KONU ANLATIMI

VERB TENSES IN ENGLISH - İNGİLİZCE’DE FİİL ZAMANLARI

PAST PRESENT FUTURE

SIMPLE V2 V1 will / be going to + V1

CONT. was / were + Ving am / is / are + Ving will be + Ving

PERFECT had + V3 have / has + V3 will have + V3

PERFECT had been + Ving have / has been + Ving will have been + Ving
CONT.

1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

A-General statements of fact

Bu tense doğa olayları, bilimsel bulgular, sınıflandırmalar, genellemeler ve atasözleri-deyimler gibi her zaman
geçerliliği olan olay ve durumları ifade etmek için kullanılır.

9 The earth revolves around the sun. Dünya güneşin etrafında döner.
9 An apple a day keeps the doctor away. Günde bir elma doktoru uzak tutar.
9 The sun rises in the east. Güneş doğudan doğar.
9 It rains a lot in winter. Kışın yağmur çok yağar.
9 Everybody knows her. Onu herkes tanır.

B-Habitual daily activities

Her zaman alışkanlık haline getirilmiş eylemler ve beceriler ile her gün, her hafta, her ay, her yıl gibi zamanlarda
tekrar eden olayları ifade etmek için kullanılır.

9 He always drinks milk. O her zaman süt içer.

9 I always get up early. Ben daima erken kalkarım.
9 She always brushes her teeth. O daima dişlerini fırçalar.

C- A present state of affairs

Belirli olayların şu anki durumunu göstermek için de kullanılır.

9 My brother lives in Alanya. Erkek kardeşim Alanya’da oturur.

9 Mr. Alperen teaches English. Bay Alperen İngilizce öğretir.
9 Hande speaks five languages fluently. Hande beş dili akıcı bir şekilde konuşur.

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D-Future schedules / timetables

Belirli bir çizelge ya da plana (örneğin, ders programları; uçak, gemi, tren, otobüs tarifeleri; sinema, tiyatro gibi
etkinliklerin başlama ve bitiş saatleri; gezi programları) uygun olarak, “SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE” gelecek
zamanda meydana gelecek bir olayı anlatmak için de kullanılır.

9 The bus leaves at 8:00 a.m. tomorrow. Otobüs sabah saat 8:00’de hareket edecek.
9 Our school begins next Monday. Okulumuz gelecek Pazartesi başlayacak.
9 The play starts at 9:00 tonight. Oyun bu gece saat 9:00’da başlayacak.

E-A future situation (In adverbial clauses of time)

after, before, by the time, when, until / till, as soon as, once, immediately, as long as gibi bağlaçlarla kurulmuş
zaman bildiren yan cümleciklerde gelecek zaman bildirmek için bu zaman kullanılır.

9 We leave for Ankara tomorrow. Yarın Ankara’ya gidiyoruz.

9 My father arrives in Ankara next week. Babam gelecek hafta Ankara’ya varacak.
9 Final exams begin next week. Final sınavları haftaya başlayacak.
9 Our bus leaves at eight o'clock tomorrow night. Otobüsümüz yarın akşam saat sekizde kalkacak.
9 The concert begins at 7.30 and ends at 9.30. Konser 7.30’da başlayacak, saat 9.30’da bitecek.

F-A past activity or event in newspaper headlines

Gerçekte geçmiş zamanda olmuş bir eylem ya da durum gazete başlıklarında bu tense ile ifade edilir.

9 Galatasaray beats Leeds United. Galatasaray Leads United’i yendi.

Aynı şekilde, aslında geçmiş zamanda anlatılmış bir olay ya da hikaye bu tense ile anlatılabilir.

9 One day Nasreddin Hodja loses his donkey. Nasrettin Hoca bir gün eşeğini kaybetti.

G-Criticism or appraisal of artistic work

Bu tense bir sanat eseri üzerinde yapılan olumlu ya da olumsuz eleştirilerde kullanılır.

9 Thomas Hardy usually depicts woman characters as victims.

Thomas Hardy kadın karaterleri kurbanlar olarak anlatır.

9 Picasso’s works reflect the beauty of nature.

Picasso’nun eserleri tabiatın güzelliğini yansıtır.

H- GENELDE “-ing” almayan FİİLLER

Mental state know, realize, believe, feel, imagine, doubt want, need, prefer,
understand, suppose, think remember, forget mean
recognize
Emotional state love, like, appreciate hate, dislike fear, envy mind, care

Possession possess have own belong to

Sense perceptions taste, smell, hear, feel see
Other existing states seem, look, appear cost, owe be, exist consist of, contain,
weigh include

NOT: Bold olarak yazılanlar hem “-ing” alarak hem de almadan kullanılırlar.

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2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

A-An activity in progress right now.

Konuşma esnasında devam eden olayları anlatmak için kullanır.

9 I can’t come with you because I am doing my homework right now.

Şu an ev ödevimi yaptığım için seninle gelemem.

9 My father is reading an interesting novel at the moment.

Babam şu an ilginç bir roman okuyor.

9 I am watching the news now. Şu anda haberleri izliyorum.

B- A general activity that takes place over a period of time.

Konuşmanın geçtiği anda o eylemi yapmıyor olsak bile o sıralarda yapmakta olduğumuz işleri anlatırız. Genellikle
şu zaman zarfları kullanılır: nowadays, these days, this term, this quarter, this semester, this year, this
month…etc.

9 Teenagers are eating pizza nowadays. Şimdilerde gençler pizza yiyor.

9 What are you doing to improve your language skills these days?
Bu günlerde dil becerilerini geliştirmek için ne yapıyorsun?

C-Future arrangements (plans)

Önceden planladığımız ve kesin olarak yapmayı düşündüğümüz işleri anlatırken.

9 We are playing football this week. Bu hafta futbol oynuyoruz.

9 We are introducing the new project next week. Gelecek hafta yeni projeyi tanıtıyoruz.
9 He is taking two main projects this year. Bu yıl iki ana proje alıyor.
9 We are spending ten days in Antalya. Antalya’da 10 gün geçireceğiz.

D-An attitude of annoyance

Şikayet ya da kızgınlık belirtmek için bu tense, constantly always, continually, perpetually, forever gibi zarflar ile
birlikte kullanılır.

Mike is always coming in late. (I don't like it.) Mike hep geç geliyor.(Hoşuma gitmiyor.)
My brother is always leaving his dirty socks on my bed.
Erkek kardeşim kirli çoraplarını hep yatağımın üstünde bırakıyor.
He is always borrowing money from me. Sürekli benden borç para alıyor.

E. Kararlılık ifadelerinde:

You are not coming with me. Benimle gelmiyorsun.

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-ING ALMAYAN DUYU EYLEMLERİ
hear (duymak): I hear the noise. Gürültüyü işitiyorum.

taste (tatmak): It tastes good. Onun tadı iyidir.

smell (koklamak): It smells nice. Hoş kokuyor.

see (görmek): I see your car there. Orada senin arabanı görüyorum.

sound (kulağa hoş gelmek):

A: Shall we throw a party next weekend? Önümüzdeki haftasonu bir parti verelim mi?
B: It sounds good. Why not? Kulağa hoş geliyor, Neden olmasın?

ZİHİNLE İLGİLİ EYLEMLER

know (bilmek, tanımak): I know him very well. Onu çok iyi tanıyorum.

belive (inanmak): I believe he is a nice man. Onun hoş bir adam olduğuna inanıyorum.

think (sanmak): I think I will come back soon. Yakında döneceğimi sanıyorum.

understand (anlamak): I understand it. Onu anlıyorum.

recognize (tanımak): I recognize him. Onu tanırım.

remember (hatırlamak): I remember good old days. Eski iyi günleri hatırlıyorum.

mean (kastetmek): I don’t mean it . Onu kastetmiyorum.

3. SIMPLE PAST TENSE

A-An action which began and ended at a particular time in the past.

Geçmişte belli bir zamanda olmuş bitmiş (tamamlanmış) eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanılır.

9 I saw him on the bus last night. Dün gece onu otobüste gördüm.
Columbus explored America in 1492. Kolomb Amerika’yı 1492’de keşfetti.

B-An activity that took place regularly in the past.

Geçmişte düzenli aralıklarla olmuş eylemleri anlatmak için de kullanılır. Bu bakımdan “USED TO” gibi kullanılır
ama bu kullanımı nadirdir.

9 We came together every week to work on the project.

Proje üzerinde çalışmak için her hafta bir araya gelirdik.

9 They went to school every day last year.

Geçen yıl hergün okula giderlerdi.

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C-In reported speech and wish clauses.

Dolaylı anlatım ve dilek yapılarında:

9 He said that they came here that day. Onların buraya o gün geldiklerini söyledi.
9 We all wish we were rich. Hepimiz zengin olmayı arzu ederiz.

4. PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE

A-An activity that was in progress at a particular time in the past.

Geçmişte belli bir anda devam etmekte olan olayları anlatmak için kullanılır.

9 I was sleeping when the telephone rang.

Telefon çaldığında uyuyordum.

9 I was waiting for the bus when the accident happened.

Kaza olduğunda otobüs bekliyordum.

B-An event or activity that was planned but not fulfilled in the past (also with was / were going to).
Geçmişte tasarlanmış ama yapılamamış eylemleri anlatmak için kullanılır.

9 She was going to write his homework on the computer, but the electricity went off.
Bilgisayarda ödevini yapacaktı ama elektrik kesildi.

C-Koşul cümlelerinde (koşul, tercih, dilek bildirmek için) kullanılır.

9 I wish I were visiting my friends in Alanya right now.

Şimdi Alanya’da arkadaşlarımı ziyaret ediyor olsaydım.

D- Bir hikayede bir sahne veya durumu tasvir ederken kullanılır.

9 It was a nice day. Güzel bir gündü.

9 The sun was shining and the birds were singing. Güneş parlıyor, kuşlar şakıyordu.

E-Aynı anda sürmekte olan iki paralel eylemi anlatırken kullanılır.

9 While I was studying, my brother was sleeping. Ben çalışırken kardeşim uyuyordu.

5. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

A-An activity or action that happened at an unspecific time before now.

İçinde bulunduğumuz anın öncesinde olmuş ancak zamanı tam olarak bilinmeyen eylemleri ifade eder. Bu
zamanda önemli olan eylemin zamanı değil sonucudur.

9 I have had an operation. Bir ameliyat geçirdim.

9 I have seen that film. O filmi görmüştüm.

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B-An action that happened repeatedly before now.
Bu kullanımda olayın tekrar tekrar yapıldığını belirtir. “today, this morning, this week, this month” gibi zaman
zarfları kullanılır.

9 It has snowed three times so far this winter. Bu kış üç defa kar yağdı.
9 She has visited me once so far this year. Bu yıl beni bir kez ziyaret etti.

C-An action that began in the past and continues up to the present. (often used with for and since)
(Eylem belli bir süreç içinde gerçekleşir.) Kısaca bu tense belli bir noktada başlamış ve halen devam eden
eylemleri ifade eder.

I have lived in İzmir since 2000. (= and I still do.) İzmir’de 2000’den beri oturuyorum. (hala oradayım.)

D-An action that recently occurred

Kısa bir süre önce tamamlanmış eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanılır.

9 We have just seen her. Onu yeni gördük .(kısa bir süre önce)
9 He has just arrived in Ordu. Ordu’ya henüz vardı.

E-An action to be completed in the future, in adverbial clauses

Zarf cümleciklerinde gelecekte tamamlanmış olacağı vurgulanan eylemleri ifade eder.

9 If you have finished all the work, you may leave early today.
Tüm işi bitirirsen (bitirmiş olduğunda), erken çıkabilirsin.

9 As soon as they have finished the project, they will start a new one.
Projeyi bitirdiklerinde (bitirir bitirmez), yeni bir tanesine başlayacaklar.

6. PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE

A-An activity that began in the past and continues up to the present.

“Present Perfect Tense”den farklı olarak bu zaman yapılan eylemin sürekliliğini de ön plana çıkarır.

9 Murat has been studying English since 2004.

Murat 2004’den beri İngilizce çalışıyor.

B-A general action lately in progress (no specific time is mentioned)

Bu kullanımda da eylemin sürekliklik göstermesi önemlidir ve recently, lately, all day, all week, all year…vb.
zaman zarfları kullanılır.

9 People have been searching the space for hundreds of years.

İnsanlar yüzlerce yıldır uzayı araştırıyorlar.

9 I have been painting the house lately.

Son zamanlarda evi boyuyorum.

9 People have been collecting smoking pipes for hundreds of years.

İnsanlar yüzlerce yıldır pipo koleksiyonu yapıyorlar.

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7. PAST PERFECT TENSE

A-An action that occurred before another activity in the past.

Geçmişte yapılan iki eylemden, önce olanı ya da geçmişte belli bir noktadan önce gerçekleşen eylemleri ifade
etmek için kullanılır.

9 I had never seen such a boring film until I watched it in Ankara.

Ankara’da izleyene kadar böyle sıkıcı bir film görmemiştim.

9 I had never seen such a beautiful seaside before I went to Turunç.

Turunç’a gitmeden önce böyle güzel sahil görmemiştim.

9 I had never seen such a beautiful sight before I came here.

Buraya gelmeden önce böyle güzel bir manzara görmemiştim.

9 My friends had already eaten dinner by the time I got home.

Ben eve geldiğimde arkadaşlarım akşam yemeğini yemişti (bile).

B-An action that was expected to occur in the past.

Geçmişte belli bir noktadan önce olmuş ancak etkileri o noktada devam eden eylemleri ifade ederken kullanılır.

9 By the time the Iran-Iraq War concluded in 1988, the town had been evacuated.
1988’de İran-Irak savaşı bittiğinde, kasaba boşaltılmıştı.

C-Ayrıca bu tense, reported speech ve koşul cümlelerinde (Conditional Sentences) de kullanılır.

9 They told me that the meeting had been cancelled. (Reported Speech)
Bana toplantının iptal edildiğini söylediler.

9 The politicians wished he hadn’t voted for the new mayor.( a wish clause)
Politikacılar onun yeni belediye başkanına oy vermemiş olmasını dilediler.

9 They wished he hadn’t behaved so foolishly.

Onun öyle akılsızca davranmamış olmasını dilediler.

8.PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE

A-An activity that was in progress before another activity in the past.
Geçmişte belli bir zamandan ya da eylemden önce gerçekleşen olayın sürekliliğini vurgulamak için kullanılır.

9 The train had been leaving when I arrived at the station.

İstasyona geldiğimde tren ayrılıyordu.

B-In reported speech

Dolaylı anlatımda past progressive ve Present Perfect Progressive yerine “Past Perfect Progressive” kullanılır.

9 He said that he had been working there for years.

Yıllardır orada çalıştığını söyledi.

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9.FUTURE (Be Going To)

A-Expressing a prediction

Gelecekte meydana gelme olasılığı bulunan bir olaydan ya da geleceğe yönelik bir tahminden söz ediliyorsa “BE
GOING TO” kullanılır. Bu yönüyle “will”’in kullanımına benzer. Ancak çok yakın gelecekte olma olasılığı yüksek
olan tahminlerde “BE GOING TO” kullanılır.

9 According to the weather forecast, it is going to be a beautiful day today.

Hava tahminine göre bugün güzel bir gün olacak.

B- Expressing a future plan or intention.

Önceden tasarlanmış eylemleri ifade ederken kullanılır. Bu kullanımıyla “BE GOING TO” ve “PRESENT
CONTINUOUS TENSE” birbirinin yerine kullanılabilir:

9 The military forces are moving towards here. They are going to pull down the building where I live.
Askeri güçler buraya doğru geliyorlar. Oturduğum binayı yıkacaklar.

1. Gelecekte yapmaya niyetlendiğimiz işlerden söz ederken:

9 I am going to buy a car.

Bir araba satın alacağım.

2. Kuvvetli beklenilen bir olaydan söz ederken:

9 It is cloudy. It is going to rain.

Hava bulutlu. Yağmur yağacak.

9 I think it is going to snow this evening.

Sanırım bu akşam kar yağacak.

10. SIMPLE FUTURE (WILL)

A- Expressing a prediction:

Geleceğe yönelik bir tahminden söz ediliyorsa “will” kullanılabilir:

9 According to the weather forecast, the southern parts of Turkey will be snowy tomorrow.
Hava tahminine göre Türkiye’nin güney bölgeleri yarın karlı olacak.

B-(with I / we) to express a spontaneous decision:

Ani alınan bir kararı anlatırken.

9 I'll pay for the books by credit card. Kitapları kredi kartı ile ödeyeceğim.

C- Expressing willingness / unwillingness or making a decision at the time of speaking:

Konuşma anında yapmaya o an karar verdiğimiz eylemleri anlatırken:

- What will you buy?

- I’ll buy a Mercedes.

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D- to express willingness:

Bir teklifte bulunurken:

9 I'll do all the washing-up. Tüm bulaşığı ben yıkayacağım.(yıkarım)

9 I 'll carry your bag for you. Senin yerine çantanı taşıyacağım.(taşırım)
9 I’ll phone you later. Daha sonra seni arayacağım. (ararım)

E- Umut, şüphe, tahmin belirten ifadelerde:

9 I hope you will pass the exams. Umarım sınavları geçersin.

9 I am afraid we will miss the train. Korkarım treni kaçıracağız.
9 I think he will come back soon. Sanırım (bence) yakında dönecek.

F. Birisinden bir şey yapmasını rica ederken:

9 Willl you pass the salt please? Tuzu uzatır mısınız lütfen?

11. FUTURE PROGRESSIVE

A –An activity that will be in progress at a particular time in the future.

Gelecekte belli bir anda devam etmekte olacak eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanılır.

9 This time next week you will be working in your new office.
Gelecek hafta bu zamanlar yeni ofisinde çalışıyor olacaksın.

9 They will be staying in Konya for the next few days.

Gelecek birkaç gün onlar Konya’da kalıyor olacaklar.

9 Many people will be attending the conference next week.

Gelecek hafta konferansa pek çok kişi katılacak.

B- An activity that will occur at an unspecified time in the future.

Tam olarak ne zaman olacağı bilinmeyen ancak gelecekte olacak eylemleri ifade etmek için bu tense kullanılır.

9 Don’t worry, we will be visiting your uncle very soon.

Üzülme amcanı yakında ziyeret ediyor olacağız.

9 Our firm will be marketing its products all over the world in the future.
Firmamız gelecekte tüm dünyaya ürünlerini pazarlıyor olacak.

C- A future activity that has already been decided.

Gelecekte olması kesin olan eylemlerin ifade edilmesinde kullanılır.

9 Right after the meeting, I will be meeting the new manager.

Toplantıdan hemen sonra yeni yöneticiyle buluşacağım.

9 Mr. Kariner is tired, so he will be leaving the party very soon.

Bay Kariner yorgun, bu nedenle yakında partiden ayrılıyor olacak. (ayrılacak)

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D- Polite requests
Kibar bir şekilde soru sorarken kullanılır.

9 Will you be attending the meeting? Toplantıya katılacak mısınız?

9 Will you be bringing your child with you? Çocuğunuzu getirecek misiniz?

12. FUTURE PERFECT

A-An activity that will be completed before another activity in the future.
Gelecekte belli bir olay ya da andan önce tamamlanmış olacak eylemler bu tense ile ifade edilir.

9 By this time next week, I will have worked for this company for 24 years.
Gelecek hafta bu firmada 24 yıl çalışmış olacağım.

9 I'll have been here for six months on June 23rd.

Haziran 23’de burada altı ay bulunmuş olacağım.

9 We will have finished the project by this time next week.

Gelecek hafta bu vakitler projeyi bitirmiş olacağız.

9 The thesis will have been reviewed by experts by this time next month.
Tez gelecek ay bu vakitler uzmanlar tarafından incelenmiş olacak.

13. FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

A-Emphasizing the duration of an activity that will be in progress before another activity in the future.
Gelecekte belli bir olay ya da an’dan önce tamamlanacak eylemin gösterdiği devamlılık bu tense ile ifade edilir.

9 By the end of your course, you will have been learning English for five years.
Kursunuzun bitiminde 5 yıldır İngilizce öğreniyor olacaksınız.

9 We will have been working on the project for two months by September.
Eylül’de proje üzerinde iki aydır çalışıyor olacağız.

9 He will have been studying English for two years by the end of next month.
Gelecek ayın sonunda iki yıldır İngilizce çalışıyor / çalışmakta olacak.

9 They will have been running for six hours by ten o’clock.
Saat onda onlar altı saattir koşuyor olacaklar.

BİTMİŞ KİPLİKLER -Perfect with modals

1. could have : geçmişte gerçekleşme ihtimali az olan olumlu yapılarda kullanılan
özne+could + Perfect infinitive (--could have + past participle).

9 You could have asked me earlier. Bana daha önce sorabilirdiniz.

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9 You could have told me you were ill. Hasta olduğunuzu bana söyleyebilirdiniz.
9 You could have accepted this job. Bu işi kabul edebilirdiniz.
9 I could have bought a sport car. Spor bir araba alabilirdim. (but I didn’t =ama almadım)

may / might have + V3

9 He may have missed the bus. Otobüsü kaçırmış olabilir.

9 You might have heard the rumour. Söylentiyi işitmiş olabilirsiniz.
9 She might have taken additional responsibility. Fazla sorumluluk almış olabilir.
9 She might have walked home. Eve yürümüş olabilir.
9 They came back late. They may / might have had a party tonight.
Onlar geç döndüler. Bu gece bir parti vermiş olabilirler.

may not have + V3 veya might not have + V3: olumsuz, düşük ihtimal
9 They may not have seen our new car in front of the door.
Kapının önündeki yeni arabamızı görmüş olamazlar.

can't have + V3 veya couldn't have + V3: olumsuz, yüksek ihtimal

9 She can't have gone to work. İşe gitmiş olamaz.

9 They can’t have missed the bus. Otobüsü kaçırmış olamazlar.
9 The students didn’t study for the test. They can’t have passed it.
Öğrenciler sınava çalışmadılar. Sınavı geçmiş olamazlar.
9 They couldn’t have done such a mistake. Böyle bir hata yapmış olamazlar.

Should / ought to + have + V3: –mesi gerekirdi / ama gereği yapılmamış

9 The students should have paid more attention to the teacher.
Öğrencilerin öğretmene daha fazla dikkatlerini vermeleri gerekirdi.

2. must have : geçmişteki bir olasılığı, varsayımı veya çıkarımı anlatır.

Özne + must + have + V3 + tümleç

9 I must have asked children ten times to be quiet.
Çocuklara on defa sessiz olmalarını istemişimdir.

9 The burglars must have entered the shop through the front door.
Soyguncular mağazaya ön kapıdan girmiş olmalılar. (bir çıkarım)

9 She must have heard the bad news. Kötü haberi duymuş olmalı.

mustn't have :yapılmamış olması gereken bir şeyi anlatır.

9 You mustn't have touched that. Ona dokunmamalıydın.

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3. needn't have : geçmişte yapılmasa da olabilecek bir işin gereksiz yere yapılmış olduğunu
belirtir.
Özne + needn't + have + V3 + tümleç

9 You needn't have run away. Kaçman gerekmezdi.

9 You needn’t have done such a mistake. Böyle yanlış bir şeyi yapmanız gerekmezdi.

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 GRAMMAR TEST - TEST ON TENSES – 2 (intermediate)
1.-25. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz.

1. In the last decade, governments around the 6. The Pentagon ---- Israel ---- a military victory in
world ---- increasingly more transparent. its war against Palestinian insurgents.

A) would have become A) will conclude / was achieving

B) have become B) concludes / would achieve
C) could become C) had concluded / achieved
D) were become D) has concluded / achieves
E) become E) has concluded / will not achieve

2. The restrictions ---- most profound in the United 7. A soil survey ---- by the Department of
States and Canada where proposals to limit Agriculture that is still in print ---- from the state
national and local freedom of information acts or local office of the Natural Resources.
----.
A) would have published / had requested
A) have been / have been adopted B) has published / requested
B) were / have adopted C) published / can be requested
C) had been / would have adopted D) published / requesting
D) would be / had adopted E) had published / was requesting
E) would have been / adopted
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3. The Australian Law Reform Commission and 8. I ---- that such a transport system ---- relied on
the Administrative Review Council ---- a joint to get food to the remote parts of the country.
report in January 1995 calling for substantial
changes ---- the law. A) haven't believed / would be
B) didn’t believe / has been
A) would release / was being improved C) wouldn't believe / was being
B) released / to improve D) cannot believe / can be
C) releases / had been improved E) hadn't believed / will have been
D) was releasing / would have been improved
E) released / was improving

4. Members ---- clean and very friendly in the 9. By the time people with HIV ---- AIDS, the virus
forums and it ---- sure it remains in such a ---- their immune systems.
positive atmosphere.

A) would be / was being made A) develop / will have damaged

B) have been / will be made B) developed / will damage
C) are / had been made C) will develop / was damaged
D) were / would have been made D) had developed / is damaged
E) will be / was made E) developing / would have damaged

5. Since 2000, eleven welfare laws ---- by 10. People with Parkinson's disease ---- completely
Parliament and by the end of 2007, we hope dependent upon levodopa, which ---- to help
seven or eight more ----. restore their muscle function and retain their
independence.
A) had been passed / has passed
B) have been passed / will have been passed A) would become / will have been used
C) is being passed / would pass B) have become / would be used
D) was passed / had passed C) may become / is used
E) will be passed / was passing D) had become / would used
E) will become / may have been used

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11. Schools that repeatedly ---- F grades from the 17. They ---- in all manner of crime on a scale we ----
state ---- closed. before

A) were receiving / will be A) have been involved / have never seen

B) have received / will have to be B) had involved / were never seen
C) will receive / would be C) were involved / would never see
D) had received / are being D) are involved / will never see
E) received / were being E) involved / had never seen

12. The accounts of incidents that I will relive on 18. Even though most companies ----anti-virus
these pages ---- from the official Department software, many ---- new technologies to stop
Records that I ----. virus threats in 2006.
A) would compile/ had been maintained
B) had compiled / was maintained A) had installed / had been evaluated
C) compile / maintained B) have installed / are evaluating
D) will be compiled /have maintained C) installed / has been evaluated
E) compiled / maintain D) are installing/ were being evaluated
E) install/ are being evaluated
13. It ---- however, that the students ---- direction
and that a member of Facilities would be more 19. When all the reports ---- available and all
appropriate. outstanding technical issues have been
A) may have been pointed out / will need resolved it ---- by us.
B) has been pointed out / had played
C) had been pointed out / would need A) had been made / was published
D) was pointed out / could have needed B) have been made / will be published
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E) is pointed out / would be needed C) would be made / would be published

D) has been made / was being published
14. After the two countries ---- diplomatic ties, E) are made / published
economic cooperation ---- to develop in a
comprehensive manner.
20. Ireland's pioneering smoking ban ----
A) will have established / will begin widespread support despite fears it ---- pubs out
B) are going to establish / begin of business.
C) established / began
D) established / have begun A) would win / had been put
E) establish / will have begun B) have won / will be put
C) would be won / would be put
15. Professional development as it ---- for years, D) has won / would put
referred to a group of teachers listening to a E) had won / was put
speaker who ---- an expert on the topic.
21. Recent research ---- that antioxidant
A) has been known / might be compounds like alphalipoic acid and acetyl -L-
B) will be known / may have been carnitine ---- memory.
C) had been known / might not be A) proves/ would boost
D) was known / may be B) is proved / have boosted
E) might have been known / may not be C) had proved made / are boosted
D) would prove/ were boosted
16. His father ---- very busy these days since, as a E) has proved / will boost
journalist, he ---- important people from the
business world. 22. Since everybody was hungry we ---- for half an
hour and ---- our lunch packs.
A) would have been / is being interviewed
B) has been / has been interviewing A) would stop / eat
C) was / would interview B) had stopped / have been eaten
D) will be / is interviewed C) were stopping / had been eaten
E) is / has been interviewed D) are stopping / would have been eaten
E) stopped / ate

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23. The United States ---- signing the treaty of
global warming because of fears that it ----
patent rights in biotechnology.

A) would delay / had been limited

B) have delayed / will be limited
C) would be delayed / would be limited
D) delayed / could limit
E) had delayed / was limited

24. Social justice ---- one of the most important

values that we ---- to secure in critical
evaluation studies of educational reform.

A) would be / have hoped

B) will be / hoped
C) has been / will hope
D) is / should hope
E) was / would hope

25. Photosynthesis ---- the process by which green

plants ---- food for themselves-and, indirectly,
for all animals, including human beings.
www.kpdsdergisi.com

A) is / make
B) may be / has made
C) has been / was made
D) had been / made
E) was / had made

15
 GRAMMAR TEST - TEST ON TENSES – 3 (upper-intermediate)
1.-25. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz.

1. We ---- that over 70% of this group ---- in the 6. When a person ---- as a suspect, the
education sector as postdoctoral program ---- reasonable effort to following
researchers the progress of the investigation.

A) identify/ is employed A) identified / has to devote

B) have been identified / employ B) has identified / had to devote
C) have identified / are employed C) will identify/ could devote
D) identified / employing D) has been identified/ should devote
E) were identified / being employed E) identifies/ would devote

2. Doctors often ---- supplements of vitamin
D and calcium but scientists at the
University of Aberdeen in Scotland say they
----.
A) recomend /had not worked
B) have recommended/should not work
C) recommend/ don’t work
D) had recommended/were not working
E) was recommending/have not worked
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7. Hannibal’s soldiers took livestock and ----
farm buildings, while Roman farmers ----
their fields to fight the war.
A) has destroyed / neglected
B) was destroyed / is neglected
C) has been destroyed / was neglected
D) destroyed / neglected
E) will be destroyed / would be neglected
8. 19th century Italian astronomer Giovanni

Schiaparelli ---- several books and magazine

3. The basic economic features of the EEC and newspaper articles on the subject and
treaty ----, and in 1968 all tariffs between ---- extensively about his theory around the
member states ----. country to sold-out audiences.

A) would have been implemented / eliminated A) was writing / had lectured

B) are implemented / will be eliminated B) had written / would lecture
C) were implemented / were eliminated C) has written / lectures
D) had been implemented / was being D) would have written / could lecture
eliminated E) wrote / lectured
E) implemented / eliminating
9. Assessing Modernism after the half century
4. The UN focused on the economic and social in which it was dominant, commentators ----
problems of developing countries, and on out that even though it by big business and
supporting colonial territories as they ---- big government, the general public never
toward independence, as well as helping grew fond of it.
nations that ---- independence recently.
A) will be pointed / will be embraced
A) move / would have been achieved B) was pointed / were embraced
B) moved / had achieved C) pointed / was embraced
C) had moved / have been achieved D) pointed / had embraced
D) have moved / were achieving E) would point / been embraced
E) is moving / had been achieved
10. Picasso ---- to advanced classes at the
5. By the time you ---- to my age, you ---- a academy after he ---- in a single day the
much different path than what you’re entrance examination that applicants
thinking. traditionally were given a month to finish.

A) get / would have been taken A) had admitted / completed

B) get / will have taken B) will admit / would have completed
C) had got / have been taken C) has admitted / will complete
D) have got / are taking D) was admitted / completed
E) is getting / had been taken E) admitted / have completed

16
11. As industrial and agricultural production ----, 17. The Spanish dream of finding great riches in
the per capita share of water resources in America ---- when Hernando Cortez ---- the
the region ---- falling. empire of the Aztecs in Mexico in 1519-21.

A) develops / keeps A) realized / will conquer

B) is developing / kept B) will realize / was conquered
C) will develop/ will produce C) was realized / conquered
D) was developing / will be kept D) realize / has conquered
E) developed/ was keeping E) have realized / conquering

12. By the end of 2007, hundreds of older diesel 18. Many ancient societies ---- that mental
buses ---- with new clean-fuel buses. illness ---- from supernatural causes, such
as the anger of gods or possession by evil
A) will have been replaced spirits.
B) have been replaced
C) would've been replaced A) thought / resulted
D) will replace B) was thinking / had resulted
E) were being replaced C) think / is resulting
D) have thought / results
13. For over three hundred years men ---- to E) have thought / was resulted
make a gun that ---- more than one shot
without reloading. 19. Based on the findings, the researchers ----
that smoking is likely to ---- to up to 30,000
A) have been tried / fire cases of the disease in Britain.
B) have to be tried / are firing
C) are being tried / have fired A) estimated / linked
D) had tried / fires B) were estimating / had linked
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E) had been trying / would fire C) estimate / are linked

D) have estimate / links
14. Anyone who ---- practice with the Phoenician E) estimate / have been linked
writing ---- no difficulties in reading correctly
the individual signs of the Greek system. 20. If the date for accession negotiations ---- at
the end of the year at the latest, a vital
A) will have / have threshold ----.
B) has had / would have
C) had / have had A) finalized / had been passing
D) has / will have B) are finalized / will have been passed
E) had had / had C) were finalized / would have passed
D) have finalized / would pass
15. Several people among the thousands of E) had finalized / would have been passed
stranded hurricane evacuees ---- while ----
outside the building, with no sign of 21. The laboratory work needs ---- in living
imminent help on the way. asthma patients, but ---- the disease is more
complex and far-reaching than anyone
A) will die / wait believed.
B) died / had waited
C) died / waiting A) will confirmed / had showed
D) had died / will wait B) to be confirmed / shows
E) die / have waited C) would confirm / is showing
D) confirmed / has showed
16. Students ---- a foreign culture's customs and E) has confirmed / showed
write stories pretending they are on vacation
with a friend from the country they ----. 22. He ---- how to use the computer, which ---- it
impossible for him to get the job.
A) had researched/ are researched
B) research / would have researched A) didn't know / made
C) have researched/ researched B) hadn’t known / would make
D) will research / have researched C) wouldn’t know / could have made
E) will research/ were researched D) wasn’t knowing / had made
E) has known / makes

17
23. The short life span of many animals as
---- to humans is an advantage to
experimenters since it ---- them to
observe several generations.

A) compared / allows
B) wil compare / allowed
C) had compared / has allowed
D) compare / had allowed
E) have compared / will allow
24. During the 19th century, hydroelectricity ----
and railroads ----, opening up the area.

A) was developed / were constructed

B) had developed / are constructed
C) developed / have been constructed
D) have developed / constructed
E) were developing / might construct
25. Tourism ---- a major Alpine industry
during the 20th century as Europe ---- and
air, auto, and rail transportation to the
Alps improved.

A) had been become / prospers

B) became / prospered
C) is being become / was prospered
D) will be become / have prospered
E) will become / prospering

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