224 CHAPTER 11, COMPRESSIBLE FLOW Consider an elemental control volume that follows the inside contours of the nozzle, as shown in Figure 11.7. The one-dimensional continuity equation, pAV = constant, can be differentiated to give we A,W ig (11.31) Similarly, we apply the momentum equation for steady flow (equation 3.20) to this control ‘volume. For isentropic flow, there is no wall friction, and s0 pA pV2A4 pd = (p+ dp)(A+dA)-+ (p-+dp) (V+ dV)? (A444) Note that the term pdA on the let hand side of the equation represents the foree dv to pressure acting on the side walls of the control volume. Neglecting all higher order terms, this becomes Adp+ AV dp+ pV2dA-+ 2pVAdV =0 With pAV = constant, we obtain dp+pvdV = 0 (1132) ‘This is the momentum equation for steady, quasi-one-dimensional flow, in the absence of viscous and gravitational forces. For isentropic (luviseld, no heat transfer) flow, this equation ‘can be written as ye ede _ ate vay = -% = 4% _ _2t 11.33) edb ? (ss) since the speed of sound (squared) is equal to the rate of change of pressure with density at ‘coustaut entropy (equation 11.19). Intzodueiag the Mach uunber (equation 1.5) and using ‘the continuity equation (equation 11.31), we obtain wv da de 7 1-MPée ‘In addition, by using the isentropic relationships given in equations 11.29 and 11.80, we find that 4M? dA T-MPade SoM? dA inane So - ar aa =a? de BS as as Figure 11.7: Elemental control volume for the derivation of the momentum equation for steady, ‘qutsi-one-dimensional dow.11.5, COMPRESSIBLE FLOW THROUGH A NOZZLE 25 If we avoid the case where M = 1, and consider the two cases where M <1 everywitere, or M > 1 everywhere: 1, When M < 1 everywhere, then with ) Boo Boo B 1 everywhere, then with @ Seo Soo 250, Z>0, ma Leo Boo Ben Boo Deo mt Moo ‘These results are summarized in Figure 11.8. The similarity with respect to the frictionless flow of a liquid iu an epen chanuel is clear by comparing Figures 10.14 and 11.8. We sce that when the Mach number is subsonic everywhere, the pressare, density and temperature drop as the flow speeds up in the converging part of the nozzle, and they rise as the flow slows down in the diverging part of the nozzle. When the Mach number is supersonic everywhere, the pressure, density and temperature rise as the flow slows down in the converging part of the nozzle, and they fall as the flow speeds up in the diverging part of the nozzle. In particular, for supersonic How downstream of the throat (Case 2b above), the velocity increases and the temperature decreases as the area continues to expand. The ‘Mach number is therefore set by the amount the area increases downstream of the throat. ‘That is, the Mach mumber depends on the arca ratio A/A*, where A* is the exoee-scetional area of the nozzle throat. To obtain a Mach number of $, for example, an area ratio of about 200 is required (see also Section 11.5.2). Note that the flow in a subsonic diffuser (a diffuser & a duct of increasing area) has a falling velocity and a rising pressure, but the fow in a supersonic diffuser has a rising velocity and a falling pressure. ‘The dowastresin pressure level defines a series of flow regimes, much as the downstream ‘water level did in the ease of open channel flow through a smooth constriction: 1. Only two solutions exist with AM = 1 at the throat whea there are no losses (Figure 11.9, cases ¢ and 1); st Vipt pit) = —& Vipt ptt! ——~e— Vipt piri > —> vipl piri ee Converging flow Diverging flow Figure 11.8: Summary of fow variation in subsonic and supersonic ducts.226 CHAPTER 11, COMPRESSIBLE FLOW Figure 11.9: Pressure and Mach number distributions throagh a converging-diverging nozele. From Liepmann & Koshko, Blements of Gasdynamics, John Wiby & Sons Ine., 1957. 2. Normal shocks are found in the nozzle for exit pressures in the range marked by points ¢ and f; 3, Oblique shocks form outside the nozzle for the range between points f and i; and 4, Oblique expansion waves form outside the nazzle for exit pressures below point i. ‘Shocks and expansion waves are considered further in Sections 11.6 to 11.10. 11.5.2 Area ratio We sw that the Mach miner domstram f the throat depents onthe rato ofthe cross Soctionl arn the nazeto the ersesretional rea of thethont Toa his east tro wnte the continu equation Ixeween the throat and location nthe newle panyvert were the asterisk denotes the throat etn, We wil only onside flows where supersonic flow exists in the test section. At the throat, therefore, M = 1, and U* = a*. That is, Aloe ome PV wpV By using the isentropic relations (equations 11.27 and 11.25), we ean show that PLA 2 (ata ~ (1134) (=a ‘This is the area relation for isentropic, supersonic flow in a nozzle.