Analysis of SALN of the Incumbent Senators
Deus Lean B. Grafane and John Ericksson Manuzon
Electrical Engineering Department
University of the Philippines Los Baños
College, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines 4031
{dbgrafane & jmmanuzon1}@up.edu.ph
I. INTRODUCTION
Under the Article XI Section 17 of the 1987
Constitution and Section 8 of Republic Act No. 6713, “The
Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and
Employees”, The office of the ombudsman has the authority to
access financial documents including “assets, liabilities, net
worth, business interest and financial connection of all
government institution and agencies [1]. Under this law
requires all government official except temporary workers to
file a document called SALN. SALN or Statement of Assets,
Liabilities, and Network contains any form of assets and
liabilities of a public worker or official and of his/her family
member under the age of 18 [1]. The constitution requires
public employee to file SALN for records and to track any form
of misconduct during their service in the government. The law
designates different offices for filing SALN depending the
status of the government employee like senators file their
SALN to the Secretary of the Senate and president to the
National Office of the Ombudsman,
The declaration of SALN also applies to senators. The
national legislative power is vested in the Congress of the
Philippines which are divided to Senate of the Philippines
which consists of senators, and House of the Representatives
which consists of congressman and congresswoman of different
districts. These two institutions cooperate in legislative process
using resolutions and bills. Houses can formally impress their
statements through resolutions that is divided to joint
resolution, concurrent resolutions and simple resolutions [2].
On the other hand, bills are the proposed laws by legislators [2].
Members of the congress including senators can sponsor a bill
to be processed to be a law upon signing of the President.
When 1987 constitution replaced the martial law
constitution, the senate was restored which composed of 24
senators elected by plurality of votes [3]. In addition, the term
for each senator has a duration of six years and can be re-elected
until two terms. The qualification of senators according to
constitution should be “a natural-born Filipino citizen, at least
thirty-five years old, able to read and write, a registered voter
and a resident of the Philippines for not less than two years
before election day [3].”
In the Philippines, half of the senators are elected with
the interval of three years. The incumbent of senators as of May
2018 are follows: Vicente C. Sotto III, Ralph Recto, Juan
Miguel F. Zubiri, Franklin M. Drilon, Paolo Benigno Aquino
IV, Maria Lourdes Nancy Sombillo Binay, Leila De Lima,
Joseph Victor G. Ejercito, Francis G. Escudero, Sherwin
Gatchalian, Richard J. Gordon, Gregorio B. Honasan, Risa
Hontiveros, Panfilo Lacson, Loren B. Legarda, Emmanuel D.
Pacquiao, Francis Pangilinan, Aquillino Pimentel III, Grace L.
Poe, Antonio Trillanes, Joel Villanueva and Cynthia Villar. 23
senators as of May 2018 since Peter Allan Cayetano left his post
in May 2017 [4]
In the Philippines, some people runs to a certain public
post to serve for the country and to their constituents, but some
also used it as a selfish act to serve themselves through
malicious activities like corruption. People also after electing
their chosen candidates are ignorant whether their voted
candidates are working properly and productive after receiving
their post. Considering this problem, this research aims to show
people the comparison of law passed by the incumbent senator
from 2011 to 2016 to the increase or decrease of their SALN
and to votes they received during election.
The study only includes the 23 incumbent senators
since Cayetano left his post on May 2017 for the post of
Secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs. Due to the
unavaibility of SALN in some years, the study focused in years
2011 to 2017. With this reason, the study considered only the
laws passed in the 16th Congress (2010-2013) and 17th
Congress (2013-2016).
II. METHODOLOGY
A. Type of research
The researchers are conducting a study to analyse the
Statement of Assets, Liabilities and Net worth (SALN) of the
incumbent senators. In order to satisfy the objectives of the
research, quantitative research approach was held. The
characteristic of the quantitative research is that, it is mostly
appropriate for measurable and quantifiable data such as SALN.
The aim is to have an in-depth analysis of the SALN, by which
correlating it to variables such as, accomplishments, number of
years serving in the senate, and number of votes obtained during
the senatorial elections. The researchers are to measure their
accomplishments through their legislative proposals at the Grace Poe N/A N/A 148949908.1
senate particularly the ones that has been approved to be a Antonio 3897121.5 4432000 4912000
republic act. Trillanes
Franklin Drilon 44937599.85 51754262.78 58139382.09
CYNTHIA N/A N/A 1626073455
B. Data Gathering VILLAR

For the purposes of this research, the scope is from MANNY N/A N/A N/A
year 2011-2017. The researchers are to obtain publicly released PACQUIAO
annual SALN of incumbent senators through existing data.
RALPH N/A N/A 496856444
RECTO
On the other hand, the number of legislative proposals that has
been approved to be a republic act are mostly gathered either JUAN N/A N/A N/A
from the official website of the senator, or from the official MIGUEL
ZUBIRI
website of the Senate of the Philippines. Although there some
rare cases wherein the data is unavailable in the internet, so the SHERWIN N/A N/A N/A
data is obtained through contacting the senator via email. The GATCHALIA
Senate bill proposal that has not been approved to be a law were N
RICHARD N/A N/A N/A
excluded from the count. Some senators that has yet to put any GORDON
republic act under their name, so the number across their name
is the number of proposed senate bills. VICENTE N/A N/A 63850950
SOTTO
III
The number of votes during the senatorial elections are acquired
PANFILO N/A N/A N/A
through the official website of news networks. The readily LACSON*
available data are obtained through the internet, making sure to
eliminate unreliable sources, such as wikipedia. ALAN PETER N/A N/A 21790568
CAYETANO
C. Analysis of Data JOEL N/A N/A N/A
VILLANUEVA
The study aims to assess the senator’s productivity by finding
the correlation of the annual change in the senators’ SALN to RISA N/A N/A N/A
HONTIVEROS
their accomplishments in the Senate. Moreover, the total votes *
FRANCIS N/A N/A N/A
garnered during the election is also to be included in the PANGILINAN
analysis, to assess whether or not they are proficient in their
position. The researchers are to find the average annual rate of LEILA DE N/A N/A N/A
change in the senators’ SALN. Afterwards, comparing it to the LIMA
average republic acts produced across their names per year. The
analysis will focus on their efficiency as senators and their
contribution to the legislation. Moreover, the study will assess Senators 2014 2015 2016
their performance given the trust, the people has given them Sonny Angara 10035710 118268372 123949722
during the senatorial election. 0
Bam Aquino 24536486. 28751800.59 33860702
III. ANALYSIS OF DATA 59
Nancy Binay 62558816 61360864 60483437
TABLE 1 SALN OF INCUMBENT SENATORS FROM 2011 TO 2017 JV Ejercito 75517222. 78675444.48 79130483
66
*(“N/A” means no data due to lack of senator/s presence in the given year)
Francis Excudero 6049082.0 78675444.48 6602082
Senators 2011 2012 2013 9
Gregorio Honasan 21225615. 20944738 21279749
Sonny Angara 78273061.33 159092565.2 97825872 91
Bam Aquino N/A N/A 20493306.59 Loren Legarda 39669263 40545259.42 40911192
Nancy Binay N/A N/A 63788409 Aquillino Pimientel 18004720 17920025 17734400
JV Ejercito N/A N/A 73998448.59 III
Francis 9867082 4017082 8243820.2 Grace Poe 89464819. 89118760 6506672
Excudero 36
Gregorio 20837050 21087050 20958838 Antonio Trillanes 5549000 5984089.77 5984090
Honasan Franklin Drilon 73125857. 79016838 80627437
Loren Legarda 45680650 45956803 41423523 99
Aquillino 17078225 16989225 16996000 CYNTHIA 19834801 3500565481 3606034556
Pimientel III VILLAR 35
MANNY N/A N/A 3072315030 TABLE 2 CHANGE OF RATE IN EVERY TWO YEARS
PACQUIAO
DIFFERENCE OF YEARS
RALPH 52200665 531670710 522610452. Senators 2012-2011 2013-2012 2014-2013
RECTO 5 6 Sonny Angara 80819503.91 -61266693.24 2531228
JUAN MIGUEL N/A N/A 121768713. Bam Aquino N/A N/A 4043180
ZUBIRI 8 Nancy Binay N/A N/A -1229593
SHERWIN N/A N/A 92141701.1 JV Ejercito N/A N/A 1518774.07
GATCHALIAN 4 Francis Excudero -5850000 4226738.2 -2194738.11
RICHARD N/A N/A 66928851.4 Gregorio Honasan 250000 -128212 266777.91
GORDON 6 Loren Legarda 276153 -4533280 -1754260
Aquillino -89000 6775 1008720
VICENTE SOTTO 64280460 66800280 63800450 Pimientel III
III Grace Poe N/A N/A -59485088.69
PANFILO N/A N/A 38703615 Antonio Trillanes 534878.5 480000 637000
LACSON*
Franklin Drilon 6816662.93 6385119.31 14986475.9
ALAN PETER 23314540 23564540 24132490 CYNTHIA N/A N/A 357406680
CAYETANO VILLAR
JOEL N/A N/A 21519770
VILLANUEVA MANNY N/A N/A N/A
PACQUIAO
RISA N/A N/A 16332952.7
HONTIVEROS* RALPH N/A N/A 25150211
RECTO
FRANCIS N/A N/A 9288108.84
PANGILINAN JUAN MIGUEL N/A N/A N/A
ZUBIRI
LEILA DE N/A N/A 6617635.62 SHERWIN N/A N/A N/A
LIMA GATCHALIAN

RICHARD N/A N/A N/A

GORDON

VICENTE SOTTO N/A N/A 429510

Senators 2017 III
Sonny Angara 131765860 PANFILO N/A N/A N/A
Bam Aquino 39192743.62 LACSON*
Nancy Binay 60612685 ALAN PETER N/A N/A 1523972
JV Ejercito 78953332.58 CAYETANO
Francis Excudero 8502082.09
Gregorio Honasan 25243912.89 JOEL N/A N/A N/A
VILLANUEVA
Loren Legarda 51316903.13
Aquillino Pimientel III 18110000 RISA N/A N/A N/A
Grace Poe 90674709.72 HONTIVEROS*
Antonio Trillanes 6871743.64
FRANCIS N/A N/A N/A
Franklin Drilon 93727005 PANGILINAN
CYNTHIA VILLAR 3611260766
MANNY PACQUIAO 2946315030 LEILA DE N/A N/A N/A
RALPH RECTO 538889914.2 LIMA
JUAN MIGUEL ZUBIRI 152094252.7 Senators 2015-2014 2016-2015 2017-2016
SHERWIN GATCHALIAN 88226485.77 Sonny Angara 17911272 5681350 7816138
RICHARD GORDON 69508942.57 Bam Aquino 4215314 5108901.41 5332041.622
VICENTE SOTTO III 64730400 Nancy Binay -1197952 -877427 129248
PANFILO LACSON* 36305440.9 JV Ejercito 3158221.82 455038.52 -177150.42
ALAN PETER CAYETANO N/A Francis Excudero 72626362.39 -72073362.48 1900000.09
JOEL VILLANUEVA 23727895 Gregorio Honasan -280877.91 335011 3964163.89
RISA HONTIVEROS* 16196665.71 Loren Legarda 875996.42 365932.58 10405711.13
FRANCIS PANGILINAN 13471564.17 Aquillino -84695 -185625 375600
LEILA DE LIMA 7944973.69 Pimientel III
Grace Poe -346059.36 -82612088 84168037.72
Antonio Trillanes 435089.77 0.23 887653.64
 Franklin Drilon 5890980.01 1610599 13099568
CYNTHIA 1517085346 105469075 5226210 TABLE 3 CORRELATION BETWEEN AVERAGE RATE OF CHANGE
VILLAR TO AVERAGE LAWS PASSED

MANNY N/A N/A -126000000.1 Legend:

PACQUIAO

RALPH 9664055 -9060257.41 16279461.56

RECTO
Senators Average Rate Average No. Laws passed
JUAN MIGUEL N/A N/A 30325538.95 of Change Laws passed Compare to
ZUBIRI per year 2.3945 (Ave)
SHERWIN N/A N/A -3915215.37
GATCHALIAN
CYNTHIA 496296827.8 5.4 Above Average
RICHARD N/A N/A 2580091.11 VILLAR
GORDON

VICENTE SOTTO 2519820 -2999830 929950

III MANNY -126000000.07 2.5 Above Average
PANFILO N/A N/A -2398174.1 PACQUIAO
LACSON*

ALAN PETER 250000 567950 -24132490

CAYETANO RALPH 10508367.54 5.8 Above Average
RECTO
JOEL N/A N/A 2208125
VILLANUEVA

RISA N/A N/A -136286.99 JUAN 30325538.95 9 Above Average

HONTIVEROS* MIGUEL
ZUBIRI
FRANCIS N/A N/A 4183455.33
PANGILINAN
SHERWIN -3915215.37 2 Below Average
GATCHALIA
LEILA DE N/A N/A 1327338.07
N
LIMA
RICHARD 2580091.11 3 Above Average
GORDON

Votes and Laws

VICENTE 219862.50 0.8 Below Average
SOTTO
Given the annual SALN of senators from 2011-2017, III
the researchers obtained the rate of change in their SALN with
respect to the previous year. Upon applying the series formula
PANFILO -2398174.10 1.5 Below Average
below, it will yield to the given data. LACSON*

1.) Let 2017= Current Year

2.) Rate of Change of their SALN = (SALN of Current Year -
ALAN PETER 780640.67 0 Below Average
SALN of Previous Year) CAYETANO
3.) Current Year = Current Year - 1
2.) Repeat steps 2 and 3 until current year = 2011
JOEL 2208125.00 0 Below Average
Since the study aims to correlate the change in VILLANUEVA
the senators’ SALN to their achievements in the Senate,
the average rate of change of SALN and the average
number of Laws passed which is given by the formula: RISA -136286.99 0.5 Below Average
HONTIVEROS
*
Average number of Laws Passed = (Total
number of Laws Published / Total number of years
FRANCIS 4183455.33 6.5 Above Average
serving the senate since 2011) PANGILINAN

Thus resulting a table below:

 LEILA DE 1327338.07 0.5 Below Average PANFILO 4th
LIMA LACSON*

ALAN PETER 3rd

CAYETANO
Sonny Angara 8915466.45 0.8571 Below Average
JOEL 2nd
VILLANUEVA
Bam Aquino 4674859.26 4.2 Above Average
RISA 9th
HONTIVEROS*
Nancy Binay -793931.00 0.6 Below Average
FRANCIS 8th
JV Ejercito 1238721.00 0 Below Average PANGILINAN

LEILA DE 12th
Francis -227499.99 5.8571 Above Average LIMA
Excudero
Sonny Angara 6th
Gregorio 734477.15 0.2857 Below Average
Honasan
Loren Legarda 939375.52 0 Below Average Bam Aquino 7th

Nancy Binay 5th

Aquillino 171962.50 0 Below Average
Pimientel III JV Ejercito 11th

Grace Poe -14568799.58 0 Below Average Francis Excudero 4th

Antonio 495770.36 8.1429 Above Average

Trillanes Gregorio Honasan 12th

Franklin Drilon 8131567.525 0 Below Average

Loren Legarda 2nd

Moreover, since the researcher obtained the total number

Aquillino Pimientel III 8th
of votes garnered during the senatorial election, it will be
used as another variable for comparison. It will show
Grace Poe 1st
whether or not they are efficient as senators given their
ranking during the senatorial election.
Antonio Trillanes 9th

Red - 2013 Senatorial Election

Franklin Drilon 1st
Black - 2016 Senatorial Election
TABLE 4 RANKING DURING ELECTION

Senators Ranking

CYNTHIA 10th Since the study aims to relate the efficiency of the
VILLAR senators in the legislative aspect to the votes they
MANNY 7th garnered, we are to find out if they are performing above
PACQUIAO or below average compared to the rest of the senators.
RALPH RECTO 11th
The average is obtained by adding all average number of
JUAN MIGUEL ZUBIRI 6th
laws passed by each senator divided by 24 which is the
total number of senators. In which the value is 2.3945. It
SHERWIN GATCHALIAN 10th
is the used as point of comparison whether or not the
senators are performing below or above average. Which
RICHARD 5th
will be used to correlate to their ranking during the
GORDON senatorial elections.
VICENTE SOTTO III 3rd
Based on the data, the senators elected during the
2013 elections have yet to perform well in the senate. In
fact, only 4 out of 12 senators have been categorized as to
be in the above average boundary.
Furthermore, the senators who made it in the top 3 of the
senatorial elections namely, Grace Poe, Loren Legarda,
and Alan Peter Cayetano, are some of the 8 senators who
got a below average remarks. Although this data does not
mean that they are not contributing anything to the senate,
it still shows that despite being in the top 3 of the
senatorial elections, they have failed to meet the
expectations of the people who voted for them. Although
some bill proposals are across their name, the fact that it
is still not approved while other senators managed to do
so shows they have been beaten by their colleagues in
terms of legislative works. In the case of Cynthia Villar
who barely make it to the senate landing in the 10th place
has been categorized as performing above average. It
shows that even if she does not belong to the top during
the senatorial elections, she has been doing her part to
give back to the Filipinos especially in the legislative
aspect.
On the other hand, according to the data obtained, the
senators elected during the 2016 elections have also yet to
perform convincingly well in the senate. In fact, only 5
out of 12 received an above average remarks. Although
higher than that of the senators during the 2013 elections,
it still shows lack of effort given that the point of
comparison is just within the group.
Unfortunately, the senators who made it in the top
4 of the senatorial elections namely, Franklin Drilon, Joel
Villanueva, Vicente Sotto III, Panfilo Lacson, have also
yet to perform well for they have been categorised as
having a below average mark. It shows that given the trust
that the FIlipino gave them, they should double their
effort in performing well in the senate especially in the
legislative aspect. More especially in their case, for they
have been ranked as the top senatorial candidate during
the last elections. It should have been them who ranked
above average for the point of comparison is just within
the group. It shows that they are being outplayed by other
senators. Again, it does not mean that they have not been
contributing significantly to the senate, but it shows, that
they need to add effort in creating more significant senate
bill proposal to further add to their contribution to the
legislation. Ralph Recto, on the other hand, despite
landing on the 2nd to the last spot in the elections have
proved that he has been as significant as the others by
having a positive remark of above average, in terms of
performance.
It has been seen that senators who have made it to
the top of the list have yet to prove their efficiency as
senators. On the other hand, those who seemingly been at
the bottom of the list, have strived hard to contribute to
the legislation not to prove anything, but to do their part
as senators.
SALN and LAWS
Net worth is affected by many factors aside from the
generated income of as public official. This may include factors
like inheritance, business, expenses etc. The change of net
worth through year might something to do with the person's
activities as a public official and his extracurricular activities
like business and leisure outside his or her post. Through the
behavior of a public official SALN and to the laws a senator
passed, judgements about whether they are productive or
simply enjoy the benefits of post can be made.
The table ___ shows the number laws passed during
the 15th and 6th Congress of the Philippines and the average
rate change of their net worth in their SALN. A negative value
in the average of change implies a decrease otherwise increase.
Among the incumbent senators, senator Zubiri gained the
highest average of laws passed with a value of 9 with an average
change of 534,878.5. This is followed by senator Trillanes with
an average law passed of 8.1429 with a change of 495770.3567
and Senator Escudero with 5.8571 laws passed and -
227499.958 average change. The senators who got 0 laws
passed under 15th and 16th congress are Senators Cayetano,
Villanueva, Ejercito, Legarda, Pimentel III, Poe and Drilon.
Among senators with 0 law passed, Cayetano, Villanueva,
Ejercito, Legarda, Pimentel and Drilon has positive value of
change in their SALN. On the other only Poe has a negative
value of change in SALN among the 7 senators.
The senator with a highest positive change in their
SALN is Senator Villar with the value of 496,296,897.75 with
5.4 average laws passed. This is followed by senator Zubiri with
an average change of 30,32,5538.95 pesos with a 9 average law
passed then followed by Senator Recto with a positive value of
10,508367.54 and average of 5.8 law passed. On the other hand,
the senators with the least of rate of change is senator Paquiao
with a negative rate change of -126,000,000 and has a 2.5
average law passed. This is followed by senator Poe with a
negative change of -14,568,799.58 with 0 law passed and
senator Gatchalian with a change of -3,915,215.37 and with an
average of 2 laws passed.
CONCLUSION
The study has shown, that there is a relation between
the senatorial ranking during the elections to the proficiency of
the senators measured by the average number of laws passed
per year. It does not directly measure their contribution to the
legislation, but relatively it compares their performance to that
of the other senators. The study has shown that the senators who
made it to the top spot in the senatorial elections have yet to
perform well relatively to the other senators. So they need to
exert more effort to be worthy of their position and to be an
instrument to the betterment of our legislation. Furthermore, the
average of change SALN of senators is mixed but majority has
a positive value where 17 senators have positive rate of change
while 7 have negative. The laws passed by the senators also in
the 15th and 16th congress has a mean value of 2.3945. Using
value, 9 senators are considered above average while the
remaining 15 are classified below average.
RECOMMENDATION
To further improve the study, the group recommends
collecting the data directly from the Senate, rather than relying
on internet data for credibility. It is recommended to add more
parameters to better measure the correlation between the SALN
and other variables. Extending the scope of data samples can
better show the relationship between the parameters.
REFERENCES
[1] Officialgazette.com, ‘The basics: Statement of Assets, Liabilitties,
and Net Worth, n.d. Published. [Online], Available:
http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/saln/. [Accessed: 20- May- 2018]
[2] Congress.gov.ph, ‘Legislative information’, n.d. Published
[Online], Available: http://www.congress.gov.ph/legisinfo/
legislative-branch/ [Accessed: 20- May- 2018] [Accessed: 20- May-
2018]
[3] Officialgazette.gov.ph, ‘Tbe legislative branch’, n.d. Published
[Online], Available: http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/about/gov/the-
legislative-branch/ [Accessed: 20- May- 2018] [Accessed: 20- May-
2018]
[4] Officialgazette.gov.ph, ‘7th Congress of the Philippines’, n.d.
Published [Online], Available:
https://www.senate.gov.ph/senators/sen17th.asp
[3] Rappler. (2018). Official tally of votes for the 2013 senatorial
race. [online] Available at:
https://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections-2013/features/rich-
media/29126-official-tally-votes-2013-senatorial-race [Accessed 25
May 2018].
[4] Cynthiavillar.com.ph. (2018). » As Senator Cynthia A. Villar |
Mrs. Hanapbuhay | Villar Foundation | Sagip OFW | Sagip Ilog |
Waterlily | Las Pinas Congresswoman. [online] Available at:
http://www.cynthiavillar.com.ph/as-senator/ [Accessed 25 May
2018].
[5] Anon, (2018). [online] Available at:
https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/05/25/1586782/pacquiao-
has-4-laws-his-name [Accessed 25 May 2018].
[6] Senator Ralph Recto - Offical Website. (2018). Senator Ralph
Recto. [online] Available at: http://ralphrecto.ph/legislation/co-
authored-laws/ [Accessed 25 May 2018].
[7] Anon, (2018). [online] Available at:
https://www.senate.gov.ph/senators/sen_bio/zubiri_juanmiguel_bio.a
sp [Accessed 25 May 2018].
[8] Wingatchalian.com. (2018). Search Results for “R.A.” – Win
Gatchalian. [online] Available at: http://wingatchalian.com/?s=R.A.
[Accessed 25 May 2018].
[9] Scribd. (2018). Senator Richard Gordon's Accomplishments |
Philippines | United States Senate. [online] Available at:
https://www.scribd.com/document/31067645/Senator-Richard-
Gordon-s-Accomplishments [Accessed 25 May 2018].
[10] Alanpetercayetano.com. (2018). Alan Cayetano | Work at
Senate. [online] Available at:
http://alanpetercayetano.com/advocacies/work-at-the-senate
[Accessed 25 May 2018].
[11] Senate.gov.ph. (2018). Bills - Senate of the Philippines. [online]
Available at: http://www.senate.gov.ph/lis/leg_sys.aspx [Accessed 25
May 2018].
[12] Anon, (2018). [online] Available at:
http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2016/10/15/republic-act-no-10923/
http://www.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2017/0701_delima3.asp
[Accessed 25 May 2018].
[13] cnn. (2018). SALNs reveal majority of senators richer in 2015.
[online] Available at:
http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/05/17/2015-saln-senators-16th-
congress-richer-villar-richest-escudero-poorest.html [Accessed 25
May 2018].
[14] Ager, M. (2018). Cynthia Villar remains richest senator.
[online] Newsinfo.inquirer.net. Available at:
http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/991623/cynthia-villar-remains-richest-
senator-villar-senate-saln-senators [Accessed 25 May 2018].
[15] Bianc, J. (2018). Net Worth of 24 Philippine Senators Based on
Their 2016 SALN (List). [online] Philippine News. Available at:
https://philnews.ph/2017/05/18/net-worth-24-philippine-senators/
[Accessed 25 May 2018].