Quizlet Quiz 1: Chapter 6: Perception and Individual Decision Making Perception ‘A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory in order to give meaning to their environment; 3 types of factors int perception: factors in the perceiver, factors in the situation, and fac target A2terms Factors in the Perceiver (Factors. That Influence Perception) (Factors That Influence Perception) Attitudes, motives, interests, ext expectations Factors in the Situation (Factors That Influence Perception) (Factors That Influence Perception) Time, work setting, social settine Fa in the Target (Factors That Influence Perception) (Factors That Influence Perception) Novelty, motion, sounds, size, b proximity, similarity Altriution Theory ‘An attempt to determine whether an individual's behavior is interna externally caused; the ways in which we judge people differently, depending meaning we attribute to a given behavior; 3 factors that influence h determine the causes of an individuals behavior: Distinctiveness, Cc and ConsistencyInternally Caused Behaviors (Attribution Theory) (Attribution Theory) Those behaviors we believe to be under the personal control ofthe individual Externally Caused Behaviors (Attribution Theory) (Attribution Theory) Those behaviors we imagine the situation forced the individual to exhibit Distinctiveness (Attribution Theory) (Attribution Theory) Whether an individual displays different behaviors in different situations; if we perceive the behavior to be unusval, we are likely to give it an external attribution; if not, we will probably judge the behavior to be internal Consensus (Attribution Theory) Consistency (Attribution Theory) (Attribution Theory) If everyone who faces a smilie situation responds in the same way; if consensus is high, you would probably give an external attribution to the behavior; it not, we would attribute the behavior to an internal cause (Attribution Theory) A response that a person exhibits in the same way over time; the more consistent the behavior, the more we are inclined to attribute it to internal causes Funcamental Attribution Error (Related to Attribution Theory) (Related to Attrioution Theory) The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgements about the behavior of others Self-Serving Bias (Related to Attripution Theory) (Related to Attribution Theory) The tendency for individuals to attrioute their own successes to internal factors and put the blame for failures on external factors Judgement Shortcuts Selective Perception, Halo Effect, Contrast Effect, Stereotyping Selective Perception (Judgement Shortcuts) (udgement Shortcuts) The tendency to selectively interpret what one sees on the basis of one’s interests, backaround, experience, and attitudes Halo Effect (udgement Shortcuts) (udgement Shortcuts) The tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the bas's of a single characteristicContrast Effect (ludgement Shortcuts) (Gudgement Shortcuts) Evaluation of a person's characteristics that is affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics Stereotyping (ludgement Shorteuts) (udigement Shortcuts) Judging someone on the basis of one's perception of the group to which that person belongs Self-Fulfiling Prophecy {A situation in which a person inaccurately perceives a second person, and the resulting expectations cause the second person to behave in ways consistent with the original perception; when expectations become reality Decision ‘A choice made from among at least two alternatives Problem ‘A discrepancy between the current state of affairs and some desired state Rational Characterized by making consistent, value-maximizing choices within specified constraints Rational Decision-Making Model ‘A 6-step decision-making model that describes how individuals should behave in order to maximize some outcome 6 Steps in the Rational Decision- Making Model 1. Define the problem 2 Identify the decision criteria 43 Allocate weights to the criteria 4, Develop the alternatives 5. Evaluate the alternatives 6.Select the best alternative Bounded Rationality ‘A process of making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract, the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity Intuitive Decision Making ‘An unconscious process created out of distilled experience