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Analysis and Design for Stability

Allen Adams, P.E., S.E.


© 2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Analysis and Design for Stability
Allen Adams, P.E., S.E.
Chief Structural Engineer, RAM Group at Bentley Systems, Inc.
Senior Product Manager, RAM Structural System

AISC Committee on Specifications


AISC 360 Task Committee 10 – Stability
AISC Committee on Manuals – Seismic Design Manual
ASCE Committee on Design of Steel Building Structures

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Strength

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Stiffness

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Stability

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Stability

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Stability

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Stability

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Stability

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Stability

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Stability

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Stability

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1st – Order vs 2nd – Order Analysis

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1st – Order vs 2nd – Order Analysis

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1st – Order vs 2nd – Order Analysis

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1st – Order vs 2nd – Order Analysis

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1st – Order vs 2nd – Order Analysis

1st – Order Analysis 2nd – Order Analysis


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Stability and 2nd-Order Effects

• P-D

• P-d

• Out-of-Plumbness

• Member Out-of-Straightness

• Residual Stresses

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Stability and 2nd-Order Effects

• P-D

• P-d

• Out-of-Plumbness

• Member Out-of-Straightness

• Residual Stresses

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P-D

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Stability and 2nd-Order Effects

• P-D

• P-d

• Out-of-Plumbness

• Member Out-of-Straightness

• Residual Stresses

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Stability and 2nd-Order Effects

• P-D

• P-d

• Out-of-Plumbness

• Member Out-of-Straightness

• Residual Stresses

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P-d

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Stability and 2nd-Order Effects

• P-D

• P-d

• Out-of-Plumbness

• Member Out-of-Straightness

• Residual Stresses

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Out-of-Plumbness

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Stability and 2nd-Order Effects

• P-D

• P-d

• Out-of-Plumbness

• Member Out-of-Straightness

• Residual Stresses

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Member Out-of-Straightness

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Member Out-of-Straightness

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Stability and 2nd-Order Effects

• P-D

• P-d

• Out-of-Plumbness

• Member Out-of-Straightness

• Residual Stresses

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Stability and 2nd-Order Effects

• P-D

• P-d

• Out-of-Plumbness

• Member Out-of-Straightness

• Residual Stresses

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Stability and 2nd-Order Effects

These effects can be handled by:


• Amplify the member forces obtained from a 1st-order analysis
• Reduce the available strength (the calculated allowable
capacity) of the member
• Include the effects directly in the model used in the analysis
• A combination of the above

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P-D
• Amplified 1st-Order Elastic Analysis
– AISC B2 Factor

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P-D
• Amplified 1st-Order Elastic Analysis
– AISC B2 Factor
• 2nd-Order Analysis
– Iterative
– Geometric Stiffness Method

Iterative Geometric Stiffness

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P-d

• Amplified 1st-Order Elastic Analysis


– AISC B1 Factor

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P-d

• Amplified 1st-Order Elastic Analysis


– AISC B1 Factor
• 2nd-Order Analysis
– Iterative

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P-d

• Amplified 1st-Order Elastic Analysis


– AISC B1 Factor
• 2nd-Order Analysis
– Iterative
• Reduced Capacity
– AISC 9th ASD (1989)

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Out-of-Plumbness

• Direct Modeling of the displaced nodes

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Out-of-Plumbness

• Direct Modeling of the displaced nodes


Requires four separate
models, one for each
axis direction.

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Out-of-Plumbness

• Direct Modeling of the displaced nodes


• Notional Loads

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Notional Loads

Notional Loads are a portion of the vertical gravity load applied


horizontally.

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Notional Loads

• Dead, Live and Roof

• Applied in each of the four directions (+/- X-


axis, +/- Y-axis)

• AISC 360-10 specifies notional loads of 0.002


or 0.003 times the gravity loads

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Load Combinations with Notional Loads
In AISC 360, if B2 is greater than 1.5, the notional loads must be included with all
combinations, otherwise they need only be included with the gravity load combinations:

When B2 < 1.5:


1.4 D + 1.4 ND1
1.2 D + 1.2 ND1 + 1.6 L + 1.6 NL1
1.2 D + 1.6 W1
1.2 D + 0.5 Lp + 1.6 W1
.
.
.

When B2 > 1.5:


1.4 D + 1.4 ND1
1.2 D + 1.2 ND1 + 1.6 Lp + 1.6 NL1
1.2 D + 1.2 ND1 + 1.6 W1
1.2 D + 1.2 ND1 + 0.5 Lp + 1.2 NL1 + 1.6 W1
.
.
.
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Out-of-Plumbness

• Direct Modeling of the displaced nodes


• Notional Loads

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Member Out-of-Straightness

• Reduce Capacity by using the Effective


Length (KL) in the strength equations

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Member Out-of-Straightness

• Reduce Capacity by using the Effective


Length (KL) in the strength equations
• Reduced Capacity from Strength
equations that are calibrated to include
effects

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Member Out-of-Straightness

• Reduce Capacity by using the Effective


Length (KL) in the strength equations
• Reduced Capacity from Strength
equations that are calibrated to include
effects
• Used reduced stiffnesses in the analysis

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Residual Stresses

• Reduce Capacity by using the Effective


Length (KL) in the strength equations

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Residual Stresses

• Reduce Capacity by using the Effective


Length (KL) in the strength equations
• Reduced Capacity from Strength
equations that are calibrated to include
effects

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Residual Stresses

• Reduce Capacity by using the Effective


Length (KL) in the strength equations
• Reduced Capacity from Strength
equations that are calibrated to include
effects

AISC LRFD 3rd


(1999)

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Residual Stresses

• Reduce Capacity by using the Effective


Length (KL) in the strength equations
• Reduced Capacity from Strength
equations that are calibrated to include
effects
• Used reduced stiffnesses in the analysis

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Stability and 2nd-Order Effects

• P-D

• P-d

• Out-of-Plumbness

• Member Out-of-Straightness

• Residual Stresses

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Leaning Columns

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Leaning Columns

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Leaning Columns

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Methods of 2nd Order Analysis

• Amplified 1st Order Elastic Analysis


– e.g., B1 and B2 Factors
• Iterative
• Geometric Stiffness Method (for P-D)

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Methods of 2nd Order Analysis

• Amplified 1st Order Elastic Analysis


– e.g, B1 and B2 Factors
• Iterative
• Geometric Stiffness Method (for P-D)

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Methods of 2nd Order Analysis
Limitations of the B2 method
• It was developed based on planar frames. It does not
account for rotational effects of the 3-dimensional
structure.
• May not be accurate for complex buildings.

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Methods of 2nd Order Analysis
Advantages of the B2 method

• Straightforward. The P-D affects are quantified (B2 is


the ratio of the drift including P-D effects over the
drift excluding P-D effects) so you can readily see
the impact on design forces.

• Considers the effects of “Leaning Columns” if done


correctly.

• Principle of Superposition applies. This allows Load


Cases to be analyzed and then the results
combined in combinations.
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Principle of Superposition
Principle of Superposition says:
(A)results + (B)results + (C)results = (A + B + C)results

For example:
(Dead)results + (Live)results + (Seismic)results = (Dead + Live + Seismic)results

However, the 2nd order effects are nonlinear, so without accounting for those:
(Dead)results + (Live)results + (Seismic)results  (Dead + Live + Seismic)results

It is possible, however, to modify the analysis results such that superposition can
be used:
B2(Dead)results + B2(Live)results + B2(Seismic)results  (Dead + Live + Seismic)results

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Principle of Superposition applies when using the B2 method

The B2 method is a way of approximating a 2nd Order


analysis by amplifying the results of a 1st Order
analysis.
The B2 factors are calculated for each combination, based
on the load case analysis results. This allows the
analysis program to quickly analyze a small number of
load cases (D, L, Rf, Wind, EQ, usually about 20 or so
cases) and then comprehensively combine those
results in the required load combinations (usually more
than 160).
This is much more convenient for the user, it is quicker
and it produces less analysis results to have to review.

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Methods of 2nd Order Analysis

• Amplified 1st Order Elastic Analysis


– e.g., B1 and B2 Factors
• Iterative
• Geometric Stiffness Method (for P-D)

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Methods of 2nd Order Analysis

Advantages of the Iterative P-delta method


• Theoretically most accurate of the three methods.
• Can be used for non-building structures.

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Methods of 2nd Order Analysis
Limitations of the Iterative P-delta method
• Live Load Reduction can not be easily applied (correctly).
This can result in up to 60% error in Live Loads.
• Does not consider the effects of “Leaning Columns” unless
they are included in the lateral analysis model. If not done
properly the p-delta analysis could be off significantly.
• Requires that the Analysis be done on Load Combinations,
not Load Cases. This can be very time-consuming and can
produce an overwhelming amount of analysis data due to the
large number of load combinations now required by Code.
• Impossible to do with Response Spectra?

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Methods of 2nd Order Analysis

• Amplified 1st Order Elastic Analysis


– e.g., B1 and B2 Factors
• Iterative
• Geometric Stiffness Method (for P-D)

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Methods of 2nd Order Analysis
Advantages of the Geometric Stiffness method (used by RAM Frame
as an option)
• Live Load Reduction can be easily applied (correctly).
• Considers the effects of “Leaning Columns”.
• Principle of Superposition applies. This allows Load Cases to be
analyzed and then the results combined in combinations.
• Valid with Response Spectra.

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Principle of Superposition
Principle of Superposition says:
(A)results + (B)results + (C)results = (A + B + C)results

For example:
(Dead)results + (Live)results + (Seismic)results = (Dead + Live + Seismic)results

However, the 2nd order effects are nonlinear, so without accounting for that:
(Dead)results + (Live)results + (Seismic)results  (Dead + Live + Seismic)results

It is possible, however, to modify the analysis such that superposition can be


used:
(Dead)results + (Live)results + (Seismic)results  (Dead + Live + Seismic)results

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Principle of Superposition applies when using the Geometric
Stiffness method

The Geometric Stiffness method is a way of modifying the


analysis such that the 2nd Order analysis results can be
obtained directly by performing a 1st Order analysis.
Theoretically the Geometric Stiffness method gives the
same results as an iterative approach.
This allows RAM Frame to quickly analyze a small
number of load cases (D, L, Rf, Wind, EQ, usually
about 20 or so cases) and then comprehensively
combine those results in the required load
combinations (usually more than 160).
This is much more convenient for the user, it is quicker
and it produces less analysis results to have to review.

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Specification Requirements Related to
Stability and 2nd-Order Analysis
• AISC 360-10 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings
• ACI 318-14 Building Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete
• Eurocode 3 EN 1993-1-1:2005+A1:2014 Design of Steel
Structures
• Australia AS 4100-1998 Steel Structures

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AISC 360-10
C1. GENERAL STABILITY REQUIREMENTS
Stability shall be provided for the structure as a whole and for each of its elements…

Any rational method of design for stability that considers all of the listed effects is
permitted; this includes the methods identified in Sections C1.1 and C1.2.

1. Direct Analysis Method of Design


The direct analysis method of design, which consists of the calculation of required
strengths in accordance with Section C2 and the calculation of available strengths in
accordance with Section C3, is permitted for all structures.

2. Alternative Methods of Design


The effective length method and the first-order analysis method, defined in Appendix
7, are permitted as alternatives to the direct analysis method for structures that satisfy
the constraints specified in that appendix.

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AISC 360 Direct Analysis Method

• Purpose: to address the stability and 2nd-order effects


• Direct Analysis Method is not an analysis method!
– Finite Element Analysis, Response Spectra Analysis, Virtual Work,
Moment Distribution, etc., are analysis methods
• It is a methodology consisting of several possible techniques
for addressing the various stability effects, most notably
directly modeling those effects for inclusion in the analysis

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AISC 360 Direct Analysis Method
AISC 360-10 Chapter C

• P-D: Any valid method, including iterative, geometric stiffness,


or B2

• P-d: Any valid method, including iterative or B1

• Out-of-Plumbness: Direct modeling of ‘leaning’ structure or


Notional Loads (0.002)

• Member Out-of-Straightness: Stiffness reduction (0.8, tb)

• Residual Stresses: Stiffness reduction (0.8, tb)


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AISC 360 Direct Analysis Method
RAM Frame:

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AISC 360 Direct Analysis Method
RAM Frame:

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AISC 360 Direct Analysis Method
RAM Frame:

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AISC 360 Direct Analysis Method
RAM Frame:

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AISC 360 Direct Analysis Method
RAM Frame:

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AISC 360 Direct Analysis Method
RAM Frame:

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AISC 360 Direct Analysis Method
RAM Frame:

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AISC 360 Direct Analysis Method

K = 1.0

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AISC 360-10 Stability Requirements
C1. GENERAL STABILITY REQUIREMENTS
Stability shall be provided for the structure as a whole and for each of its elements…

Any rational method of design for stability that considers all of the listed effects is
permitted; this includes the methods identified in Sections C1.1 and C1.2.

1. Direct Analysis Method of Design


The direct analysis method of design, which consists of the calculation of required
strengths in accordance with Section C2 and the calculation of available strengths in
accordance with Section C3, is permitted for all structures.

2. Alternative Methods of Design


The effective length method and the first-order analysis method, defined in Appendix
7, are permitted as alternatives to the direct analysis method for structures that satisfy
the constraints specified in that appendix.

Recommendation:
Use Direct Analysis Method for Steel Moment Frames (can use K=1)
Use Effective Length Method for Steel Braced Frames (K=1 for Braced Frames)

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AISC 360-10 Stability Requirements

AISC Design Guide 28: Stability Design of Steel Buildings

Bentley Communities wiki:


ASCE 7, AISC 360, and the Direct Analysis Method in the RAM Structural System

Go to: http://communities.bentley.com, and search for ASCE 7

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ACI 318-14 Structural Concrete

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ACI 318-14 Structural Concrete

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ACI 318-14 Structural Concrete

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ACI 318-14 Structural Concrete

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ACI 318-14 Structural Concrete

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ACI 318-14 Structural Concrete

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ACI 318-14 Structural Concrete

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ACI 318-14 Structural Concrete

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Eurocode EN 1993-1-1:2005+A1:2014 Steel

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Eurocode EN 1993-1-1:2005+A1:2014 Steel

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Eurocode EN 1993-1-1:2005+A1:2014 Steel

If acr  10, 1st-order analysis may be used.

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Eurocode EN 1993-1-1:2005+A1:2014 Steel

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Eurocode EN 1993-1-1:2005+A1:2014 Steel
5.2.2 Structural Stability of Frames

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Eurocode EN 1993-1-1:2005+A1:2014 Steel

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Eurocode EN 1993-1-1:2005+A1:2014 Steel

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Eurocode EN 1993-1-1:2005+A1:2014 Steel

This is a Notional Load

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Eurocode EN 1993-1-1:2005+A1:2014 Steel

This is a
Notional Load

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Eurocode EN 1993-1-1:2005+A1:2014 Steel

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Australia AS 4100-98 Steel Structures

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Australia AS 4100-98 Steel Structures

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Australia AS 4100-98 Steel Structures

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Australia AS 4100-98 Steel Structures

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Australia AS 4100-98 Steel Structures

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Australia AS 4100-98 Steel Structures

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Drift
Purpose of Drift Limits
• Occupant Comfort

• Protect Nonstructural
Elements

• Structural Stability

Bentley Systems, Inc. On-Demand Video:


Building Drift: Understanding and Satisfying Code Requirements
Go to: http://pages.info.bentley.com/videos/
or Google the title
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ASCE 7 Stability Coefficient

Section 12.8.7 P-Delta Effects:


𝑃𝑥 𝛥𝐼𝑒
𝜃= (12.8-16)
𝑉𝑥 ℎ𝑠𝑥 𝐶𝑑

“The stability coefficient (q) shall not exceed qmax determined as follows:
0.5
𝜃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ≤ 0.25 (12.8-17)
𝛽𝐶𝑑

where b is the ratio of shear demand to shear capacity…. This ratio is


permitted to be conservatively taken as 1.0.
Where q is greater than qmax, the structure is potentially unstable and shall be
redesigned.”

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ASCE 7 Stability Coefficient
Section 12.8.7 P-Delta Effects:
𝑃𝑥 𝛥𝐼𝑒
𝜃= (12.8-16)
𝑉𝑥 ℎ𝑠𝑥 𝐶𝑑

“The stability coefficient (q) shall not exceed qmax determined as follows:
0.5
𝜃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ≤ 0.25 (12.8-17)
𝛽𝐶𝑑

Where the P-delta effect is included in an automated analysis, Eq. 12.8-17


shall still be satisfied, however, the value of q computed from Eq. 12.8-16
using the results of the P-delta analysis is permitted to be divided by (1+ q)
before checking 12.8-17.”
That is, compare qmax to q/(1+q).

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ASCE 7 Stability Coefficient

𝑃𝑥 𝛥𝐼𝑒
𝜃= (12.8-16)
𝑉𝑥 ℎ𝑠𝑥 𝐶𝑑

𝜃 1 + 𝜃 when P-delta included in analysis

0.5
𝜃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ≤ 0.25 (12.8-17)
𝛽𝐶𝑑

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ASCE 7 Stability Coefficient

𝑃𝑥 𝛥𝐼𝑒
𝜃= (12.8-16)
𝑉𝑥 ℎ𝑠𝑥 𝐶𝑑

𝜃 1 + 𝜃 when P-delta included in analysis

0.5
𝜃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ≤ 0.25 (12.8-17)
𝛽𝐶𝑑

For example, assuming b=1.0 and with Cd = 5½:


qmax = (0.5)/[(1.0)(5.5)] = 0.091.

Since P-delta included in analysis compare q/(1+q):


0.126 > 0.091 No Good

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Stability Coefficient
ASCE 7-10: AISC 360-10:

ACI 318-14:
AS 4100:

EN 1993:

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Stability Coefficient
ASCE 7-10: AISC 360-10:

ACI 318-14:
AS 4100:

EN 1994:

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Analysis and Design for Stability

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Analysis and Design for Stability

Thanks!

Questions?

allen.adams@bentley.com
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