‘ ‘COURSE 18 GENERAL EXGUTSTICS (Chapter 11 SUBFECT MATTER AND SCOPE OF LINGUISTICS; ITS [RELATIONS WITH OTHER SCIENCES ‘The mubjest mater of linguistics compris al manifertatios of ‘human speech whether that of savages oF vied nstons, or of Atcha, clasal ar dosadent paris In each pod the lng ‘nt consider not only correc pech and wey Ingungo, bat ll ‘ther forms of expreaon as we. And tt is at al nce bei ‘ten unable fo observe speck deeUy, he must onder writen {ent for only through them ean he rach lame that ae remote AGRI ety a ober wisest some tines boro fom ts dt, scence apy it wth dts: Tho line of dmaraon dont alway show psa or nancy, ‘pt mt iy gi om neyo story, wre language ued ory to dacert at Ei ietayrt om sik, ei ude nanos tho verpolnt of hip for langage nc Ba st Tagua becamhne witht! What eth aioe tips tntvenn lgasinaod ool ppcholgy? Bveyting lenguage ie aay peyloga, lang fe mati od ‘ecard macs mh av sound eh; and tee le fats prove cal papcoly with ach vale diye ‘Tur osmecr oF nzNavnsTtos 1 ‘ot pt and pare of his dnipline Here stl rns many san ‘ie queton; ater I cal teat them at qreter eng ‘Th tes between Knute aod the physcoey of sounds are Jes ifiealt to untangle Tho relation eater a Ue sence ae ‘he study of languages exact laiaton rom the saes ese Bysology of sounds but farisbs noe instar, Ta any erent, ‘he oro diipline eannot be confused: Te thing that consate Janguagei, Thal show ater, uarelated to the oni charter of thelist en As fr pology, we have already drawa te ln: distinct from lings despite point of eontetbetwern the ences sid mutual aries tat they tener Finally, of what use linguist? Very few people have cas eas on thi pinta thie not the plato open then, eit ‘is evident, for Insane, that linge gucstionsitoet al who ork with exo—histrans,pilslopt, ea Sil mar bods {he imports of Hnguistis to green culture: in the ever of individans and societies, peeh s more important tha saying lo, That igus hold sonnet be the prregtiea sfok ‘pecan would be unthinkable—ereryone is Gneered wt ta ue way ot another. But—and tise prado couequetc ho Interest that is fod oa lngiteethere so ke Bld which so maxy absurd notion, prejudice impor se fot have sprung xp. Frm the pavchlopel viewpoint tere aro axe of intern, but theta ofthe Img abore ell da, fo ‘sondenn tem and tle em stot hea hapter 117 ‘THE oBvecT OF LINGUISTICS 1, Definition of Language ‘What both the itera and ease objec of tinguletica? The uetion i epecialy fit; later we sal ae yy hore Tw, ‘merely to plat up the diet. SU: CCovEsE ry GENERAL taNaTEETICS (Otter ences work with object that re given in advance and ‘hat ca than be sonadeed from diferent vamp; at nok Tngulten Sameaae pronouns th Trench word we bares 2 suet observer would be tempted to call he word cnerete Tnguistioobjost; bute mare carta examination woals revel sceeivaly thre or foar quite diferent thiags, depending oo Whether the word is eonsidered aca sound, athe expreaon of an ‘ea the equivalent of Lata mute Far fom beng he ‘objet tht antaates the viewpoint, ft would epem tt i he ‘iowpant cht erester the object; bade noting tall ue ia ‘cyano that one way of eonedering the fact fm quan tke ‘recedence over the others rin any way sperio to them. ‘Mareave, regalo ofthe viewpaiat that we adopt, the H- ulti phenomenon alnays har Oo lated sides, cach devin ts ‘als from the other, For exam 1) Arietated eylble ae scout inspreon persived by ‘he er, but th sounds woalé not exit without the Yoal pans, sy for example exists only by vrto ofthe ation between the fo idan Wo aply eannotredue language to sound o detach und from orl articulation; reprocaly, we eanot dene the ‘overeat of the yal orca without taking into aceoaat the ‘eoustealinpeanion (oe pp. 98). 12) But cuppoce that sound wees simple thing would it consti- te pedi No, it only tho lntrament of ought by el, i 2a uo eiteace. A this pont a ue and rodoubuaberelaonstip se’ soun, x complerscouiea-vral ul, comin fn arn ‘ith an ides to form a complex physiological peyboloil unt But thet fel atthe carapletspctre 3) Speech hae bot an individual and soil de and we can- rot canoe of one without th ober. Beside 4) Speck alvaye imple both an etaboed eytem and evolution; at every moment i is ao existing inttuton aad ‘prods ofthe pat. ‘To distinguish between the eystom abd es ory, batween wha it sand what i way nee rrp sine at ‘et ghnoy actly the tro thags ares lly elated th we an sears wp them spar, Wold we spy the gueten by studying the linguistic peacmeaon in i earest stage we ‘exe oral by ng tn recht No rin ing wth pec is ull ending to ssa as ‘oble of ety carers dfs fen te poles oe "aneat chatactarstie, Wo ae fide he cos eel rom whatever dreton we spin he queso, sovare do distinc rom lagen, but whl ‘he faulty mathod of linge ‘As Lae shor leony one slat xi AND 0 may dele, ngage lon srs tat to dopenden eit and proves fucose iste RETR monn wih fs ceil Taken a hele, speech fe mane en us; ening seal arse i pig lea snd plein beth to atl nd Leto; we enn pinta xan fa fs cant dove ite ‘unity. ad a sage on the contrary, lone whole anda sill eta. Ancoo awe Ge lnguae eet are shen {he fet of spc we inten satu ne nana ak ‘drial me oe sta. ai ober to tat prac of clacton o the grond that ne the of open eb ot tnt acy wsJnnguage is omehingaoqied and eonventony, language shoal ‘ot tak int pine but abould be subordinated tothe natural "That objection ie nally rfatod ‘istbo one has proved tht speech, ait manifest when ‘we span reel naar, Le thst ur yoal appara was ‘Bsn for apeing jst at our legs were designed for walling Tigi ref frost agrees on thi point For netanos Whit- ‘ey, to woz aaguage noe of sreral soil ation, er hat we use the vocal sppartus as the instrament of Ioguage purely rough uc, fr the ako of conveniene: mea might just 1 well have cho gistures and used visual eymbels nsend of, ‘cust! eymbols. Doulas bis thos soo dogmate language ‘Sot aa i al rerpct to other oil intone (ne p73 © sod p. 75 £); moreover, Whitey goes too far in xying that ue ‘Slee happened to fal onthe vol orgs the doe was more ‘ot sr impond by native. Ht onthe ewe pols he Ameren git ph: language a convetin, sad Uo ature of te ‘ios that agreed upon dos tot matter The question of the ool ‘operat oboanly taken seoadary plac in the proba of Spee Ont dtl of related ope might oni that colon. a Tat, arseuus means a tember, act, or sabdivison of ‘Sequence plied o spec, eealaton designates citer the =~ »), and everything ‘het o penive ent 9. aa shoul ae add the ssacitve and cocniating faa liar od at ona re need par tae eae, ‘Bult nad dary the rl of the aati ad eo gpnting nly, we mone tee ee ey the igo te and apn th oa a “Aang tie ndash an id erty epech, sur ol arenge wile se pal il proce 0 ee ‘Ect, et sonata san How die he sia cstaiationof a ley of agg cone about? Wish art of he eater ave? For papa magn ay The tempol pat canbe sjctd ftom teeta het we bn pe spas nag tw de tt ny ‘efevsn th nds a eal oles ee a not understand them. a the the peop ofthe cat why regen se the extend mig or cn son eed {ht by cole. Enea nn sod Jedd 'avaye to maser tall el the srcie se Throuth the functioning of the receptive and coasdinating {seas impresions that are preptbly the amo for are sag, a individual, we coud identity the soil bond that cont ‘tes anguage. It ira storehouse fled by th member fs eon Sornmunity though thes active aoe of speaking, 2 grmns acoven that as 8 potenti exitnce in etch bra more ‘Sosa inthe brine of «pou of indvid For lenges ‘Phot omloe i ay sear ta eect aly wins “Teeparting ings fe making We a tha ee tne cpmangs (whats ro wba nid ad @) what {STS fom win racounory and move o aoe. hogune moreno of cpr ee ruc tis pastel nsdn Faeries premed ‘Sinan esto ntaein ony fort paper of eancato, Sechrest up inter pp. 1228) Speang on the contr, ac idol at Te wif and intact Within tbe set etna dings between: (1 the Conbiotion by wht ihe speaker sine the laguagy sa for ‘cores som thought; a (@ tho ppchoparsea twee Sip tat slopr info exter thw cents ‘oe that Ihre doed tings rater then words thse din onsen endnagre by tin ambipnae wore tst donot ire Menieal metngs Gide koguages Ber ian German Sprache meats bot “asguags™ al pec de Snr canespndsaspating” bat asthe pec conatation Gf escre” Latin son decgstes both rte” and pel {ie we tng mee “ngungn” ete. No word sorenpnde ‘cacy toaay th conn apeled sve the why ol ea ‘Ss neds ae mud een tring fom worden oing ina ba poor (TE rummy es athe characte of ange: 1) language a well dead bjs inthe heteragensna ass i per ant san bole a he ted segue ofthe ‘peaking where an autor mae become seid wit TSoeepe isthe ssl ef posh, ote te nce who ‘Stneve rae no andy hy Bit ext ony by oe ‘aan ofcouct signed the member os commaity More ‘ve the nial mt alray serve a apprentaai aonder {ocr the fonoeing of guage cd samt aly ‘een. ee meh dnc hing tht man Spived of te ‘Sn of saing ean provided hat be wodstand he vol Si ht te ear 2) Lagan walk meshing i mmeting tht we cn say xpi Although dnd lngugn sav one en wees SP seine ngs ean Wena ene ‘bese mets of sede te cso East Penile lyf theo Senin ec 3) Whar sth intron agony a dete, i Sonoran Its ayaa oath ch he cr eal AS tein of meine al ox nae, ad Sn Set na 3) somo ert, a gd then perso apis agin hagas tae Nog at scat sosatens i bar e oe caste prorat andwichedal opie meine ae ar rls hat hve thst into a Beas a se tage; po fo mde her eee Eis a, re wall npn pr tea ating (oa ao pry ae ‘clon foes tn aot wed peemtsa nde Xineear movements hat ld fe heeded sal a phe form ny with patie. Toa eae {ey th ly the sand stgy tne as ee ‘el intoa ad isl inage Freda hector ef oremetstceaty fo fhe rulantoe see anne ‘one ren tht ech endian ng See {ltd manera plone as ene Seat py eemepondng muni of wena sete Bp 812). he very poy of yang te gate {lunges no par fr slow donates anon wet atu, for langage nn echaes ooe ‘Scar and wg the ol frm tase ‘8. Plo of Language in Human Fase: Somsagy ‘The foreging harass of language reveal an even more Stportant characterise Langage, nests boundaries ave oan ‘asked of win te spec at an be aed song Ns, ‘phenomena, whereas speech cannot. ms We hav just acen tnt language is soll nation; but ev al featares nit apart frm other polite, lp ete. nations, x® (COURSE DF GRNERAL LINGUISTICS Wo atl ns new tye of at inorder to nine the Techn npg, Tanne eg that xr nether compre tov gins rng, vagina dante ‘oles, ple foray ily gel te‘Dat fn ts opera ea tes ene “ec hl sified ce consi ‘twits pr of sol poly nd cna gael poche al ola Gem Grea snc Se). Ext rel dow wet emcee gay wit Igor then, St tho acer cst yt et So te eno Fatt ob; bt than igh oxen, ¢ pid urn ‘sc. ings oy part the gor eet eno {ister scored by tor wb plea gsi 0 tear il camo wl ae iin ess atic nce To deters hn eat ae of soy i th tak ft porns en fp otal in kes [Ree psalm ihn so aso mrlogea ace ‘Th ce we akn ap nu ater ber wich ely ool eno oan tng Thre meet nating gtr Bice among he ini esn {ve tl Sr seni ot yt bor ees indepen acc wi nove eal he inca? Lape ‘ve ten pinto si nenagy, ter ha anne ti fcr bts for andreniog tn oii prota at naga mun to pt ome sso nn etre lunging haan rayne nid neon ee ‘ise, om te orp aes ft fal the pei ion ofthe generar pers ng nore a natergiing tee fs angus (cep), herby probing say rowrh a tt iy ne fi nih ang cope sce ara hed SG ra Since ar Sy,» 4) mu gon fee Ses me Phage Sl ‘Spe Leaps snd Bor ew Yok Ptr a 150) CF) ‘Then thers the vewpaint of th peychsogt ho sates the ‘ievevethaian in th nd the les mein i doesnot a beyond india eeuton nad does tt fay tho sn, whieh si ‘Greve whe sgn ae staid fom a soci viewpoint, atthe {este Gat attach langage oth thr scl instore that ae mere or as valunaryare empasiody ar ea ae Bal by-pass the meio carcaree of sols ‘ens is ror and of imgngs in parte ae sumpech letored For the dstngsihng carcino ti aps ea, he tat eles apart at iat ght—in that a oe nh trays earthen ola ik hor, the hrc hat dates smile ee {ex rom al ether ition shows up clea Srheanny hei anita ef ne age ar cre In na recy ee ale fama nw thre 430t etyrrgnse. But tote te Intuaspbin ‘elle ad al developmenta deve Wek Seatocee fa, ‘he iuportct fant I we a fo dnrer th eat sae ee, ‘pipet nn win ocean loge yes ng fre that am ery npn fi dase (eg, terol of th acl ppm) wil eee salt sscondry eosin i they serve oly to angst ape ‘rm hoe te. The pronto wi do re tas the inguiti problem. fy saying Fea mato eS ‘it Thee that we dal row new gt one fasten at ‘tp the net for inudng then in eae of seach ‘Spling tem yi le oe set Chapter 1¥ LINGUIBTICS OF LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS OF SPEAKING mn setting up the svanco of langue within th overt study of ‘ech, have alo outlined the whol of Ungusic Al oer leo ‘COURSE ny GHNERAL EENGUIETICS ‘gsi pronounced hal. Tho quay of the 1 esponsbofor the Aiterenoe tntween the promsnnistion of the German werd and French age ‘cag’: Hapa basa closng& while the reach werd ‘san opening Tllowed bya mute e (7) PART ONE General Principles Charlee 1 NATURE OF THE LINGUISTIC SIGN 1. Sim, Sioned Signer Some people ed langungo, whan reduce to it elements ‘naming proses enya lint of word each coreponding toe {hing th amen Por example ARBOR et 7 Bacon tpe sim nine meee | premio aeeeens ube seetbetas aetcomae eoyeSrivemc thant. epee hems ee eee algae ‘We have sea in coin the epeking eit (p. 11) that both terms involved inthe Engst sgn ae pryhologia and rene in the briny a sitive bond, This pit mut be cophad “Te ogi sgn nites, ot ing sd name, but anept nds sodagh"The ler ene she teal oun pr Fpl thing, fut the peel mp ef the wud the rep taal on cr enn The nag sr, ‘SUurTinppe oa ontario that ase, dy ‘Tay of oppogt othe otto the socio, ho oer, ‘Ph Epenrly more abt "th ppcholgeal Garner o ost soundmags becomes 2p area nen we obatve crows apc, Witbot moving a ips {too wean tik oousmver ovate metalic of See Because me rear te words of oar lngunge as eounde Tamas we uc ved sulin of he “phoneme tht make op {Sevend Ths tom, ch sgt ves acy, apoieble {oe pen ord tly, te nation fh eran {nome We oad nt nesnertanding by peg of be ‘Sear cal ma fw wor povided we romcaer tat the Sie ter oh sound ow. "The figun dg ie then stoi pepe ent that can be punted by the doing IS ‘The two lements ar intimately unite, and eath reals the ter, Whether we ty to nd the mesaing of the Latin word err tthe word that Tao tanta designate the eonapt “tei ecnd sage BA ‘ler that ony th aerocatons sanctioned by that language pest {ots to conform to realty, sod wo deg wisteves others right be iagined. ‘ur dation ofthe ingle ig poses an important question sf terminlog. Teall to cambiatian ofa eaosop and sound Image asim bu is eoront nage the tema generally dagen nly toundimage, « word, fr sample (aor, ste), One tends {forgot tat errs ellod sign ely besaae erie the 0- ‘opt “tg,” with the renlt tat the idea of the semory part [ple the id of the hole IPI Ambiguity woalddisappen ifthe dave noon avaved here ‘rere deiasied by thee mums, ach wasting aad oping he ‘thes. I propos to retain tha wad spn [il to decent the bol and to replace cept nd sound-imagereapetirely by Sioned (gn an sone (vga ;the let two terns hare the advantage of indieatng the opposition that separates thom from each other and frm the whole of whish tay ane parts At ‘garde sige, i Tamed with, ie simply beens Ido at iow of any word to replace ithe ordinary Ingaageeugsing ‘The linguist sg, a8 defined, has two primordial character ‘ns. enuncintng them Tam lo poting the ase pine of any ody ofthis ve, 2. Principle I: The Array Nature of the Sign ‘The bond between the sgier and the guid i arbitrary. ‘Sine mean hy sgn the whe that ream te associating of ‘he gfe with the sige, I can splay te inguin earthen. The idea of “sister” ono Unked by any aner relationship to the ruoian of sounds er which ever ata sgnerin French;hat could be represented equally by jst any otersoqunes is proved hy diferences among languages and by the very existence ‘of dierent languages he elgaed "ox" has att gue boy ‘one de ofthe border and es (Oe) onthe ober ‘Novoe dips the prnsplof th artrary nature of teen, ‘nat it ie often ener to dnover © tuth Gan to sgn toi ite proper pase. Principle I daminate all tho Linguists of langue; ‘Ro comequoses ae nuberas eis roe tatoo al of thom are aul cbvious af et gance; aly afer many detoare doer 020 ‘Ascover them, and with them the primordial importance of the ‘One reas i paning: when senilogy becomes organ ‘seine, dhe question wil arse whether or ott propel inl ‘das of expresion based on completly naturel signs, eich as ‘pantomime. Supposing tat the new mienae welomes Ona te sin concern wil tl be the whole group of sats grounded on the arbitreinesof heen In fat evry manne of xpresion Used {a todety i based, in principle, on coletve tahavir rat ‘zaunte tothe sumo thing om eonventon. Pate frmula, for Stetaoe, though often imbued wih a erain natural expresve- ‘or (arin the eae of a Cisexe who gress emptor by bowing ‘own tothe ground ain ne) re nonetheless ed by rl {Bir ruleand not the erin va ofthe gestae hat lg one tous thom Signs that are wholy artitrary realize beta than the ‘ther the ideal ofthe sell proc; ste why Inguags, {he snot complex ad univer of al eptems of expres, ko {he most characteristic; in ths sense linguistics ean core the racer patter for ll rashes of emiologyalihaugh language is ‘nly ove parties allo aye, "Tho word sytbas been usd to dosent the inguisisgn, ‘emo specially, what bere cllod the er. Pracipe Tin Darolur weighs apis the we ofthis tn. One characteristic ‘tthe symbol i tha i ever wholly ablezy i is aot empty, for thee i he radment ofa natural bond bebroen te Siar td the eign The ysl of juste pair of cle coud 2 ‘ereplaced by jst anyother mba, such sa chat. "The word arkivry so al fr camsmant. The erm should not Simply thatthe colo ofthe sige i at entirely to tho epeker (reall me blow tat theinaividual dow not have the power fo hangs a ign in any way cove thas Beem enabled a te linguistic communi) ;T mena that Ifo uamotiate, Le, tary in tnt t actually ha ao marl connection wth te siuied ‘inconelding lotus case two objocdon hat ight be raised to the establishes of Pine T: ') Onomatopoea might bo Utd to prove tat the cies of the signer not always arbitrary. But enozatopocie formations se over argatl laments of nguyen. Bees, their number is uch smaller then ls gesrallynuppoced. Word like French {out hip gas ll nay sk ora ars with ugpeative ‘sontity, but tae tet they have nt always had this property ened only examine their ata frma fou derived rom fat Tnech re lar rm lasicu sd lw rape), The quay tr preset wounds or rather the quality that atribted ‘then, es fortultous rel of phone eotin, ‘As fr authentic enamstopeie words (eal, ebook, ste), no only are the nied a umber, bat ls tay eco, ‘omewhat arity, fr they ae only apposite sed mae Je convestionaliniatons of certain sounds. Engl own ‘nd Feoth wou), In addin, anos tee worse Ben intr ooed into the langue, ny are to eran extent roberta fo the sme evolution phonetic, merptologa, eta-—taat eter vrord undergo (ef pipe, knstay from Valet Latin ip erived in tir from av ctomalopet fomatcn: obvious prot hat ‘thay lee something of thelr aia ebaracter in onder £0 ‘sume that ofthe igus gn in ger which ummtivta, 2) Intrjatins, clay rlted t0 onomatopoeia, eat be at ‘eked onthe mine grounds and came po sloer to Tefuting a ‘hes One is tempted tose in tham spontanoou expresso of ‘ead, 2 to speak, by natural fres, Bu formes inter- fection we en show tat tere iso fd bond betwen tet i tiled and tee sger: We need only conipare tw langangn 9 {his pint to se how much sich express die frm oot lt isp tothe next (og. the Bagh equivalent of French si! ‘act. We know, moreover, that many intereotons were cote= ‘COURSE Dy GHNERAL LaNoUUSTICS crib Re i! rt med "has norte Gas ea ce) "Octet frnens an cons ae of memdacy inpetc tf thay eg propa i ap 4: Principle I Th Liao Nature of Be Signin ‘Tie ie, ting any, ase nly i ine om hi guste alorng actrees an, {IM () fhe ane mens ns dig dense ie a Be. “Wile Psi Ib cv, appara neue tage seglied to ate, dowon bonne they fou i oo Se: eter, fdas, ad carne eel {Sibi i inporano equ that of Pepe Ty th wha ‘chain of ogunge depend upon i (ep. 1221) Tp entra {oil slr (Oso! dene) which an fe ale {Moros govpngs in rel incon sory sis have {tha cand ony te dineson ine. Th Caent are ‘rated in eons; tey focal, Ths eta bcs diy sppoest when they ate roped in writing aod the ‘atl of apie mare sited for meson i tine. Sonstinc tr bear ste ofthe ier nt ovis When ‘ec pi, fray ak am cig ‘nore than on sigan lament onthe mame poi: Bat hein ‘ei oldlsend iret ent cy ce oto tk Tere an duly win he ae ba cy teen op Fosters o winter flows (is fc oe Pia). gt pn nm snd) noTABTY AND MOTABILITY OF THE IG 1. Chapter 11 IMMUTABILITY AND MUTABILITY OF THE SIGN 1. Imma ‘The sgl, though to all appearances freely howe with re. ‘pet to the ide that represents fae, not fe, with repet to the igus community that ue, The masse have wo c8 nthe mate, and the gir chosen by Ingaage could bese ‘loeb no other. This fac, which seems to boy a contraio- tion, might be called eologualy “the stacked deo.” We sn to Tnoguage: “Chane?” but we ad: "Ie must be the sgn end no tes” No individual, even i be willed i could mally in any way at all the choiee dat as ease; sad what is more, the community italf cannot control eo anc at sgl word; ti bound to the exetinglnguage ‘No longer can language be dented with contact pore and simple ad its presly from thi eprint that the ngs ict is pariulay interesting abject of sty for language ‘arise the best proof Chat sl scoped by a commanity fs ‘hing tha ia tolerated sod uo a rule to which i ely conont- Tet usin omy we eannot control he linguistic he py pte the Inpertast comune ta ae fn te ‘No matier what period we shore or ow far back we go las ings always appear asa bertage ofthe preceding posed. We ‘ight consieof an act by which, ts grea moment, aris were Acxigned to things and contract was formed between coset ‘and soundinages; ut euch an act bas never been rooted To ‘notion thst things might have happened that wes prompted ‘by ur acute awareness of the abtrary nat ofthe ig [Nosociy, infact, ows orharever knows language ober than ‘68 product inhvited fom preceding generations, and ace tobe ‘copied as uch That why the usin of te eg of menosoot 0 fmportan ert gue ee ob. The ution {kernel al ef gin Sua ter oft eg Sm. praia ase wets SEY a pote ef none vos ed thon eres SEE Uae adn wshngubl Le why seat ny SSitay abate “ve i oling ena ty sing tt ngage sotng soe ving ita ts Cant vsti ol inbeed IRs meld ne ment tet? "To nut tat sjcton, west pot nage into da sing rae he ci ut ve woul fer ye SEERIAGtr tow Se eel aon rasta? ‘Wr trl que nds he gue feta. ‘Motu ue emi tn gaa oer mens rede Uae te tone aa hve ina wl eh eign epern ensbetrrsSd diene (eco ey. Ti step sto dcr naa CRSA oe te rt gp cy mae eo SeBTae ir te end ay cong tck o ney TEESE, Wiehe atr nmin dems ‘uray nt ye any sen wien hoe 025s ny pele saves tote qt For eames cor nt po tn kat bc pains te 2 ee Sante tener pe ful SECRETS Sheena ech gratin enact Seitenende lng ates crn gto One mht a eal Bt eters oie rearing he moter ne ‘Sine nr pal hn wl epi Ney ‘Pare andel at eee isn ner in act {Vathon spate uri sors of th ea Se ME thy re uae ty hw el they ml {RIEY Betty mera of ths ir eye eu hat SE weurcns wel ada led to tm for pole se ery ned ih ngage yt eae “as ean connate ot oil The faring sad dey nl he lh dap oon 2) Pheaivaynatvaf esi Abore web toss the ttre post of chan fhe doen eggs a ti aria tr fh oe in ely wht pes ngage from ny stat omoy# Enel pope wr mr eons etna tha hy hy wold il et oy how odo 4. he nen simpy a ny mite nner oe aed ‘stave arena bass Ips ttneode ‘ister monotone oa fara nre alata {i penne faon sd to rao angament to rporaer ‘One lal rg sau ste ofp fre ae betinrs moa ina iho ng ped (se, Ttlangnge ram tary son ents ence es, te id rnd for ducuion Te no fas or Pfoieg swt nr, Oi fo fd 3) The mally of pw meray 10 frm ony lr acter ipo earths et ae tet af dee that meg ints nang ey lana A ‘toning compan tery fot teen ‘Tent te pled ty enter stm Th sate wold ae ot isogenee His ois sUntedambet of Sn Teg See nue 3) The meropenem. A gig conten 4 soto T hs one eet (rw al einen eg mt cmiay airy bat ul tosses by age ‘am, however, atte iy of he mann fo om itt eparrt. Then in opr mci an be ened ny truth caton th vry o r w ly trlgoomat ot Weva mo chang yup te inerventen of ai, punmasas gg, eat Petes sr tna ch ming ha fad “Canad enti Laguna thu silonton supa he sere at ey monet ey ‘ear one sen hha nen pled ty logan esate hy Hew arabe toe {pan emption atevn serials, The po ‘ijt of ele, rgor n,n! sel se, veto cairn nmi ofits a oe cydhrngs ied yr tila gu bn xt, ‘opus al eyo tay ical a ‘Sheed fy atop it tia ttt pony Clara Of alec aan language at meni {isa tdi ee cS eater er attra pine ova oe vt ‘to say that language is « product of social forces does not sats dah cate; etn “ape tn ge fn pret pd, al ht he ‘llamar i ina Eaagugs chr ly Sy {Ee waht te eleity bay te Tw fro ture At eyes ey wi te po ks SoS hee ay mt ip. Tl tt pet ‘sens inh tol tenn ont he Ere ‘thane oe rt ih cs {Pts tan tic nae chow tte aed era lg 1 hau aoe ior hn tat feu ed Sot bn tt, aay 2. Mutat ‘Time, whic nsures the continuity of language, wields another fnduenoe wppernty cntraitary to the frets the more or lst ‘rapid change of linguist sgns. In eran sna, therfore, we an speak ofboth the immutability andthe mutailiy of the sign ‘nthe lst anys, the ro facts ze nterdapendont: the gn fn espe to alteration beatae it perpetante ltl. What pe. dominates in all ehangs is the perestene of te ld substance; ‘Gsrgard fr tho past ouy rative. That why tho principle ‘of change is bad on the pence of contin ‘Change in ime takee many forms any ots of which an im portant ehaptr in ngustien might be witen. Without entering {ato detail let us ve what things need to be delineate Tis, there bono mistake about the meaning that we attach to th word change. One might think tha it deals especially with seen at tn So oat eae By epee ‘ocho tom wan oman nt Soom canes ‘pif niyo penn Cane On om aie ‘does ne ence | IMMUTABITY AND MOTABILITY OF THE SGX 16 honeto hangs undergone by the iro phage asin Fvsns which ft the ied anep, That ow wal be {stdeqae: Ragas of what the farce ofchang nbc {in lation orn combination, ty aways raul i i 9 he ‘loupe ese ant cic "ors ar soe xampn Lal na El bcame nye ‘own? fn French, Both th oundimage sodthe oncpt anges tt i 4s sl to spat the two prt of the pheomenoes ei ‘licen! to tate ith reget oe wl ta he nd tne {he ie andthe pn was om, thn there rer a hi toni. ntnd of paring Can Lane Tit Fresh nete, we cnt he ferme ter ith nso lear Tan f te Youth eA onary meang he cate lite diferent; bet re sen laugh thre tno pesibechange in th gir tha etn te nn. ‘Mp tetwenn thee and tei it Garman rial "nr besa Dit in Modern Ger- ‘2a Hey llough the snceptrananed the ue, th toe ‘Bip ws changed into way thsi ms chaged soto naire bt ao nt pase er th sae Tear inno lg; Dil in spleen Ine ay ‘Fant tere is lege at a i tong "Is Ang iene ty fm tt eine Wee luli bese faders gl fs). epee the le hoes ht pi hing rte w+ in other erapendens betes the Poneto tnd te ered “aneuage is aoly poweion to dnd tl agit the fore whith fom one more fo th tat ae tag etn ‘ip teen te dio andthe gtr, Tis son of oo ‘ontaqunes ef the ablary nature ef tie sgn ‘atk lnguge, other hua ones, ar walled inveying depeson tear atin ing tilhate of noraitynapld the eae employed tothe is Formed. Bren fashion in dem isnt easly ateary, we rae ‘eine oly slighly fom the senins dsand bye Wesen {Bona yo DeSean einai sg ded ae i dae* (COURSE 1 GENERAL LINGUISTICS body. Language i init by nothing a the choice of moans, for ippurelly nothing would prevent the asodating of amy on ‘wintoever with ust any exquenc of sound, "Po expla the fart tat language is a genuine institation, Whitoey quite futlyfsised pen the abiteery aetare of hens: td by 20 dog, be paced lngustis on its tae uxt. But be dd fot foo thrugh ands tht th aitariana of language ral- ‘ally copraten from al othernrttsions. Thies aperetfrom ‘he way in which language evolves: Noting cald be more eom- Pex A Hea poco both Ue sol free snd tine, no cae a chang anything ini, and on tho other and, the abieacinese tts ign theoretaly ental the feodom of ertablihng just fy relations beeen phonetombstane aad ideas The rele {2 kat each ofthe Oro elements united Inthe sgn maintains is ‘orn Iie to. degree tzinown elawbere, and that langue? ‘Sango or sather evolves, under the infoenoe of all ce fore ‘phish ean aft either sounds or meanings. Te evolution isi Urtable; tre la no example of «single lnnguage that resis it. ‘After carta pviod of tie, some obvious shits xn always be revorded. ‘Mutability ew fneeapable tat it oven holds tre fo rtf languages: Whocver erate language controls aly 2 ong = itinnot in een; frum the moment when full te mission td became the property of everyone, contrl i lest. Take Eee feranto ae an expe; ft mceeda, wl i scope ths inexorable Tw? Once launchd, Se guite ely thet Beperaato wil enter ton «fully sailgia de St wl be tranmited sooording £0 Ta wich have nothing in eomnon with tac ofits gia ee ‘lo, sod thre wl be no tarsng bekwards A man proposing hed langage that posterity would have to noe for what tt ‘would be Uke aon atehing a ack opr We langage crested ‘by bi would be boro alog, willy, by the earent that opal al language, ‘Signe are governed by 1 principle of general emily: con ‘taulty in te Sn coupld to change inte this conimed by ‘orthograpiseytems, tho epoch of deat, But what supports the seowaly for change? T might be re proached for not ving bon as expt on tis pot a8 on the Principle of immtaby. Thi e because I flied to stings TAMOTABIETY AND MOTABILITY OF THE Stas 77 etn the diferent oes of change. We mst cone tis ‘at very in rer to dtd ein Yo wc tee ‘The cues of contnty ar «pri win the spe ofthe curs nt of ge no ot fs rt tpt giving an ect asmnt at spt, but torte ‘cua ingt witiap Tne ag 2 thing: tere oon Wyn son ‘universal law. pao “Tatar er te man pint of or dronion a rt them tte et inetd 1 Ald stern word estonia the toil pename- so reed yesh in Sd ea areas ‘peaking Langunge pec ping Ith role eis wich aw anno er od 2) Dats dent ti aves ngage ote ts cil ean- tes; mals language someting article ces oly Abe ini part fly; forthe eleatn ef opage & atmunty of pears Pass porate nenory Coney to St eppenrnes nngung ove Apa fom nc a, foritiv wish phonareon Te sal atric iter characte ecomps eatin cau eo inparbie ele ae shows i th rig ‘Conmeniy spedlas ‘But under the conditions daoibed language ie not lving—it tatty pt reba cme el tal nt bbistorieal, fact. ien ‘COURSE ny GENERAL LINGUISTICS ‘he Linguine sign ie ery; Ingge at dtd, mold tazetor sum oe tnyn wey beeen depend yon ‘ol pn, fic ad on be oping a wl i oi Tate conde ndpeneny, ow not deftly rl oot is “ng: Die no ry gel de Sat oe Daley operons mt carer eerything that desta [euson insoles betwen vin Bu the ting wich Inepsangugs rm ung simple convention tht canbe mod [nlc the wh of inetd pron ous natu ‘ihr the action of tne conned with th soil fore. tina {Pit ot, te gus ace ae incomplete endo sonlson pose Tire considered language i tine, without the emmy of spate imagine an oll nda ving fr sve Sne eorcwe prtely woul olin no change Une won ot {atucoe language Cnreny fe eopsered the cmmanty td epenters ih conn tine, we would nat ste eect fora ores ht adc language To epee the seta fist we must then sto oar fe dung» en fo ade user fie ‘community ‘a etka Language sno longs fr for tie wil allow the sca ores st work on It a eary out th eet. This brings us back to the Dincpa of continuity, which canes frodom. But continuity necessarily impli chang, varying eres of shifts inthe relatan- ‘hip betoon the sgn and the gai Chopter 1 STATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY LINGUISTICS 1. Tomer Duty ofA Sciences Conrad wth Vee “Very few linguists supoet that the ftervention of be factor of timp creates difeltis pocaliar tonite and epee fo tit ‘science two completly divergeat paths ‘Mont other seleoe are unas by this adic duaity; ine produce no epee ea. Astronomy ha found ha the ‘er undergo conslderble change but has tot bun obliged on {Bis account to split Is ita two doptiney, Ceoloy te en ‘aroed with secon st almost evey inant, tutte sadly of stoata doesnot thereby become wally ditint siting. Law ‘nits deeitive since and het eice 0 oe opposes ne to the other. The patel history of tates ir fded wll 4a tine, bute isorian depicting «parle pero doesnot work part fom history. Conversely, tho selnce of patel nations ‘is eaeatially dassptv, but i he need ait it can ealy dea ‘ith historoalquation without during ts ny (nthe contrary, that duality ie already forsng iil upon he enol enous Hare, i eontarto theoerseiees, poled fconony and esorenie history conttue two slaty separated lilies within ingle elas he work tat have recently ‘ppraredon hee subjects print up the tinction, Proeeing ar fey have, economia are—rithoat bei well amare of It being an inner meen. A similar scenty cig or vo divide agus ato fo parts, ach with ts own pring, Hevea in bitealecnomy wear onoatd wth the notion of alae; bot Seon are cncerad with ay for euaing tango of ferent stéerlabo aed wage on od aiid ander ce (Certiny all wence would prot by indicating more prcisly ‘he ovornatesalong whieh th eubjot matter aligned, Brery-= CoUnEE nF GENERAL LNOUISTICS wc dsr sald ma, asoing th flowing Tasty fetes Ce ao imuloncen (AB) nc Stands for he rn of contiting things sd ome wich the itr wna (of ne (CD), on whch only one tig can te ema sine but Sen ich re ned al he age on Uh fst ogee wider cane c ° eee Symes SS ee oe Se ceeermcis Grcucasocieetenietan ase ace Sie ee ea oer Slee aeeeee Sees ioe beeatetanccanrene Hes STATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY LINGUENCS An, the more complex and rgooulyergeizod a eytem of ‘aus ith more tie noousry,bosane of te vey comply, to sndy it according to both co-ordinates No otter set ene odie tis etre to the amo extent at languge, Nowhere elas Ao we find such precinvaler at take a che geet somber ‘ud dvesty of terme, alls ily inerdopendent, The malt Dlnty of sgn, which we have slay used to explain the com: ‘innit of language, makes it sbenittydnspasle to ead smulfancouly maton in tine and mato witha the yams ‘The reasons for dtngushing two sienon of languages er ow should the aances be deviated? Avalale tern do otal ring ou he ditnstion with egal bares, “Ling istory”™ sd "historical Hague” are to vague ince plea! history ‘inches the deition of diferent periods as wel asthe aration i event, the student malt think that hei ending Inga according to te aso tne when he darts its eonev ete, but thi would require a soparate study ofthe phenarcaa ted ‘ake language pas fram ono sate 10 another. Bolin ad cscatioary lng are mor precise a1 sal se thse exe ‘reson often; in contrat, we oan ape of the eco of lon. ‘ogee [at de langue} orate input, But ta inte more lal the oppstion and crumiag of two orders of phenomena that relate tothe sae objec T preter to ‘ek of hyclrone sod disctronieUngulties, Breyting thet ‘ests tothe ratio cid of our sensi eynchcee; everything ‘hat has to do with evolution le diachronic Simely, eciromy and diockony designate reectivey'« laaguagestat and a ‘relations pas. 2 Tomer Duty andthe History of Lingtios ‘The fet thing that strikes ue when we stody the fete of las use is that tei suecanion in time doe ot exit nef a the ‘speaker i onceoed. Ho ie coatroted with state, Toate why he linguist who webs to understand state st dard all iowledge of everything that produed it and ignore acre He can enter the mind of spears only by completalyeupprening {he patTh intrvntion of iy ean oly fli bis oon ‘Te would be abaurd to attempt to ehatah «panorama of he Alps® (COURSE ms GENERAL LINGKISTIOS wing tm ancy om src ph fh Jes “uaa nH made sng ange The ‘plato eninge ps an er Gn nv SPcsdear cfc cup ocemirag cree eae oc 1 flow tn rela of ngage be ent hein hme oh gn ros pate suf ance tt ‘cima tin paps rer ae modes Hogi cae into eine, as orn only shred in Gacy. Compete Indo Bape ‘iit fe hr mtcaat ned tore otal {Sit tp of ange coparon hs ma of se Shoting apa Tl tn sein arore tayo Sieur Gomer geen Gorman eae icra ay merty opal Sue cy ‘setae bop spin agugss tr gd Sahat sn wht wate proces hw ait sag tt the hgting of oben nib. ‘Sin piety talon aio! econ tos hat eet orp at cna shore rnc, Thaw sin ow dt nye to ore ngage tn Th Fagus sly gece Th Fer gl roy ft ‘Sultan a tol trie lc Per egg fhe Md feet soft htt i ole atl oe 2b iow aon. Themed wa ten oe a Sot timc hapten war peal gate armpit of nga ch wed frat acme and ss th ole fpr al 28 of ‘enlighten un tira cen ‘Seana ries fs ui nonce Ste panna a brn eced tte; l | aise pe oct sd tte er eae | ue othe ince rad by Bop. Te sey crn | Sedtaot grad acu ceanae ses sae oe | Scere ake «sap ato ten, ‘ised endo Tne, ng cdl co ge plc o Mita, wit STATIC AND BVOLUTIONARY LINGWETICS ss turn back to th stato viewpoint of triton gamaar but in's new sprit and with olber pronedue, aod the histrial rothod wil have contributed to this rejurevaton; the storia! ‘metodillin tun gives better understanding of language tate, ‘The old grammar saw oly the eynchonie fet; gute as revealed anew eas of phenomena; but that fot enough ene ‘ust sens the oppostios betwen the toca of nt dee (ut all it eomequenos 8. Inner Dually astro by Bsamplee ‘The opposition btween the two vienpalats, the syncroni ad the dachronis is bseut ad llowr no compromise A few facts vl show wha the diference sand why fs imeduce ‘atin etepu ‘vip provided Preach with th root cf fom hich were fomed the verbs crpir “Sough-nat™ od dept ‘remove mortar” Agslowt thie, nt cetan moment the nord Berean of wskown oi, was berowed feta Latin nnd bee ‘ene dept ‘decrepit’ Caray today the community of ‘eakers sete up relation btween un mur dtp wall fom hich mortar i alg’ and wm homme déipt decrepit many although history the two words hare Rothing in emamor; Done often speak of tho fore dpe fs hott And tei Fini fort concer the relation between tro eoeitng forms Tanguage. For lt ralisation, the concurrence of erin eval ‘onary events was naceaary The pronunain of eriop- ba to ‘come erp and ats parila momenta hew ward had to be Serrowed fram Lata. Tt obvious thatthe dinchrni facts re ‘not rele to tbo mai fate which they produced. They belong to difereat clase. ‘Heres more teling example. Ia Old High German the plea of gs guest was fit gat that of Han hand as had Late fhe fon“ produced an ola, euled nthe chang ing of theo ofthe preceding elable to gat ats hat ‘he. Then the fala ite bre: ge gute Te elt ‘that coday German has Got: Gaue, Hand Honda, ada while ‘soup of words marie bythe ame difereee betwen the singular ‘od the plural Avery similar fact ceeurred in AngloSexon: the ‘ate fms were ft "a, Ob a, gi got. Touh a0o CcoURaE Is GENERAL LaNGUISTICS ini phonetic cane, ult 0 brane hough a ee ‘od fall al ad Beare ater ht, fC bad sts Saal fe; i, i, te (Modern Engi ol: fe tt teh, ) "Pviomly, when speakers dp got, 0: fs the ele ssn of to mueed the poral Gs on ff show 9 few mechan for lnsting she pra Th mechani not {bomen both faa nO English there cel oppeation {inom vol in Gerson ther nin adn the preoes or ‘Sloe of nal et here he difleroge ie niportat. "The ration beeen gat std poral watever the for tany bw eb exe a ach moment by rot ——+- Pesiod A +: Period B ‘Wastover fasts have brought about pasage ftom one frm to nother abou be pled slog a verseal ss, giving the overall a +. Peiod A | Peri Ouriltation mers several pertinent rma: 1) tenovmy do ahr facts tim gals vale by ans ‘ct ucn i hat gt bree eget (Ge) as otha Se with th rl of eee est =, th ae tw oea i vetal inet adanthar ia {Ettpndetcvent the parila aypchronis congas at thy ta mre wy one oe 3) Dinczni nei even deste torard chaning he sytem, fps id ot wish op fm ow mes reais

amt, snimun — me But the two formulas ‘re diferent forthe two moments beets dhe forma of the words ‘hasged. We know that everyting after the aout either di ‘ppaared or wes feduod to mite Are rr ofthe alteration of {the word, the poston ofthe arent with rect the whole was to longer he sume: sbeoquentiy speakers, conse of the ew elation instinctively put the scent on th last eyabe, even in ‘otromed word Intoduoed in ther writen forme (ort, cnrl, tke argon, os). Speaker obvouly dd not ty to ange ‘toms, apply aac fom sac in word ikeamtcum — am the ace always remain on the sme ylbl bat a achronio {ct wa aterponed: speakers changed tbe potion of the acre ‘without having «hand int A law of somtunto, ik eveything {hat pertains to the Inguistie yeoman argement of tems, 2‘ frtltous aud involuntary real ofevelution “Hersan even tore seEngeacaple in Old Sav el ‘word tein the Instrumental singular lem’ in the nominative pel les, in tho genitive lal a’, etn the declension each ease Isis ow ending But today the weak vomeleP and 3, Save ‘eprennaties of Proto-ado Buropean and have disappears (Cred, for example, has alo, aloe, bea, wor ikowie fa “omen seouasve sings om, nominasve pal gy, gave plural Zr. Hore the ective (ln, en hu eo infestion, We se ‘hen that a mete ia i ot neceary fr the exreson ofan ‘sa language ie sated withthe opposition betwen something fd voting: Cosh spsiorsrecogae Bm an 8 genitive Dlr timply beesss i eather Sma nor fon nor any ofthe oer forma. Issam strange tft glance that oth prtcl notion STATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY LINGUIENCS ‘that of the guitive plural should have taken te aero sg, but ‘hia very fact proves that everything comes abot through cheer ‘cident, Language i mechssia that eons to function ‘ite ofthe dtecaratine to which is abject Allthisconins th rinspie previowaly aod: To summaries Tanguageisa system whos parts cn sod mus all be considered Jn de eynerone ela ‘Since changes never alec he estem a whole but rather one ances ofits elements, they ean e raded ely outside the ‘sytem, Bach llertion dabtlen ast countereftt onthe ge ‘en, bt the ntl fact afeted only one point there i ofr ‘band betreen the nial fact andthe eet that it may ober: «quently produce on the whales, The bai diferene berwens ‘cose ters ad eoeitng terms between paral facts sod ‘aot tha fect the stem, preladoe making both clases of oct the mbjet mater of singe eines {The Dien ev Be Cam Tat by Compare “To ow but the mtnuny sie interoperate ctu wan aah th eon ofa et oa ne sren Any poecton depends ily on tnt of the thie ek een fm itt ae ea i ng tor, Gir te ntldan bes whl seme pecs, ‘nce te bod themnves welt lings tere 1h mame rion btn ths lacs tase ser wh prin th a ten frome We do rot lts Siow ers ate ‘liye dant vest any Sore han we ara tout fk See petetns by suing evn cay dita en of bodies, 7 ‘Sil sm of lan nc taney, aber o- let dg i formed by the eo saa, oe deg tai Soe peepee afte longtadnalSery aa we wold be bet te them on making seond ent perpen fo the it Hee Ses ae peepee depends on th li he longa cot Sorethe BOT nate th lant sd tn ert ot oe thao on arts lane bu he et ‘Enc frm th St Btn ing at oa aoe bea ‘COURSE IY GENEEAL NGUISTICS een the ere—relaton that we eld ever ersp by viewing ‘Ge anginal plane Dat fal sepa tht ih be agin th ot rita ssbnos thangs ier met cong ingaage S21, See of een bln frase ented wa ‘Paso ord th sea moles gue of Sens an al atin of what ngage or = steal rm Tet rine th mater moe cal Fintan ttc xd cal toa ae ct angina Tn mop le ws apd on et sn tn naar ja ech ge om a ‘loom te opocn to al hohe Inthe mend onthe analy ment vce tran iste nt oe a val ped ‘Seven oan matunga cmenn, tet eae ‘isa ube pei tr ech or lr at ‘fe apeed up one dor al gg oy the ern pec of er Plt pu se lof ols oh eto acrrdng to cur trmicogy-tan sor ony te Be, Sei me coer taabe ordre pn rama fave hee strech cress penton nh | alts pian nfo (0 lcs ply ely hin ioe nthsanewar ining, cn fs ly ted STATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY LINGUISTICS &9 (©) Ta ite ofthat, tho move has «repression om th whale ‘stom topos for the pager to fore ency te extent ‘the ef, eaulting ebanges of vale wll be acrording fo te ‘irumettace, eter nl very seriou, er of average importance ‘certain move can revolutionise the whole game ad eves aft ioces thst ace not isooditlyinvalved. We have ust seen that tracy the same old for langues. (o) In chas each move is abeolutaly distin! rm the poseding snd th cabetuant equim. The change ected belongs te ‘tes sate: only states master Tha game of cher any parler positon bas the unigueehar- seta of being food fom all anteewent postions the rte ‘ed in aeving hae mak abecataly ne dierence; om who has Ielloed the entire match har ao advantage ove he cious par ‘whocomesup ts crite momen oiaspec he ats of to game, to deve this arrangement, sper ues to recall wt ‘hd jst happened ten sonde previously All the equally a> Dlcabl to language snd sharpens she race distinction betwee ‘Gachveny and eynerony. Speaking operate lyon language st ad th case sh intervene etree aterm ae At only one pint is the compuon weak: the chewplayer ‘nde to bring about af an heey to eet an ston he ‘stam, wheres Imguigepremeditateathing. he pt las {age te sited~or rather tudledspontaneely and fer- {hitosly. Th unlast of Monde for han and Gt forgot oe SS) produced new sytem for fering the plural tao gare he to vara ferme ke ap fom rai ete. Tn order make the te of cheat ee every pat ie th uaetlning of lenge, te would have to imagine an wnonseaus or nistallignt paper ‘This ule difeence, however, makes the somparisn ere or insteuctiv by showiog the sbsolute nerey of making tne ta tntween the tv clases of phenomena in Hnguiton For isch acts anno be rece othe syachroai pate which they eooition when the change ie intentional, all te mere will ‘hey eri whe thay et lind free gait the ngaietion of sejetam of dene.» ‘COURSE ny GENERAL LINGUISTICS [5 The Too Lingus Coane Aearding to The Methods ond Prince renee the oppeion between diahrony nd ayachrony stands oat. “Por instances to opin with the most apparent fct—thay ae not ef equi iportnos, Her is evident tht the eychronie ‘onpint predominate, fr Seth tue and only rity tothe ‘Community of spake (oe 9.81). The same is trot of the in fmf taker tbe hachrete perspective, be ao Longer beerves Euage but rather a eis of erets that madly it Poop often ‘im that nothing i more important than understanding the (eis of a parila stat; ths trv ina certain mms: the {nv that ave shaped the sate Daminate rte nature ane [knowing thes potest wx again certain lion pp 84.) ‘tts only gave to prove arly that iachronengusties iso ‘head in tel, Wat eid of ural apple to dinchrony: {nade everwhere if one dapat frm "Thetlhols of askeeay and eynobony alo dir, andi two mye (a) Syachrny has only one peepctv, the speakers, and its isle method consis of guteriag evidence fm speakers; to Tow to jst what exent «thing ia rely, it neveary and fillet to deterine to what exon exists inthe minds of ‘poskers,Diacrone ngs, onthe contrary, must tings {Wo perspective, One of thay the prorpece llows the coarse {Fine the lb, he reronpeti, gous back inte; the reat x ¢ dapization in ethodnlogy wi which we sal dealin Pat Five {Q) A second difereace rola frm dsimiing th Ss ex- ‘rged byeah ofthe two diiplines, Syueoni tay has a it bjt ot eeying ta aes tt oly the tly ti facts crsnpeding to each Inguago; epaaton Wl go a at 1S dacs an subnets when nesery. Te tem synchronic IS sealy not pose enough; shoald be eplaced by another rather long be sure—iicrelonc. Against tis, diachronic Tinguites not cly doesnot need but even rejects such epi: ination; the tea tha it taee do uot necsarily belong to the tine language (compare Protoindo-Buropan “ea, Grek et STATIC AND BYOWUTIONARY LINGUISTICS = ak German i and Prenc ef). The usoonion of iashrone events ‘ed their ulkplicatin in spao ae presly what ents the Avery of itioms To arly the setting ef to form it i> enough 10 ahow that they ave coanesed by historical bond, mere adic it maybe "The foregoing oppoitions are miter the most trikng or the ‘most profound. One coseqasnc f the rad anitmany between ‘the evlutlonary andthe stati fact that ll notions asocnted vith ene or the oer are tothe ume exten sntualy eda Any notion il pinup thr rth The eynhrue and diachronic “phaomenon,” for example, hae nothing in eam (ep 8) (One isa relation between tinultaneoas element, the oer tae rbettutio of one ment for another ia tine, an event, ‘We hall alo se (. 107 that iahrone and synchronic ident- ‘tare two vry diferent thingy istoveally the French aegaton ‘atin ential oto rubetstive par ‘tp, wheres the to fans Ae dstint ia moder French. These cbstrations woud cae ‘Siow the necety af at ooafaing the two viewpoints bat nor ‘whee is dis meray more apparet than in the ditintin we ttre about to abe, 6. Synclronis ond Diacrnic Las ‘ts poplar practice to apeak of la in Unga: ut are the facts of language actually gered byl? I, what are ty te? Siac languages soil ntitation, One igh teu 6 prior that ts govern by prsspions aalogcs a those that ‘onto corsusite, Now very svi a hs wo ass charao- {ete tin ipertie nd oer ome aby fre sod 58 coves al mown cette lite of ine and place of ‘Do the lame of language 6 his dfaiton? Theft step in severing the gueton—in ne with Wit has ut been sl —e {separate sce orth ions a dale as Te ‘wo probleme must not be conf; senkng of ng on fuels tying pn downs et ere ao sare example, ake fam Grek a which the tro lanes ae intently bed