Audioscripts ‘surcnvsor SUPERVISOR SUPERUSOR: SUPERUISOR: sureRvsoR: SUPERVISOR: suPERMSOR: (T)AAPAFAPY Arche ASaiyed ‘And they were quite young, weren't they? ‘Yes, between 25 and 29 ~ the mean was 27.8. Lwasn't specifically looking for, 21 & 22 arlisis who'd produced recordings, but this is something thal’ ust taken for ‘ranted these days, and thev all had. Right. Now you collected your data through telephone interviews, didn’t you? Yes. [realised if was going to interview leading musicians itd only be possible 23 & 24 ‘over the phone because thev'a so busy, | recorded them using a telephone recording adapior.'d been worried about the qually, but it worked out all ‘ight. managed al least 2 30-minute interview with rach subject, sometimes longer. Did doing ton the phone make it more stressful? "thought it might... it was all quite informal though and in fact they seemed very kean total, And | don’ think using the phone. ta. 0234 24 rather the opposite infact. Interesting, And you were looking at how performers dress for concert performances? ‘That's ight. My research investigated the way playors soe thoirrolo as a ‘musician and how this is linked to the type of clothing they decide to wear. But that focus didn't emerge immediately. When |slarted Iwas more interested in. Q25 & 26 ‘ovng to investigate the impact of whal was wom on those listening, and also thor ri 025 & 26 ‘say.someone plaving the flute or the trumpet It interesting tat the choice of dress is up to tne individual, isn't? Ys, you'd expect there to be rules about it in orchestras, but that's quite rare You only had women performers in your study. Was that because male ‘musicians are lass wortiad about fashion?” | think 2 ot ofthe men are very much influenced by fashion, but in social teams. 27 ‘ el from aul underios Hmm. Nov, popular music has quite different expectations, Did you read Mike Frost's article about the dress of women performers in popular music? No, He points out that a lot of female singers and musicians in popular music tend to ‘dress down in performances, and woar less feminine clothes, lke jeans instead of starts, and he suagasts ihis is because otherwise they'd ust be discounted. as. 025 teal But you could argue they're just wearing what's practical... mean, @ pop-music concert is usually a prety energetic affair. Yes, he doesn't make that point, but | think you're probably ight. | was. Intorasted by the affect of the audience at a musical performance when it came to the choice of dress. “The subjecis | interviewed fll this was really important. I's all to do with what we understand by performance as @ public event. They believed the audience. 29 had certain expectations and itwwas upto them as performers to full these. ‘expectations, to show a kind of estoom, "they werent afraid of looking as if they'd made an effort to look good. IM. | think in the past the audience would have had those expectations of ‘one another too, but that's not really the case now. not inthe UK anyway. No. ‘And | also got intorested in what sports scientists are doing to0, with regard to clothing. AT eT ony lay OS IF(rnaasarary Bache Test 4 curensor: Musicians are quite uinerable physically aren’ they, because the movements they cary cut are very inlonsive and rept, so features of sporis cothin 30 Salaun ses om ne olny dargucue fee oso cea owas Yes, bul musicians don’ really conser il. They avoid clothing that obviously rests their ‘movements, Dut thats a8 far as they go. surervson: Anyway, coming back fo your own research, do you have any idea where youre going fom here? sos: Las thinking of doing a study using an audience, including SECTION 4 ‘As we saw in the last lecture, e mejor cause of climate change is the rapid rise inthe level of carbon ‘lone in me aimaspnere over tne fast Century f we COUN! jauue de annwuMt uf COz, yelp Ue rale of climate change could also be slowed down. One potential mathod involves enfiancing the role {oF tho col that plante growin, with regard to absorbing COz. Rattan Lal, 2 gall scianist fram Aha Stato University, in the USA, claims thatthe world’s agricultural soils could potentially absorb 13 por cent of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere ~ the equivalent ofthe amount released in the last 30 years. And research is going on into how this might be achieved. La fist came tothe idea that soll might be valuable inthis way not through an interest in climate change, ‘but rather out of concern forthe land itself and the people dependent on it Carbon-rich soll is dark, ‘crumbly and fertle, and retains come water. But erosion can occur it soils dr, which is @ likely efectifit, O31 Conlains inadequate amounts of earbon. Erosion is of course bad for people tying to grow crops or brood animals on hat ein. nthe 1870s and 0s, Lalas sludvna sal in Aen co veil of oranle mater, Q52 Tike coment, There he met 8 pioneer i the sludy of lots fanning. who suggested hal cafoon om he sl had moved i the atmosphere Ts snow ooking inoreccingly ikoly. Lot me explain, For millions of years, carbon dioxide levels in the almosphere have besn regulated, in ‘an, by @ natural partnership between plants and nicubes ~ Uy uryanionrs ne avi, Plats usu (C02 from the ait and transform i into sugars and olher carbon-basad substances. While @ proportion of thee carbon products remain in the plant, some (ransfer from the roots i fngl and soi micmhes, whith 24 store the carbon in the sol a3, “The invention of agriculture some 10,000 years ago disrupted these enciont sol-building procoscos and led tothe oss of carbon from the soll, When humans starled draining the netural topsoil, and ploughing up for planting thay eepnend the hired eachna tn oxygen This created carhon dioxide and released it ito the ai. And in some places, grazing by domesticated animals has removed all vegetation, releasing ‘carbon into the at. Tons of carbon have been stripped from the word's soils ~ where i's needed ~ and pumped inio the simosphere. ‘So what can be done? Researchers are now coming up with evidence that even modest changes to {arming can significantly help to reduce the amount of carbon in the atmosphere. ‘Some growers have already started icing an apnenarh kann ae regeneeatn agricuiiee Thisalms. 35 land keep it moist thro ices. These include keeping fields planted all veer round, and increasina the variely of plants being aroun, Strategies like these can Q36 significantly inecease the amount of carbon stared in the soil, so agricultural researchers are now building ‘a case for their use in combating climate change. (One American investigation into the potential for eloring COs on agricultural lands ie teking place in Catforia. Soil scientist Whendee Sliver ofthe University of Calforia, Berkeley, is conducting a fist-of. 37 Msdod sturv a lara calle farm in the slate. She and her students are testina the effects on carbon AT eT any lay oS In me‘Aucloscripts ("DMPATAPY Anclyoeiiyeh storage of the compost that is created from waste — both agricultural, including manure and comnstaks, ‘and waste omuced in gardens, such as leaves, branches, and lawn timings. 038 In Australia, sol ecologist Christine Jones is testing another promising sol-enrichment strategy. Jones ‘and 12 fermers ere working to build up soll carbon by culvaling orasses tha slay geen all wear round. Q39 Like composting, the approach has already been proved experimentally; Jones now hopes to show that it ‘can be applied on working farms and that the resuling carbon capture can be accurately measured, ts hoped in the future trat projects such as thaso wll domonsirate the role that farmers and other land ‘managers can playin reducing the harmful effacts of greenhouse gases. For example, In counties ike he United States, whe ist faring operations use large applications of ferlser, changing such fong- standing habits will require a change of system. Rattan Lal argues that farmers should receive payment. 40 a ‘or bee! they produce, bu on they ‘Another study being caried out te AT eT ony lay OS IF(oTIAASAFAFY Ancly teil wr ptalkcom Listening and Reading Answer Keys LISTENING Section 1, Questions 1-10 Chariton (€)115 / alone hundred (and) fiteen cash bathing music entry stage code flootiicors decoration/decorations BeevoaLeENs 3 Section 2, Questions 11-20 41 animalianimals Section 3, Questions 21-30 ai ¢ 22 23 24 25 26 2T 28 29 30 >orom>onD Section 4, Questions 31-40 31 conservation 12 tool/tools 32 foodi/foods: 13 shoes 33 surace 14° dogidogs 34 oxygen/O, 1 F 39 mammals 16 Gc 36 ice 47D 37 decline/declining/decrease 18 4 38° map 9c 39 migration 20 A 40 consumption Ifyou score ... oe Tee a0 you are unlikely to get an ‘ccepiable score under examination concitions and a lot of time improving your ‘you may get an acceptable score under examination conditions but we recommend | examination conditions but ‘we recommend that you spend | that you think about naving ‘more practice or lessons English before you take IELTS. | before you take IELTS. ‘you are likely to get an ‘acceplable score under Temember that aierent institutions wil find different scores avueplabie. AT pT ond clang ois 121Listening ani R8adhhg' Answer Keys 7# 0x" READING Section 1, Questions 1-14 Section 3, Questions 26-40 1 tRuE 28 vi 2 FALSE 29 vi 3 NoTawen 30 iv 4 NOTGIVEN 31 ii 5 NOTGIVEN 32 kx 6 F 33 vi T B 34 x 8G 35. harems 98 36 mares 1 37 ners iB 38 D 124 30 4 Bc 40 8 4a F Section 2, Questions 15-27 415 marketing environment 48 Corporate Travel Conoultant 47 rowards 48 outstanding efforts 19° ambltons 20 psychometric tost 21 team 22 authorisation 23° vustuutis 24 wrapped (careful) /(carefuly) wrapped 25, wasteubbsh 26 Trolleys 27 (regular) breaks Ifyou score ... 0-20 231 32-40 you are unlikely to get an ‘you may get an acceptable | you are likely to got an Acceptable score under ‘Score under examination acceptable score under ‘examination conditions and | conditions but we recommend. | examination conditions but ‘we recommend that you spend | that you think about having alutuf ine improving your | more pravtive or lesson English before you take IELTS. | before you take IELTS. remember that different Institutions wil find diferent scores acceptable. 122 AT pT ond clang oisornaasarare #2865527 stoning SHE EEL Anawer Key LISTENING Section 1, Questions 1-10 Section 3, Questions 21-30 1 haste 21 A 2° Buckleigh 22 4 3 PEO7QT 23 ¢ 4 waiter 24 8B 5 politics 2 8 8 Gyaang 2 7 hema 27&28 IN EITHER ORDER 8 disebled hi 9 4,30 (pm) / half past four D 10 07788 136711 (29830 IN EITHER ORDER c Section 2, Questions 11-20 E HRI? MATHER ORDER Section 4, Questions 31-40 8 31 social 13814 IN EITHER ORDER 32° factory B 33 canal D i 34 bridge 15&16 IN EITHER ORDER 35 box c 36 screen E 37 rue 17 G 38 curved 18 D 39° curtains 19 8B 40 international 20 F lfyou score ... oa 15-28 29-40 you are unikelyto getan | youmey getan accepiable | you are likly to gat an acceptable seore under Score under examination ‘acceptable score under ‘examination conditions and conditions but we recommend | examination conditions but ‘we recommend that you spend | that you think about having remember that different Slot te improviey your | snare pravtve ur lesour lis wl ow ferent English before you take IELTS. | before you take IELTS. le. AT age iT 08th gla ys 0 IF lesListening and Rating Rnswer Keys 7%" READING Section 1, Questions 1-14 Section 3, Questions 28-40 1) NOIGIVEN 28 vit 2 FALSE 29 ii 3 Tuc 30 4 FALSE 34 3 TRUE 32 6 NOTGIVEN 33 v 7 & 3 ili BE 35 wi got 36 FALSE 10 F 37 IKUE 1H 38 NOTGIVEN 2D 20 rater BG 40 NOT GIVEN 140 Section 2, Questions 15-27 45. colleague 48 powereut 17 breathing 18 displacement activity 19 conversation 20° reactions 21 examples 22 handouts 25 wienstios 24 skills 25 cuttings 26 research 27 eros Ifyou score ... 0-20 21-31 32-40 ‘you are unlikely to get an_ you may get an acceptable you are likely to get an acceptable score under ‘score under examination ‘ccoptable score under examinetion conditions and | conditions butwe recommend | examination conditions but we recommend that you spend | that you think about having remember that different 1oLuF line higroving your | stare praclee ur soon Instant wal hid uiterent English before you take IELTS. | before you take IELTS. ‘scores acceptable, 124 AT pT ond clang ois(oTIAASAFAFY Arche teil eon sip-taltcom Listening and Reading Answer Keys LISTENING Section 1, Questions 1-10 1 2 3 4 5 6 aA 7 8 9 1 Section 2, Questions 11-20 Section 3, Questions 21-30 24 cave 22 tiger 23° dancing 24° crying 25° arass 26 27 A 2 ou 29 0 30 8 Section 4, Questions 31-40 noc 34 atttudefatitudes uw 8 32 numbers BB 33 timofminutes aA 34° sofware 15 ¢ 35 patents 16 6 36 emoatonsifectings TA 37 income 1B oc 38 comiortable 19 8 39. observation 20 F 40° analysis Ifyou score ots 15-30 3140 you are unikely to getan | youmay gelan acceptable | you are likely o get an accepiable score under score under examination acceptable score under excitation online ent | can ‘we recommend that you spend | that you let of time improving your ‘ule eum nk about having ‘mare practice or lessons English before you take IELTS. | before you take IELTS. rend | examination vondions but remember that different Institutions wil find diferent ‘scores acceptable. AT age iT 08th gla ys 0 IF 8fetangaragy Listening and Reading Answer Keys READING Section 1, Questions 1-14 ovanmra NoT Given TRUE 9. FALSE 10 FALSE 11 TRUE 12 FALSE 43 NOTGIVEN 44 TRUE eNounens Section 2, Questions 15-27 15 holiday 18 breakout 47 notice 18 summary 49 badge 20 questionnaires 21 promotion 22 questions 23 fesponsibiltes 24 ceiiy ‘goals 26 progress 27 dedication Ifyou score ... Achy eid Section 3, Questions 28-40 28 vii 29 wv 30 i 31 ow 32 33 34 018 19-29 30-40 You are unlikely to get an acceptable score under ‘examination conditions and ‘we recommend that you spend alot of tme improving your English before you take IELTS. 126 you may get an acceptable ‘score under examination conditions but we recommend that you think about having more practice or lessons, before you take IELTS. ‘you are likely to get an ‘acceptable score under examination conditions but remember that different Institutions wil find diferent ‘scores acceptable, AT pT ond clang ois Jp