| Suburbanised
Figure 10 Cloke’ model of rural change and accessbilty to largo urban centres
Other centres have become important due to political roles. Other planned cities, such as Putrajaya in
factors, New capital cities such as Brasilia, Canberra Malaysia and Incheon in South Korea, have become
and Ottawa have developed central administrative centres of high-tech indust 1.5 SETTLEMENTS AND SERVICE PROVISION
(er 3'T\') Population size and number of services in Lozére
Figure 11 Loztre environment
‘Table 4 Services in Lorine
Table 2 Population change in t-André-Capcéze, 1800-2005
Year | Population
1800 a7
1221 455
Tet 79
1861 a7
1881 383
1901 6
1921 22
1931 190
1962 ae
1982 108
1999 a5
2006 18
‘able 3 Population change at Lozée
Year| Population | Year| Population
vaor_| 130000 | 1921 | 108000
vazt_| 135000 | 1981 | 94000
weat_| 142000 | 1961 | 82000
te6_| 138000 | 1981_| 74000
vas1_| 144000 | 2001_| 76000
w901_| 130000 [2011 | 73000 estimate)
= TTL pa
$s| 2 / Fl sl2)slelslslale./2 E2lele|sleale
Numbers show distance in km to nearest service, |e. 25 = 25km distant
Lozere is a department in south-east France. It isa
‘mountainous region, and the main economic activities
‘are farming and tourism (Figure 11). However, due to
‘the mountainous relief and poor-quality soil, farming is
‘mainly cattle rearing. Surprisingly, the region has a very
low rate of unemployment. This is due to a long history
‘of out-migration of young people in search of work.
°
Table 2 shows how the population of St-André-Capcéze fell
between the 1860s and the end of the twentieth century.
However, in recent years the population has increased
slightly. This is due to improved communications and easier
travel - but the population is an ageing one. Tourism
offers some employment, but the jobs are seasonal, part-
time, unskilled and often quite poorly paid. Factors affecting the size, growth and function of settlements
Case study analysis
1 Describe the landscape of Lozere as shown in Figures
11a and b. Suggest the economic opportunities and
difficulties that these landscape produce for their
inhabitants.
2 a Drawa line graph to show the change in population
in Lozére between 1801 and 2011 (Table 3).
bb Describe the changes in population in the graph you
have drawn.
‘< Suggest reasons for the changes in population
between:
| 1801 and 1881
|i 1881 and 1981
lil 1981 and 2011.
Activities
= @.
Figure 12 Key to 1:50000 map of Montego Bay
Study Figure 13, a 1:50000 map of Montego Bay,
Jamaica. Use the key (Figure 12) to help you.
1. What is the grid square reference of (a) the hospital
In Montego Bay and (b) the factory on Torboy
(Bogue Islands)?
Compare the population changes in the Lozére
department with those in St-André-Capceze
able 2).
3. Table 4 shows data for services in seven settlements in
Lozére,
8 Choose a suitable method to plot population size
against the number of services.
bb Describe the relationship between population size
and the number of services for the region.
© Identify one exception to the pattern and suggest
how, and why, it does not fit the pattern,
Suggest a hierarchy of settlements based on the
information provided.
What is the grid square reference for (a) the hotel
(H) at Doctors Cave and (b) the Fairfield Estate?
What is the length of the longest runway at
Sangster International Airport?
2 How far it, ‘as the crow flies’ (in a straight line),
from the hotel (H) on Bogue Islands to the main
buildings at Sangster International Airport?
b_ How far is it, by road, from the hotel (H) on
Bogue Islands to the main buildings at Sangster
International Airport?
Inwhich direction is Gordons Crossing from the
settlement of Montego Bay?
Describe the site of Montego Bay. Suggest why the
‘area grew into an important tourist destination.
‘What types of settlement are found at Pitfour Pen
(5598) and Wales Pond (5296)?
Suggest reasons for the lack of settlements in grid
squares 5497 and 5199,
Suggest reasons far the growth of settlements at
Bogue (5198) and Granville (5599)
10 Find an example of (a) dispersed settlement and
(©) nucleated settlement on the map. Suggest why
each type of settlement has that pattern in the area
where it is found,
Using the map extract, work out a settlement
hlerarchy for the area. Name and locate an example:
of (2) an area of isolated, individual buildings, (b) a
village, (¢) a minor town, (d) a town and (e) a large
‘town. Use the key (Figure 15) to help you decide
what type of settlement each one is. 1.5 SETTLEMENTS AND SERVICE PROVISION
Figure 13 1:50000 map of Montego Bay, Jamaica (1.6) Urban settlements
land uses. Retail land uses are attracted to more
ae expensive central areas. Land at the centre of a city
fe is the most expensive for two main reasons: it is the
most accessible land to public transport, and there is
only a small amount available. Land prices generally
decrease away from the central area, although there
are secondary peaks ar the intersections of main
roads and ring roads. Change in levels of accessibility,
due to private transport as opposed to public
transport, explains why areas on the edge of town are
often now more accessible than inner areas
Burgess's concentric model (1925)
Cowtown Seoul This is the basic model (Figure 1b). Burges
assumed that new migrants to a city moved into
nner city areas where housing was cheapest and
i was closest to the sources of employment. Over
time residents move out of the inner city area as
become wealthier. In his model, housing
ty and social class increase with distance from
centre. Land in the centre is dominated
s this sector is best able to afford
the high land prices, and requires highly accessible
@ Urban land use sites. In the early twentieth century, public
transport made the central city the most accessible
part of town. Beyond the centre is a manufacturing
zone that also includes high-density, low-quality
housing to accommodate the workers. As the
city grows and the central business district
(CBD) expands, the concentric rings of land use
are pushed further out. The area of immediate
change next to the expanding CBD is known as
the sone in transition (usually from residential to
commercial).
Key questions
‘© What are the characteristics of urban land use?
How does urban land use vary between countries at
different levels of development?
‘© What is the effect of change in land use and rapid
urban growth?
‘The growth of cities in the nineteenth and early
twentieth centuries produced a form of city that was
casily recognisable by its urban land use. It included
central commercial area, a surrounding industrial
zone with densely packed housing, and outer
zones of suburban expansion and development.
Geographers have spent a lot of time modelling
these cities to explain ‘how they work’,
Every model is a simplification. No city will ‘fi’
these models perfectly, but there are parts of every
model that can be applied to most cities in the ‘
developed world. All models are useful because they HOYt'S Sector model (1939)
Homer Hoyt’s sector model emphasised the
focus our attention on one or two key factors. : aan
i importance of transport routes and the incompatibility
of certain land uses (Figure 1c). Sectors develop along,
important routeways, while certain land uses, such,
as high-class residential and manufacturing industry,
deter each other and are separated by bufier zones or
physical features.
Interesting note
Hong Kong is the only city in the world with more
completed skyscrapers than New York City.
Land value (bid rent)
The value of land varies with different land uses. For
example, it varies for retail, office and residential 1.6 URBAN SETTLEMENTS
due to immigration and
hatural increase
+ the area around the CBD has
t bb concentric zone model (Burges, 1925)
J] \ etal + model based on Chicago in 7
g the 19205
5 + the city is growing spatially E
6
‘the lowest status and highest
Residential
density housing
+ residents move outwards with
Increasing social class and thelr
Offer prices of retail, office and residential
ses with distance from the ety centre
section across the urban valve surface
Ui plan of the urban value surface
«Sector model (Hoyt, 1939)
Figure 1 Bid rent theory and urban land use models
Urban land use in developing
countries
There are a number of models of cities in
developing countries. One of the most common
is the model of a Latin American city (Figure 1d).
The CBD has developed around the colonial
core, and there is a commercial avenue extending
from it. This has become the spine of a sector
containing open areas and parks, and homes for
the upper- and middle-income classes. These areas
have good-quality streets, schools and public
services. Further out are the more recent suburbs,
homes are taken by nev migrants
Key to diagrams b and ¢
1 CBO (central business district)
2 Zone in transitionlight manufacturing
3 Low-clas residential
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