Structure Analysis I

Chapter 7
Approximate Analysis of Statically
Indeterminate Structures
 Introduction
• Using approximate methods to analyse
g pp y statically 
y
indeterminate trusses and frames
• The methods are based on the way the structure deforms 
under the load
under the load
• Trusses
• Portal frames with trusses
• Vertical loads on building frames
• Lateral loads on building frames
– Portal method
– Cantilever method
 Approximate Analysis
Approximate Analysis

• Statically determinate structure – the force equilibrium 
equation is sufficient to find the support reactions
• Approximate analysis
Approximate analysis – is to develop a simple model of the 
is to develop a simple model of the
structure which is statically determinate to solve a statically 
indeterminate problem
• The method is based on the way the structure deforms under 
Th th d i b d th th t t d f d
loads
• Their accuracy in most cases compares favourably with more 
exact methods of analysis (the statically indeterminate analysis)  
 D t
Determinacy ‐
i T
Trusses
b+r = 2j Statically determinate

b+r > 2j Statically indeterminate

b – total number of bars

r – total number of external support reactions
j – total number of joints
 Trusses
Real Structure

b=16,
b=16
16, r=3
r=3, j=8
j=8
b+r = 19 > 2j=16
j=16
The truss is statically indeterminate to
the third degree
 Trusses
Approximation Method
Assumption 1: If the diagonals are designed to be
long
g and slender, it is assumed that diagonals
g can
not support any compressive force and all panel
shear are resisted only by tensile diagonals.
Assumption 2: If the diagonals are designed to be
large rolled sections such as angles or channels,
the are ass
they assumed
med to ssupport
pport both tensile and
compressive forces. Each diagonal is assumed to
carry half the panel shear
shear.
Example 1
Example 1
Example 
Example 2
Example 2
Example 
 Vertical Loads on Building Frames
Vertical Loads on Building Frames 
• Building frames often consist of 
girders that are rigidly connected to 
columns

If the columns are

extremely stiff

If the columns are

extremely flexible

Average
g point
p between the
two extremes = (0.21L+0)/2 ≈
0.1L
 Vertical Loads on Building Frames
Vertical Loads on Building Frames 
Average point between the
two extremes = (0.21L+0)/2
y 0.1L
01
 Building Frames – Vertical Loads
Real structure Approximation
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1.There is zero moment (hinge) in the girder 0.1L

from the left support
2. There is zero moment (hinge) in the girder 0.1L
from the right support
3.The girder does not support an axial force.
Example 3
Example 3
 Portal Frames – Lateral Loads
9 Portal frames are frequently used over the entrance of a bridge or in 
industrial buildings.
9 Portals can be pin supported, fixed supported or supported by partial 
Portals can be pin supported fixed supported or supported by partial
fixity
Pin Supported Portal Frames
Pin‐Supported Portal Frames
Pin‐Supported
Pin Supported Portal Frames
Portal Frames
Fixed‐Supported
Fixed Supported Portal Frames
Portal Frames
Fixed‐Supported
Fixed Supported Portal Frames
Portal Frames
Partial Fixed‐Supported
Partial Fixed Supported Portal Frames
Portal Frames
 Portal Frames – Lateral Loads
Real Structure Approximation
Pin-supported P
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A point of inflection is
located
assumed approximately at
hinge the girder’s midpoint
One assumption
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fixed -supported P P Points of inflection

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are located
h/2
assumed approximately at the
hinge midpoints of all three
Three assumption h/2 members
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Partial fixity Points of inflection for

P P
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columns are located
approximately
pp y at h/3
assumed and the centre of the
hinge girder
h/3
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 Frames with Trusses
Frames with Trusses
• When a portal frame is used to span large distance, a truss may be 
used in place of the horizontal girder
used in place of the horizontal girder
• The suspended truss is assumed to be pin connected at its points 
of attachment to the columns
• Use the same assumptions as those used for simple portal frames
Use the same assumptions as those used for simple portal frames
 Frames with Trusses
R l structure
Real t t A
Approximation
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pin connection truss-column the horizontal reactions (shear) are equal

P P
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h/2
h
V h/2 V
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fixed supported columns horizontal reactions (shear) are equal

pin connection truss-column there is a zero moment (hinge) on each column
Example 4
Example 4
Example 
 Building frames – Lateral Loads 
Portal Method
l h d

• A building bent deflects in 
the same way as a portal 
frame
• The assumptions would be 
the same as those used for 
portal frames
portal frames
• The interior columns would 
represent the effect of two 
p
portal columns
 Building frames – Lateral loads 
Portal Method
Portal Method
real structure approximation
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V 2V V

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1. A hinge is placed at the centre of each girder,
this is assumed to be a point off zero moment.
The method is most suitable for 2. A hinge is placed at the centre of each
column, this to be a point of zero moment.
buildings having low elevation and
uniform framing 3 At the given floor level the shear at the
3.
interior column hinges is twice that at the
exterior column hinges
Example 5
Example 5
 Example 6
Example 6
Determine (approximately) the reactions at
the
h base
b off the
h columns
l off the
h frame.
f
 Building frames – Lateral loads 
C il
Cantilever method
h d
• The method is based on the same action as a long cantilevered 
beam subjected to a transverse load
beam subjected to a transverse load
• It is reasonable to assume the axial stress has a linear variation from 
the centroid of the column areas 
 Building frames – lateral loads: 
Cantilever method
Cantilever method
Real structure Approximation
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NA=σA AA NB=σB AB NC=σC AC

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XT = (ΣXi Ai)/A
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1. Zero moment (hinge) at the centre of each girder

The method is most suitable if the 2. Zero moment (hinge) at the centre of each column
frame is tall and slender,, or has 3. The axial stress in a column is p
proportional
p to its
columns with different cross distance from the centroid of the cross-sectional
sectional areas. areas of the columns at a given floor level
Example 7
Example 7
Example 
Example 8
Example 8
Example