Introduction to

Chemical Engineering
Thermodynamics

Chapter 1

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Focus of attention = Body of matter
= System

System is defined by few measurable macroscopic

properties, which depends on length, time, mass,
temperature…

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Units: second, meter, kg, Kelvin, mole …

International System of Units = SI

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 Measure of amount or size
Mass (m) Specific volume (V= Vt/m)

Number of moles (n=m/M) Molar volume (Vt/n)

Total volume (Vt) Molar density (n/Vt)

Molecular weight (M)

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 Newton’s second law: F=m a

1 Newton = Force when applied to 1 kg

produces acceleration of 1 m/s2

1 lbf=1/gc*1 lbm*32.1740 ft/s2

Weight means depending on the context a force or a mass

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 Absolute zero equals -273.15°C

Rankine scale is an absolute scale related to Kelvin

Fahrenheit scale:

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 Pressure
Normal force exerted by a fluid on a surface

Pascal= N/m2 or psi=lbf/inch2

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 P=0 atm

Pressure exerted by
atmosphere at sea level

760 mmHg at 0°C

P=1 atm=101.325 kPa

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Absolute pressure must be used in thermodynamics

gauge pressure=absolute pressure -1 atm

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 Work
A force acting through a distance

Work is positive if displacement and force have same direction

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 Work which accompanies a change of fluid volume

Joule=N*m
compression
work is positive
dVt negative

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 Kinetic Energy
Work done when a body of mass m is acted upon by a force
F and is displaced a distance dl :

Work done on a body

equals change of
kinetic energy

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Potential Energy
Work done on a
body to raise it

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 For a freely falling body:

Energy reside in the system

while work exits when a transfer of energy

from the system to the surrounding or vice
versa takes place (work is energy in transit)

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Heat: it is transferred from hot to cold objects

∆T is the driving force for the transfer of energy as heat

Heat is regarded as energy in transit

and is stored as Ek and Ep

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 1 calorie = 4.1840 Joules
= heat transferred to
1 gram of water to raise its
temperature by 1 degree Celcius

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