214 2.15 2.16 216A, 2.16B 2. 16c 2.1eD 2.16E 2.17 bas Mo ve ‘UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF RECLAMATION TRANSMISSION STRUCTURES : Chapter 2 Conerete Footing Design and Details TABLE OF CONTENTS DESIGN LOADS Steel Structure Loads Electrical Equipment Loads STABILITY ANALYSIS Sn cue ng SP cent ‘Types, of Soil Resistance for Stability feight of Cone of Earth eae Hae rece Se eee ape Smit Se be DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS FOR STABILITY Basic Type X Earth Footing : ‘Auger-type Footings With Undereut Pad-type Footing With Undercut | Pad-type Footings Without Undercut--Some Cohesion Assumed Pad-type Footings Without Undercut--Noncohesive Soils Basic Type Y-1 Earth Footing ‘Maximum Toe Pressures--Basic Types X, Y-1, and Y-2 Earth Footings i Pad Types X and ¥-2 Footings i Basic Type Z Earth Footing Combined Basic Type X-¥ Footing ! Basic Type ¥-2 Earth Footing Basic Type X Rock Footing Depth of Anchor Bar Embedment | Spacing of Anchor Bars Stress in Anchor Bars Basie Type X Pile Footing Compression Loads on Piling i pL Loads on Puig _ Lateral Loads on Pillng REINFORCED-CONCRETE DESIGNS . Design Specifications OTHER CONSIDERATIONS Grading and Drainage Frost Action Heaving in Coarse-grained Material Heaving in Fine-grained Material Soll Properties Control of Frost Action ‘Maximum Frost Penetration Settlement of Foundations 8-107 - 3/8/85UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF RECLAMATION TRANSMISSION STRUCTURES and Details Chapter 2 Concrete Footing Desi LIST OF TABLES Title 1 Basic Footing Classification by Loading 2 Allowable Soil Pressures 3 Depth of Embedment of Anchor Bars Grouted into Rock 4 Skin Friction for Piling 5 Average Frost Penetration, Inches (Approximate) 6 Maximum Frost Penetration (Inches) in Ground in 100 Cities DS-10-7 ~ 3/8/65 co Paragraph ReferenceFigure Nusiber UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF RECLAMATION TRANSMISSION STRUCTURES Chapter 2 Concrete Footing Design and Details LIST OF FIGURES Paragraph Tide Reference Footing Classification by Loads and Soil Pressures 2.4 Soil Resistance to Uplift--Actual Action of Footing 2.58 Formulas--Lateral Support of Earth 2:5B Lateral Support of Zarth--Resisting Moments, Basic Type Y-1 Footing 27 Maximum Toe Pressure on Rectangular Footings 2.5C ‘Maximum Stress at the Corner of a Rec- tangular Base 2.6C Stability Formulas--Basic Pad Type X Footing 2.6B&C Stability Formulas--Downward Vertical Load, Basic Type X-Y Footing 2.10 Stability Formulas--Upward Vertical Load, Basic Type X-Y Footing Uplift Resistance--Circular Pad, 30° Cone Uplift Resistance--Circular Pad, 20° Cone Uplift Resistance--Square Pad, 30° Cone Uplift Resistance--Square Pad, 20° Cone Uplift Resistance--Rectangular Pad, 30” sone Uplift Resistance--Rectangular Pad, 20° Cone Grouted Anchor Bar's in Rock--Pullout ‘Values Pile Foundation--Hinged Piles ‘Map of United States--Maximum Depth of Frost Penetration in Inches Steel Transmission Line Structures--Typical Footings Types AB, and D Philip Substation, Foundations--Outline and Reinforcement Dunlap Substation, Foundations--Outline and ‘Reinforcement Shiprock Substation, Foundatfons--Outline ‘and Reinforcement Curecanti-Midway 20-kv Transmission Lines--TH Tower Footings Types R and PT Stegall Substation, Foundafions--Outline and ‘Reinforcement Drawing 103-D-75, 103-D-78 103-D-77 103-D-85 103-D-217 103-D-214 103-D-84 103-D-561 103-D-560 103-D-80 103-D-81 103-D-82 103-D-83 103-D-86 103-D-87 X-D-4078 40-6020 486-D-5697 487-D-1168 864-D-2030 864-D-2468 407-D-1058‘Transmission Structures Chap. 2 Concrete Footing Design and Details e os 21 DESIGN LOADS ‘The concrete footings for steel switchyard, substation, and transformer- STEEL Circuit structures should be designed to withstand the loads on the structures STRUCTURE as specified by Paragraphs 1.2 through 1. 10 of Chapter 1, Steel Design and LOADS Details, and for the footing reactions obtained from the structure stress anal- ¥ses given in Paragraphs 1. 11 through 1. 16 of Chapter 1. ‘The footings for Barrow base columns or rigid trames should be designed for the condition of 50 percent fixity at the base of the column for yielding foundation material, and for full thxity at the base of the column in inyielding foundation mater!al, in aecordance with Assumption G of Paragraph 1.12, Chapter 1. Phe,concrete footings for heavy electrical equipment mounted directly on the ELECTRICAL footings should be designed for the following loads: EQUIPMENT e ‘LOADS A. Transformers, regulators, and similar equipment, -~Dead load of equip- ment including oil and bushings. B, Circuit breakers, -- (1) Dead load of breaker and ddwnward impact load as established by manufacturer. (2) Upward net impact load as established by manufacturer, STABILITY ANALYSIS The greater part of the combined maximum reaction on structure footings is GENERAL usually due to temporary loads such as broken wires, wind, ice, and easth: quake, and only @ small percentage of the total reaction is ofa permancat nae ture, ’ Consequently, in oils other than sand or silt, the allowable soll press gures aa used in thé design of buldang foundations uke ee see eee the maximum load on the foundations is of a permanent nature-vmay be consid= erably exceeded for footings for steel switchyard, substation, and transforneee cireult structures, and transmission line towers. ‘The allowable values of soul pressure used for the footing will depend on the structure and the supporting be geatrlcted below the point where sush movements willbe ralectee Ir telite Gf the steel structure, Due to the variable effort of footing dismen eet Gitferent types of traming used in the structures, the varaouee week ote Hons, andthe dittoulty of predicting aalual foing neers Gesou con And data in the paragraphs to follow can only be considered ag alse to eae in the design of the footings,” T is necessasy that « sense of ieee ee Hasson be exercised i airing te reasontlo Tooting design unich fs Co Homicelly proportionate to the ateucture supportes: Thee iene nt eben tion and switahyard footings which may ve esnsidered consaveSe ih detest ullding foundations, so far az allowable toll pressures tre eorco ee those which support the heavy permanent vertical loads of Sosiaeel eu Teent Such as transtormers, circult breakers, and similsr lasge spies Zoctings for switchyard, substation, and transformer-cireult structures, and BASIC [Eansmission line towers can best be classified by the three basic types ef foot- _FOOTATG ings indleated in Table 1 and Wlustrated in Figure 1. These clasaiileations ae CE QoeN ke based on the type of primary critical load on the footing as follows: ‘TION BY Basic type footing Primary crftical load x Uplate x Overturning moment Zz Downward vertical Combinations of the three basic types occur, such as Type X-¥ listed in Table 1 and illustrated in Figure 1. DS-10-7 ~ 3/8/86Chap. 2 Concrete Footing Desion and Details ‘Transmission Structures i 2.5 STABILITY ANALYSIS (Continued) i TYRES OF .5 Following are general comments regarding the primary types of soil resistances Som Which shall be assumed to act in resisting the loads imposed on the basie types RESISTANCE of footings in earth (see Table 1 and Figure 1). FOR i STABILITY Weight of A. Numerous empirical assumptions are found in codes, textbooks, and papers sone of Earth Pertaining to the uplift resistance of footings. A convenient basis for design assumes that uplift loads on Type X footings are resisted by the weight of ar javerted frustrum of a pyramid of earth on the footing pad, with the sides oF the pyramidal cone of earth at an angle with the vertical of 30° for cohesive Solls and 20° for noncohesive soils. "Uplift resistance for a particular type of soll can be accurately determined only from tests of actual footings. Figure 2 shows the actual action of footings, as indicated by tests insche- sive material, compared to action under the conventional 30° cone asoump= Hon, | Sketch C of this figure indicates the merit of undercutting the pad into undisturbed material, ‘Tests indicate that a footing with undercut pads fill develop an uplift resistance of from two to three times that ofan iden- tical footing without undercut. Hence, the value of making fleld investi tons prior to design to determine whether undercutting into undisturbe material can be depended upon, cannot be overemphasized. Footings with undercut not only develop far greater resistance against uplift than Trove without undereut, but also have considerably less displacement up to the point of pullout. ’ Alternative footing designs, with or without undercut, Should be provided where field investigations have not been made to deter mine the feasibility of undercutting. TABLE 1+-BASIC FOOTING CLASSIFICATION BY LOADING Basie — i type ‘ary type o! of Primary soil resistance footing critival load ‘Type of structure _| (footings in earth) X | Heavy uplitt with compar- | Wide base towers | By weight of cone of atively light shears at or rigid frame earth on pad top of footing columns with suf- : ficient spread for individual footing under each leg ¥ | Heavy overturning’ mo- Narrow base can= | ¥-1 (without footing pad): ment with compara~ tever poles or | “By lateral support of tively light shears and rigid frame col- | earth, vertical loads at top of umins with a. or ; footing single monolithic | ¥-2 (with footing pad): footing By weight of cone of earth on half of pad and by so!l pressure on bottom of pad as 2 | Heavy downward vertical |‘ Heavy‘electrical | By soil pressure on ts (concentrically or eee equipment such pottom of footing a centrically applied) as transformers, regulators, and cirouit breakers mounted directly ' c . on footing——s ‘Transmission Structures type of Primary footing critical Idad Chap. 2 Conerete Footing Design and Details 6 STABILITY ANALYSIS (Continued) stance aus TAAL 1-n4tc FOOTDG CLASHPIAON Bt ADR Cn Primary type of soil resistance (footings in earth) ‘Type of structure Heavy uplift or downward load combined with com- paratively light shears in one direction at top of footing and heavy mo= ments and shears trans- versely As the primary interest is T Combinations of Basic Types Rigid frame of one | By weight of cone of row of columns | “earth on top of pad (cantiliver in anu by soll pressure other plane) with | on bottom of pad rectangular base narrow in plane of rigid frame (see Figure 1) Saint we greater than its base width and where the conerece ie Me ei (1) The foundation is rigid, (2) The curve of pressures against the earth is a parabola, (3) The passive resistance of the earth per unit of deformation varies directly with the depth. in limiting the rotation of the footing to avoid Frames, ata tical deflections in poles or to control strosses in sian Pesultg ined from lateral tests at the site or from propesly ime eee Goalonie saegcugic exploration or soil analysis. Where such test tees Serogic teblorstion or soil analysis rasults are not eveddasie’ ste sip avenge aig design pressures specitied in Paragraph 2.7 may fe gees op average soil conditions. C. Resistance to downward vertical loads applied either concentrically or Seoentrically to a concrete footing such as Type 2, Piguse 1 by soll press ute on the bottom of the footing, “is commonly entountered ih all types of serestanes ond requires no disctlssion. Figures 3 and 8 poovide eens Sie Seetgumlning the maximum toe pressure and stress for eceontaieae eas are 8 dete eeHgs; destgning the pads for Type Z footings: use Saas seeeegdstermine the soll pressures. ‘See Subparegraph B baib se determination of allowable soll pressures, D. Where combinations of loads on the footings or the so!l conditions are such that any one of the pr mary types of soil resistance previously dis- Presse MelUHt Of cone cf earth, passive resistance of the castes Guar Fressure on the bottom of > DS-10-7 - 3/8/65 the footing) will not alone provide sufficient 2.53 Weight of Cone of Earth (Cont. ) Lateral Support of Earth Vertical Sout Pressures‘Transmission Structures Chap. 2 Concrete Footing Destgn and Details 2,58 STABILITY ANALYSIS (Continued) ‘TABLE 1--BASIC FOOTING CLASSIFICATION BY LOADING (Continued) Weight of Cone of Barth ope Primary type of {Coat.} of Primary soil resistance footing critical toad ‘Type of structure _| (sootings tn earth) Combinations of Baste Types XY | Heavy uplitt or downward | Rigid trame of one | By weight of cone of load combined with com- | “row of columns, | Sarth‘an tap oh act paratively light shears” | (cantiliver in | and by soll rertere i one direction at top of | other plane) with | on boliom of at footing and heavy mo | rectantnular base ments and shears trans- | harrow in slens versely of rigid frame (ee Figure 1) B. When a pole or column is embedded in a monolithic conerete footing in Lateral garth, such as Type ¥-1, Figure 1, and ig subjected primarily 13 fceraa—« utez at forces producing overturning moments and shears on the footing, the pas- or Rath give pressures of the earth provide resistance against the applied forécs, This type of soil resistance is most effective for a footing whose depth ig considerably greater than its base width and where the concrete is placed against undisturbed material, as, tor example, where the excavation is gone with an auger or by hand with vertical excavation lines. ‘The basic formulas for computing the resistance of the earth, which have been taken } Ee Rlused” of Masonry Structures" by Clement ©, Williams, are shown in Figure 3." The formulas are based on the following assumptions: (1) The foundation is rigid. (2) The curve of pressures against the earth is a parabola, (8) The passive resistance of the earth per unit of deformation varies directly with the depth, As the primary interest is in limiting the rotation of the footing to avoid gaeighaly or exttloal detiections i poles os eomeset ose ae frames, ultimate values of passive earth resistance have little messing in these designs. Allowable passive earth pressures per foot of depth can be determined trom lateral tests at the site or from properly interrater results of geologic exploration or soil analysis. Where such test dats ee Geologic exploration or soll analysis results are not avaliable tre aloe: able passive design pressures specitied in Paragraph 2.7 may be used tor i average soll conditions. Resistance to downward vertical loads applied either concentrically or Vertical gecentrically to a concrete footing such as Type Z, Figure 1, by st pres EHS Sure on the bottom of the footing, is commonly endountered fn all types of Preseures structures and requires no disclission. Figures 5 and 6 provide charts for determining the maximum toe pressure and stress for eccentricaliy loaded rectangulas footings, In dealgning the pads for Type Z footings, use Figs re 6 to determine the soil pressures. ‘See Subpayagraph f below for determination of allowable soil pressures. Where combinations of loads on the footings or the soil conditions are such that any one of the primary types of soil resistance previously disChap. 2 Concrete Footing Design and Details ‘Transmission Structures 2.5E ‘ STABILITY ANALYSIS (Continued) Combined resistance, it is necessary and factual under certain conditions to assume Action of the combined action of more than one of the primary types of resistance. rimary Footing Types ¥-2 and X-¥, Figure 1, are examples of footings for which ‘Types both the weight of the cone of earth on’the top of the pad and the soil pres- (Cont.) sure on the bottom of the footing are assumed to resist overturning mo- ments or a combination of overturning moments and upward or downward Vertical loads. Lateral support by passive resistance of the earth should not be assumed effective in resisting overturning moments simultaneously with these other two primary types of soil resistances for footings such as Types ¥-2 and X-¥. Figures 8 and 9 show approximate formulas for Getermining the stability of these types of footings without benefit of the lateral support of the earth. Allowable E, ‘The allowable average soil and toe pressures for footings described in Soil and Paragraphs 2.6 to 2.12, inclusive, should be determined from loading ‘Toe tests performed at the site, or from penetration-resistance values 0b- tained from spoon-penetration tests in conjunction with soil description Pressures | from logs of auger and drill holes and geologic exploration, “Allowable soil pressures determined from penetration-resistance values Should be used with diseretion and should be established only by trained personnel experienced in evaluating soil properties. Wherever possible, Efay should be used together with soil description, geologic data, and Shear, density, and moisture tests to properly interpret allowable pres- Sures, Penettation-resistance values are not considered reliable ia gravelly soils. Where loading test results or penetration-resistance values are not avail- able, the allowable soil pressures shown in Table 2 can be used for soils @ compatible with those shown in the table, For the ‘combined effect of dead and Line tension loads and loads due to broken wires, wind and ice, the i values of allowable soil pressure have generally been increased by approxi- \ mately 26 percent for the maximum allowable toe pressure shown in the table. | ‘TABLE 2--ALLOWABLE SOIL, PRESSURES j sPanetration | Allowable average | —AUSwabls resistance ‘Soll pressure, | toe pressure, od wn Soll description i), blows Be Det y 1 Hardpan, Not applicable 20,000 f | 25,000 10 | Gravel, sand-gravel mix- | Not applicable a0 4} 10,000 = i tures, compact | 2 Gravel, sand-gravel mix- | Not applicable 8,000 3 7,500 4 i tures, loose a : Sand, coarse, compact. 240 6,000 3 7,500 4 | Sand, coarse, loose, of 2/20 6,000 24 6,000 3 4 sand, fine, compact } Sand, fine, loose 2/10 2,000 A,o 2,600 4,2 | 1/Bureau of Reclamation "Earth Manual, " Desiqnation B-21, and ASTM D1686-68T. ene:ration-resistance tests are not considered reliable in gravelly soils) /Considered reliable only when the test is performed in the absence of gravel- Sized materials. *Penetration-resistance values used to define consistency of soil. | D8-10-7 - 3/8/85 |‘Transmission Structures Chap. 2 Concrete Footing Design and Details 2.5E-1 STABILITY ANALYSIS (Continued) ‘TABLE 2--ALLOWABLE SOIL PRESSURES (Continued) Allowable ome | Seueeaae® | fees, tee, Soil description ia tissszt ost Ter Prgssuzes Hard clay Above 303/ 6,000 3 7,500 Medium clay 3/20 4,000 2 5,000 2,4 Soft clay 36 1,000 0,6 1,000 9S Very soft clay <6 | Special investigations required Silts, compact, highly 42 4,000 2 5,000 2,4 most to saturated Sits, loose, highly moist 4/6 1,000 9S 1,000 0,5 Silts, very loose <2 _| Spectat investigations required Reliable only for sols with the water content at which te test 1s performed. It Wis anticipates hat the water content wil Lncrease, the design values Ghoul be adjusted accordingly. 4/If the water content is considered to be less than highly moist to saturated, spe~ Gial investigations are required. REFERENCES ‘Ngofl Mechanics in Engineering Prdétice, " by Terzaghi and Peck, pp. 294 and 430. Denver Building Code. Design Manual No. 7," Navdocks DM-7. Publications No. EM-460, EM-427, and EM-608, Bureau of Reclamation. SOIL CLASSIFICATION FOR SOILS IN TABLE 2 Gravel--An uncemented mixture of mineral grains 3/16 inch (2.38 mm) to 3 inches 2 mm) in diameter. SuydosSoll possessind practically no cohesion when dry and consisting princinaly ‘nineral grains smaller than 9/16 inch (2,98 mm) in diameter and larger than the No. 200 steve size (0,074 mm), about the smallest particle size that can be distinguished by the unaided eye, ‘Sparse Sand-A eand consisting chiety of grains which will not pass a No. 40 sieve Fine Sand--A sand consisting chiefly of grains which will pass 4 No. 40 sieve mm). Compact Gravel-Compact Sand--Deposits requiring picking for removal and offer SoEMgh reslstamse ty penetration by excavating tools. Normally this condition Tepresent a relative density greater than 70 percent, Loose Gravel-Loose Sand--Deposits readily removable by shoveling only. Normally as condition will represent a relative density less than 60 percent. DS-10-8 - 3/15/67 (Supersedes 3/8/65){ Chap, 2 Concrete Footing Design and Details ‘Transmission Structures SOIL CLASSIFICATION FOR SOILS IN TABLE 2 (Continued) i Silt Gnorganic Silt)-~A fine-grained inorganic soil which has Little or no plasticity or ‘cohesion and consisting chiefly of grains which will pass a No. 200 sieve (0.74 mm). ' Hardpan--A thoroughly compact, cemented mixture of clay and/or gravel. é Clay--A fine-grained inorganic soil possessing sufficient cohesion when dry to form i ‘hard lumps which cannot be readily pulverized by finger pressure, but is easily molded when moist. By limitations of the Unified Soil Classification System, this material will have plasticity indices greater than 7 combined with a liquid limit which will plot above the "A" line on the plasticity chart, Refer to Designation E-3 in the Earth Manual. Hard Clay--A clay requiring picking for removal, a fresh sample cf which cannot She molded in the tingars, “The hast consistency of this material may be due to & ‘igh degree of consolidation resulting in a relatively high inplace density or a relatively dry condition which may soften when wetted. (Either condition must be reported on the exploration log.) ‘Medium Clay--A clay which can be removed by spading, a fresh sample of which ‘can be molded by substantial pressure of the fingers. Soft Clay--A clay which, when freshly sampled, can be molded under relatively SGUgit pressure of the fingers. DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS FOR STABILITY BASIC ——-.6._-‘The footing designs shown in Figure 19 illustrate three variations of the basic TYPE X ‘Type X earth footing with the primary critical load consisting of uplift as shown EARTH in Figure 1, ‘These three variations are classified as follows and discussed FOOTING below. Auger type with undercut Pad type with undercut, Pad type without undercut. ‘The design specifications which follow are based on the broad soil classifica- tons of either average cohesive materials which will stand up on vertical exca- vation lines, auger holes, and undercut; or noncohesive materials which cannot be depended upon to stand up under the above excavation conditions. These spec- ications should be used unless there are avaliable results of tets of footings in the particular soil classification in Which the footings are to be constructed. 4 yert A, ‘The euger-type footing with undercut (see Figure 19) is a variation of the lege ith Baste Tepe eating ih witch cecavaiion Ua op peuay eager Bit sone 4) Undercut and the concrete is placed against undisturbed foundation material. Forms, except those required above the ground, are avoided, resulting in'an eco- nomical type footing. Both the uplift and horizontal loads on the footing are resisted by undisturbed material. it i i ‘The resistance to uplift by the weight of an inverted truncated cone of earth on an auger-type footing is reliable only for a depth that does not exceed two times the diameter of undercut, (1) Uplate stabaltty.--Pactor of safety = 1.6 when “he weight of an assumed 80° cone of earth, together with the weight of -he footing, 1s equal to the maximum uplift, “Neglect the horizontal load, See Figure 10 tor values of the weights of the cone of earth. 1 (2) Uplitt pressures. --The soil pressure on the projected area of the { : undercut, neglecting friction on the cylinder, should not exceed 1, 000 4 BSf per Vertical foot of depth, on the projected area of the undercut. DS-10-8 - 5/15/87 (Supersedes 3/8/65)ze ‘Transmission Structures Chap, 2 Concrete Footing Design and Details e 2.68 a DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS FOR STABILITY (Continued) 0,6 yl ence . (8) Lateral resistance. --The passive earth pressure on the projected area_Auger-type of the cylindrical stem neglecting undercut should not exceed 1, 000 psf Footings With a per vertical foot of depth, “at the bottom of the footing, when subjected Undereut fo the resultant horizontal load at the top of the concrete. See formu- (Cont'd. ) las of Figure 3 for determ‘ning the maximum passive earth pressures. B. ‘The pad-type footing with undercut (see Figure 19) is a variation of the Pad. ‘Type X footing for use where loads or the character of the soil are such Footing With a5 to prohibit the use of the auger type or where power auger equipment” Undercut is not available. It should be used only in firm cohesive sols which will stand up on vertical excavation lines and undercut on the pad. ‘The follow- ing specifications of factors of safety and allowable soil pressures are for design loads on the structure and should be applied as separate and independent eriteria: (2) Uphit stabuity. Factor of safety «1. when the weight of an assumed 50" cone of earth, together with the weight of tie oodng, 1s equal o the maximum uplit. "Neglect the horizontal load. See Pigures 10 and ~ U2 tor values of the welgats of the cone of earth bE /o sk (2) Uplitt pressures. --The soil pressure on the projected ares ot the 11° 5 / undercut under maximum uplift, should not exceed 1, 000’psf per ver- ical foot of depth, on the projected area of the undercut, ‘Neglect the effect of the horizontal load at the top of the concrete. ance to overturning due to the critical combined uplift and horizontal | loads. When the weight of haif the cone of earth setisties the formula of Figure 7 for pat-type footing with undercut, the factor of safety | / against overturning 1S equal to 1.5. | C. The footing design designated Type C, shown in Figure 19, isa variation Pad-type of the basic ‘Type X footing for use in'soil where power auger equipment Footings cannot be used but which has some cohesion for resisiaise to uplift loads. Without Undercut-— Some Cohesion (1) Upbit stabaity. --Factor of safety = 1.5 when the welght of an assumed Assumed 30° cone of earth, together with the weight of the footing, is equal to | | 1,5 times the makimum uplift. Neglect the horizontal load. See Fig- ' ‘ures 10 and 12 for values of the weights of the cone of earth. | (2) Overturning stability. -~The footing should be investigated for resist= | ance to overturning due to the critical combined uplift and horteontal | loads. When the weight of half the cone of earth satisties the formule of Figure 7 tor pad type without undercut, the factor of safety against overturning ts equal to 1.5 D. The footing design designated Type D, shown in Figure 19, ts a variation Pad-type Gf te basis “ype X fing for Loe tp narcosis Sols aokas variate Padctyes sands, gravels, or silts which have little or no resistance to uplift loads. ‘Without Undercut-- cone of earth, together with the welght of the footing, 1s equal to Soils 41.6 times the maximum uplift. Neglect the horizontal load. See Fig- ures 11 and 13 for values of the weights of the cone of earth. (2) Overturning stability, --The footing should be investigated for resist~ ance to overturning due to critical combined uplift and horizontal loads. When the weight f half the cone of earth satisfies the formula of Fig- ure 7 for pad type without undercut, the factor of safety against over= turning is equal to 1.5, a (3) Overturmng stability. -~The footing should bé investigated for resist- 1 | Ds-10-8 - 8/15/67 (Supersedes 3/8/65)27 BASIC | .T TYPE Y-1 EARTH FOOTING COMBINED .10 Chap. 2 Concrete Footing Design and Details ‘Transmission Structures DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS FOR STABILITY (Continued) The bus pole, bus frame, and lighting unit auger foundations shown in Figure 20 illustrate the basic Type’Y~1 footing ‘of Figure 1, with the primary load con- sisting of an overturning moment and with the resistance to overturning pro- vided by passive earth pressures in accordance with the fundamental formulas of Figure 3. Figure 4 gives resisting moments produced by the lateral support of the earth in terms of depth and permissible maximum passive pressures at the toe of the footing per vertical foot of depth, for use at structure desic loads. Tests of footings of this type indicate that in average cohesive soils which will stand up on vertical excavation lines formed either by hand or with a power auger, and with the concrete placed against the undisturbed faces of the excavation, the deflection of the top of the footing will not be excessive if the passive pressure at the toe of the footing does not exceed 1, 000 psf per vertical foot of its depth at design load. Under the preceding conditions the footing should be designed for this allowable pressure unless tests are avail- ble whch indicate that a greater or lesser passive earth resistance should be used, Dimensions of Types X, Y-1, and ¥~2 footings are usually determined by maxi- mum uplift and overturning loads, “However, maximum soll pressure on the base of these footings due to maximum downward vertical loads is sometimes the determining factor in design of these footing types. Auger footings may Pequire belling to provide sufficient bearing area es well as to resist upliit loads. A. For pad-type X and Y-2 footings the maximum toe pressures on the bottom of the pad due to the combined effect of maximum downward vertical and horizontal design loads on the footing should be determined by the methods & shown on Figure 5 or 6. The footing design designated Foundation PT, shown in Figure 21, illustrates the basic Type Z footing of Figure 1, with the primary permanent load consist- ing of heavy electrical equipment. ‘The circult-breaker foundation, Figure 22, illustrates the use of a Type Z footing at the ground surface. Tne foundation material and the depth of frost penetration should be considered in selecting the footing. Assume the footing to be rigid with uniform soil pressures for concentrically loaded footings, and use the chart of Figure § for determining the maximum soil pressure of eccentrically loaded footings. Upward impact load of electrical equipment, such as circuit breakers, should be considered in the footing design. ‘The footing designs designated Foundations TOSI and BT1, shown in Figure 20, lustrates the basic Type X-¥ combination of Figure 1, this combined type is subjected to the simultaneous action of heavy overturning moments and heavy vertical downward or upward loads, which are resisted by the combined action of soll pressures on the bottom of the pad of the footing and the stabilizing ef- fect of the cone of earth as previously discussed in Subparagraph 2, 6A. the desig specifications which follow, the lateral support of the earth is ne- glected for resistance to overturning moments on the footing. Figures 6 and 6 and formulas in Figures 8 and 9 provide means for determining maximum toe pressures and the stability adequacy of the footing to resist the simultaneous getion of heavy overturning moments and heavy vertical downward or upward loads, ‘The formulas of Figures 8 and 8, which are approximate and in part emperical, are assumed to provide a factor of satety of 1,5 at design load on the structixre without excessive movement of the footing, for the following conditions: Figure 8, (Downward vertical load condition)--Average firm cohesiye material, with vertical excavation lines, compacted backfill, and 30° cone assumption; or noncohesive material such as uncemented sand and . DS-10-7 - 3/8/65‘Transmission Structures Chap. 2 Gonerete Footing Design and Dataiis 3.108 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS FOR STABILITY (Continued) EERE Mh eee craton aes, compete eck, nd 20" cone COMEED Figure 9, --Same as for Figure 6 except for upward vertical loading FOOTING condition, (Cont, ) The following design procedures employ trial methods of determining the mini- mum safe dimensions of the footing under design loads by application of the formulas of Figures 8 and §, whichever is appropriate for the soll conditions encountered: A. Obtain weight of cone of earth, W, from charts and ecuations of Figure 14 or 15, for assumed dimensions of the footing. B, Determine the value of the vertical reaction, P, and the accentricities Sx and ey, for the downward vertical loading condition from Equations 1, 3, and 4'or 5, 6, and 7 of Figure 8. ith the values of, ex, and ey, enter the chart of Figure 5 and determine ie maxximuin toe pressure on the footing pad, See Subparagraph 2. 5E for allowable toe pressure. D. I the assumed dimensions of the footing meet the preceding requirements, Sheck for stability by satisfying Equations 6 and 9 of Figure & for the con dition of downward vertical load, and Equations 1 and 2 of Figure & for the condition of upward vertical load. +11 The footing design designated Foundation GWM1 in Figure 24 iWlustrates the BASIC TYPE basic Type ¥-2 footing of Figure 1, with the primary eritical loads consisting 2 of heavy overturning moments and comparatively light shears and vertical EARTE * loads. “The design specification for the Type X ‘Goltngs of Paragraph 2,10, FOOTING and Figures 5 and 6, and the formulas of Figure 8 should be used for the de~ sign of the Type ¥~3 footing. +12 The footing design designated Type R, shown in Figure 25, illustrates abasic BASIC ‘Bie X rock footing in which the primary critical loads consisting of uplift and | TYSEX horizontal loads on top of the footing are resisted by the dead load of the con ROCK crete and the strength of the bar anchorage (the pullout value of anchor base FOOTING grouted Into drill holes or the shear strength of the rock engaged by the anchor bars). |The following specifications are based on pullout tests of grouted anchor pars embedded in shattered rock, and are applicable for the condition of design loads on the structure: A. The depth of embedment of the bars below the bottom of the footing should Depth of not be less than that determined by the following toon aiehor Bar i‘ > )o10yp _ Embedment a=5.6VE (ec festa? ¥F where Lom) = a6 ACT d= minimum depth of embedment in feet, and A= ares of anchor bar in square inches, The minimum depths of anchor bar settings given for various sizes of bars in Table 3 are based on equal ultimate ‘Strengths of the anchor bar and the rock, with the ultimate strength of the bars equal to 85, 900 psi. The bond Fesiitance of the bar to the grout and that of the grout to the’ rock are not critical, DS-10~7 = 3/8/65 RentChap, 2 Concrete Footing Design and Details ‘Transmission Structures DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS FOR STABILITY (Continued) Depth of TABLE 3--DEPTH OF EMBEDMENT OF ANCHOR BARS GROUTED INTO ROCK (Cont. ) Minimum depth of Size of bars embedment 7 214 Spacing of B. The spacing of the bars should be approximately one-half the depth of bar nchor Bars embedment given in Table 3 to engage a volume of rock with a shear area as specified in the following subparagraph. Uplitt C. The design-load uplift on the footing, less the dead load of the concrete, i ig assumed to be resisted by the shear stress on the lateral surface area of an inverted truncated pyramid of rock whose depth is equal to the verti- cal depth of the anchor bars below the bottom of the footing, whose base is equal to the distance between the bottom of the corner anchor bars, and whose sides are at an angle of 30° with the vertical. See Figure 16 for lateral surface area of the assumed truncated pyramid with the batter of the anchor bars equal to 1-1/2 to 12. The alldiable shear stress in the rock should be determined from loading tests of the rock or from results of loading tests of the same type of rock. Where results of such tests are not available, the allowable shear stress should not exceed §00 pounds per Square foot.” y > a OY by hum Stress in D. Anchor bars used to resist uplift and horizontal loads at the top of the en Bars footing should be deformed reinforcement bars and should not be stressed to more than 60 percent of the yield strength specified by the American Society for Testing and Materials for the anchor bars used, but not to ex- 2,000 pal. Asoo He) BASIC .19 ‘The footing design designated Type PT, shown in Figure 23, illustrates a basic TYPEX ‘Type X pile footing in which the primaty critical loads consisting of uplift and PILE horizontal loads on top of the footing are resisted by the dead load of the con- s FOOTING crete, with appropriate correction for flotation plus the pullout value of the piling. ‘The downward vertical loads, which are resisted by the piling, are also critical in the Type X pile footing. Timber piling has low resistance to lateral loads, particularly in poor materials at the surface, and batter piles should be used as required to resist the greater portion of the shears on the Piling, | Rater to Figuze 17 for preliminary methods of determining the num— er of vertical spd batter piles, the slope of the batter piles, and the qroupin of the piling. “After preliminary design, the loads on the piles should be checked by the methods given in the paper entitled "Analysis of Pile Foundations with Batter. Piles, " by A. Hrennikotf, published in the February 1049 issue of the H Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers. ‘The following speci~ i fications are applicable for the condition of design loads on the structure, par~ 1 ticularly with timber piling and small pile groups: jormpression A, Minimum penetration and minimum bearing resistance required for Umber fads on piles should be determined from penetration resistance tests performed Piling at the site, using the following formula: P= Ky (dy Ny) + Kp (dg No)... + Ky (dy Ny) ceed DS-10-7 ~ 3/8/85‘Transmission Structures Chap. 2 Concrete Footing Design and Details 2,138 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS FOR STABILITY (Continued) where Compression - ‘Loads on P = bearing resistance in sounds; ‘Piling Ny, Ng, .+-Np = ayerage number of flows per foot in the correspond- (Cont) ing increments of depth dy, do, ...d, obtained from spoon penetration tests; and 1, Kg,...Ky =a factor in pounds per linear foot of pile depending upon the type of soil in the corresponding incre~ ment of depth. Assumed values of K are: for clay, 100 pounds per foot; and for sand, 65 pounds per foot. ‘The bearing resistance of driven piles should be determined by the "Eng- neering News Record Formula" or by some reliable pile-driving formula. B, For friction piles, the maximum uplift on any pile in the group should not Uplift Loads exceed 50 percent of the working resistance to compression loads in on Piling cordance with Subparagraph A above. Where penetration resistance values are not available or where minimum bearing resistance and minimum pen- etration cannot be determined by the formula shown in Subparagraph A, the allowable uplift on timber piles can be determined from the values of skin friction shown in Table 4. G66 y BOR? Te ‘TABLE 4--SKIN FRICTION FOR PILING 200098226 Soll Skin friction (nef i Softest semifiuid 100. 0, 0f i Sut 120 oy Compact silt and clay 200-9126 ‘Mixed earth with considerable grit 400 g!45 Compact sand or sand and gravel; firm clay 500 ote 1 ©. Refer to the paper entitled "Analysis of Pile Foundations withBatter Piles," Lateral previously referred to in this paragraph, for permissible lateral loads on’ Loads on \ Biles, Ping | REINFORCED-CONCRETE DESIGN . | 14 "The retnforced-concrete design of foundation structures should be conaistent _ DESIGN with the @ssumptions made for stability analysis described in Paragraphs 2,3 SPECIFICA- {0.2.13 inclusive, it should also conform with the latest edition of tie ACT TIONS Wpuliding Code Requirements tor Reinforced Concrete, " and the applicable provisions of Design Standards No. &) Buildings. “Their wee, as applteable, Is recommended for reinforced-concrete design of footings of all types for switchyard, substation, transformer circuit structures, and transmission line . towers, OTHER CONSIDERATIONS +16 Switchyards, substations, and other areas where foundations are constructed © GRADING should be graded to provide adequate surface drainage and prevent excessive surface moisture entering the supporting soil. This is especially important’ | DRAINAGE in areas where soils are subject to frost heaving or expansion. Switchyard ; ‘and substation areas should be covered with gravelly surfacing material suit- i able for surface drainage and vehicular travel. ! DS-10-7 - 3/8/65its ability to displace foundatfons--usually differentially because of nonuniform i conditions in the frozen layer. The factors influencing frost action are mois- | ture, soil properties, and exposure. | Heaving in A, Frost heave may occur in any soil in which there is excess moisture con Coarse- tent; however, it is more serious in fine-grained soils of low permeability grained and high capillarity than in coarse-grained material. When a saturated Material gravel freezes, the resulting volume increase is due to the freezing of intersticial water and amounts to only about 3 percent of the thickness of the frozen layer. y Chap. 2_ Concrete Footing Design and Details ‘ransmnission Structures pi ae” : H OTHER CONSIDERATIONS (Continued) | FROST .16 Frost action is characterized by heaving in the winter and early spring, and } ACTION Jater in the spring by back~setting and softening of the ground at the same i places with an accompanying loss of bearing capacity. Its importance lies in {| Heaving in Heaves of 20 to 30 percent of the frozen layer thickness are common in {Fine-grained fine-grained soils, ‘and are due to the formation of ice lenses. As freez~ | Material ing progresses additional water is supplied by capillary action, causing the lenses to grow and the frozen mass to become stratified alternate layers of soil and clear ice. The condition is most severe when the ver- ical distance between the water table and the frostline is smaller than the height of capillary rise in the soil. Soll ©. fee lenses do not develop in coarse-grained soils, since their formation + Properties ‘depends on permeability and capillarity. Considerable heave may be ex- pected in graded soils having more than 3 percent of the grains smaller than 0.2 mim in size, Fine silts and sand-silt mixtures give the greatest trouble, while soils in the clay range give less difficulty. Control of D. All foundations in fine-grained soils should be carried below the frostline. Frost Action ‘Auger-type footings should be belled to assist in preventing their displace~ ment by the action of frost heave on the sides of the foundation. Where equipment requires a slab foundation, the foundation should be constructed with footings extending below the frostline and with the slab elevated above grate, See foundation PTL shown on Figure 21. In permeable soils all, foundations, with a few exceptions, should extend below the frostline. Structures and equipment not affected by small displacements may be sup~ ported on foundations constructed above the frostline with a layer of gravel, placed under the footing. ‘The gravel should extend to at least one-half the Frost depth and preferably to the frostline, “Foundations or gravel fils should be used only in those soils where the gravel fill will be drained and not collect water. Foundation CB1, Figure 22, shows a foundation placed on gravel fill. Maximum 3. Average and maximum frost penetrations for various locations in the United | pesto States are shown in Tables 5 and 6 and Figure 18, natration | spree. 17 Properly designed foundations on soll will settle to some degree, even when | MENT OF loaded within the allowable bearing pressures. Considerable difficulty may be {OUNDATIONS expected with settlement when footings, because of unavoidable circumstance, are placed on unconsolidated material,” uncompacted fills, or any soil with ed questionable structural qualities. Where a site has questionable foundation i material, consideration should be given in the design to the possibility of ex- cessive Settlement, and provision should be made for subsequent raising or leveling of steel structures and equipment by providing appropriate bese de- tails and sufficient extension of anchor bolts. Consideration should also be given to overexcavation end placing the foundations on a better bearing material 6f compacted backfill or gravel fil. DS-10-7 - 3/8/65‘Transmission Structures OTHER CONSIDERATIONS (Continued) TABLE 5--AVERAGE FROST PENETRATION, INCHES (APPROXIMATE) Chap. 2 Concrete Footing Design and Details xo Tara = Tar ‘Birmingham 3] Michigen cy 30 2 | Bordand 2 Mootle a] Richmond’ fg Montgomery 2) South Bena 2» PENNSYLVANIA Terreliane | 20 | "Basten 18 ARIZONA Vincennes 10} Kansescry 15. | Exe 2% Flagatat ag Bt Joseph 2 | Harrisburg 8 Gioke 2] 10a & ious 33 | Jomstown is Froensx 8] “Cedar Rapids 35 | Springtiela 8) Phadeipnia Fi Eten 3 Blstucgs 18 ARKaNsas Gemmell Butts $0 | mowrana Reading Fe} Fort Smith 12] Bavensort 32 | “anaconda © Ele Boek 4{ Desitoines = 32 | fate 8 | RHODE isLAND | Dibegue 25 | Great rans $8 | "Newport 28 CALIFORNIA For Bowe 35. | clone 8 | Providence 2 ‘Bureta a Sioux Chey 35 | Eaispen 3 Red Bie 3 SOUTH CAROLINA Sacramento 3] kansas NEBRASKA Charleston, less than} San Diego a) Sfectison | “Hastings wo | Golumbia 2 Sin Fretetsco i Smporia 2 | Lincots 2 | Greenville 5 Ean Jose 3] Hutehingon 13} forthe Bockton 2) Eeavenworn 13 | Gout % | sours paxora Sana at | Stiney 88 | “Aberdeen 2 egterano ‘Tope i Be a ‘Boulder 20] Wighies if | wevapa cs Benver | Carson 3 Bar 38] xewrucey Eke io Fon Going 38| “Bowing Green 5 | ono i 8 Grand Junction 1] Frankie 10 | Tonopan a 8 Grecte 24) Loulsvale 10 3 Leaivilte 8] Gnensbore 8 | New zeRsey 5 Puucah 5 | “Alsatic City og conecricur | tewane a ‘Bridgeport 23] roustana | Trenton a 2 Hardont 30] ‘Baton Rouge, lees] 2 iNew Eaven 2) aan 2 | sewsaco i va Orleans, i aDuquergue | i DELAWARE than a] ese En t ‘over 8] Streveport 2] Sears ay Wilngon H] ae iver iy 4 ams 2 DismmicT oF conumara | “Eastyore 9 | NEw vor i ‘Washingeon 10) Lewin 54 | “Kingston 2 a Fordand 43 | Newburgh 2 Fd GroRcta New Your i deta gical ag) | Posshieerelo 2s s Soismbus 2) Baltinore 12 | NomTs caRoLna 5 Macon a] Brederice 38] “Asheval 10 3 Eee ee g] Blverwom = 38 | Gitiace 3 10 20 than i 4 vasa, — i mao | se | wonte peor, b ismarek Eemiten 18] Migmcan 8 4 cate pena # 4 Bein Falls a 7 ELNOS West VRoA ‘Aurore Bluetteta 8 Elcomfagton ag | Charleston 10 Cairo § | Huntington 3 Ghicago | Barkessbng 5 Bocante id | Wheeling 2 Peoria 8 - wiscovsny Boer Istana Green Bay 4 ‘Springtiald 35 Madison a ‘Urbane 2 | Milwaukee 2 8 | Medioser 8) Racine © ANDINA HL | Okanoma city 7 | Siberior 3 ‘Eiehart ~ BY econ Evansville Wyong Fedlanapolls 2| sassissrPPt dshiand 2 | “Geyer Htvete 2) “Gra a| Sass 2] Satan & Yeliowetone 2 2.16-12,16-2 Chap. 2 Concrete Footing Design and Details IONS (Continued) OTHER CONSIDERS TABLE 6--MAXIMU ‘Transmission Structures FROST PENETRATION (INCHES) IN GROUND IN 100 CITIES CH Depth, ches. TH Depth inches Albany, New York 48 | Lincoln, Nebraska 36 ‘Albuquerque, New Mexico 24 | Los Angeles, California 2 ‘Atlanta, Georgia 8 | Louisville, Kentucky 5 Baltimore, Maryland 20 | Marquette, Michigan 2a Binghamtcn, New York 72 | Memphis, Tennessee 20 Birmingham, Alabama 12 | Milwaukee, Wisconsin 60 Bismarck, North Dakota 84 | Minneapolis, Minnesota 108 Boise, Idaho 42 | Missoula, Montana 84 Boone, Iowa 60 | Mobile, Alabama 6 Boston, Massachusetts 48 | Monroé, Louisiana 8 Buffalo, New York 48 | New Orleans, Louisiana 2 Burlington, Vermont 66 | Newport News, Virginia 4 Butte, Montana, 84 | New York, New York 42 Cedar Rapids, Towa 60.| Ogden, Utah 48 Charleston, South Carolina 2 | Ogdensburg, New York 2 Charlotte, ‘North Carolina 8 | Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 22 Chattanooga, ‘Tennessee 15 | Paducah, Kentucky uw Cheyenne, Wyoming 60 | Pensacola, Florida 3 Chicago, ‘Minois 43 | Peoria, Dlinois 48 Cleveland, Ohio 60 | Philadéiphia, Pennsylvania 40 Columbia, South Carolina 4| Phillipsburg, New Jersey 32, Columbus, Ohio 20 | Pierre, South Dakota 48 Concord, ‘New Hampshire 86 | Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 24 Dallas, ‘Texas 12 | Pittsfield, “Massachusetts 86 Denver, Colorado 60 | Portland,’ Maine 2 Dayton, Ohio 38 | Portland, Oregon 8 Detroit, Michigan 48 | Prescott, Arizona 24 Dover, Delaware 18 | Providence, Rhode Island 60 Duluth, Minnesota 86 | Pueblo, Colorado 36 El Paso, ‘Texas ig | Richmond, Virginia 24 Eugene,’ Oregon 8 | Rochester, New York 48 Flagstatf, Arizona 20 | Sacramento, California 2 Fort Wayne, Indiana 40 | Salina, Kansas 24 Frederick, Maryland 24 | Salt Lake City, Utah 34 Grand Canyon, Arizona 6 | San Antonio, “Pexas 5 Grand Forks, 'North Dakota 84 | San Diego, California 2 Grand Islend, Nebraska 36 | Savannah,’ Georgia 2 Grand Rapids, Michigan 58 | Scranton, Pennsylvania 60 Green Bay, Wisconsin 60 | Seattle, Washington 28 Greensboro, North Carolina 10 | Shreveport, Louisiana 4 Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 48 | South Bend, indiana 48 Hartford, Connecticut @8 | Spokane, Washington 86 Houston,’ Texas 3 | Springtield, Diinois 48 Huntington, West Virginia 80 | Springfield, Missouri 20 Indianapolfs, Indiana 48 rracuse, New York 48 Jacksonville, Florida 2 | Tulse, Oklahoma 16 Johnstown, Pennsylvania 48 |. Urbana, Dlinois : 33 Kansas City, Missouri 25 | Washington, District of Columbia 18 Knoxville, ‘Tennessee 9°] Wheeling, West Virginia 36 Lafayette, Indiana 47 | Williamsport, Pennsylvania 48 DS-10-7 ~ 3/8/65verte loads : fet TP | |rimory ress: ‘ence Sight {ane of ah Primary resist ‘once by wt. of one of earth mary resistor ty passive earth Round or square tien é Transmission Stouctures Chap. 2 Concrete Footing Design end Details FOOTING CLASSIFICATION BY LOADS AND SOIL PRESSURES Fig. 1 Par. 2.4 : eany uplift with = Heowy overturning moment Sonparatively err light shears: > -cecomporatinaly light shears ang > PLAN PLAN PLAN (without pad) (with pad) TYPE xX TYPE Y-1 TYPE Y-2 Fer use with wide base towers or For use with narrow bose cantilever poles ‘gid frame. columns with suff or with rigid. frome columns with © e (gant spread for individual, Single mondlithie footing. footing under aac eq Heavy overturning moment Heavy uplift ‘oe comprassion =~ with ; FTF eomparctively rimory rnetont Tiga sheers” vith Ccomparetivay light shears, tot £ cone of edt TE a fieuron. NAL ELEVATION NORMAL TO PLANE OF RID FRAWE Shige Peake | TYPE. X= _GOMBINATION For ue ity rigid trameofrone row of scare eater In ther pln with centr’ Se orto n'save SF ald Trane ond with septa manlth | 2idlace tbat of Inge is tw pike. of rgd rane Heavy downward verticol load i fontenteleally or aeeentricaly sppiea Soil pressures ‘ranauiasion sraucrunes = concnerE rooras i FOOTING. CLASSIFICATION BY Conds ANG Soi. PRESSURES DS-10-7 ~ 3/8/85sh weignt_of cane of earrn lus weignt of concrete, SKETCH “A*- CONVENTIONAL ASSUMPTION Cansolce ‘octal Excavation Tine 4 LS 1 1 I I L Ls Resistance against uplift by weight. of (“backfill plus frietion om face” of fexcrvation ins plus weight of concrete (Apsroximately equal to" conventional assumption, SKETCH “B*- ACTUAL ACTION (Without " Undercut ) Excavation lines =o. Fssesistonce ogainst uplift by vertical ef Mapas of tll treat at (7 alee cing plone oF rupture a proximately equal to ‘at least two 7 times the: conventional” cesumption) Plone iphite \ Line of 36 cre east \ HeUndercd — op ino di surbed SKETCH "C"- ACTUAL ACTION (With Undereut) NOTE ! Actual actions shown ore for cohesive } ‘material capable of stonding on vertical excavation’ lines and) undercut ‘SOIL Resistance fo UPLIFT ActuaL AGTION oF FOCT NG 103-9776NX ‘Transmission Structures FORMULAS--LATERAL SUPPORKOF BARTH POLE STRUCTURE Rigid Foundation Center 7 (Parevali BASIC ASSUMPTION The passive resstonce of the earth vories directly | with tbe depth per unit of ceformation FORMULAE @ (7) me lever fates HS. ign of Masonry Structures sy clement Wiliam, GE. D8-10-7 - 9/8/65 o-Poin’s of. Totlection RIGID FRAME STRUCTURE, Ground Line PRESSURE CURVE GONGRETE FOOTING rgrei i DEFORMATION. ie) 1 Beg Sat NOMENCLATURE Horizentl Toad in Bounce ‘Height of pplication of lcd 'P obove ground Tine in, feet (Depth of focting In feet below ground lin, + Depth below ground line To cenler of rotation in fet. ‘of rottién in feet. + Applied moment af point of rotation in ft-tbs and §) = Moxlmum pressure in pounds per sq ft ard g+ Relative deflections . é a b+ Dimension from bottom of footing to center 4 $ tu é ‘2 Projected slometar ot width of footing in feat chap. 2 Dduorete Footing Design and Details Fig. 3 Par. 2.53Chap. 2 Concrete Footing Design and Details ‘Transmission Structures Nig. 4 Par. 2.7 LATERAL SUPPORT OF EARTH--RESISTING MOMENTS, e BASIC TYPE Y-1 FOOTING “ooFFAAPA yr { 170, , P Tote hovzoiat eee, | fi cr oye [ i = T i Points of Inflection, { 4} : prr | 20 ! vo} é t ; 19 i i He | Zaolol F BS leo E | Fue f 5 | i wht £ i | Bas M Ch. SPAT § | i rove Stmucrine Mig rane srucyiRe 7} eS i i B10 t LAW os i | Ht i | Sree EXAMPLE ‘io = = LES" bae type struc abst 5 FoLt Raieea =e : projected width of fating, ie A 3 3 5 5 { } 0} + T Ro | Zea : | 7 Zi TI 7 °%5 + . * © T . . 77 it 7% dm 2m Sm Yon eed vere eee ; Gurves are for B20 nd iATEnaL sunront ot tant | ncsiatine wowenTS~aasie TYPE “Y-1" ee ys 103-0 i DS-10-1 - 3/8/65—- 6 ‘Transmission Structures MAXIMUM TOE PRESSURE ON RECTANGULAR FOOTINGS Chap. 2 Concrete Footing Design and Details Fig. 8 Par. 2.50 ge \ we ° i i CURVES FOR VALUES OF “Kt 1 MAXIMUM Toe PRESSURE © Length of feating In the X direction recat of footing in the ¥ direction. P= Load on the footing As ab Area of the footing, r Y My* Per * Moment on the footing in the X diceetion, My Pey * Moment on the footing in the Y direction MAXIMUM TOE PRESSURE | (ON RECTANGULAR FOOTINGS ijPig. 6 Par. 2.5C Chap. 2 Concrete Footing Design and Details ‘Transmission Structures MAXIMUM STRESS AT THE CORNER OF A RECTANGULAR BASE COMPUTATION FOR MAXIMUM STRESS AT THE GORNER OF A RECTANGULAR BASE WHEN A NORMAL LOAD IS APPLIED OUTSIDE OF THE KERN EEN Matna Soe eae ancara cr a ator gens -- ge soe 9 bate 169 c+ 25, 42407 0°95 ST BBMTSpaestarer ass, Magaccmunren ten iva Rebuilt ofinetarn Seaver 8ngs0 32 sed Hag 2038. Eee groans oh oo 1 22 23 94 ack 0 3° 00 a) 02-03 04 08 08 OF 98 09,10 1 | zat ene! 5 Lee. books x oa oak os| Lloro t ul ul uy 1s 2 ea 2s 2 20 7‘Transmission Structures Chap. 2 Concrete Footing Design and Details STABILITY FORMULAS--BASIC PAD TYPE X FOOTING Fig. 7 Par. 2. 6B&C PAD TYPE WITHOUT UNDERCUT ao TYPE WITH UNOERCUT Formato Fee Wen Bene We ger(2tHX= 4 8¢ re bed) Prony) Nomenclature: Ws WE of cone of orth in pounds B Uplift in the line of acian of eg of tower in pounds 1H = Algebroie sum of as*comporents of MH, and Hy=Horizontal shear in pounds ot top of ‘Rating acting simclteneously with = Net weight of eancrate In pounds. Notas Retation ssumea bout Point 2 ‘STAGILITY FORMULAS 8ASIG P40 TYPE x FOOTINGS 103Fig.8 Par. 2.10 Chap. 2 Concrete Footing Design and Details ‘Transmission Structures, STABILITY FORMULAS--DOWNWARD VERTICAL LOAD, BASIC TYPE X-Y FOOTING Nomerciotue r= Horizontal aoe of 2p of feeting in section y= Horleentt oes ot top of foting in y-dkection W © (See Gonaral Notes) Net went of concrete ie pounds Yeritat Jownmard load a Top of footing c P= Verhsal component oft resultont in poungs) Exuations for masimum toe oresture win voles of 8, ana P determine moriman OP ars weve — foe pressure 1 compression fom cnet nd formulos @ asap bg. to8-b- a7 (ig 5 Par 22) Bee My og 0125 om 13? — ‘over ening impossaie @ eye Oy x02 DWIEP - DOWNWARD, VERTICAL LOAD-CONDITION "A" NAR N ER TES iret wears no DE te aime toe fr vesoce Yo pate BY tor moxirum toe Fegan 0 | WH Euston for mosiman 0 tes Eeuotons (ar estore Yo overtuiag: Site ¢ vr) B 2 Maense-0.28 0m)#? ~ ga (nyxcozsaWyeP — ita of aye. one 2 dearnng,moxines toe Worst ih 23tBaneen tom cath Gre Fos J Bngs-ovar (rig Por 20) DOWNWARD VERTICAL LOAD-CONDITION" BY 1 contin asm WaMeRnrabuarer es a genta un, “GUTSIOE MIDOLE THIRD 2 S Eire fem ees mtr 3 2 Verest exzwation ines. GENERAL NOTES elena ae Condition 's", w= net olan ot earth within the Tims of sph pence 29 atc “exe ssi ondian “Shwe net weight & 20¢ or 30% cone at 1 SRaese ml en oh cannes a a potas. 8» donee exeSeatin, ms € 5 Gomectes beet STABILITY FOAMULAS- DOWNWARD VERTICAL LOAD ‘BASIC TYPE x" 03-0-561 DS-10-7 - 3/8/85‘Transmission Structures Chap, 2 Concrete Footing Design and Details STABILITY FORMULAS--UPWARD VERTICAL LOAD, Fig. Par. 2.10 BASIC TYPE X-¥ FOOTING We = Hern oa or ent fting in xsrctin tf of fetng in yrrecton wiih ie of carn (0 suns sa ee — hf eee in ee | o Yanfesganah yearns J Fortin onus about , esas eaictons and Ine & 5 | 2wa = Fa (naWteje | sTABLITY FontULAS ~UPWaRO VERTICAL LOAD Basic TYPE XY i DS-10-7 - 3/8/65Chap, 2 Concrete Footing Design and Details ‘Transmission Structures Fig. 10 Par, 2. 6B&C UPLIFT RESISTANCE--CIRCULAR PAD, 30° CONE @ oie Formula Whos r2ateere 4) Note: Weight of earths oo bs / ut UPLIFT. RESISTANCE GIRCULAR PAD — $0 DEGREE CONE geveca-oe DS+10-7 - 9/8/65‘Transmission Structures Chap. 2 Concrete Footing Design and Details UPLIFT RESISTANCE--CIRCULAR PAD, 20° CONE Fig. 11 Par. 26D Formula: 7 Wh stored (efere'y rt) Noe: Weight of sond ond grove = 100 Bs.seu. ft 5 UPLIFT. AESiSTANcE CIRCULAR Pad 20 CEGREE CONE EY EaBB un os 103-p-81 DS-10-7 - 3/8/65Chap, 2 Conerete Footing Design fig. 12 Par. 2. 6B&C and Details ‘Transmission Structures UPLIFT RESISTANCE--SQUARE PAD, 30° CONE neva DS-10-7 Formule Wi +3490 +100 0% os 48 06? Note: = 3/8/85 Weight of earth 190 ts.eu fi cetmurweer ° ee UpLifT Resistance ‘SauaRe Pi0—'S0 DEORE CONE 1o9-0- 92 |l @ | | mae ‘Transmission Structures Chap. 2 Concrete Footing Design and Details UPLIFT RESISTANCE--SQUARE PAD, 20° CONE Fig. 13 Par. 2.6D H E ev 2-068, Formue: . Whe iter @ +100 afd + 72808 tote Weight of sond ond grovel 100 Teeveu. Th coTH (om Peer LIFT RESISTANCE SQUARE PA0—"20 CEGREE CONE 193-0" DS-10-7 - 3/8/65Chap, 2 Concrete Footing Design and Details hg. 14 Par. 2.108 ‘Transmission Structures UPLIFT RESISTANCE--RECTANGULAR PAD, 30° CONE Formula. Tar Wi of earns (00-18 EOE ° WIGHT 1 1000 Lessee! HPT CG) in a Po uanas Wieight=3690°s\oonbe) 57.764 0+ - arad gt UnLirT. RESISTANCE. RECTANGULAR PAp—'30 DEGREE CONE los-0- 06.‘Transmission Structures UPLIFT RESISTANCE--RECTANGULAR PAD, 20° CONE Chap. 2 Conerete Footing Design and Details Fig. 15 Par.2.10A errata) ov Ft ay, ee, LEE ae DS-10-7 ~ 3/6/85 22 Lal east UstirT. nesisvance RecranaUtan A020 CeGREE CONE | { |Fig. 16 Par. 2.12C GROUTED ANCHOR BARS IN ROC! b = ctr toctr distorce of outside bors tt base of footing. b S's Areoss Cusse(o vasa) 21d areas. of cssumad sheor plares_ bored on 30" cone with 14:12 Batter on bers assumed line of ‘re \ fo $00 | Us dase | ar) | rant) je (90 ) 1 c #8 setidreet MS AEA em SHEAR AREA. RESISTING PULLOUT dr ocze® Where inimum depth of emeedment of bar in feat: timate tenslle strength of single bar in pounds. osed on the followings 30° Cone of rasitonce to uplift (for shattered cock). Shear area of cone of resistance = 2.16 iescateesson shear area of cone «1000 pounds per square foot Oo Lo MINIMUM DEPTH OF ANCHOR BAR angus smusranee conan roprmes pouttStr Vatves 103-0.| = ‘Transmission Structures Chap, 2 Concrete Footing Design and Detalls | @ pe rou enen ences teres Taira 7 7 es 5 © i i & _porgile! | < — to" group € Bs # 3S - =: ‘Gorter Pile, Group 7 - SS i Batter Pile, O08 FY ormai to & He, Ay sparalie! je-Elostic Center cos eICcouy Rizresultant Case [-- | Center of Gravity - Center of Gravity Group "8" i Group ‘8! Batter piles Pa, ta Ber Pe rae ‘he total pile load for any pile he resultant force at the bose of the structure for the loading condition assumed, Rai Ra? the resultant component parallel to pile group “A” or 8.” ange the number of piles in the group parallel to Ry or Re r= the distance from the center of gravity of the pile group to any pile of that gegup mecsured perpendicular to the center Lines of pits. trfesunmation of r4 tor oll piles of both groups the momen? oF inertia of the pile foundation, e+ the distance from the elastic center to the resultant, R, measured perpendicular to the resultont. y: ” DEPARTMENT. OF THECINTERIOR rm ‘uREAU OF RECLAMATION { Reference: Desig cara l U.S. Bureau of Reclamation PILE FOUNDATION-HINGED PILES | _ Pech ee f. 331 chicteidey See eeareehe a | cnconragialsrenove odes | 4105-05a eawon! i hOieuTaNSs \eous 30 Las0 WnWXeR & a Ay as al E wen s-o (ID 8 ag woo ESS a] 2 a son se-»§ QA a son o-e I 38 soysut tu 96 E as soon vores GED fi notaynyraxa a) 3a ae & EG 3 Bd A] 5m Es F) 5s Bl 8 el S $ 5 5 8 8 | “ 4 gl | § | og |