∞Oz, QÆO^èŒHõ ~°Ç≤Ï`« ~°l`«=Ú#∞ „|Ç¨Ï‡su,
QÆ∞O*ÏK«∂~°‚=Ú HõeÑ≤ ^èŒ=∞#=Ú KÕÜ«∂e. D q^èŒ=ÚQÍ KÕã≤#
Ü≥∞_»Å ã¨~°fiã≤kú HõÅ∞QÆ∞#∞.
3 ~°Hõ=ÚÅ ~°ã¨ã≤kú
L`«Î"≥∂ =¸Å|O^èŒã¨∞Î =∞^èŒº=∞O ~°ã¨|O^èŒ#O
J^èŒ=∞ó áêHõ|O^èŒ ™êº^Õ=O „uq^èŒ |O^èŒ#OII
1. =¸Å|O^èŒO:– Wk Hˆ =ÅO =¸eHõÅ KÕ`« ~°ã|¨ O^è#Œ O
KÕ¿ã q^è•#O. Wk L`«Î=∞"≥∞ÿ#k. nxH˜ 64 =¸eHõÅ∞#flq.
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú 153
2. ~°ã|¨ O^èOŒ – =∞Ç¨~°ã,¨ LÑ¨~ã° =¨ ÚÅ`À KÕÜÚ« |O^è#Œ O.

Wk =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ#k.
3.áêHõ|O^èHŒ Oõ :– *Ï~°}Ï^Œ∞ÅKÕ Jyfl=Å# KÕÜÚ« |O^è#Œ O.
Wk J^èŒ=∞"≥∞ÿ#k. Ñ≤O_çHÍ|O^èŒO, „^Œ∞u|O^èŒO, ãÖHÀK«|O^èŒO
Jx‰õÄ_® =¸_»∞ ~°Hõ=ÚÅ |O^èŒ#=ÚÅ∞ HõÅ=Ù.
J„ÉèíHõO 1ÉèÏQÆO,áê^Œ~°ãÖ 1ÉèÏQÆO, ã¨fi~°‚O 16= ÉèÏQÆO.
Wq =¸ã¨Ö’ LOz q_»O, @OHõ}O`À ^è=Œ ∞#O KÕã≤ â◊√kúKÜ Õ ∂« e.
^ŒH˜Δ}=~°ÎOQÍ HõÅ∞Ñ¨Ù`«∂ ^èŒ=∞#O KÕã≤, áê^Œ~°ãÖ`À HõÅáêe.
Wk KåÖÏ |Å=~°úHõO. nx ÉèíHõΔ} =Å¡ #~°∞_»∞ ~°∞„^Œ`«∞Å∞º_»QÆ∞#∞.
21~ÀAÅ∞ â◊√^Œú QÆO^èŒHõ=Ú ÉèíHΔ̃Oz# ¢ã‘Î ~°[ã¨∞û áê^Œ~°ã¨ |O^èŒ#
*Ï~°}Ö’ „Ñ¨â◊ã¨÷"≥∞ÿ#k.
=„[|O^èŒO
1ÉèÏQÆO =„[|O^èŒO, 3ÉèÏQÆ=ÚÅ∞ â◊√^Œú~°ãÖ D Ô~O_ç\ ˜h
<åQÆˆHâ◊~°=ÚÅ`À =∞iÌOz HõÅ¯O KÕÜ«∂e. nxÖ’ 4= =O`«∞
ã¨fi~°‚ˆ~‰õΩÅ‰õΩ ÖËÑ¨#O KÕã≤ "Àº=∞=e¡ ~°ã¨=Ú`À, HÍO`«Ö’Ç¨ÏO
@OHõ} K«∂~°=‚ Ú`À, 8= =O`«∞ J„ÉèHí Oõ `À HõÅfiOÖ’ #∂i QÆO^èHŒ Oõ
HõeÑ≤ Ñ¨Ù@=Ú ÃÑ\Ïìe. J#O`«~O° JO^è=Œ ¸ã¨Ö’ LOz „HÍ=∞}O
–^èŒ=∞#O KÕ¿ãÎ ~°ãÖ M’@|O^èŒ =∞QÆ∞#∞. Wk â◊`«"Õkè ~°ãÖ.
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
154 ~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú
QÆO^èŒHõ|O^èŒO
â◊√^Œúáê^Œ~°ãÖ 50 „QÍII, QÆO^èŒHõO 1 Ñ¨ÅO Ô~O_»∂ HõeÑ≤
L"≥∞‡`«Î~°ãÖ`À =∞~°Ì#KÕã≤ K«„HõÜ≥∂QÆOQÍ (=$kúH©Δ}O) ÉèÏ=#
(P~°Éˇ@∞ì@) KÕã≤#@¡~Ú`Õ Éèíã¨‡=∞QÆ∞#∞. nxx JO^èŒ=¸ã¨Ö’
^èŒ=∞#O KÕ¿ãÎ M’@=∞QÆ∞#∞.
^ÕÇ¨Ï"Õ^èŒ
â◊√^Œúã≤^ŒÌ áê^Œ~°ã¨=Ú`À ^ÕÇ¨Ï"Õ^èŒ KÕÜ«∞=Öˇ##fl =ÚO^Œ∞QÍ
â◊s~°=Ú#∞ ÑÖK«H~õ ‡° `À (¿ãflÇ¨Ï#O, ¿ãfi^Œ#O, ==∞#O, qˆ~K«#O,
P™ê÷Ñ¨#O) â◊√kú KÕÜ«∂e. „áê`«óHÍÅ=∞O^Œ∞ =¸_»∞ ~ÀAÅ∞
<≥~Úº, Ãã·O^èŒ= Å=}O áê#O KÕÜ«∂e. J#O`«~°O "≥ÚQÆeÑ¨Ù=Ùfi
HõëêÜ«∞O 3~ÀAÅ∞ `åQÍe.
ã¨=∞ºyfiˆ~K«#O J~Ú# `«~°∞"å`« Hõ@∞Hõ ~ÀÇ≤Ï}© HõëêÜ«∞O
=¸_»∞ ~ÀAÅ∞ `åQÍe. <Õu`À Ü«∞"å#flO Éèí∞lOKåe. "≥∂^Œ∞QÆ
q`«Î#=ÚÅ∞, "åÜ«Úq_»OQÆ=ÚÅ K«∂~°‚=Ú ÉˇÅ¡O`À Å_»∞¤KÕã≤
u<åe. nx=Å¡ „H˜=ÚÅ∞ Ñ¨_çáÈ`å~Ú. ^˘O_»HõëêÜ«∞O`À =K«,
q∞iÜ«∞O, Ãã·O^èŒ=O, Ñ¨ã¨∞Ñ¨Ù, Ñ≤Ñ¨Êà◊√§, âÁOiî, Lã≤i, QÆ∞_»∂z,
q_»OQÆ=ÚÅ`À K«∂~°‚OKÕã≤ =¸_»∞ ~ÀAÅ∞ P „^Œ=O `åQÍe.
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú 155
D „Ñ¨HÍ~°O ^ÕÇ¨Ïâ’^èŒ# KÕã≤ áêÅ∞, ÃÑã¨~°Ñ¨Ñ¨C`À âßeJ#flO

Éèí∞lOKåe.
J#O`«~°O H˘O`«|ÅO KÕ‰õÄi# `«~°∞"å`« ~°™êÜ«∞# qkè
KÕÜ∂« e. Lã≤i~°ãO¨ , áêÅ∞, `Õ<,≥ <≥~Úº, ^Õ=^•~°∞ ~°ãO¨ , #∂<≥Ö’
HõeÑ≤ 100 „QÍ ^ÕÇÏ¨ ã≤u÷ ##∞ãïOz =¸_»∞ <≥ÅÅ∞ ~ÀE `åQÍe.
J#O`«~O° ''P~À@ â◊√^Œ~ú ã° O¨ —— ¿ãqOKåe. Wk r~°"‚ ∞≥ #ÿ `«~∞° "å`«
â◊s~°=Ú#∞ ˆHΔ„fHõ~°} KÕã≤ ÉèíHõΔ º=Ú#∞ =$kú Ñ¨~°Kåe. J„ÉèíHõO,
ã¨fi~°‚=∂H˜ΔHõO`À â’kè`«"≥∞ÿ T~°úfi,J^èŒó u~°ºHõ áê`«# Ü«∞O„`«=Ú
^•fi~å áêu`«"∞≥ #ÿ ~°ã=¨ Ú Éè$í OQÆ~å[ ~°ã=¨ Ú`À =∞iÌ`"« ∞≥ #ÿ Ñ≤=∞‡@
=O_ç#k ''P~À@~°ãÖ—— J#|_»∞#∞. nx<Õ ^ÕÇ¨Ïã≤kúH˜ "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜
~ÀA# ¿ãqOKåe.
áê~°^ŒÉèíã¨‡ ÉèíHõΔ}Ö’ XHõ ã¨∂HõΔ ‡ ^À+¨=Ú#flk. Éèíã¨‡¿ã=#
=Å¡ 21~ÀAÅ =~°‰õΩ f„= HÍ=∞"åOKè« HõÅ∞QÆ∞#∞. 1~ÀAÖ’<Õ
1000 =∞Ok ¢ãÅÎ‘ `À ~°q∞OK«∞ â◊HQÎ̃ ÅÆ "å_»Q∞Æ #∞. „ã‘Î ãÖQÆ=∞=Ú
=Å# ~°ã¨=Ú ^ÕÇ¨Ï=∞O`å ãÖ„Hõq∞OK«∞#∞. Hõ#∞Hõ ãÖÉè’QÆ=Ú
KÕÜ«∞~å^Œ∞. ~°ã¨ÉèíHõΔ‰õΩ_»∞ HõHÍ~å+¨ìHõ=Ú#∞ u#~å^Œ∞.
â’¡II ‰õÄëê‡O_»O Hõ~°¯\©K≥·= HÍoOQÆO HÍ~°"ÕÅ¡HõO
‰õΩã¨∞OÉèíHõOK« Hõ~À¯@O Hõ^ŒbO HÍHõ=∂zHõO
HõHÍ~å+¨ìHõ "Õ∞`«kÌ =~°˚ÜÕ∞„^Œ ã¨ÉèíHõΔHõóII
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
156 ~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú
1. QÆ∞=∞‡_ç, 2. ^Àã¨HÍÜ«∞, 3. Ñ¨ÙK«ÛHÍÜ«∞, 4. HÍHõ~°HÍÜ«∞,
5. ‰õΩã¨∞O|O, 6. =Ú@∞ìHÍHõ~° (PQÍHõ~°) 7. J~°\ ˜ÑÖ_»∞, 8.
HÍ=∞Oz, ^ÕÇÏ¨ ã≤kú á⁄Ok# ™ê^è‰Œ Ωõ _»∞ =O^ŒÅ ãÖIIÅ∞ rqOK«∞#∞.
=∞O„`«™ê^èŒ#Ö’ ã≤kúá⁄O^Œx "åiH˜, HõÅÊHÀ\˜ ãÖIIÖˇ·<å ~°ã¨ã≤kú
ÅaèOK«^Œ∞. =∞O„`«Ç‘Ï# ~°ã¨™ê^èŒ‰õΩÅ‰õΩ ^Õ=^•#=ÙÅ∞, Éèí∂K«~°∞Å∞
J<ÕHõ J@OHõ=ÚÅ∞ HõeÊO`«∞~°∞.
g~°∞ ã¨fiÑ¨fl=Ú ^•fi~å ™ê^è‰Œ Ωõ Å g~°º–~°H=Îõ ÚÅ#∞ Ç¨ÏiO`«∞~°∞.
~°ã¨ÉèíHõΔ} „Ñ¨ÉèÏ`«HÍÅ=ÚÖ’<Õ KÕÜ«∞=Öˇ#∞. JuZO_», K«eQÍe
Ñ¨xH˜~å=Ù. ~Ô O_»∞ *Ï=ÚÅ∞ Ñ¨^ºŒä =Ú PK«iOKåe. ~°ãB¨ +¨^Œè ¿ã=#
HÍÅ=ÚÖ’ JuQÍ =∞^Œºáê#O, Éè’[#O, Jux„^Œ, JuQÍ "Õ∞Å∞
HÀ=_»O, Ju"≥∞^ÿ ∞Œè #O, Z‰õΩ¯= #_»H,õ JuHÀÑÖ, JkèHˆ K«Û,ù x~°~Hú° õ
"å^Œq"å^Œ=ÚÅ∞ [Å„H©_», <ÒHÍqÇ¨~°=Ú, qKå~°=Ú q_çz
ÃÑ\Ïìe. PHõeQÍ LO_»~å^Œ∞. Ñ¨QÆ\ ˜x„^Œ Ñ¨xH˜~å^Œ∞. U^Õ=`å
<≥·"Õ^Œº=Ú u#~å^Œ∞. Hõ~°∂Ê~°O ã¨~°fi^• q_çzÃÑ\Ïìe. ‰õΩO‰õΩ=∞
ÖËÑÖ, HÍe`À Jyflã¨Ê~°≈, QÀ„ÉÏÇ¨Ï‡}∞Å#∞ `«#fl_»O, ¢ã‘ÎÅ#∞
H˘@ì_»O, "å`« Ñ¨^•~°ú=ÚÅ#∞ u#_»O =∂<ÕÜ«∂e. Ñ¨QÆÅ∂–~å„f
~°™êO‰õΩâ◊=∞O„`«O [Ñ≤ã¨∂ÎO_®e.ÃÑã¨~°Ñ¨Ñ¨C J#flO, áêÅ∞,
QÆe*Ë~∞° ‰õÄ~°, "Õ∞Ñ¶∞¨ <å^ŒO, ÃãO· ^è=Œ Å=}O, âÁOiî, <åQÆ~=° ÚÃã,·
Ñ¨^‡Œ =¸ÅO =∂„`«"∞Õ ¿ãqOKåe. ~°ã=¨ Ú r~°=‚ Ú HÍxKÀ =¸~°Û,ù
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú 157
=}∞‰õΩ, K«~°‡OÃÑ· á⁄‰õΩ¯Å∞, [fi~°O, ZH˜¯à◊√§, Hõ_»∞Ñ¨Ù<˘Ñ≤Ê, x„^Œ,

Ju™ê~°O, eOQÆã¨ÎOÉèí#, ^ŒQÆ∞æ, Xà◊§O`å =∞O@Å∞ HõÅ∞QÆ∞`å~Ú.
=„*ÏOQÆ ã¨∞O^Œs ~°ã¨QÆ∞\˜Hõ
~°ã¨™ê^èŒ‰õΩ_»∞ 20`«∞ÖÏÅ∞ =OQÆO, ã‘ãÖ, ~åy, J„ÉèíHõO,
¿ÇÏ=∞O, ~°[`«O, =„[O, Ö’Ç¨ÏO. g\˜`À ~°ãÖ HõeÑ≤ =¸ã¨Ö’
^èŒ=∞#O KÕ¿ãÎ k=ºQÆ∞\˜Hõ JQÆ∞#∞. nx<Õ =„*ÏOQÆ ã¨∞O^Œs
~°ãQ¨ ∞Æ \˜Hõ JO\Ï~°∞. nxx <À\˜Ö’ LOK«∞H˘#flKÀ ^ÕÇÏ¨ P~ÀQÆºO,
|ÅO, `Õ[ã¨∞û, Ö’Hõ„Ñ≤Ü«∞`« HõÅ∞QÆ∞`å~Ú.
~°ãëOQÆ x~å‡}=Ú
â◊√kú KÕÜ«∞|_ç# áê^Œ~°ã¨=Ú, `«=∞Åáê‰õΩ ~°ã¨=Ú`À
#∂i#KÀ K«OK«Å`«fi ^À+¨=Ú áÈ~Ú, KÕu`À „QÆÇÏ≤ OK«∞@‰õΩ gÅQÆ∞
#@∞¡ ¿Ñã¨∞ì=Öˇ JQÆ∞#∞. ^•xx U^Õx Ö’Ç¨Ï=Ú`À HõeÑ≤ =¸ã¨Ö’
áÈã≤, JyflKÕ`« HõiyOz, K«ÖÏ¡iÛ# ~°ã¨=¸ =∞iÜ«Ú ^è•`«∞=Ù
(Ö’Ç¨Ï=Ú) Hõeã≤áÈ~Ú QÆ\ ˜ìÑ¨_»∞#∞. WkÜÕ∞ Jyfl|^Œú=Ú.
20 `«∞ÖÏÅ áê^Œ~ã° =¨ Ú Ñ¨ã∞¨ Ñ¨Ù`À ÉÏQÍ #∂i h\˜`À Hõ_yç #
H˘O`« =∞Å=Ú áÈ=Ù#∞. `«~°∞"å`« x=∞‡ÑÖ_»¡ ~°ã¨=Ú`À #∂i#
H˘O`«=∞Å=Ú áÈ=Ù#∞. JÑ¨Ù_»∞ `«=∞Åáê‰õΩ ~°ã¨=Ú`À #∂i#
K«OK«Å^À+¨=Ú áÈ=Ù#∞. XHõ =∞\˜ì=¸‰õΩ_»∞Ö’ 18`«∞Å=ÚÅ
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
158 ~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú
`«QÆ~°=Ú HõiyOz, JO^Œ∞ D ~°ã¨Ñ≤+‘ìx "Õã≤ ÉÏQÆ∞QÍ HõeÜ«∞Éˇ\ ˜ì
t=eOQÍHÍ~° =∞\˜ì JK«∞ÛÖ’ áÈã≤, 15xII Å J#O`«~O° , K«ÖÏ¡i#
`«~°∞"å`« fã≤# Jyfl|^Œú"≥∞ÿ# ~°ãëOQÆ "Õ∞~°Ê_»∞#∞.
J#O`«~°=Ú ^•xH˜ „áê}„Ñüëêª, Ñ¨Ó*Ï<å^Œ∞Å∞ KÕÜ«ÚK«∂
„Ñ¨f Ñ¨Ù#flq∞<å_»∞ ÖË^• ãÖII#‰õΩ XHõ™êi H˘O`« â◊√^Œúáê^Œ~°ã¨
<≥ · " Õ ^ Œ º =ÚQÍ ^•xH˜ ã¨ = ∞iÊOz# ^•xx `« # Ö’ b#=Ú
KÕã¨∞H˘#∞#∞.
J+¨ìHõ~°‡Å J~°ú=ÚÅ∞
¿ãfi^Œ#O:– HΔÍ~°, J=∞¡, F+¨^èŒ∞ÅKÕ _ÀÖÏÜ«∞O„`«=Ú #O^Œ∞
=O_»∞@.
=∞~°Ì#O:– #∂~°∞@. Kå~°}O–[~°}O:– Éèíã¨‡=Ú KÕÜ«Ú@.
„^•=}O:– „^Œ==ÚQÍ KÕÜ«Ú@.
~°O[#O:– ~°OQÆ∞ HõeyOK«∞@.
™ê~°}O:– `≥Å· =ÚÖ’ Ü«∞O„`«=ÚÃÑ· KÕÜÚ« „H˜Ü∞« . „HÍ=∞}O:–
^è•`«∞ =∂iÊ_ç.
™êOˆHuHõ Ñ¨^Œ=ÚÅ J~°ú=ÚÅ∞
JO^èŒ=¸ã¨:– QÀã¨Îh PHÍ~°O QÆÅ =¸ã¨, ™ê~°}Hõ~°‡‰õΩ
LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOK«∞#∞.
"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü
~°ã¨ `«O„`«=Ú 159
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"Õ∞_»=~°Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨`ü‰õΩ=∂~ü

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