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    Novikov Telegram-2 PDF

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    Ana Georgescu

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    ORIGINS ““ COLD WAR | | ‘The Novikoy, Kennan, and Roberts | ‘Long Telegrams’ of 146 ] Lis) | Wir Taree NeW COMMENTARIES eaneth , Jensen, Elo ong B78 ‘7 ence te Su nit Pee Al gh en teat Scoring Srp gon ean ner og Contents Preface tothe Revised Elton Editor's Note The Telegrams The Novikov Telegram The Kennan “Long Telegram” ‘The Roberts Cables Seton 1 (Marc 14) Seton 2 deck 17) ‘Section 3 (ark 18) Notes ‘The Commentaries ‘ViklorL. Matkov ‘Metyn P. Leffler ‘Steven Mervtt Miner a8 ” be a The Novikov Telegram Washington, September 27, 1946 US. Foreign Policy in the Postwar Pesiod) {All underlining replicates tht of Foreign Minister Viachesly Molotov} The foreign policy ofthe United States, which reflects the Imperial endancie of American monopolistic capital i char- scien the posta pviod by m sving (ac word Supremacy Viet the real meaning ofthe many stlonents by President Truman and other representatives of American euling Sirels that the United States bas the right io lead the word, All the frees of American diplomacy—the army, the air fore, the navy, indus, and sclenee—are enlisted in the service of this {orsign policy. or this purpose bread plane for expansion have been developed and are being implemented through diplomacy and the estalishmentofaaystem of mavaland airbases stetcin farbeyond the bourvasies of the United Sats, hough the arm ce, and through the creation of ever newer types of weapons. 1.) The foreign policy ofthe United Stats tconccted now ina situation that llr greatly fom the one that existed in the rewar period. This situation doesnot fully conform tothe cal- Eltiens of those reactionary dreleswhich hoped that ding the Second World War they would succeed in avonding at leas fora Tong time, the main balls in Europe and Asia. They calculated Mat the United States of America, ft was unsuccessful in com- pletely avoiding direct patcpation in the war, would enter 4 TheNowkow telegram ‘nly atthe le minute, when it could easily affect the outcome of the war, completely ensurig its interests, Tats regard twas thought that the maincompetitrsof the United States would be crushed or greatly weakened in the Wat, and theUnltedStatesby virtue of hecieutstance would assume ‘hexole ofthe mast powertul acon resolving the fundamental ‘quctions of the postwar world, These calculations were uso Bed on the asstmption, which was vary widespread in the United States in hentia stages of the war that the Soviet Union, which had bee subjected to the attack of German Fast ine 188, would also be exhausted or even completely desired so result the war Realty dd not bear out the calculations of the American inmpriliet 3b) The two main aggressive powers fascist Germany and smart Japan, which weee atthe same te the tai com palilos of the United Stats In bath the economic and fore policy fields, were thoroughly defeated. The third great power, (Great Britsn, which had taken heavy blower during the wae ow faces enormous economic and polite difculties The politel foundations of tne Bish Empire were appreciably shaken, en criss arose for example, n Ini, Palestine, and Egypt ‘Europehascome out of the war witha complet disocsted ‘economy, and the economic devastation that ccutted inthe ‘course ofthe war cannot be overeame in 2 short time Alo the ‘oun Eaape and As arena cols netor ‘consumes goods, industrial and tansportation equipment ec | Such situation provides American monopaiic capital with \ prospects for enormous shipments of gods ni the importation | SLeapila into these countes—acieumstance tat would perl \ittonitate thee national economis, Sucha development would mean a serious strengthening of ‘heeconomis positon the United States inthe whe word and ould stg onthe oa to wad donanton byte Une ©) On the other hand, we have sen aur of xulations ‘on the part of US. icles which assured tha the Soviet Union would be destoyed in the war or would come out of itso weakened that i would be forend to go begging to the United States for econom assistance Had that happened they would t ‘The Novhow Telegram 5 have been abe to dictate conditions permiting the United States tocarey out is expansion i Europe snd Asia without hindrance Foon the USSR Tn actually, desplte all ofthe economic ifcultes of the postrar period connected with the enormous loses inflicted by {he war and the German fascist occupation, the Soviet Union Continues to rernin economically independent of the outside ‘workdandisrebulding ts national aconceny with its own ores ‘Al the sume time the USS intentional poston is cut rently stronger than i was in the paewae period Thanks to the [torical victories ofSaviet weapons, the Soviet armed orcesare located onthe terior of Germany and other formesty hoetle ‘countries ths guaranteeing that thee countries will not be used , ‘hin foran attaccon the USSR. formerly hostile countree, ouch ? 20" Bulgaria, Finland, Hungary, and Romania, democratic ‘nts clad pies at hese fo Srenghenand mars eeniy cate wit heSoiet Union) © inantSnccountsthat weeny thes Army or Au Sette Tolan, Cecile anos ‘toa yes ave as es eed ta matin ‘none wi te Sori Union one bs of greens on ndsipnd mt eee "he Smarr of te USER intratona tain gure ani rp canter pra be independence og ply and thon an pla tft fh posits lho cote ais clement Toe peta te pl cnt ofthe Sot sion nine Seni nde ator rrgieninge donot endrces inte hs chuatonn Ease and Souther uropcanot help bute reardaloytheAmertan mpaaoa a aecatae tMepaltcn epee py ft Une Ss 2 yThetrin peli ae Ue Sates determined atyeongtty ties ine Dencerte pay at ovens SE dorng homsvellletin sire ostengnen accor nat tec pt pa Soa ease tetera dng war seas perf] ren umasa staeosuns comin) nscale lene and the subsea! spans st time yin Soy fe meant a ng es Jndusnceon U5, foreign policy ofthe mont resist of {ithe Democratic ary. The constantly increasing reactionary na- fare of the foreign policy course of the United Staten, which consiuenlly approached the policy advocate by the Republican party, lid the groundwork for close cooperation in this field Eetwcen the far right wing of the Democratic party and the Repubican party This cooperation of theta partes whichtook shape a bo houses of Congres in the form ofan unofficial Bloc ‘Lissctionary Southern Dernocaty and the ld. guard ofthe headed by [Senator Arthur] Vandenberg and {Senator Robert} Tat, was expecially clearly manifested in the ‘senfally identical foreign poiy statements issued by figures of both parties In Congress an at international conferences, where ‘24 re lading Republicans are represented in the delegations {lhe United Sats the Republicans actively support the foreign polly ofthe government. thisisthesourceaf what scaled, even Ino statements, “b-partisan” foreign poly. 'b) tthe same time, there has been a decline inthe luence on foreign poly of those who follow Roosevelt's course for scoperslion among peace loving counties’ Such persone inthe fovernment in Congres, and inthe leadership ofthe Democratic pry are being pushes farther and farther ito the background. ‘The contradictions in the fed of foreign policy existing between the followers of [Henry] Wallace nd [laude] Ppp, the one and, and the adherens ofthe rescionary "br-purican’” policy, nthe other, were manifested with great carity recall i the speach by Wallace tht led to his resignation from the post of Sheretary of Commerce. Walla’ resignation means the victory ‘lthereistionary cours that Byres conducting incoopertion with Vandenberg and Taft 15 Obvious indications of the US. effrt to etablish word dominancearealzoto be found: theincseaseinnliary potential In posoetime and nthe establishment of large numberof naval ‘nt air bases both inthe United Slates and beyond its borders Inuhe summer of 1986 forthe iret time i the history of the country, Congress paseed a Taw on the establishment of 3 peace army, nol ona volunteer bagi but on basso Snlvscalmililagy service Thesizea he army, whichis supposed toamountto about one milion persons asa Jly 1, 1947, was alo Increased significantly, The sizeof the navy atthe conlusion of ‘The Novikov Telegram 7 the war decreased quite insignificantly in comparison with war- tine, Atthe present time the American navy occupies tt place {nthe word leaving England's navy far behind, tosay nothing of {howe of other counties, ‘ional ‘Expenditures on the army and-navy have czen amounting 13 billon dollars according othe budget Tor 1946-47 (ahout 40 percent of the total budget of 36 lion dollars). This is ‘ore aa ten times greater than corresponding expealitres in the budget for 198, which didnot amount to even one billion dolar “Along with maintaining alargearmy, navy anda forthe budget provides that these enormous amounts aso wil be spent fn establishing avery extensive system of naval and ale bases in the Allane and Pacific eeane. According to exbling official plan, in the course ofthe ext few years 228 bases, points of Expport and radio stations are to be constructed inthe Allantic ‘Olgan and 28 in the Paci A large number of these Bases and pointsofsupportare located outside the boundariesof the United Site. nhe Atlantic Ocean bases exe or are under construction in the following foreign island teritories: Newfoundland, Tesand, Cuba, Tndad, Bermuda the Bahamas, the Azores, and many others in the Pace Ocean: former Japanese mandated teritories~the Marianas, Carlineand Mahal lands, Poni, Ryukyu, Philipines, and the Galapagos Islands (Ihe bslong 10 Beuadon). "The clablishusentof American bases onislands that areften 130000 100 lores fons the territory ofthe United States | tnd areon the other side ofthe Antic and Paife oceans clearly \ Indias the offensive nace ofthe strategic concep of the Command ofthe US. army and navy. This interpretation i also onlrm by thefact hat the American navy intensively study ing the naval approsches tothe boundaries of Europe For his ‘purpose, American naval vessels inthe course of 1948 visited the Ports of Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Turkey, and. Greece. In ‘Bldltion, the American navy 1s constantly operating in the Mediterranean Sex [All of these facts chow cleasly that a decisive role in the realization of plana for word dominance by the United States ‘layed by ite arene fore. 8 TheNovitow Telegram 4.2) Onetth sagen achievement of dominance over the world by the United Sates ts understanding with Egle sonseming the para divisional theworidon the ass of mal oncesions* The basic ines of the eet agreement between the ‘United States and England regarding the division ofthe word {consist as shown by fats n thei ageement on th incon ot apenand China nthe sphere offence othe United States in the Far East while the United States, forts par, hae apred not to hinder England either in rezaving the Indian prosiem or ia strengthening is edluenee in Slam ane Indonesia ' In connection with this division, the United Sates atthe present time iin conel of China and japan without any ier ference fom England, The American policy ig China is striving for the complete ‘economic and political submission of Chine tothe contol of ‘American monopolist capital. Following this policy. the “American government doesnot sink even fom interference In {he itera afar of China. At the present time In Chins, there ‘af more than 50000 American solic In x munber of ea, ‘American Marines participated directly in military operations gaint the people's iberation forces The scaled “mediation? mission of General [George] Marshall is oly «over for inter- ference in the internal allsis of Chin How far the policy ofthe American government has gone ‘with regard to China i indicate by the fact that t preset it striving to effect control over China's army. Recently, the US. ‘administration submitted to Congress a bilo miliary casitance {fo China that provided for the eompeteseorganvaton of the Chinese army, is training with he aid FU. miliary ingtructors snd ts upply with American weapons and equipment ® For the purpose of carrying out thi program in China, an American ‘onsulative mission including army and naval officers would be ‘sent to China China is gradually being transformed inta «bridgehead for the American auined forces, American airbases relocated allover Its teritory. The main ones are found in Peking, Taingtac, Tiensin Nanking Shanghal, end, Chungking. and Kurvsing, ‘Themain American naval bce in Chinas lated in Tainan The headquarters of the 7th Feet fo there In adition moe hae IDOODU.S Marines are concentrated in Teingiao and tsenvizona ‘The measures caried out in northern China by the American army show that it intends to stay thre fr along Une TInlapan, despitethe presence there cf only small contingent ™ fof American troops, conse Is in the hands of the Americans “Although English capltal has substantial interests inthe Japanese ‘sconomy, English forsign policy toward Japan i conducted in Sucha way asnot hinder the Americans fom carrying ot thelr ‘Pencration a the Japanese ational economy and subordinating totherinfluence Inthe Far Eastern Commission in Washington % And in the Allied Councl in Tokyo, the English representatives as ‘ulemake common cause withthe US. representatives conduct Ing this potcy “Measures taken by the American occupational authorities in the area of demesicpliey and intended to support reactionary ‘lasses and groups, which the United States pla to woe in the ‘struggle against the Soviet Union, lzo met with a sympathetic attitude on the part of England, ‘) The United Slate follows a simi ine with regard othe English sphere of lnvence inthe Far East. Recently, the United ‘States has ceased the alempts it has made over the past year to Influence the resolution af Indian questions, Lately there have | ben frequent instance in which the reputable American press sore or les faithfully reflecting the oil policy of the US. government has made positive statements with regard tothe Indi American foreign policy also didnot hinder Brisk tops i jlnt action wih the Duteh army from suppressing the national eration movement in Indonesia. Moreover, there have even been instances in which the United States facilitated this Brilsh imperialist policy, handing over “American weapons and equipment to the English and Dutch troops in Indonesia, sending Dutch naval personnel fom the United States to lnconesi 5.3) If the division ofthe word in the Far East between the United States and England may be considered an accomplished fac iteannot bead that an analogous ivatlonexstsin the basin, of te Mediterancan Sea and in the countries adjacent to it Rather, thefacts dicate that an agreement ofthis sort has notyst ben eached in the ego ofthe Near Eat and the Mediterancan, ‘Sea The dflety experienced by the Unie States art gland in reching an agreement over this region derives from the fact || 1 10 TheNovikov Telegram {tat concessions onthe prt of England tothe United States inthe | Meaiteranean basin would be aught withserious consequences | for thewhote future ofthe British Empite, for whichthe basin has | ception strategic and economic sgniiance. England would shave nothing again! uo American armed forces and influence inthis region, directing tem northward against the Soviet Union. ‘The United Sats, however, ls not intrested in providing asi lance and suppor tothe Belish Empire inthis vulnerable pont, but rather in fe own more thorough penetration ofthe Meter: ranean basin and Nea East to which the United Satsisatracted by the areas natal resources, primarily sil 1) In event years American capital has penetrated very in- tersvely into the economy of the Near Baste counties n pticularinto the oll industry. At present tere are Amerie ol oncessons in all of the Near Eastern counties that ave of deposits (iraq, Bahrain, Kuwait, Egypt, and Saud Arabs) ‘American cpa, which made its iret appeuranee in he ii lst ofthe Near Hast nly in 1927, now conto about 2 percent ‘ofall proven seserves inthe Near East excluding an Ofthetota proven reserves of268 bilion bartels, over 11 ilion barrels are ‘ened by US. concessions Striving fo ensure further develop tent oftheir concessions indifferent courtres (which are often very lage—Saudl Arabia, for example), the American oll om Panes plan to bulla tans-Arabia pipeline totraneport cl frm the Ameceen concession in Saudi Arabia end in otter counties fon the soatheaser shore ofthe Mediterancan Sea to ports in Patestine and Egypt. Tmexpanding nthe Nea East, American capital has English copltl agile gretest and mast staboen competitor. The ere ompetition between them isthe cel factor preventing England nd the Urited States from reaching an understanding on the {vision of ephers of influence inthe Near Eat division that an occur only atthe expense of divct Bri inteest in this sion Palestine an example ofthe very acute contradictions inthe policy of the United States and England inthe Near East. The United State has been displaying great iniative there of ae, cyeating many dficlis for Engl, as inthe ease of the US. ‘demand that 100000 Jews fom Europe be peri 1 enter Palatine. Tho American nttst in Palatine outwardly expressed TheNovikow Telegram 1 as sympathy forthe Zionist case actually only signifies that ‘Rnaren copia wicestoltefereinPabtinanaffare and this persrte be econony, The wection ofa pot in Palestine ws ne Eft termial point othe Arnerizan ol pipeline expan great ‘lea regarding the forlgn policy of the United Sates on the Palestine question. x The regular nate lations betwen England and the nie Sates inthe Neu Eat senate in partalsotnthe great etniy of the Ameria nal foe ithe esa pst of te Mialtxzancan San Suc acvity cannot help but bein coil Mf the bas nares ofthe Bells Empire: Phse ations onthe Yartof the US fect undoubtedly aes inked with Ameren ‘and othe economic inrets in the Near Eas Troms be kept in mind, however, that incidents such asthe vist bythe Amer bts Miu to the Black eae, evn of te eran eto Gree and he retinerest hat US diplomacy displays inthe problem of the stats have 2 ouble mennng, On the one Bnd he indicate that the Unie Stteshrdecided te consolidates pooton nthe Nediterapean tesin to supports terete in the countieof the Near East and that hasclected the navy 2 the ol for this picy-Onthe other and, these incidents Constitute a political and iltary, {onstrationsgnnat the Soviet Union Phestengthenngof US % posions inthe Neer East and theetablishoent of conditions fr ‘osing the American ravy at one ormore points onthe Medite- spear ct oe ee > msc ipentata se eno cetyl ev Mont heer Una _ Ts nats borer the Und tes and Engr re dain yt a ccamsancel On he one an ha) Cee eee ercand as isgunt tenacompses tne te han Enlace possible al athe Ce re ee fine abenoanterss ve nie! Ses ad ghd wou cree das ee rcvnng omprtion ater thee | Ser ey table he iteatefcduangit thane tine ‘such a division facilitates the achievement of economic and politi I “open betwen he SfEiglend ws American cris or organising ts coum tithe Sova oeinahcs 12 TheNowiov Telegram, England is compelled vo make significant concessions. This is the significance of the loan thatthe United States eecenily granted England. With the aid of the loan, England ean szengthen st ‘economy. Atthe same ime thisloan open the door for America apial to penetrate the Dritsh Empire. The narrow bounds in which the trade ofthe socalled String Bloc has found all Uherecent pasthaveexpanded at the present ime and providean ‘opporturity forthe Americans to trade with British domiaions, Tadia, and other counties ofthe Sterling Bloc (Egypt, ln and palestine, 1°) The polities! support thatthe Unie Sats provides fi Englands very often manifested in the internalional eventsofthe postwar period. At recent internatonal conferences the United Sates and England have closely coordinated ther polices, pe lally i casa when thay ado oppose the palicy ofthe Soviet Union The United States provided moral and politcal assistance to England inthe laters reactionary policy in Grese, nd, and Indonesia. American and English pole isflly coordinated with regard to the Slavic and ather counives adjoining the Soviet Union. The most important dénares ofthe United Slate and England in these courtees alter the end ofthe war were quite sinuar and pale in ature, The policy ofthe United Sates and England inthe Security Counc ofthe Uited Nations (partly In questions concerning Iran Spain, Gree, the withdrawal of Ioeign troops from Syria and Lebanon ec )hasthe same estes ‘featedination, 4) The ruling circles ofthe United States obviously have & sympathetic atte toward th dea ofa iliay liane with [England butatthe pesenttimethe matter hasnt yet culminated Inanofficial alliance. Churchlls speech in Pultorcllng forthe conclusion of an Anglo-American military alice forthe pur ose of establishing jit domination over the word was therfore hot supported offialy by Truman or Byrne although Truman bby his presence [during the "Iron Curtain” epese did indie snction Churchill ape Even ifthe Unite States doesnot go 0 far as to foncde nultary allance with England fast nw, in practice they stil Imainaln very close contact on military questions, The combined “Anglo-American headquarters ix Washington conse tocrit, ‘espe th fact hat over a yeas has pase since the end of We | 7.9) The “hauling” policy The Novikov Telegram 13 ‘war Frequent persona conactcontinesamonglesing military gure of England and the United States. The recent trp of Fk ‘Marshal Montgomery to Americas evidence ofthis contac. is character that aod realtofhismectngswithleading altar) figures of the United Sats, Montgomery announced that th | English amy Would be structredon the Amercan mel} ‘untis Inthisconnection tis sufient tonote the partipation lib ngloh avy nvecnt nantes te Anzio sary in the Medieranean Sea and the participation by the American ‘avy inthe Nort Sea in sutunn ofthis year 1) The curent relations between England and the United Sates, despite the temporary atanment of agreements on very lnnporant question, are plagued with great internal contradic tant and cannot be ating. \ within sla danger for England in many respect Prt ofan ‘sccepting the loan, England finds here in certain financial ‘spondence onthe United Stats rom whic wil not Bey 0 lrecherself Second, itshould be kept in mind tat the conditions ‘ened bythe loan forthe penetration by American capital the British Empire can ental serious plial consequences. The X counties inuded inthe eich pie or dependent ony ‘under economic presure from powerful American cpital— ‘eovient themselves toward the United Stats, following in this ‘sped the example of Canada which more and more lsioving {iety from the inuence of England at orienting elf toward iheUnital Sten Thowrenglheninged American postions inthe Far Bas could simulate a smdar process Australia and New Zealand. Inthe Arable counts of ie Near Bast which ar telving to emancpate heels fom the Brith Empire there fre groups within the ruling les that would not be averse to ‘Working outa dea withthe United Slates Iis quite possible that | the Neat Est will ecome aceier of Anglo-American conta: ( att wale he ements facets he | Unite Stats and England) aa seal Dana misma on Sci te Seren ee cores Schaerer | fl } 1 1 The Novy eegram sil ofthat hatin postwar period the Unite Stats no Inger flows «ply of engicung cooperation rang ie i renter ely hese come Te alt far bon to one il cthercounte on Sort Uni, Tans peng tot they oer cote which abn cane ete Hating the Unda ioundemine scorplacyy ie ‘thei ft sain he Sur Coase to net Nice Te would give healed Sawcpratonios tien {song he Grout Powers nsw grouping? on oe dosed Pinay opiate Soviet Unio ante ope Oe Rion ketone the cto bythe Gra oes onl ane form th Unied Nato nto at Anodes oh {he Unied Suto woudplay he eating 0) The preset polly ofthe Ameren government with regerd othe USER i ls ded inng Seepage inhonce of the Sova Union om mughieine eae a imploring the ply In frmerenesy er ek eat ascent to Ne USE the Untad Sats snp atronns ne ‘eto concep ordain hacen Mena e Spor reactionary forces with be papeseel ae sig telheprocssofdenacatiatonf nesses nese ltasoalipstosstus gests frees nee es Sullaoheremonis Sehapis eee ee and overhvow the demecrnicguvermmens power Den wich ae fenly toward te US, and epee tee ie [eture with sew government weald stb ey ate pobcy died en he Uled Ss topo eed Sic renvsallsoport tom Eagchipore <) One th roe important mente geet policy eft Und Sta whh io tneed aed te et onl leo th US the poster wed bike eet feaand to Gemny. In Germany, te Unied Sate eae Imeurer fo stengthen recon) Toes for te purges opposing temo rcontnacon, Rare dose Peal Ears on sompying tae peg nok ecg iMadaqnto mesures rie dearer ‘he Arecanonupatonpley denver hare ne ie of emintng the env of Gaan Faas td rng Sera pola ean dances mg 4 eng ‘The Novikov Telegram 15 might case to ext as an aggressive fore, The United Ste is ot aking measures {asliminate the monopolistic associations of ‘German indus on which Cerman Fass depended in frcparng spgresion and waging war Neier any agagan Fecembengeonducte toclintelargelandholers, whovwere Shonelitlesuppor forthe ieritesiotad, he United Staten ‘Sconaiering the pest ofteminatingthe Aiedoccupatian tf German trnitory before the main asks the occupation the

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