2017

WORKBOOK
Detailed Explanations of
Try Yourself Questions

Mechanical Engineering
Fluid Mechanics and Machines
 1 Fluid Properties

T1 : Solution

F viscous
N

V θ
θ

W W cosθ W sinθ
W

Balancing forces along the inclined plane.

Fviscous = W sinθ

μAV
⇒ = W sinθ
y

Wy sin θ
⇒ V =
μA

90 × 3 × 10−3 × sin30
=
8 × 10−1 × 0.3
= 0.5625 m/s

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 Workbook 3

T2 : Solution

Power = T ω
Calculating torque,
Torque = F × radius

μAv
F =
y
μ = 2 × 10–1 Ns/m2

90 50
A = πDl = π × × = 0.1414 m2
1000 100
90 2πN
v = ×
2000 60
90 2 × π × 240
= × = 1.131 m/s
2000 60
y = 2.5 mm = 2.5 × 10–3 m

2 × 10−1 × 0.1414 × 1.131

F =
2.5 × 10−3
= 12.79 N
Torque = F × radius

90
= 12.79 × = 0.576 Nm
2000

2 × π × 240
ω = = 25.12 rad/s
60
P = 0.576 × 25.12 = 14.47 Watt  14.5 Watt

„„„„

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 2 Fluid Statics

T1 : Solution

3 3
ρw = 10 kg/m
A
0.4 m
3
ρ = 0.12 kg/m
0.5 m

3 3
ρHg = 13.6 × 10 kg/m

PA + (0.12 × 9.81 × 0.9) – {13.6 × 103 × 9.81 × 0.5} + {103 × 9.81 × 0.5} – {13.6 × 103 × 9.81 × 0.5}
+ {103 × 9.81 × 0.5} – {13.6 × 103 × 9.81 × 0.5} + {103 × 9.81 × 0.5} – {13.6 × 103 × 9.81 × 0.5} = 0
PA + 1.05948 – 66708 + 2 × {4905} – 2 × {66708} = 0
PA = 190312.94 Pascal
Pressure in terms of height of water column

190312.94
=
1000 × 9.81
= 19.39 m of H2O column
T2 : Solution

3
outside volume = 600 m

inside volume = (V– 600)

ρice berg = 915 kg/m3

ρsea water = 1025 kg/m3

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 Workbook 5

Let the total volume of iceberg be “v ”.

Buoyancy force = Weight of iceberg
⇒ ρsea water × (V – 600) × 9.81 = ρiceberg × v × 9.81
⇒ 1025 (v – 600) = 915 V
⇒ 1025 v – 915 v = 1025 × 600

2025 × 600
⇒ v= = 5590.9 m3
1025 − 915
Weight of the iceberg = ρiceberg × viceberg × 9.81
= 915 × 5590.9 × 9.81
= 50184757.04 N
= 50.185 MN
T3 : Solution

M
h
G

Specific gravity of the cylinder is “S”.

2
Given, r = h
3
For floatation to be unstable
GM < 0

I
∴ We have GM = − BG
∀
Calculating height of cylinder inside water, let it be “Y ”.
∴ Buoyancy force = Weight of cylinder
⇒ ρw × Volume of cylinder inside × g = ρcylinder × Volume of cylinder × g
ρw × πr 2 × Y × 9.81 = s × ρ w × πr 2 × h × 9.81
Y = sh
4
I π (2r )
=
∀ 64 πr 2 × sh

π 16 r 4
= ×
64 π × r 2 × s × h

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6 Mechanical Engineering • Fluid Mechanics and Machines

1 r2 1 4 h
= × = × × h2 =
4 sh 4sh 9 9s
h Y h sh h
BG = OG – OB = − = − = (1 − s )
2 2 2 2 2
I
∴ − BG < 0
∀

h h
− (1− s ) < 0
9s 2
2 – 9s(1 – s) < 0
2 < 9s – 9s2
or 2
9s – 9s + 2 < 0
9s 2 – 3s – 6s + 2 < 0
3s (3s – 1)– 2 (3s – 1) < 0
(3s –1)(3s – 2) < 0
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 2⎞
⎜⎝ s − ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ s − ⎟⎠ < 0
3 3

+ +
+∞ – +∞
0.333 0.667
1 2
∴ <s<
3 3

T4 : Solution

FB

D = 1.5 m

T = 5.5 kN

T+W

Fbuoyancy = Tension + Weight

ρw × Volume 5 g = Tension + Weight,
Weight = Fbuoyancy – Tension
⎡ 4 ⎤
= ⎢ρw × × π × r × g ⎥ − [5.5 × 10 ]
3 3
⎣ 3 ⎦
⎡ 3 ⎤
4 ⎛ 1.5 ⎞
⎟⎠ × 9.81⎥ − [5.5 × 10 ]
3
= ⎢1000 × × π × ⎜⎝
⎣ 3 2 ⎦
= 17335.7 – 5500 = 11835.7 N = 11.8 kN

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 Workbook 7

T5 : Solution

5 sin30°
30°
30°
5 sin30°

Fh = ρ × g × A x
= 1000 × 10 × 2 × 5 × sin30° × 1 × 5 × sin30°
= 125 kN/m

⎛ θ 1 ⎞
Fv = ⎝⎜ × πR 2 − × b × h ⎟ × 1000 × 10
360 2 ⎠

⎛ 60 2 1 ⎞
= ⎜⎝ × π × ( 5) − × 2 × 5sin30° × 5cos30°⎟ × 1000 × 10
360 2 ⎠

= 22.65 kN/m

FR = Fh2 + Fv2 = 1252 + 22.652 = 127.03 kN/m

„„„„

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 3 Fluid Kinematics

T1 : Solution

x=0 x = 0.375 m

v = 1.5 m/s v = 15 m/s

Let the velocity by given by

u = a + bx
∴ At x = 0, u = 1.5
∴ a = 1.5
At x = 0.375, u = 15
15 − 1.5
∴ b = = 36
0.375
Hence u = 1.5 + 36x
u ∂u v ∂u w ∂u
ax = + +
∂x ∂y ∂z

v ∂u w ∂u
∴ = =0
∂y ∂z
∂
a x = (1.5 + 36 x ) (1.5 + 36 x )
∂x
= (1.5 + 36x)(36)
a x⏐x = 0.375 = 36 × {1.5 + 36 × 0.375} = 540 m/s2

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 Workbook 9

T2 : Solution

(i) ψ = y2 – x2
Flow to be irrotational it must satisfy the Laplace equation

∂2 ψ ∂2 ψ
+ = 0
∂x 2 ∂y 2

checking ψ = y 2 – x2
∂ψ
∴ = –2
∂x
ψ = y 2 – x2
∂ψ
∴ = 2y
∂y

∂2 ψ
= +2
∂y 2

∂2 ψ ∂2 ψ
Hence + = +2–2=0
∂ x2 ∂y 2
Hence flow is irrotational.
(ii) ψ = A x 2y 2
For flow to be irrotational stream function should satisfy the Laplace equation.

∂2 ψ ∂2 ψ
∴ + = 0
∂ x2 ∂y 2

Checking ψ = A x 2y 2
∂ψ
= 2Ay 2 x
∂x

∂2 ψ
= 2Ay 2
∂x2
Checking ψ = A x 2y 2
∂ψ
= A x 22 y
∂y
∂2 ψ
∴ = 2A x 2
∂y 2

∂2 ψ ∂2 ψ
∴ 2
+ = 2 A (x 2 + y 2)
∂x ∂y 2
Flow is not irrotational.
(iii) ψ = A x – By 2
For flow to be irrotational stream function should satisfy the Laplace equation.
∴ Checking ψ = A x – By 2

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10 Mechanical Engineering • Fluid Mechanics and Machines

∂ψ
= A
∂x

∂2 ψ
= 0
∂ x2
Checking ψ = A x – By 2
∂ψ
= – 2By
∂y
∂2 ψ
= – 2B
∂y 2

∂2 ψ ∂2 ψ
Hence + = 0 – 2B ≠ 0
∂ x 2 ∂y 2
Hence flow is not irrotational,

T3 : Solution

(i) ψ = m ln r
1 ∂ψ
we hence vr =
r ∂θ
∂φ
also vr =
∂r
1 ∂ ∂φ
∴ · (m ln r ) =
r ∂θ ∂r
∴ φ = f (θ)
1 ∂φ 1
∴ Vθ = · = f ′ (θ )
r ∂θ r
−∂ψ
But Vθ =
∂r
−∂ψ 1
∴ = ·f ′ (θ )
∂r r
∂
∴ − {m ln r } = 1f ′ (θ )
∂r r
m 1
− = f ′ (θ )
r r
∴ f ′(θ) = m
or f (θ) = – m θ + C
(ii)
m cos θ
φ =
r
∂φ
∴ vr =
∂r

=
∂r {
∂ m cos θ
r } −1
= 2 m cos θ
r

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 Workbook 11

1 ∂ψ −1
∴ · = 2 m cos θ
r ∂θ r
∂ψ m cos θ
∴ = −
∂θ r
∂ψ m cos θ
∴ = −
∂θ r
m
or ψ = − sin θ + f (r )
r

Vθ =
−∂ψ
∂r
⎡ ∂ −m
= −⎢
⎣ ∂r r
{ } ⎤
sin θ + f (r ) ⎥
⎦

⎡ m sin θ ⎤
= − ⎢ 2 + f ′ (r )⎥
⎣ r ⎦

1 ∂φ m sin θ
∴ · = − + f ′(r )
r ∂θ r2

·
r ∂θ{
1 ∂ m cos θ
r } = −
m sin θ
r2
+ f ′(r )

1 −m sin θ
2
m × − sin θ = + f ′(r )
r r2
f ′(r) = 0
∴ f ′(r) = C
−m sin θ
Hence ψ = +C
r

„„„„

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 4 Fluid Dynamics &
Flow Measurement

T1 : Solution

Applying Bernoullis between points 1 and 2

P1 V12 P V2
∴ + + Z1 = 2 + 2 + Z 2
ρ3g 2g ρ3g 2g h1 ρ1

Z1 = Z2 h2 ρ2
P1 = (ρ1h1 + ρ2h2 + ρ3h3 )g
P2 = 0 (gauge pressure) h3 ρ3
V1 = 0
1 2
V22 (ρ1h1 + ρ2h2 + ρ3h3 ) g
∴ =
2g ρ3g

⎧ρh ρh ⎫
V2 = 2gh3 ⎨ 1 1 + 2 2 + 1⎬
⎩ ρ3h3 ρ3h3 ⎭

T2 : Solution

3
Q → 0.16 m /s
Cd, sp.g = 0.8
x = 20 cm

⎡ sm ⎤ ⎡13.6 ⎤
Δh1 = ⎢ s − 1⎥ x = ⎢ − 1⎥ 20 = 320 cm
⎣ p ⎦ ⎣ 0.8 ⎦

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 Workbook 13

x
3
Q → 0.08 m /s

⎡ ρair ⎤
⎡ sm ⎤ ⎢ 1000 ⎥
Δh2 = ⎢1 − s ⎥ x = ⎢1− ⎥x
⎣ P ⎦ ⎣ 0.8 ⎦
1.013 × 105
ρair = = 1.184 kg/m3
287 × 298
⎡ 1.184 × 10−3 ⎤
Δh2 = ⎢1 − ⎥ x = 0.9952x m
⎣ 0.8 ⎦
Q1 Δh1
Q2 = Δh2

0.16 320
=
0.08 0.99852x
320
2=
0.99852x
320
4=
0.99852x
320
x= = 80.12 cm
4 × 0.99852

„„„„

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 5 Dimensional Analysis

T1 : Solution

As per Reynold’s model law

ρrVr lr
μr = 1

Vr lr
⇒ νr = 1
νr
Viscosity scale ratio, Vr =
lr
Discharge scale ratio, Qr = Vr × Ar = Vr × lr2
νr
= × lr2 = νr × lr
lr

T2 : Solution

⎡ ρVL ⎤ ⎡ ρVL ⎤
⎢⎣ M ⎥⎦ = ⎢ μ ⎥
model ⎣ ⎦P

Lm 1
Given =
LP 6
[VL]m = [VL]P
LP
Vm × Lm = 60 × = 60 × 6 = 360 km/hr
Lm

1
FD = CD ρAV 2
2
or FD ∝ (LV)2
∴ ( F D ) P = k [ L P v P] 2

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 Workbook 15

( F D ) m = k[ L m Vm ] 2
(FD )P L2P VP2
=
(FD )m L2m Vm2
2
= 62 × ⎛⎜
60 ⎞
⎝ 360 ⎠⎟
(FD )P
= 1
250
∴ (FD)P = 250 N
Power required to overcome the drag in prototype
= (FD)P × VP
60 × 1000
= 250 ×
3600

= 4167.67 W = 4.167 kW

„„„„

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 6 Flow Through Pipes

T1 : Solution
All the losses are negligible except friction. D
2
4fL V
∴ H = .
d 2g H = 15 meter
Additional pipe
0.02 × 1000 × V 2
15 =
0.3 × 2 × 9.81
Q f = 0.02 which is very high.
L = 1000 m
So it will be friction factor and 4f = 0.02 300 mm

15 × 0.3 × 2 × 9.81
V2 =
0.02 × 1000
V = 2.101 m/sec
π
∴ & = AV = (0.3)2 × 2.101
Flow rate, Q
4
& = 0.1485 m3/sec
Q
Now addition same pipe of length is added in later half of pipe as
∴ Q 1 = Q2 + Q3
AV = AV′ + AV′
V
V′ =
2
∴ Friction head is same
4fL′ V 2 4fL′ V ′ 2
hf = 15 = ⋅ + ⋅
d 2g d 2g

0.02 × 500 V 2 0.02 × 500 1 V 2

15 = + × .
0.3 2g 0.3 4 2g

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 Workbook 17

15 = 2.124 V2
V = 2.657 m/sec
V
V′ = = 1.329 m/sec
2
π
Discharge rate Q′ = A.V = .(0.3)2 × 2.657 = 0.18781 m3/sec
4
Q´ − Q
Increase in discharge = = 26.47%.
Q

T2 : Solution

Using the Bernaulli’s equation, at points 1 and 2

∴ Let p1, V1, Z1 be the pressure, velocity and head at point 1, and p2 V2, Z2, be the corresponding
values at point 2.
p1 V12 p2 V22
∴ + + Z1 = + + Z 2 + hL
r g 2g rg 2g

60 cm

30 cm
2
æç 1 ö÷ V22
hL = çç1- ÷÷ ÷
è C ø 2g
c 2
2
æ 1 ö V22
÷÷
∴ hL = ççç1-
è 0.65 ø÷ 2g 1

V22
∴ hL = 0.2899
2g
Also, Q = A1V1 = A2V2
p 2 p 2
⇒ ´(60) V1 = (30) ´V2
4 4
V2
∴ V1 =
4
Using the Bernaulli’s equation
2
100 ´103 1 æçV2 ö÷ 80 ´103 V2 V2
∴ + çç ÷÷ + Z 1 = + 2 + Z 2 + 0.2899 2
1000 ´ 9.81 2g è 4 ø 1000 ´ 9.81 2g 2g

V22 V22
∴ 10.1936 + = 8.1549 + 1.2899 [∵ Z1 = Z2]
32g 2g

V22 V2
∴ 10.1936 – 8.1549 = 1.2899 - 2
2g 32g
2.0387 = 0.06255 V22
⇒ V2 2 = 32.5886
∴ V2 = 5.7086 m/s

p 2
∴ Flow rate, Q = A2V2 = ´(0.3) ´ 5.7086
4
Q = 0.4035 m3/s

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18 Mechanical Engineering • Fluid Mechanics and Machines

2
æç 1 ö÷ V22
Also, hL = çç1- ÷÷÷
è Cc ø 2g
2
1 ö÷ (5.7086)
2
æ
ç
hL = çç1- ÷ ´
è 0.65 ÷ø 2 ´ 9.81
hL = 0.48158 m

T3 : Solution

L1 = 1800 m, L2 = 1200 m, L3 = 600 m

D1 = 50 cm = 0.5 m, D2 = 40 cm = 0.4 m, D3 = 30 cm = 0.3 m
(i) We know for the pipe connected in series
Leq L1 L L
= 5
+ 25 + 35
Deq
5
D1 D2 D3

Leq 1800 1200 600

5 = 5
+ 5
+ 5
(0.4) (0.5) (0.4) (0.3)
Leq = 4318.22 m
Leq L1 L L
(ii) = 5
+ 25 + 35
Deq
5
D1 D2 D3

æ 3600 ÷ö 1800 1200 600

∴ çç ÷ = + +
çç 5 ÷
çè Deq ÷÷ø
5 5 5
(0.5) (0.4) (0.3)
On solving, Deq = 0.38570 m
∴ Deq = 38.57 cm
1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2
⎛ Deq 5 ⎞ ⎛ D15 ⎞ ⎛D 5⎞ ⎛D 5 ⎞
(iii) ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ 2 ⎟ +⎜ 3 ⎟
⎝ Leq ⎠ ⎝ L1 ⎠ ⎝ L2 ⎠ ⎝ L3 ⎠

1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2
⎛ 0.55 ⎞ ⎛ 0.5 5 ⎞ ⎛ 0.45 ⎞ ⎛ 0.35 ⎞
⇒ ⎜ L ⎟ = ⎜ +⎜ +⎜
⎝ eq ⎠ ⎝ 1800 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 1200 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 600 ⎟⎠

⇒ On solving, Leq = 377.345 m

„„„„

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 7 Laminar and
Turbulent Flow

T1 : Solution

ρVD 1260 × 5.0 × 0.10

Reynolds number, Re = = = 420
μ 1.50
(a) As this value is less than 2000, the flow is laminar. In laminar flow in a conduit
8μV 8 × 1.50 × 5.0
τ0 = = = 600 Pa
D 0.10
(b) In laminar flow the head loss
32 μVL 32 × 1.50 × 5.0 × 12
hf = = = 23.3 m
γD 2
(1260 × 9.81)(0.1)2
(c) Power expended P = γQhf
2
π × (0.1)
Discharge Q = AV = × 5.0 = 0.03927 m3 /s
4
Power, P = (1260 × 9.81) × 0.03927 × 23.3
= 11309.8 W = 11.31 kW

T2 : Solution

(a) For two-dimensional laminar flow between parallel plates

3
um = Maximum velocity = V
2

3
= × 1.40 = 2.10 m/s
2

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20 Mechanical Engineering • Fluid Mechanics and Machines

2
⎛ dp ⎞ B
(b) Since V = ⎜− ⎟
⎝ d x ⎠ 12μ

⎛ dp ⎞ 12μV 12 × 0.105 × 1.40

= = 12250
⎜ − d x ⎟ = B2
⎝ ⎠ (0.012 )2
⎛ dp ⎞ B 0.012
Boundary shear stress τ0 = ⎜ −
d ⎟ 2 = 12250 × 2 = 73.5 Pa
⎝ x ⎠
(c) Shear stress τ at any y from the boundary
⎛ dp ⎞⎛ B ⎞
τ = ⎜−
d x ⎟⎜ 2 − y ⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
At y = 0.002 m
0.012
1. τ = (12250 ) ⎛⎜ ⎞
− 0.002 ⎟ = 49 Pa
⎝ 2 ⎠
1 ⎛ dp ⎞
Velocity ν = −
2μ ⎜⎝ d x ⎟⎠
(
By − y 2 )
1 2
= × 12250 ⎡⎢0.012 × 0.002 − (0.002 ) ⎤⎥
2 × 0.105 ⎣ ⎦
ν = 1.167 m/s

T3 : Solution

Given:
At R: u = 1.5 m/s
R
At u = 1.35 m/s
2
Flow is turbulent
u -u æ y ÷ö
We know = 5.75log10 ççç ÷÷ + 3.75
U* èR ø
Given, at y = R, u = 1.5 m/s
1.5 - u
∴ = 3.75 ...(i)
U*
R 0.1
Also at, y = = ⇒ 0.05 m, u = 1.35
2 2
1.35 - u æ 1ö÷
= 5.75log10 ççç ÷÷ + 3.75
U* è2ø
1.35 - u
∴ = 2.0190 ...(ii)
U*
Dividing eq. (i) by eq. (ii)

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 Workbook 21

1.5 - u
= 1.857
1.35 - u

1.5 - u = 1.857(1.35 - u )

1.5 - u = 2.507 - 1.857u

1.857 u - u = 1.007

0.857 u = 1.007
u = 1.175 m/s
∴ Q = u × πR 2
Q = 1.175 × π × (0.1)2
Q = 0.0369 m3/s

u æ R ö÷
= 5.75log10 ççç ÷÷ + 4.75
U* èk ø
Also, from eq. (i)
15 - u
= 3.75
U*

1.5 - 1.175
∴ = 3.75
U*
⇒ U * = 0.0866 m/s
1.175 æ 0.1ö
∴ = 5.75log10 ççç ÷÷÷ + 4.75
0.0866 èk ø
∴ k = 2.9 × 10–3 m
∴ k = 2.9 mm

1 æR ö
Also, = 2log10 ççç ÷÷÷ + 1.74
f èk ø

1 æ 0.1 ö÷
= 2log10 ççç ÷ + 1.74
f è 2.9 ´10-3 ÷ø
∴ f = 0.043

„„„„

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 8 Boundary Layer Theory,
Drag and Lift

T1 : Solution

1
FD1 = Cf xρ AV∞2 [For first half]
2
k
Cf x =
Re x
k 1 L
= ×ρ× × b × × U ∞2
Re x 2 2

k 2μ ρ × bU∞2 × L
= ×
ρVL 4
....(1)
1 2
FD2 = Cf x ρ AV∞ [for full plate]
2
k
Cf x =
ReL

k × ρ × b × L × U ∞2 μ
=
ρVL × 2
FD1 2 /4
=
FD2 1/2

2 2 1
= ×2 = =
4 2 2

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 Workbook 23

T2 : Solution

Given:
Ist velocity profile
3
u 3 ⎛ y ⎞ 1⎛ y ⎞
−
2 ⎜⎝ δ ⎟⎠ 2 ⎜⎝ δ ⎟⎠
=
U

3
3U ⎛ y ⎞ U ⎛ y ⎞
−
2 ⎜⎝ δ ⎟⎠ 2 ⎜⎝ δ ⎟⎠
or u =

Differentiating w.r.t y, the above equation becomes,

2
∂u 3U 1 U ⎛y ⎞ 1
= × − × 3⎜ ⎟ ×
∂y 2 δ 2 ⎝δ⎠ δ

⎛ ∂u ⎞ 2
3U 3U ⎛ 0 ⎞ 1 3U
⎜ ⎟ − × =
2δ 2 ⎜⎝ δ ⎟⎠ δ 2δ
At y = 0, =
⎝ ∂y ⎠y =0

⎛ ∂u ⎞
As ⎜ ∂y ⎟ is positive. Hence flow will not separate or flow will remain attached with the surface.
⎝ ⎠y = 0

2 nd Velocity pr
Velocity ofile
profile
2 3
u ⎛y ⎞ ⎛y ⎞
= 2⎜ ⎟ − ⎜ ⎟
U ⎝δ⎠ ⎝δ⎠

2 3
⎛y ⎞ ⎛y ⎞
∴ u = 2U ⎜ ⎟ − U ⎜ ⎟
δ
⎝ ⎠ ⎝δ⎠

2
∂u ⎛y ⎞ 1 ⎛y ⎞ 1
∴ = 2U × 2 ⎜ ⎟ × − U × 3 ⎜ ⎟ ×
∂y ⎝δ⎠ δ ⎝δ⎠ δ

⎛ ∂u ⎞ 2
⎛0⎞ 1 ⎛0⎞ 1
at y = 0, ⎜ ⎟ = 2U × 2⎜ ⎟ × −U × 3⎜ ⎟ × = 0
⎝ ∂y ⎠y =0 ⎝δ⎠ δ ⎝δ⎠ δ

⎛ ∂u ⎞
As ⎜ ∂y ⎟ = 0 , the flow is on the verge of separage.
⎝ ⎠y = 0

3 rd velocity profile
2
u ⎛y ⎞ ⎛y ⎞
= −2 ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟
U ⎝δ⎠ ⎝δ⎠
2
⎛y ⎞ ⎛y ⎞
∴ u = −2U ⎜ ⎟ + U ⎜ ⎟
δ
⎝ ⎠ ⎝δ⎠

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24 Mechanical Engineering • Fluid Mechanics and Machines

∂u ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛y ⎞ 1
∴ = −2U ⎜ ⎟ + 2U ⎜ ⎟ ×
∂y ⎝δ⎠ ⎝δ⎠ δ

⎛ ∂u ⎞ 2U ⎛0⎞ 1 2U
At y = 0, ⎜ ⎟ = − + 2U ⎜ ⎟ × = −
∂y
⎝ ⎠y = 0 δ ⎝δ⎠ δ δ

⎛ ∂u ⎞
As ⎜ ∂y ⎟ is negative the flow has separated.
⎝ ⎠y = 0

„„„

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 9 Hydraulic Machines

T1 : Solution

Gross head, Hg = 220 m, Net head, H = 200 m, CV = 0.98, N = 200 rpm, power = 3.7 MW, u1=u2=u
u
Given: V1 = 0.46, D = ?
Speed of jet at vena contracta i.e. max. speed of jet
V1 = CV 2gH V1 = Vw1
u1 Vr1
= 0.98 2 × 9.81 × 200
= 61.4 m/sec
Speed of wheel A
u = 0.46 × V1
Vr2
= 0.46 × 61.4 = 28.24 m/sec V2 Vf
πDN α = 16° C D
u= = 28.24 [u = u1 = u2] B
60 u2 Vw2
28.24 × 60
D =
π × 200
D = 2.697 m
∴ Vr2 = Vr1 = V1 – u
= 61.4 – 28.24
= 33.16 m/sec
Vw2 = Vr2 cos 16 – u
= 33.16 × cos 16 – 28.24
Vw2 = 3.635 m/sec
Blade efficiency,
2u ( Vw1 + Vw2 ) 2 × 28.24 (61.4 + 3.635)
ηb = =
V12 61.42

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26 Mechanical Engineering • Fluid Mechanics and Machines

ηb = 0.974
Hydraulic efficiency
u ( Vw1 + Vw2 ) 28.24 (61.4 + 3.635)
= = = 0.936 = 93.6%
gH 9.81 × 200

T2 : Solution

Given: Gross head, Hg = 500 m

Hg 500
Head lost in friction, hf = = = 166.7 m
3 3
∴ Net head, H = Hg – hf = 500 – 166.7 = 333.3 m
Discharge, Q = 2.0 m3/s
Angle of deflection = 165°
∴ Angle, φ = 180° – 165° = 15°
Speed ratio, = 0.45
Co-efficient of velocity, Cv = 1.0
Velocity of jet, V1= Cv 2gH = 1.0 × 2 × 9.81× 333.3 = 80.86 m/s

Velocity of wheel, u = Speed ratio × 2gH

or u = u1 = u2 = 0.45 × 2 × 9.81× 333.3 = 36.387 m/s

∴ Vr1 = V1 – u1 = 80.86 – 36.387

= 44.473 m/s u2 Vw
2

Also Vw1 = V1 = 80.86 m/s 15° β

V2 Vf
2
From outlet velocity tringle, we have Vr
2

Vr2 = Vr1 = 44.473

Vr2 cos φ = u2 + Vw 2 165°

A B C φ

or 44.473 cos 15° = 36.387 + Vw 2 Vr

1
V1
Vw
1
or Vw 2 = 44.473 cos 15° – 36.387
= 6.57 m/s
Work done by the jet on the runner per second is given by equation as

ρaV1 ⎣⎡Vw1 + Vw 2 ⎦⎤ × u = ρQ ⎡⎣Vw1 + Vw 2 ⎤⎦ × u (∵ aV1 = Q)

= 1000 × 2.0 × [80.86 + 6.57] × 36.387 = 6362630 Nm/s

∴ Power given by the water to the runner in kW
Work done per second 6362630
= = = 6362.63 kW
1000 1000
Hydraulic efficiency of the turbine is given by equation as

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 Workbook 27

2 ⎡⎣Vw1 + Vw 2 ⎤⎦ × u 2 [80.86 + 6.57] × 36.387

ηh = =
V12 80.86 × 80.86
= 0.9731 or 97.31%

T3 : Solution
Given data
H = 32 m; Q = 0.18 m3/s; A = 7500 mm2; S.P. = 44 kW; ηm = 94%
γQH 9.81× 0.18 × 32 × 103
(i) Horse power at the base of nozzle = = = 56.51 kW
1000 1000
1
Kinetic energy of jet per second, KE = ρQv2
2
where V is the velocity of jet
2
1 ⎛ 0.18 ⎞ 1
∴ KE = × 1000 × 0.18 × ⎜ 6 ⎟ × = 51.84 kW
2 ⎝ 7500 × 10 ⎠ 1000
−

∴ Power lost in the nozzle = Power at the base of nozzle – KE

= 56.51 – 51.84 = 4.67 kW
Power available at the shaft
(ii) ηm =
Power delivered by water to runner
94 44
⇒ =
100 Runner Power
⇒ Runner Power = 46.81 kW
Power supplied to the runner is equal to the kinetic energy of the jet
i.e. KE = 51.84 kW
∴ Power lost in runner = KE – Runner power
= 51.84 – 46.81 = 5.03 kW
(iii) Power lost in mechanical friction = Runner power – shaft power
= 46.81 – 44 = 2.81 kW

T4 : Solution

Given: Head, H = 60 m
Speed, N = 200 rpm
Shaft power, SP = 95.6475 kW
Velocity of bucket, u = 0.45 × Velocity of jet
Overall efficiency, η 0 = 0.85
Co-efficient of velocity, Cv = 0.98
Design of Pelton wheel means to find diameter of jet (d), diameter of wheel (D), Width and depth of
buckets and number of buckets on the wheel
(i) Velocity of jet,
V1 = Cv × 2gH = 0.98 × 2 × 9.81× 60 = 33.62 m/s
∴ Bucket velocity, u = u1 = u2 = 0.45 × V1 = 0.45 × 33.62 = 15.13 m/s

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28 Mechanical Engineering • Fluid Mechanics and Machines

πDN
But u = where D = Diameter of wheel
60
π × D × 200
∴ 15.13 =
60
60 × 15.13
or D = = 1.44 m
π × 200
(ii) Diameter of the jet (d)
Overall efficiency η 0 = 0.85
SP 95.6475 95.6475 × 1000
But η0 = = = (∵ WP = ρgQH)
WP ⎛ WP ⎞ ρ × g ×Q × H
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1000 ⎠

95.6475 × 1000
=
1000 × 9.81× Q × 60
95.6475 × 1000 95.6475 × 1000
∴ Q = = = 0.1912 m3 /s
η0 × 1000 × 9.81× 60 0.85 × 1000 × 9.81× 60
But the discharge, Q = Area of jet × Velocity of jet
π 2 π
∴ 0.1912 = d × V1 = d 2 × 33.62
4 4

4 × 0.1912
∴ d = = 0.085 m = 85 mm
π × 33.62
(iii) Size of buckets
Width of bucket = 5 × d = 5 × 85 = 425 mm
Depth of bucket = 1.2 × d = 1.2 × 85 = 102 mm
(iv) Number of buckets on the wheel is given by eq. as

D 1.44
Z = 15 + = 15 +
2d 2 × 0.085
= 15 + 8.5 = 23.5 Say 24

T5 : Solution

Inlet diameter, D1 = 1.0 m

Rotational speed, N = 400 rpm
Area of flow, A = 0.25 m2
Net available head, H = 65 m
Velocity of flow at inlet, Vf1 = 8.0 m/s
Velocity of whirl at inlet, Vw1 = 25.0 m/s
Flow is radial at outlet i.e. velocity of whirl at outlet, Vw2 = 0
Let the peripheral velocity at inlet and outlet be u1 and u2 respectively

πD1N π × 1 × 400
∴ u1 = = = 20.94 m/s
60 60

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 Workbook 29

Discharge, Q = A × Vf1 = 0.25 × 8 = 2 m3/s

Power developed by the wheel is expressed as
P = ρQ(u1Vw1 – u2Vw2)
= 1000 × 2 × (20.94 × 25 – u2 × 0) × 10–3 = 1047 kW
⎡ u1Vw1 − u2 Vw2 ⎤
Hydraulic efficiency, ηh = ⎢ gH ⎥ × 100
⎣ ⎦
⎡ 20.94 × 25 − u2 × 0 ⎤
= ⎢ 9.81 × 65 ⎥ × 100 = 82.1%
⎣ ⎦

T6 : Solution

Given:
Head, H = 12 m
Hub diameter, Db = 0.35 × D0 Where D0 = Dia. of runner
Speed, N = 100 rpm
Vane angle at outlet, φ = 15° u2
φ
Vf1 Vf = V2
2
Flow ratio = = 0.6 Vr 2
2gH

∴ Vf1 = 0.6 × 2gH = 0.6 × 2 × 9.81× 12 = 9.2 m/s

From the outlet velocity triangle, Vw 2 = 0

Vf2 Vf1
tan φ = =
u2 u2 (Q Vf 2
= Vf1 = 9.2 ) ∴
V1
9.2 Vf1
tan 15° = u α θ Vr1
2

9.2
∴ u2 = = 34.33 m/s
tan15°
But for Kaplan turbine, u1 = u2 = 34.33
πD0 × N π × D0 × 100
Now, using the relation, u1 = or 34.33 =
60 60
60 × 34.33
D0 = = 6.55 m
π × 100
∴ Db = 0.35 × D0 = 0.35 × 6.35 = 2.3 m
Discharge through turbine is given by eq. as
π⎡ 2 π
Q = ⎣D0 − Db2 ⎤⎦ × Vf1 = ⎡⎣6.552 − 2.32 ⎤⎦ × 9.2
4 4
π
= (42.9026 − 5.29 ) × 9.2 = 271.77 m3 /s
4

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30 Mechanical Engineering • Fluid Mechanics and Machines

T7 : Solution

Given:
Head, H = 25 m
Speed, N = 200 rpm
Discharge, Q = 9 cumec = 9 m3/s
Efficiency, η0 = 90% = 0.90 (Take the efficiency as overall η)
Work developed P
Now using relation, η0 = =
Water power ρ × g ×Q ×H
1000
ρ × g ×Q × H 0.90 × 9.81× 1000 × 9 × 25
∴ P = η0 × = = 1986.5 kW
1000 1000
(i) Specific speed of the machine (Ns)
N P 200 × 1986.5
Using equation Ns = 5/4
= = 159.46 rpm
H 255 / 4
(ii) Power generated P = 1986.5 kW
(iii) As the specific speed lies between 51 and 255, the turbine is a Francis turbine.

T8 : Solution

Given: Q = 0.04 m3/s

Hg = 20 m
rgQH
η0 =
P
f = 0.015
l = 100 m
D = 0.15 m
η0 = 70%, η0 = 0.7
2
4f lQ 2 4 ´ 0.015 ´100 ´(0.04)
hf = 5 = 5 = 10.534 m
12D 12 ´(0.15)
∴ Hnet = Hg + hf = 20 m + 10.534
⇒ Hnet = 30.534 m
rgQHnet
η0 = 1000
P
1000 ´ 9.81´ 0.04 ´ 30.534 kW
0.70 = 1000
P
9.81´ 0.04 ´ 30.534
∴ P = kW
0.7
P = 17.116 kW
Hence power required to derive the pump is 17.116 kW.

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