CYLINDER OPERATION

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Reciprocating CoFpress_gls * _ rrYr$

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Basic Principles - Working Principte ilit$:8tR

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ssed cating cycle

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Basic Principles t
Real vs. ldeal flilnIlG$

drive
 Piston Compressors ,l,}xgr$tli

Unloader
Piston rod / Valve cage

Distance piece i .suction valve

'l..,Suction valve nest

Piston
Piston rings
Cylindef head

Discharge valve nest

Piston rod Discharge valve
packings
Valve cage

Cylindei
diamelet Cylinder liner Di:livery ducl Cooling water channels

Piston Compressors IIilIRB[$[B

Piston Speed - pV Diagram - Clearance Volume

pis:on speed E.l1

3B

... pisto
piston stroke

suction p1

delivery p2

deaivery pressure p2
Piston Gompressors
Clearance Volume

.:.:

ume;+
reaxp

Gompressor Valves
 Valve Types -
Application, Selection

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v"*' 'in'
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Overview u$ilft[

. Existing valve types

. Which valve type for which application?

. Efficiency - Reliability

Comparison ,,Old Valve Types" - ,,New Valve Types"

Optimised Valve Type Portfolio

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 ,!,.
Overview on existing valve types ilm$t$

Type Descriplion Hoerbiger Valve Tlpes

Narrow Ported Plate CED, CFD, ..., CKD,

Valves {HDS). R. CT

Wide Pofied Plate Valves E3D, F3D, G3D, H, J, K

+ (CED, CFD lubed
design), CS
Narow Pofted Ring CE
Valves
Wide Ported fung Valves CX

Which valve type for which ,4

aoolication? ffiilIfi:I
Plate Ring Poppet
Valves Valves Valves
Wide Narrow Wide Narrow
Ported Ported Ported Ported
Air
Gas-transoort
Gas-storaoe
Lioht Gases
Heavy gases
Contaminated
Application (Dirt)
Low temperature

special Gases
(o2, cr)
Efficiency / Reliability -
? _ ____
L

n compromise _11111111

. Targets
- High Efficiency {\ Low valve losses
- High Reliability ttt Llfetime

tngineer;rt parax*aers
- Valve design
- Valve lift selection
- N/aterial selection

Design parameters influencing the ..t.

efficienc llilttt3r,

. available flow area plate valve

- length of the seat lands

- numbers of flow channels

curvature of the flow paths

- vorticity generated within lhe gas

,,edges" within the flow channels

- increasing separation regimes

profiled ring valve

Design parameters influencing the
efficienc
. Design of seat and guard areas

Effective flow area (PHl)

- saturation effects
(drilled seats) 50

40

lnfluence of unloaders .:,

- closing the seat area ii2a
10

0
lnfluence of plugs 24
- dereasing the flow area Lin (mm)

PHll ... milled seat

PH12 ... drilled seat

Prediction of efficiency - good models ,,

]lilMEfi
are available
. Main valve parameters for efficiency calculation
- valve design
- valve lift

Og nax

o
do

D..
o.. eq fialent fiov, arca
v
----'-=

Lift (mm)
Prediction of reliability - t
ilu3st8lfl
still a challenqe
Life time - impact stresses - impact velocity
Life time - material properties (low E modulus preferrable)

Measured improvements
Relative safety factor S
o =".
^[t p
.
compared to steel
o... induced sness[Wa]
t...inpact wlociryln l sl
E... eI ast ic iry Modulus lMPal
Ti i sren l
p... natetiat densitutks fn3l ii t trPEEKGF3O
o PAGF3O'l

,
Goal for new valve designs ,tr,rxr't

optimized seat and guard geometry

- no flow resistance efFects
- enough space for unloaders
- enough strength to avoid drilled seats
high impact resistance of the sealing elements
- optimised for the temperature of operation (MT, PK)
- high lifts poss:ble
Focus on specific valve design strengths
- Ring valves for critical applications
lndividual engineering
- Application based selection
 t,
Basic Valve Type Portfolio ru$[l8m

wide (CS) and

narrow ported
plate valves

low pressure

light gas

,
Conclusions lln:xx&[

. Advantages of modern, highly efficient valve types are

- efficient but still reliable

- low lifts but still efficient
- exploiting modern non metallic sealing materials
- high damping resistance
- optimized portfolio for different applications
- wide and narrow ported
- ring and plate valves

- higher flexibility within the valve engineering process

 Plate Guidance
Valves with Frictionless Guided Plates
s-ffi
-1 -.....-E*
._ ,,.- 3 8
6 \_- i
=
- =-
=--/-7 4.5
_--.--- 154F3d 4,5
_-=-=u
E€-g
-
-l 't-
-2 1 ... seat
2... guard unit
3... valve plate
4... lift washer
5... lift washer
6... dampler plate
7... closing springs
8... damping springs
9... nut
suction valve delivery valve

Plate Guidance
Frictlonless Guided Plates

Valve plate Dampet plaie

154F3d
 Plate Guidance
Frictionless Guided Plates - Examples
Valve plate 134R Damper plate 100FD
Dwg. No. 004658 Dwg. No. ir$354
double guide arm, datale guide ar.t
hollow gro!nd
Spring plate 109DlA
1'''.2 3wg. No.443068
'((CI .i\\\\j :.'iple guide arm
I\\N {hi

/4 S...
'['G_" "',r
'-: -
\si'':-,'
Valve plate 134R Damping plate 183R
twg. No. 057303 Dwg. No.099199
single guide arm single guide r.m

Plate Guidance
Valves with Centrally Guided Valve Plates
8 _,_f_
-1 2-
z-{ 3
:-r: -l P==-=.----\6 5 : -
143CGd J==-
4.=.- ===
-.''
\4 6-= -'
3-..--a. =
1
1---
'l .,, seat
2... guard unit
3... valve plate
4... damper plate
5... guide ring
6 ... closing springs
7... damping springs
8... nut

Suction valve Delivery valve

Demands on a Compressor Plate Valve
Optimized Eouivalent Area

Demands on a Compressor Plate Valve

Long valve life and reliability

Low valve losses
large passage areas
- goodaerodynamiccharacteristics
Low masses of moving parts
Quick response to low dilferential pressure
Low clearance volume
 Compressor Valve Design

Plate Valve types made by HOERBIGER

Overview
 Damping
Tumbling
The valve plate normally impacts at an angle onto the seat.
1st impact 2nd impact
on opposite side

center of
impacl

With the first impact the velocity t:r. impact is ar.der

2nd
of the cantre of gravity aaan lhe firsl imte.l,
is reduc€d, the ptale starts to :mpact veloeilr:
rotate wi:l angular velocity .l}. V2-vj+ta-a
vr ... Translatory speed of the centre of gravily of the plate = impact velocity
of the l"t impact.
@ ... Angular velocity of rotation caused by 'lst impact.

lntroduction to Plate Valve T

 pe Designation of Steel Plate Valves
Overview
designation s*e [[[l[[
Type desisn reatures
consistsof: i-3diEilr ----L,!1jS:]!_
Size: diameter ol the

Design features:
Letters or combination of letters and numbers:
r plate guidance C centrally - frictionless: no indication
' slot designation D:FGHJK.L:!tN
number of slots I2',g 4 5 6 7 8.9 .t0
double danping D..

Type Designation of Steel Plate Valves

Examples

'134R 1

i l- o :ole. J rod orawi'g:,

L- high speed type
I stze .

-
H-series 213H2
I IL on2 robso--t : cnod. awiros)
tt
I r- series (frictionless guided. 5 slots. double damping)
L 5;.g
HDs-series 92FD
Il--- doubte damping
L 3 slots
-- -'frictionless guided valve plate and damper plate
(non lubricated operation)
size
 Traditional Steel Plate Valves
Valves for Process Compressors
Type ation :,
lcompressor speed
Se.ies I n IRPMI "
R/RLX 10Ry37RLX ... 79R / RLX 60 1500
88R / RLX ...1.17R / RLX 30 1500
134R ... 2t4R 25 1500_.
oo.:t{ i.,..,38DD r.: 64FD 400 1000:lr'
HDS 92FD ., 254MD 200 bis 400 1000
92CFD -. 2s4CND 200 bis 400 1000
CED 52CED ..: -65CED . :'. 4oo ,lobo
CFD 74CFO '" 126eFD, ... 4oo I OO0 . ....r.

ceS'r,. 88CGD .' 184cGD 200 bis 400 looo ':li

ED 70ED ' 100ED 400 '1000
,:iH
213H.. 37lH 60 7oo
Applicataci o, :is R,seriea:
R-types are used in air compressors or in the low pressure stages of
O2'compressors, For non lubricated compressors and sizes smaller
than 134R the types 37RLX to 117RX are used.

Traditional Steel Plate Valves

Small R-Types, up to 117R

Valves ri:ti spring plates

'. up to size l17R

for lubricated and non lubricated
high speed air, refrigeration and gas
compressors: "High speed -valves
 Traditional Steel Plate Valves
Large R-Valves, above and including 134R
&.1.
Frictionless ;r:,ilsd valve plates

valve plate with

single guide arm

middle lift washer

z oamper ptales ,.,_.@

upper lift washer G
.-===:--..-..'..*: _il
closing springs

for lubricated and non Iubricated

high speed air, refrigeration and gas
compressors: "High speed"-valves

Goncentric Valves