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    Andrea M. Guardia H.
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    Introduction: Orientation of critical theories

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    The mirror and the lamp - Abrams

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    Introduction: Orientation of critical theories

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    400 views24 pages

    The Mirror and The Lamp - Abrams

    Uploaded by

    Andrea M. Guardia H.
    Introduction: Orientation of critical theories

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 24
    The Mirror and the Lamp “ROMANTIC THEORY AND THE CRITICAL TRADITION By MH. ABRAMS ent go farther ta cod mut Become icon Beyer deter, the oe (sty, ake mort amp. ‘sa vad. che a New York + OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS + 1953 Introduction: IENTATION OF CRITICAL THEORIES me SS ii er tay what i Weal a wha Amores, Noman Bir go rose on anew. ethete quetions in terms of the relation of art Wo the as, rae han fo exeral nar, oto te sadence, of € rl reicments of the werk el wer the characteristic endensy misono few dadex ago andi continues to be the ata prem sany—perhap she majery-—of eres way. Tht of view ie very yong Mesired spun the weaty-fvehade iso ote Westen thoy of tt fr it emegance ata compre re apech to at shred bya age nudes of eres, er Back Dot mote than century 204 a ball. The ion ofthis book i 0 ‘he ewlion and (othe early aineteats century) the emp, its diverse forms ofthis adcal shft the anit ia the alignrent of ‘inking, ad to Gece the pncgal alerts theres agin this speach ha to compete, In pic, Taal be eancesoed the moments comsoquencrs of the new Beatiogs i etm for Henifcaton, the anaitin the eslaton, ad the weting of poetry. al of sathece presets su expeily dieu problen wo the bi Reena ers of ant have lnc oi to prof that mac, ae shat hs ben sid by ther pressor ie wavering chan phantema. Tas go by the ne ofthe piloiephy of ae seed to Santayana verbiage? DAW, Pr who hil wrcte eo excelent boos onthe 4 ORIENTATION OF CRFTICAL THEORIES ‘ube, commented hat nal cht in fac oaly «pce on ft oly «pe ‘neo podiloegy” os nbjetnm ih woeing nd dete sda oe made tnd sir lel me ws fr ae vlna buy cater ot hot pcan facet te ae {htan oalo enig ta ued nce ngriners e ftp ot tng e's mis wl eae me me es ‘CEUENTATION CF ORIYIEAL. THECATES a som and cobece of te gh a ls i the proper pitope works osx tod the edi) wih which tases for TEE Pare Sock ston wl of cue, ty oe oe tae 8 fal hve inhi ea ways selon pil Be eclyoequt th ange sect peaomens; but Wis dive ee dlr. Oe son we gn om ey of he istry a i coin grat we owe wo Ue wry of he xin ee conrary w Pals psn spp thee hori hve not ish working cnspins ofthe mater ead ad dates sr bem ply acne n song the aii eave ai. Geran whee plilby aber ond sein cade thao TEE Gees wo bbe modified the werk of pce In mer ine, ET future fo hear slow invarly have bee scoped) Fire Sal proruncomens, whe ery indcquces soeties ep © fos the chassis quai ofthe crled erry sheverets © hu if or cis ad to dg vole, ou siti nheroe ted dus ae bona ran. Ao, he ver feta ny Telgounie cil dary in some dye ar the eet peeps yup dsr ea mc ef ae he aera fe m0) Tien to epee cha wok With ser dori, wih 9 deret |i and aifeone stg of datminason, ste on pence ov te undereina,o ebcre © Ta vy of ete the, boweer ke ek of be ier An A. Rha is Pips of Litera Grim, bl i on ste “The Cher of Cre There wl side pene a bt gusting the spr of ny mee ef led znd vey dre scant we ome eine Wh hopin hoa Rh ie We SS atcnge sk grange ey etn in ese seg wld pong fey te soe ofp Test tht he oo seb tory igh i ul pean ofthe theta ogemacy which em mp uma core ‘Sol hing eater, Bt aged dS car patos oo the dry dng hips of rel ns Seed from ccm for wmaing sod th con ooking may et is genie power We il elt ep fal ome ‘henson’ tan cote pyc nr en & plone ‘sens sting ot fom ond rng 20 apa ote fap dae hy nde pls mao hm, wee fe ih sions wn tsi wl ean ce the fire by res the uo oa pipe og 10 ji rer, and lily on texpetaon and appeal ofthe eee father An st wl ths ft tae th cars sod en nopchnle propery of bang copiously the ttre ofthe vy pnp which spo then fer spre cae many ea tates of ft ets pl ae he perpen nicht oy ae hat he ‘icc ene thy apeh ig ene yay imetgese ars ig so at ahs ei of ies ope tr, lore Kind ote great nec th Wee eed ‘onthe et ens et doen ‘god cil dons prec, ka it om Kid of ily The sion i tx lene very ingle pics ba the vey iil one Its nat ly tht anne wo rach quenions as What Tsar When ts petry? dager The fact is that many toss of att aot realy be cmpored a all beat they cea cto ground on which o mt and cbh. They scem incomensurble because sated in dive tons or in identi terms with diverse signin, or beau they are an ing prt of large pater ofthe wich ier assump ths and pweace Av a sel i hard to Bind where ey are, were gre, op cven, wat the pins a sear. (Oat acd the ist find rame of reference simple enough to be reali mansgely ye feile enough 0 eh, without undue ileace to fy one eof sarsmens abou ti wil ana a any ets pele Coa single lane of dour. Most writes bold noah to anderake the try of esthetic tory have achieved hit end By sexy traning he ase tem ofall thew ino thrown favor peep vecbulary, ar his powsdue nly ot ie subject mater, and merely mihi ‘he ception tobe unrateled, ‘The mae promising mechod iw adopt 6 oupsraon 0 eumeas meres sexe comananes oF ser came > an analy heme which avoids impeing its owa pomp, by utizin those ey etinctions which aze alway conumon to the ent posible ‘uber fhe thers ob compaze and then to apy the seme wai in consant reins © ineduce sock furherdincins a8 eem to Be needed forthe purge ia hand Bos wk of it bd ae Te wl exiia he Br ipl eng tater ngs th eer Be nee ta wl ean he wot by cnndeing ki Be cen vii i dpc sal oe a ind Br ay eercace beyond ioc, Brak map eon of» a! hry, boven hn ot fs petals Fa conte coon Feetcy, br rota, ty si agian ardg te hh hye Tle vb eee esc ne BDL any ce ry pc oie wih ae ad Bec eedo itos ey bse pres yp ated ecu tse or te oe see wel oe any Pet whe crn, my email he a's world Breccia crcl enn mst Sis wel may bel id oy mn wc, gwen Th ee County sei which age in nig Bp Sep mt he ary coil 4 ge a BB cy vy fem ersmecig tr hon morgen mae fon mse io. Ea of ow ober ry wes oy to Doin ewig ann merge rorya Bes ecm em of wong whch or cri jad th gc pc elo of ih tne st ee Dew pn of ne odie re cpl dof sai fn fa plc dan, wd’ move ie ct By clip eine howe we Sereno py inmtehe pe bd cay money cd he Say Ste rd inal geccatens Po rhcal poo he whee lane op sh nga vies hl lee og Shon atl strc whch nel ninety ees ad Tcsnrmn ie yess wens w he few ln ee od Bo ety eatin ae rely Yee op ety onic he plas an or ot of tnog the ot pe one cnn sane cic, oagh it ee 8 ty ie racy i, Some Co-ordinates of Art Criticism Four chient in che tl sustion of ¢ woth of art ae discininate and made sen, by one or anoher stony in alms ll theories hi tim be conpechensine Fister ithe wrk the ati rods Ana sic hi va human prod, an alas the sand eam element isthe artes, the ari. Third, the werk then o ave a bo whi, isl r devious} is deived from exiting thingr—in be aout, or sgn for refs something which ee io Bear ore selion to, 40 objecting fate ofa. hi hid clement, whether ldo conc of pple and tecios, ideas aad eli, material things and event or eapersennble feos hus Fequenly een denoted by hae worden, ‘nature's bot leew we the more Deual aad comprehensive tin wer, isead Po the final eknene we have the atime: the Hinener spectro eee to whom the wok is adeese orto eho atentin, at any rat, eee salable ‘Oa ths framework of ats, work, uve, and ance T with wo sped cout varius thes fr compari, To emphsize the ality of the devo and athe sane ime make i eater ile che anaes ws arzange the four eects in a convenient pera. A sriagle will dy tc he work ofa the hing ob explain athe cet UNIVERSE, t work ae ARTIST AUDIENCE Ahough any resonably douse theory takes some act of all fone ements los all heres a ve all sei dcr ointaton toward one only Tat 2 ere tends deve from one of thee tes tis ping eager for defining, closing, and soalgeng a wotk of 25 well ay de maj eres by which be judge values Appleton Of this ante seheme, therfore, wll ct atempt to expan the nacre ene Pons 7 of Plo’ remsins a ploopby ofa single sandad; forall eSeding ar are ulmately judged bythe one creson of thir Mo be aime Mes. On thee grounds, the pct snacably the io of the asin the Tawra, 20d the moral iaded, ay one a be rege 2 himself che wocr po, sell achicing at oa of te Ie whick the wadianal pet step under eonaions im flr. Thus the Ime able ely wo the pte Esson to hs iyo of rangers aecoring 0 aioe gic oe and oo tape the ead Kec oar hese a on ofthe bes and mle ie which abe ned very ruth of tng You pata me a ot Brand cogent: i the mb of dr»? 4i, Mimetie Theories ‘The mimetic viemation the explanation of tas esa 2 iat ‘spect of the univese—was probably the ma pimiie ache thom oat mimesi is mo ipl ance by the ime ie makes is fist recoded pesrance in the diogue of Pho. Theat of painting, post, ras dan tng, and sculpre, Socrates sys, ae all imitations? Imitao’ is r sonal term, signing two tre and some correundenceberween the ‘Bur sth in many ner eine theo evesthing compen i to ctegores she imiabl and the imieation the ilovphe athe Poni lalogueschazacerisicly operates with three categories The fre ina of teeter ad unchnging Iss; the sea eeig thi ‘wold of ses, natural rari andthe third eaten te eld "he sero compris such Ching saws, age in water and i ad the Bie ats, Around this threstage egessconplicted sill ter by vrous plemenary division a6 wel by bis expos of the pope his ey termPiao weaves hie davaling desi? But Gem the si arguments emerges a rcuret patra, exemplified inthe Eamous psig in the tat book ofthe Rei. In dicing the natu af at See rakes the pont that hee ae three bed: the Mea whichis the ese the bd” and is made by God he bl ade bythe carpets an! the ed found i pining. How shill we dori the pine of thi hed bel 1 thik, he id that we ay fail gate kim a the ite of wick he ethers make ‘God Es hen You el i whi hind in he deen fn trea {ens hei “And the age pst can imate, and free allt its le theke onoved fon the King a en te ah? Thar ape tobe an 1 enon of eiiay poy which we ae connie on the Bie cic cone, ely cond vina Pao pos oe Bec on te echers re bd tecneseprent opener eu wor nwrites tc Klings her then the etn; o by Beronng ta th oc in comping (ot Sct fahey poor cit io doting cans depend on his at ad Kowa a wat he vn afta the or of his right ind” ere Voge te, conn mo seats proper, fr nib he of Pla comes eo the poten oh lee prt cone enya prey esl of prochain howe cea ‘aon for beng Inte alge hte oly one dion poe ei, chat he pein of tsa ate ath soma pia he qusion of stan ners beep fn ons uty En ad ie, Foc gets th nk Suro sy acme Mis dicen of pry ia the Repu, reer than par, whet an io god or ad” icin he Pots sho ines psy ite i pony aad gis as ao Comey, Dyan ey, and tn Btpyig and ing, areal viewed awk, oe mitt’ he ces dinners ae acions '* Bt the deen between he Woy ttm nation fnions in Ars and in Poo Gingell onsen ofan the Peto, it Pon ig te m inp tae + work of ts ocd scng to po ade in eof things, ba sce Aves cer any the her ol codes thee no ger phn nid tha fc Iton Ao made 2 ean gece the a dtingihing tee Er every hing Fom the inal poston hat art mits the weld of appearance and ot of Esence, flown tat wk a a havea lowly san inthe one of exixiog thing. Furchecrere, sine the ests of Ideas the imate ls ot ony of rainy but of vl, the determin that ye at second more ffom the truth automatically exis is equal terete fe ‘he eau snd good. Dest the cabs disor more secur inthe univer, and tery fein them on sry wit es may {itn Purbemae in his angi the neat Are once Acre supplementary dtincions asonding tthe objets iene, medium of ination, and he mamner-— seve Ear hart vil men? unavar, it the love of goods ik hey tote + medicine of Cherie’ The genre of poetry se dicuned Uhl ranked ffs the pot of view of the moral and ec elfct esch ix Uae to ache: the ele poe thus demote iu w be the King of Tesi eos indameth the tind with deste to be worthy and ‘bes the fly love Ire i cnecved at am intrument fr peuaing a Bites ofthe gensncro of her Ivers pans” A hiner of tion “pal be witch soll on the bss of sctesiveinerpettions of iat [pnsgss foo Arial’ Poe a thie insane, wi sate of rs, “Sidocy flows his Fan gus (who in tun had read esto through “the spac of Horace, Cer, atd the Church fer) ia bndiag one er anther ofthe hey aatments ofthe Pees to Gi bs own thoi fame" For convenience we may name eran tat like Sidney’, is erdred tumard the audience, ‘pragmatic theon ice leks a the werk of at hly asa mens to an end, an etrament for geting wmething done, nd ade to judge te value acaning to sures in achieving that tr Here i of cure the greta rranc i emphaseand deta be the nr tndeney of the pga crew cncive a poe an womebing ‘alin order to tft requis responses in ts seadets to conser the fhe from the pine of view of the powers and training he mu have fin exer to aciee this end to ground the ection and anatomy of Brin Inge pean the special eects eich kind sad componente a | fzngetent wo chiro derive the non othe pti et ad canons ie appraial fom the neo and Tegkimte demands ofthe audience Noiwhom the poe added ‘The perpecie, muck ofthe basic weabulry, and mony of the ere Ueiicspes of pragmatic etic originated in the cael thoy of Hori. For eheone ad been wxeraly regarded ata fatrument for 4 cuseramon oF aca msonus rime o ivenive, They dle, thy inate by difezen media. nya Kame declared that‘ ll the ie ats ping oly and scale ane in hee nature iasve’ mi ke ace, piv of aly and copies act om nature’ while lnguage cops from nats nlp in chore iwtaoes in wich i naive of und se mations Ad by 178 in ew cle exon dscns prise to bis waaatin af he Poatcr, Thomas Twining sone this divincion between arts who rmatinare ‘eon’ (in the Iner terminology of the Chiago setitia, (Chars Mori), in that they revemble wha they ence, and those whic are signee enly by convention. Only werk in which the reemblanee Berween coy and objet fe nh imate andi’ Twining 7 can be decribed initute n a set sense, Dramatic pce, thro Jn which we mimic spec by spec ie the ly Kind of pocty which i perp imation; mse muse be rik frm the Tit of mae at Sind he concludes by aying ht peitng sla and the ae of design Jn gence are "he aly at ha ace oon and cently itive: ™ “The cnceps the ati iotaton then, payed an imprest pst sn 220 cass aesthetics; br aver ington shows hai id ae in meses ay the dominant pare Art war commonly sian imino Duta Fnnocon which is enly inured tonard prc elects upon a fdr. In fat the new-oseinity wih Which posRensimncr rte [Ended and echoed Agel Partie i deep Th Sos of inert had sited, and, op our diagram, this Inter eam i primary orem, at fom work o universe, tut fom werk to audence. The nae ahd con quence of tis tage of distin fy cey indeed by the foe cae a Englsh civic enten smetine in de eal 1804 Sr Pip Sdaey ‘The Apolgi or Pec, iii, Pragmatic Theories Pay thee [st Side) ta a of natin, er 0 Arita tema fn de word Mes, tn is 6 6 fepenatng. coum, oe Agung Feeth—to see mophoraly, «pking pte! wits tien to tach and gh" In pte of the apes wo Arnal, thie nee a Arete foro ‘To Skin, pote, by deni, has a purpose—to achive cain cfs ina asics Ie acs oly a means the prosinate end of plesng, apd pense tums ott, only asa meas to the mate ed of ticings Iee‘righ poz re hoe who nite bh eight and cnc, and delight 6 ‘uncanow oF eae. achieving persuavion in an audience, and thes are with Cie that o order to perad,theoftor max consi, inform, aml mone minds of his auditors” The great dance exemplar ofthe epicaon the threat pein of vew to poy was, of cours, the Ate Pocono Horse, At Richard McKeon pin ut Horace’ eric ir deed "he ninco intruce che pee ew Keep his tens thee et {he eed how indice ches and appli, ow en ple Rowman st nce, ad bythe same token, bow t plese ll succes and ia aig? In what bese for hier cis the foc pasage of the des Pat Horace aie tha ‘the poet i etic profit oo plese 0 ‘none the delighfl and the ual” The eotet shows tha Hlorce hed plese ob the chief pars of roxy for he rsomcads he posta merely a 2 means to give plenue to the elders fo, in conte a young arts ‘i at what eons wo service ten But pode sd delecre, wo wach and to plese, wget wih ante erm induced ftom there, cere. to mune, served fr cetuis Yo elle er thee heads he sem of ssc eet on the cde, Te llanes bere te aren the cure afte. To the overrhelming jority of Renal ‘ance cit a Sit Philip Sidey, he marl ft wae the terminal sig {0 which deiht and emoton were airy Eom the tine ofthe tel ‘sys of Dryden through the eighteeath entry evar tended abr "heute end, although poy without prof wa olen held wo he and she opimivie moras belied with James Beste tha ie peep insu en plots the tore etal Looking yp a prm a making a cotrvance fo alleting an aud ‘es the pial pragmatic et i engroed with formulating the meth the ll or Cte of making’ Ben Jenson cla efor cheng the lees desired, Those method, tradonly comprehended er the poe, or‘ (in phase wach as thea of peyote formule respi and rues whose warrant const thorn hi being dered the uses of orks whore maces and long survival hate proved ‘dapain o human nature, o ei inthe being rounded dicey on the Pctologkal laws governing the eejores of chin gener The re "herr, ae inheene i the quate of ch exclnt werk of and when excerpted and cafe Une eae serve eully to gue the ata a Imakig sad ce etcs in judging ay fone pra. “Dryden al De Tetasoa, ay be pops considered ae the father of agli evita, a {he wn who Gus aught wm deetine upon piles the mer of om I perv sting ew ries ems pit se ae Ott ok 0 0 rts sola gee ee ctu al ot gece ge Fos wit de ctr are ne na “heron anes ams he a lee emacs taniory Asem, Han of Men, wh weve I tes Countryman, They mote o thir Few. Cin afte Unie, al Goon, and wall Agee» They mere clei conn ht aching H rr fmol Was to Teme, but smcthng ke at ha Onder which maintains the Une Although they dagrecd concerning spite rule, and aliough many glih crits reputed such feral French reqs the at of tine i place, and the purty of comedy and egy, ll but afew scenes ng cighicentneenry cries bleed in the vali of ome sf i | Yerel rules Ar out mideneuy, it beame popuae to demonaate ond 6 mmr of eaene: nine ‘expou al hemor les for pty a even fr arin gene: inluive clase, ‘Te pte of the pragmatic eamning ployed ry canmenienly be mudd in sch eompendious uetnen James Beste Bay Pocry and Mase a hey aft the Mind (0 fx more sun ill in Richard Huds Divetion of the Een of Uy eval Poy” (966), Unicel pry, no miner what che genre, Hi {ps isa tt whose nd isthe taxnim pombe plese "When ‘pei of pty a a we mene sack 2 ay or mela of Pei bet, ais ound ie peaing and dle oe" And ie if ‘Sealy in view, ll wll tour all the mystic ofthe psi a eda a evste the pile id, and ply i a soso From this taj premise Hurd evolves thre properties, cnt ta pry a lo elect the grew posse delights Bgucive Langa "sion (ihe eo sy, 4depatre fom wat i acl or empiielly ile, and veacion. The mode and dqee in which Une eee eval qualies ae to be combina in ey ne species of poy, howe Wl depend on its plas end, because cach peti hod mst expt ‘pos plcmsure which ii gnerilly ape en achieve "Forde at ‘ery ind of poetry ison thin genera art 90 med asthe notare toch, that is more famine and subeediate eo way eect aca tones _ case ids mse conducive t then” Since Hates and Hc bo fer are Uo cent raoalizing what is mainly common bey of etc ee it eed ot suprise ws at, though thy see ew cen dere ts ofthe compas, ther pate often coincide” Tutt appreine the power sd llunination of which » rin and ex ie psgmate ein i pate, we mo tur fom thei abst se (enars of crete methods and muss fo such 1 pocaleie 68 Svae Jobasn, Johwso's ery ercina amomes appronatly he frame of ciel reference T have decbe, but Joni, wo dase iid 2d abt therring plies the nto with const jel pes Tne empl, dtrene to the opinions of eer radern, bu ise, relic on hs oon expert repose tothe text A 2 ret Joos sx nents on poets and poems have perseilyalfrded x jrpingaf point lor Lae cits mbae fume of efeeoce aod parte judgments dior ratcaly from bis oa. Foran inane af Jonsnsprsere which (Specllyftreing Hecate shows ov the notion of the inion of rotor arin wih the jolgmet of pty in eis of end ad ‘iets, comnider that monument of teo-clseerticien, Jobson’s Preface 1 Shakepeare. Jobon underake in his Peace to etal Shakespear’ rank mong pets sod to doo, i ele rae Stalerpene' ative sbi agt the cel evel of te an achiceement in the Elizabethan ag, and 0 me tre thee abies in ern “by thie proportion so the general and clive sly of man’ Since the powers and excellence of an author, however, ‘x nly be infeed from the atace and xcelec ofthe work e chien Johasns addres himself 9 general examination of Shales’ dam. Te tis sytem appl ofthe works themeles we find that ne resins foe Jobson a measure of auton ae ereron epee ohnwon Ssinsine tha this therefore is the pe of Shakes tha hi ami the miorurof ie’ ond of inanimate nae as wll He wan an exe ‘eyo ofthe inanimate woe. Shfeyproe, whee ie aa be his sujet, shows plainly, tht he hs acm with his or ey «2 Ba Fb tom abo dams, "The end of wong it instruct the end of postr i Yo inaruc by plsing! I et this fonction of peer, snd the don sued effet of «pcm pon its auc, tat Joann ars pion 28 {ese evterion. I's pom xls npn, whatever charase ober, ICig a a work of are nethings thnagh Jon inst wih aeons ‘mors chat mut already hove seed olhooed to comtemporary ‘adr it mu plete without veatng the anda of tu and ie Far the same of prem wll dong ry cpt, wb rina to New, prove be wo comers 0 ford al the ples hich ero wl pom (On the has of folate pangs frm bis Ltrs on Chialry ad smonce, Hurd is commonly weated 2 4 ‘provmane ite. Buea {mumaion of hs pets ered in the Ten of Univeral Pact the ‘ease Logie which Hrd erpleye to “unl the rales of pe Pmkve dni, ermiing the ream of the hing’ over che ‘ke ofthe acta pace of pac, bigs hin a lve a anyone ia land tothe geome med of Caves Bate, tough witht dae cil Canin appara. The ference i that Bata evolves hi aes the dfnien of gece ate ation of fe ee mature, 2nd Hard, dts deiniton athe ae resting abt woo aff the reader 2 ‘mom pleasure; and this inales is aeing that he pees 40 Kevnldge ofthe pagclogy ofthe reader, For i the end of poy it atl the mind of the reader, Hird ns owledge of the a of IF aeceury to el rls, which are at a9 many sean, which remiss minus 3 af he thought ani eling ofthe poss occ fin the che vat form lion) poet is dfined i ems of he imaginative pros which mdap and wtheizs the images though, and feline ef the poet Ths wap ‘of thinking in which te rit hime bsores the major element genera ing bth he asic pod an she rea by which to be fudged shal all he exe tary ‘Sting the dtc a which his poin of view bucame predominun in eri ‘al theory, ike marking the pst at which orange bees yellow i the Color sperm, mst bea stew airy proce Ay nel 0 approach tthe exprenveoxkcaton, though ich io hitory and tl in sop, be founda rly ot Langs dsuson of he abn | yl havin ies main sure ate thought ad emeions the spear fit recur ina variant fem ia Hace’ bet salsn of fey oe lining eo the imagination a 'cecommodsting the sows of ings to the ese ofthe mind! Even Wordert' theory, ic wil apps mc rote embeded jp a editonsl matrix of inres aral enhanc, and iy therfore, les radial than are the thee of his fellowes of the 189 ‘The yor sw isa god round number, however and Werdwr’s reac 8 convenient docoment, by shidy vo igang the diplcement of the mimetic und peagmatie by the exreive view ofa in Engh eco, In genral term ce ental tendensy af the cxpresive then tay Be semnmarized inthis way Awol a ares een the total rade cx tena eng fom a erenive proces aperting under the inp of fe fing, and embedying. che combined product of the post's perepion thoughts, and fens. The primary source and eb mater 2 poemy therfore are he atibutes and acon the pox’ own mind i pee ofthe external world, the these ony a ey ase contre om fa sry by the felings and eperaions of the poet’ mind. (Ths the Po oy down wie ‘poeeds whence Ht ugh to da fom the soul of Man, communisting ts eee ene othe images af he exer al wold) ® The pramonne cut af poe stan Aro forma ‘ame termined primary by the human scons atd quan iced nor, a in neoclte ecm, 4 Gal cae, the eet intended pon he tude; ba instead anes caee—the inal within the poo fo ings and desires ecking expen, othe compuhinn of the ‘eae age notion which like Ga the erator, ba intra vousce of rion The ropes isto grade the rte by the extent wich te meee amen tle to the undone expesion ofthe ftings or mental powers ofthe sity and wo cs the sper of a0 at nd cole tian, By Be aca enue igen pe Be is cari forms, willbe prioeipal concern of the rest of is book, roe yoo 'n hh Wao tc isa hl weed en Sy ocd Sag ing gn, Wit oy moses ie ary iy na shard Wo san he fr to op ene pons cel ann a Ever ils spl pact larg ea he i py eu hgh sy oe ig clyde rs eee (Gis imi opr of Mit ny ay he expan Dig hg’ Etc ef ets ee fo Dt rs xe stg ar gs te tong ic sas icp cmmenpnc ste eel wi JG Pre et lec ner te ede ruking Bie ick uae preening pay me ya sy yt ny er oes by mae die ae Sig ee tare, ve ono cme cia re reuters oe Be yep ot ohne haces To Ae ‘eagedy bad been the highs fom a poet and hep, represating the {ction xing aed had been i t's ile ow eo lai rks had ‘good thats whether judged by greiner of sbjer mate oof eeepc {nd cages sete King and quen of oc form Te sertes a8 a index 0 ‘he revlon in eral nor to otic eh Yo Mi, le comes Kid ok pecsary evi A pi poem aw a sei pi (ke aaratve) = ox pectey 2 all bt ony ata fame for the greats divest of gem ‘inl pci pais wie the nee in pit and try ‘merey ba ry? Chractriae fade ses of oi, cite, andthe alana ad cml {50 civ aul’ Siar with the her aa i rus, png, Seals and tciere Mil dsingisee Iwan Kat ich Simple Simin or desipio’and that which express una fling and therfore, poe. (G) Spontocty ae etrion, Ml aces the venerable asumysion that 4 mais crotional socepbiy is iat, but his Koowheége ard sill his sears sequel: On tis bss e dings poets into two class zaets wo sre ead poets who are rade, or those who are ects ‘by ature! and cove wo are pet ‘by clare” Natural poetry 3 ienble Tecan ie Pelng il plying Thooght only a the edu of is tera’ onthe eer hand he pastry of 2 culated but aot macuely otc mind is wotten with sata tr aod ne the thought romaine the peau cit weve snoanded by aloof fing? Nord owt torso poy inf higher soe, thin ay thers ince =» thot whch cms cts una fing ees far more Kgs nt ‘hich ino the pry of ltr? Among the reds, Seley represents the post barn and Werdiseth the pet made; and with uneoicons rane Mil rns Wordswors own cretion, the spontaneous overtiow of fel ing? agai ite poe. Worden’ psy has de ren of she appear nce of puntancouses: the wall eer wo fll tha overBowe"™ (6) Tie extra word im fr 8-4 ery poder sempy ites lcs feito poetry 2 all Asta reference of poetry othe exter Snivene dippers from Milfs thar, ease to the extent the sense jects may seve ota tule or accion fr the generation of pop nd then the postr eno inthe ject sel tin the state of id in thie es contemplated. When 3 poet describes ation hes deer the Tom proses Out the ate of encement ofthe spate fel ad the port ist be eve at to the object ott he ham oti," That ‘Sree fom the eterna word the jes sige by 2 poem tend wo be feyanded a po rere tha 8 posted eqvalent—an extended and atc: xen none 5 Me oe ee esas hte 7 ie Sell ped re or an ot thet poet af racing tha ber vapid is of cempain ly nel Sous pear «= Bethe poner a ereing wen aes ith ste samo ling fatal eas ete ciel yr ad Terumencs w est ling Sul, witha Scent be spn by ay Bing vay {au 40 inienion ofthe degre o which the innovations af the romans [ors a he commonplaces of modern criaeven of tho who purport fo found thir *hory om aatsnmatic pinion ow wiki “the paaleltetsen he paige tare ands famous coment by T. 8 hot “Th ty wy of expeing ete nthe fr aby dings bjt Gerla nes wor «net fats stunt,» n of ets which ale the fro hae psa et: wch hot whe he seal fe he amen i nd | (@) The euieace. Nols draic i the fate ofthe suns. Assoing fo Mil, Posey is feng. confosing fact Sale in tnomeae of a 2 The pet's aubence rede to 2 single mere, comtng of et him “Al poe at Mil ts so the ate of slg? prose of producing ees upon other sea, which for centres had the defining character ofthe ar of poy now seve preity the tfc tales 3 poem by proving it be sto stead en the pos ere tt et cin da bye a eal cp own wu eng oo tbe ee ster ee af ening nga ar Wy die mang sn tpn oa ste id oss for ond cr care ert nna womhng nga flo te adc nthe oma of ew, Orin terms of hrc ees, t might be conju tit Aiugpestnce of a omegenenss and dictimunaing reading publ 6 ‘amrao oF cae nares across = fostered a ets which on principle dimisihed the importance of the dnc ue a deteisaat of potty and pci a. Weedaverth li ‘ead that Toes donot wrt for Pacts alone, bu for Men and that each (of his poems ‘as 0 worthy purpose’ even though ie eons ox thatthe laure and profi of the acne fam automa omeguence ofthe poet’ fontencou over offering, pred at che appropiate asecatons ‘eweenchooghts and feelings bare basa bled by the poc in ad Save? Kea, bowser med ony tht axe eros ie (of Pury wit the nt Shadow of public thought" ™ "A peta nigh fale ccorting to Shel, ko asin darken and sings to chee so Sold with cet sound is adios ae ar men etenced by the red (fan sen min," or Cae the pet uel replaces the and nce the genet of sei ore Fee rt onal ones aq as ta ee ae a eetincers (th whe Cine hapless ow eles am eit Cor oe and einer eae nol sect eht we mere rats Sin compos ou; mit ca cv ty 0d beg to eee ya “The evelution is comple, fom the mimetic poet, aged the minal role of fing a miror wp to notre, trough the agate post who wher bis ncaa ity ulimatly mend by fs expect i the public tate to Case’ Pets Ho, the ehomn one wo, bear he isa Fors of Nate? wie ar be ma, and aoa the dee of homage he evo serena the mtste of his read’ pty and ase ». Objective Theories All tpet of herp decried 0 ar, im ther practi applications, ge Alva tang withthe work of at il a spat nd thie mal Felton, wheter the premises on which ths leben ste dariiatd fd ved ele thn pln Yo te pesto the aro the wood vant, Bor thee i fourth procedae the “ejesre oretion? Inch on prince regade the work of artim alton from all shew ec eral pins of ference, nace i 36 a sel stains ey conse By itp inti ternal lon ap cts oto je it lly by itera Intise we owe mode of ng, "Tpit of view hasbeen cmparavely rare i Heray rim, The ce coy tere atthe analy of a ar form which i bat ebjeive and ompreasivesecurs nthe ceil potion of Ansa Pot. U have 8 cmon oF cate. ea Bt be? The wl and inch ei of ert by the Chiago Nao [Aticcians and thie sexy ofan instrment ape to deling wih pty as ech ave been angel effecve oar a lr end Tn bi onto. Koga cikicim, John Crome Ransom has ben alin for recognition of ‘the autonomy of he work elf ar exting rs ona sche" eapalga have been organized sunt te peronal ers the incense! andthe aie fale the widely inact! handbok, Tae Tacory of “Linatre, weiten by René Well and Avein Waren, proses that ct ‘um del with «poets gus pts, independ of exis” fs ae Similar views ar being expresied, wh increasing fequene, not only in ‘ovr Kesar ba in oar chaely oural. le Ame at leas same form ‘ofthe objec point of view har aeady gone far © dilae is rv 4 the rgning mde of Ieary ei, ‘Anording eo our scheme of nasi then, thee hae been four major ceattony cach anc of which has seemed to varie sete minds adequate {or a stnictry erica of atin genera. And by and Lge de itor progression, from the beginning trough the aly nineteen, ha fren from the mime theory Pat and (in 4 quali fasion) Aci fol, dog the pragmatic theory, lasing fom the contin of retore ‘with posi inthe ELllnie and Roman ers lore eaoug the eight ‘oth centry othe expensive theory of Englnh (and someshat eae, German) some eres ‘Of evans rome cam, He the of any poy war nat ier in i oxo Av Ine at #851 Macaulay Glee sinking eoullyfellowed eadsaal porns) stl isis as an exalrule Tou in tesion and Sn the natu of tings ta "foe i as was i more than two tho snd years ago, imitation and diferentes hee the as on the basi ff tek dive media and ebjers of imation. The, a ames parked With cighertboenary cin, be ungratflly employs the iec princi to uy his elevation f So, Wordevorth, and Coleridge ver fe egheathvcocury pats case they imiate nature more accrately snd atc the nee closers of cometne on the ground that they ead to make imine lee perfec han they bere woul be. °° The tae of erm which abject ar and hearst ote acne al co Tibwed to fous, wally ia a vlgraed form, among inet oa fins sch a Francis ey, who deliberately se temic oie the literary standards of he ide cle and an presereeanelied wha [eeey called the purity of the female chara. Tn these ere not the nova esi wetiags wick contributed (| xyes simone =a ane romper of what Shelley, inhi ‘Defence af Poetry? ll Feo the age and thera ference been the characterise of view of roche spd romaate etic remtins vn och tepcentave productions of the 267% and "yeas Tohmo’s Wet 10 Stokespea, Rams Elements of Criti, Richard Hardy be Tika ol Univeral Pty The Art of Pory on « New Plan (of ov autor), Dstie® Baaye on Pacry and Music, and the Get f Dseorcr of Sir Joaes Reynlde Pe there net to the mje ivy into postry and are of the romance generation: Wordeworths and csr earn, Coleridge’ Biogreptis Litera and Shake: Tecres, Hat's On Poeuy in Grae” abd other Gay, cron ft lain ‘Defence of esr’ then a wo thi group su ter us a Carhiek “Chon and cary terry reviews, JS. fs te coy om pty, Jaa Keble Lecres on Parry, and Leigh What Is Voctty? Whatever the cotonty of eran terme tad ‘ewan individual members of the wo er and however impor he mabodolgil and dostna dilteaces which divide the tenes ins ving group, one decisive change marks of the cicsm io the ‘of Wordsworth sm tat nthe Age of Johnson. The pom as moved the cee af the etal sper and taken ner any the ergy whch had one ben exercised by bis aden, theatre of the weld hich be ound himself and the ieried preps ad example of his n IMITATION AND THE MIRROR ‘is Sarre pai of Sse ht i dana he our of ie. Suet Fac re nae rie soe of the Repu Sorat udetkes 10 expin the eve matte of pry, at once otrodaces at ang, The Maer of fn acral bod or ble prczads in secodance wih the Teo of thes hing Bure artst ha aneher and eer way to make thee all er things What wa? [Ao sy yen other, here ace nny ay in which te et igh legis snl ey somite, nore quicker Yan of tring ie rout pl tauyod would en engl maketh on a he vem od ‘Sean and gos od eter ama sd plant, sn ll ee hing a ‘And from the propics of such minor images Pa gars on to evave sve unlting eonseuence about the charcr and alae of ar “Thisillsaten sao eal one, for in hie eitingy Pl adver rx evely tothe anlogy of the reflec, citer mitten or water, o Ae hose feel simular of things that we el shadows. The he wes to chy the intereatnas of al the Hens in the univere of things tural or ani to thir przoypes, or Tess; and of ntatons of ‘hing, inching thse fn the at to tir models the weld of see (Only, one would say tit Piso intodiced the recor merely Silsrte 5 ready formed concep ofthe nature of ar and of the cosmos tnd the ping quosion to Be raid Is whether he rain i ape vr wane 4 tn ” se thee tances retenale and imgorane question: not only “How iis anlogy tthe cooepe? bor "To seat exent may th cacept fen generac Som the analy?” . Art Is Like a Mirror ‘phe tsk of aralyring the mitre and faction of apr has ead nny eco ated fo the rbewrican and co the cre of Hrs shor, bows wheter alive or ombud an inseparable Cemeat if dscns coding dacuse who purpose ise pesnive 200 fete deerpve and infomnve: Mes gems patie Se invivaly xh yey andi 2 rect bak Shen Peper bot mode oat ech of the major wold view wo bea Kind of ms sect, demonstrating the whole ofthe exer 10 be ike Gin yr Evo the tonal lunge ofthe mtu eee an Gh be uly cr ahough Ht hey tern ion Me nt reg ft be capes wa othe eure of ime the gene adopion of few ansbgy pela perce Inn theatre ofthe ole Ard in the jo ef fairy, metaphor and analy. though (8 copious are es nto tan i poetry ill A parla sim ofthis book fo epic the role inte iy of criti of een more or le ped coc edewhat we my all ‘hepa alge Tk to scl, itr, semaine, and eva the fas a Sic tony expsiory analog, a omental oition prope art and ilar seve few sem recurten ad not erie, Da ie ithe ond pla en event ements of erry thy o of any thoy y the ae ken ty elec ad ld “Bat whch a ther camped, or fas ae facta things made cha thing found, and made at bythe analogies trough which lek st the tl! ar thcugh 4 Hens. wonder? Cleridge oer hd vy face were veel natin things? «Fut you brow Se ras hey ae ot conloos they are Bet een premises, bot ie ese and peo premi'™ Ay are for inviting a cs por concept gre ee abd exe sregy wih which ec be mange, 2p to the ingng mind inate—cber 4 bln or an ante and ing cnfron, Ove il roe i more o ess dll tout fr ebjecs which oer poral 0 dimly saved specs of the slut, ous he beter haw w cut the ls Known ode so see 4 ease = + Rou Ise his analysis of dramatic imation on the passage Both lao had derived he aatue of imitation fom the abs oF P Minorsinage? Bibop Herd inrodsed his extended commentary on fey in gem by ching Arigtles defaition of that ar as imitation, Ter hen had secure to Plas’ misor wo denote how dhe istton 2 snararo 190 mi so cos he etangible nen of the tabi This anlogieal proce seems Suracerase of mach lel entspine. There i del of wily in ‘he popalie Icon fr What ite nt?” nary: “What lke? We tend to desribe the nature of something in smiles snd map, nd the vehicles of these seeuireat figures when analy olen tin ene to be the avibnes ofan ijt atalague Orough which we ace viewing the ej we deride: And fT am right, Pat's deliberate we of aloe and parable difers fom that of many eer inuiers lee in tcc han in candor ‘The eoute w & minor in erder 1 illominte the nt of one ot nuher arc cominued wo be a Gerke with sexete thr lone ser laa. Renaissance speculaiznthercrence oa lk i runt ad eaplic“Whar sold paling be called? asked Alber excep the boklng of + miror up tothe orginal atin at?”* Lsoando repeatedly spp wo @ mor vo ante the rltion to ate bth of pining fant the mind of de piner. "The mind ofthe punter should be ike 9 Imitor bic always the clr of he ting that reflects and whieh ie filled by as many images a8 there ze things slaed bore i. » You cant bea good maser uss you have 2 univer power of reps sng by your ar all he vais ofthe foros whi mitre pe! Tn liarature we ind Canon's Miror of the Wort, Bard's The Minor of Minds, and Gascoigne Glas of Goversment and The Stele Gla these ae mie of fels and minors for magisraes. The snlogue wae expe haly popular for comedy, the aly eepecematine of rary ean, aad 2 gest mony ci Tian aad Esl, ched the words “hit Dont ‘ing in de fourth century, bad arte eo Cie het comedy e's copy of He, 3 mor af etc, a reflection of th? Thus in sever the gusstn, “Quid comoed, Ben Jaan pus in the moth ofthe dramatic conoiseur, Cerda, the alleged epiion of cso that ii 2 ‘tao vite, seals onruradinis, isa vert ‘Ar Ite a5 the middle of dhe cghceah eemary important cre com tinsed to iste the cocept of imitation by the nates of «keke ths. De, Johnson wat fond af eis paral and found ithe hight et ‘lence of Shakespeare that he hoe op co hi ede Et rou ‘of manners and of Ife" In 1751 Bishop Warbaron glowed Pop’ lie Shar Notre and Homer wee be founds he sare” withthe comment tha ‘Virgil ‘ad she proience wo contemplate aatare inthe plae whi she wat vee 9 most advantage, collected ial er char in he ee sno of Berne vi: th des ey he tgif, wich the es iin fae mr om wih eB ton he ie iy Pump I conver i aad Uning rember The magi Se Eine pups ecalenky seas byt nae of Spr ch aheryn mand pe song wl Poe ou intr wth san ond he = ta lian is conception of pact in the Repel Pla hime St © ped to ime ins tien, then the work of painter, snd ally pple) ibe disinsions dea ern bos thew trains te dee he inci charac of poy. ‘The progrewion i sgncant. The minor a5 fn analogue for poss) afer From the enspicous defect that images “be Seeing, Bee Te invention of photogs the product of = painter foe the bes avaible ostnce of vamething which expres and etait Teac, A pice, therefore, while if a work of at, was a useful ad june to the mince Sor elasing the les obieus mined quay of an "Eke pcr, which oles the ible wold nda, bythe igfeanse is wrt, Phuach forulaicd the eying o€ Sinonides that “ntng ix sate cy, and potty a speaking pace’ and thi, together wits Horace’s Pinos, ot pone poe, ken ost of comet and mised 48 26 feng comperhcsive parila Uetnee the two 27, Became sais in gopelar setheic wisdom As Irving Babb a), qute securely It rare to sad throng acral ie on eer art Hera, wren “Peticen the mide ofthe sites and mide ofthe eighth cemury, Iihou Fading an apecving menian of the Horan sini «.« fr] of ‘hs cquitlent saying of Simones’ In a7 all seamed to Dr obnson that F the pclele which have been drawn by wie and csi, sone fre Ieral ao elas between potty ad painting which dier only 6 the one repescschings by marks petmancat and nail the othe By igs acienal nd xbrary The peobble ees op Reasence sd “Wer anise theory and prac af the corte comparons between the “dea of fing and of poe has often been rematked. For oor # lnerenon W9 Te Soe ‘wr onrters or ramos: re Anne ES a rose puro, eb eooagh to aa that che app o pining esrb fated the sneepe tho pocty i a eton of ects and even 1 is fel to gauge the erento which the charac receupe ons and discoveries a aesthetic tory have Leen fostered bythe cone ‘wal model of therefor, heer dha ha eon explicit or covery eee rein deeining the focus an terms of eras Avene xem ‘we have Plato's simp and obvious derive fom the mie ap slog Foc example a miroimage is only a smtdacrum of 49 bjt feed de ptvely to sjeesen hee dimensions by twos ence the owl san of {ut ax mere appearance, fr remove rm te tr Aly he sl fein tof mito st yield fale sed scart nage: creping when Pts lke Homes and Aehpon depart nthe wr things we have to alemative btw yeh they ae hae Such ria ve stint for Pls pnp, which & concerned nos stall with the vale of atin fe self bat with demonteting tt Freed ofthe ann may ot be sere fn a hve sate firmed op melas model, whee this be the pele state ofthe Repco the practically pcr wate ofthe Lanes At the ‘aber eee, we have the Poetic, The pectiarsiength of Arima tals of tapedy coms inthe degree to which bese develope Jig st of dsinsine which if hey donot ety espe from alg, tne sell appropriate co pout conadced a an cbjet nfs King and an end in le" Betwcon thew awe pels we have the post Arian theres which, alow without excepto, evr to cone of mimesis much leet the sree of Beal econ "The peogetve afforded by more teen cnet schemes enables ws to ditiminae certain endecies commen to many of tore thon be tveen the stent at eghtenth centuries wh Keaked up st a tation, and more or less ike 2 minoe, For beter or wor, the ansogy helped focus intrest op the aubjes mater of a work and ite models i teas wo de composi nel f the shaping ialence of asic eon. ‘eto, the inherent reuiemete ofthe single work of at and the i Avidaliy of che autos i¢enouraged the siking of 4 choy be tween tne cements of 3 werk which ate denonaraly tepesnae of the real world and thse farter verbal and imaginative eeents aid fo be erly “rnamensl’ ineduced to give ger peti to the ade and it foteed a preseopation with dhe trai of arto ts oreypondeney in some fashion, othe mates ld to fle. ‘The lang survival of the efector 8 archetype demote its apts and sugesivens as oe pint of deporte for aexthrstheony. The ex cn of angie hnkng lowes, i arin ofthe ce fe fers Corti cis No hue ermal oe eee, ey crore onl aril pores te vey rian of es Mire oy «bap chen schoyre rakes margiod and ne foe pec of on oes whch foc tx mie cage Wiles Peak ey fran very Me amy aes pot ‘qt dif and not many cir have be ale erp the Gove ste cpus dean wifey rape tw da ot fi ics nce spe Te hry of mde ean we sel oy me par ld athe sa fraeraive purrs oe for ed nate’ the oer cen soma uct oa oe Bie» rowing pline-which weld sad mee ofthe wosicone Sop ees ote rior, and beter corebed how ics and i of Pi shes cst wich hi chp mes manga amie ii. The Objects of Imitation: the Empirical Idea ‘he thor who held dha ar eflosdatze was commited looking You there eather then in the rtf the ject tmter of wore He tes once confronted bythe conspicin fc thatthe age aly & cine of any single eke o erent ia the eternal work, asl me ‘es prseots othe pecatr a Kad of bing for which there no pee ‘ot wcrc in the world of eax. This vst of ar rm vat he [Aayseen 2 eartnaljeoblem for atte plophy, and the win bas fr the share by. wees inderent obese to at that i tv oF [Pasty mischievous Chic and navclic defenders of at alike wed he problem by chiming tae pty inaes ot the aul bt selected ae qualies, tends, oF forms, which ate within or behind the tal—veiial ckmens inthe contton of the uaivene which are of Bigher worth tan gross and wneleed reality ile. In reecing thee he minor eld up to asserts what, in oppoion to ‘eal mtu Egy erin on called ‘nature inpeone ce “ight! x ‘ria fm the Freeh phrase, de Ble mote. Thi al Baten snot le ea fas le ven qui peat re, bea val quiet epee comme 8 eis seamen ave totes prfione qu'il per reer Biss to thet pragmatic pint of view, mort eighceateetury theca faded cha he jasieaion for ths prcedne layin the mead to Sight (8 somexines, to enlighten) the reader, “Nuhing com pene enon of vase Home sid, ba mture deen with all er gris aad onmameot table nate he wre or rena wa ng ago cident the end of Pastry i ene dy commun ht pry nt hy oe acing rate, Boss Ing to nar improv toa dee wbich i consteat with oily, sad "Jame Rete summed up the prevaling opinion when 2 , selene ole wrtogy of Arisa, Profesor MeKon reconsris fa ition hearst spans sre form fon the mate with which ics etn ete however te sacar tone oer pre Se seer oe hc i he rate of ne the dies ch Be ht iter nice the fon jet tr i the hye mel ‘tue othe poss puro, And hese ie sa we el Poem tno sane form at repre ote mater ef he a | Naty dhecouh-

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