ertificación en

AVA

Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Facultad de Ingeniería
Departamento de Sistemas
1. LANGUAGE FUNDAMENTALS
Source Files
Keywords and Identifiers
Primitive Data Types
Literals
Arrays
Class Fundamentals
Argument Passing
Garbage collection
 Source Files
 “.java” extension
 At most one top-level public class definition
(unlimited number of non-public class
definitions)
 Class name= unextended filename
 Three top-level elements (None of them
required)

1. Package declaration
(package)
1. import statements
2. Class definitions
Test.java
// Package declaration
package exam.prepguide

// Imports
import java.awt.Button // a class
import java.util.* // a package

// Class Definition
public class Test { ... }
Keywords and Identifiers

Identifier :
word used by a programmer to name a
variable, method, class, or label

 Keywords and reserved words may not be used

as identifiers!!
 An identifier must begin with a letter, a dollar
sign (‘$’), or an underscore (‘_’); subsequent
characters may be letters, ‘$’, ‘_’ , or digits
Primitive Data Types
Type Representation Minimum Maximum
(bits)
• boolean 1
• char 16 0 255
• byte 8 -27 27-1
• short 16 -215 215-1
• int 32 -231 231-1
• long 64 -263 263-1
• float 32
• double 64

 Boolean variables : true or false

 4 signed integral data types:
byte, short, int and long
 Char: 16-bits encoding

Floating-point types:
float and double
IEEE 754 especification

Float.Nan
Float.NEGATIVE_INFINITY
Nan: Not a number Float.POSITIVE_INFINITY
Double.Nan
Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY
t
Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY

1. double d=-10.0/0.0;
2. if (d==Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY) {
3. t[0]
System.out.println(“d t[1]
just t[2] t[3] t[4]
exploded”+d);
4. }
 Literals
A value that may be assigned to a
primitive or string variable or passed
as an argument to a method call

boolean:
char:
boolean isBig=true;
char c=´w´;
boolean isLittle=true; char c= ´\u4567´;

Unicode hexadecimal
t[0] t[1] t[2] t[3] t[4]
 SPECIAL CHARACTERS

´\n’ new line

´\r’ return
´\t’ tab
´\b’ backspace
´\f’ formfeed
´ \’ ’ single quote
´ \” ’ double quote
´ \\ ’ backslash
 Literals ...
floating point
integral • Decimal point : 1.414
28 • Letter E or e (scientific notation):
4.23E+21
034 (octal) • Suffix f or F (float 32 bits)
0x1c 1.828f
0X1c • Suffix D or d (double 64 bits):
0x1C 1234d
(default: double 64 bits)

String:
String s =“Characters in strings are 16 bits”;
 Arrays ...
An ordered collection of primitives,
object references, or other arrays

Homogeneous: elements of the same type

1. Declaration: name and type of its elements

2. Construction
3. Initialization
t[0] t[1] t[2] t[3] t[4]
Array declaration
int ints[];
double dubs[];
Dimension dims[];
float toDee[] [];

[] can come before or after the array name

myMethod(double dubs [])

myMethod(double[] dubs)
double[] anotherMethod()
double anotherMethod() []
Arrays...

The declaration DOES NOT especify the size of an

array!! Array size is specified at runtime via the
new keyword
1. int ints[]; // Declaration to the compiler
2. ints=new int[25]; // Run time construction

Size can be specified with a VARIABLE

1. int size=1152*900;
2. int raster[];
3. rater=new int[size];
Declaration and construction in a single line

1. int ints[]=new int[25];

automatic initialization when an array is constructed

 Automatic Initialization

Element Initial
Type Value
boolean false
char ‘\u0000’
byte 0
short 0
int 0
long 0L
float 0.0f
double 0.0d
object reference null
Initialization

1. float diameters[]={1.1f, 2.2f, 3.3f, 4.4f, 5.5f};

1. long squares[];
2. squares =new long[6000];
3. for (int i=0; i<6000; i++)
4. squares[i]=i*i;
Class Fundamentals
main() method
 Entry point for JAVA applications
 Application: class that includes main()
 Execution: java at the command line,
followed by the name of the class

public static void main(String args[])

Command line

% java Mapper France Belgium

args[1]=“France” args[2]=“Belgium”
Variables and initialization
 Member Variable:
 When an instance is created
 accessible from any method in the class
 Automatic (Local) Variable:
 On entry to the method
 Exists only during execution of the
method
 Only accessible within the method

1. Class HasVariables {
2. int x=20;
3. static int y =30;
 public int wrong() {
int i;
return i+5;
}

Error: “variable i may not have been initialized”

public double fourthRoot(double d) {

double result;
if (d>=0) {
result=Math.sqrt(Math.sqrt(d));
}
return result;
}

Error: “variable result may not have been initialized”

Correct Initialization!!

public double fourthRoot(double d) {

double result=0.0; // initialize
if (d>=0) {
result=Math.sqrt(Math.sqrt(d));
}
return result;
}
Argument passing
A copy of the argument that gets passed

double radians=1.2345;
System.out.println(“Sine of”+radians
+”=“+Math.sin(radians));

Changes to the argument value DO NOT affect

the original data
 Argument passing ...

public void bumper(int bumpMe) {

bumpMe+=15;
}

int xx=12345;
bumper(xx);
System.out.println(“Now xx is”+xx);
Object Reference

When an object is created, a value (bit pattern)

that identifies the object is returned

Button btn;
Btn=new Button(“Ok”);
Button btn;
btn = new Button(“Good”);
replacer(btn);
System.out.println(btn.getLabel());

public void replacer(Button replaceMe) {

replaceMe=new Button(“Evil”);
}

The string printed out is ”Good”

TextField tf;
tf = new TextField(“Yin”);
changer(tf);
System.out.println(tf.getText());

public void changer(TextField changeMe) {

changeMe .setText(“Yang”);
}

The string printed out is ”Yang”, not ”Yin”

 How to create a Reference to a primitive

public class PrimitiveReference {

public static void main( String args [])
int [] myValue ={ 1 };
modifyIt(myValue);
System.out.println(“myValue contains “+
myValue[0]);
}
public static void modifyIt(int [] value) {
value [0]++;
}
}
 Garbage Collection
Storage can remain allocated longer than the
lifetime of any method call

releasing the storage when you have finished

with it:
 Corrupted data: releasing storage too soon
 Memory Shortage: forget to release it
 Automatic Garbage Collection:
The runtime systems keeps track of the memory
that is allocated and determines whether it is still
usable

Garbage collector: Low-priority thread

 public Object pop() {
return storage[index--];
}

public Object pop() {

Object returnValue=storage [index];
storage[index--] =null;
return returnValue;
}