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Mobile Communication and Mobile Computing: Prof. Dr. Alexander Schill
Mobile Communication and Mobile Computing: Prof. Dr. Alexander Schill
Reference:
- Jochen Schiller: Mobile Communications, Addison-Wesley 2
Introduction and Principles
3
Application Example:
Civil Engineering, Field Service
Drafts,
Large archives, urgent
Videoconferences modification
8:56PM
http://www.bike-rental...
Rent-A-Bike
Service Login
Password: **********
URL LOGIN
5
Mobile Multimedia
Local Resources,
Test Protocols
Internet
GSM
Point-to-Point Radio,
Internet
Mobile E (GSM1800)
C D (GSM900)
Phone
Networks HSCSD EDGE
GPRS
Packet Networks Modacom
Cordless CT DECT
Telephony
Radio-LAN
Local IEEE 802.11
Networks Bluetooth
IR-LAN
50 Mbit/s
HSUPA+
10 Mbit/s UMTS
(pico cell)
WLAN
1 Mbit/s DECT
EDGE
HSCSD/
100 kbit/s UMTS
GPRS
(macro cell)
TETRA NMT TETRA LTE 800 CT2 CT1+ GSM900 CT1+ GSM900
380-400 453-457 450-470 500Mhz 790-862 864-868 885-887 890-915 930-932 935-960 1GHz
410-430 463-467 (nationally different)
MHz
2400-2483 2402-2480 2500-2690 3500 5176-5270 (~5200-5600) (~17000)
2412-2472
HomeRF...(approx.2400) - 2,4 GHz and higher: often license free, nationally different
-> interesting for high data rates
TFTS - Terrestrial Flight Telephone System
11
NMT – Nordic Mobile Telephone
Principles of Mobile Communication
Based on electro-magnetic radio transmission
radio transmission
cellular non-cellular
Principles:
– Propagation and reception of electro-magnetic waves
– Modulation and multiplex methods; focusing on cellular networks
12
Cellular networks
• well known from mobile networks (GSM, UMTS)
• base station (BS) covers at least one cell; a combination
of multiple cells is also called a cellular structure
• provides different kinds of handovers between the cells
• higher capacity and better coverage than non-cellular
networks
• bidirectional* antennas instead of omni-directional** can
better serve the selected sectors
along highways
or train lines
for covering
of larger areas
* ** 13
Cellular networks: handover (1)
14
Cellular networks: handover (2)
Handover classes
Intra-cell: switch-over inside the cell onto other
frequency or other timeslot
Inter-cell: switch-over to a neighboring cell
Inter-system: switch-over between different
technologies (e.g. GSM and UMTS); roaming
Handover types
Hard handover: active connection gets disconnected
before the connection to a new cell is established
Soft handover: active connection gets disconnected
after the connection to a new cell is established
15
Structure of a cellular network
• Major problems:
limited frequency
1 resources
interference
2 4
• reuse of frequency
1 3 channels in remote cells
• cluster of N cell types
4 1
N i2 i j j2
3 2
i, j 0,1,2,
1
• reuse distance
D 3N R
• where R – cell radius
16
D/R Ratios versus Reuse Patterns
R D 3N R
3,46 4
4,6 7
6 12
7,55 19
3 3
Cluster of N cells with
R – cell radius;
D – reuse distance
with the use of sectorized antennas
17
Frequency Distribution: Examples
Multiplex
Concurrent usage of the medium without interference
4 multiplex methods:
Space
Time
Frequency
Code
Medium Access
controls user access to medium
implemented by combining and exploiting multiplex
methods
19
SDMA (Space Division Multiple Access)
Communication channel relates to definite regional area or
physical infrastructure
20
SDMA: Example
k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6
f1
s
s – secure distance
21
FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
• frequencies are permanently assigned to transmission
channels (known from broadcast radio)
k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6 f
k6
k5
f1 f4 k4
FDMA selects
f2 frequency f5
k3
f3 s f6
k2
k1
t
s – secure distance
22
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
• transmission medium is slot-assigned to channels for
certain time, is often used in LANs
• Synchronization (timing, static or dynamic) between
transmitting and receiving stations is required
k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6
TDMA selects f
slot f1
k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6 k1
t
23
Combination: FDMA and TDMA, (e.g. in GSM)
• GSM uses combination of FDMA and TDMA for better use of
narrow resources
• the used bandwidth for each carrier is
200 kHz => approx. 124 * 8 = 992 channels
f in MHz
960 TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS0
downlink
TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS0
25 MHz
935,2 TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS0
915 TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS0
200 kHz uplink
TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS0
25 MHz 45 MHz
890,2 TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS0
24
t
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6
CDMA
decoded f1
Potential Problems:
security distance is sometimes too small: interferences
(i.e. Polish und Russian)
26
CDMA example technically
Sender A
• Sends Ad =1, Key Ak = 010011 (set: „0“= -1, „1“= +1)
• Transmit signal As =Ad *Ak = (-1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1)
Sender B
• sends Bd =0, Key Bk = 110101 (set: „0“= -1, „1“= +1)
• Transmit signal Bs =Bd *Bk = (-1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1)
f f f f f
• Signal is spread by the Sender before the transmission
• Small-bandwidth faults are spread by de-spreading in receiving
station; especially important for CDMA (highly sensitive to
faults)
• band-pass deletes redundant frequency parts
• dP/df value corresponds to called Power Density, Energy is
constant (in the Figure: the filled areas)
Objective:
• Increase of robustness against small-bandwidth faults
• Protection against unauthorized receivers: power density of
spread-spectrum signals can be lower than that of background
noise 28