Chapter 6 —_Axisymmetric Solids Subjected to Axisymmetric Loading ‘where the element stiffness k*is given by Ke = 297 A,B'DB (647) ‘We note that kis symmetric. Using the connectivity of the elements, the internal virtual ‘work can be expressed in the form Internal virtual work = > q’k's = 3 wkeq wkKQ (6.48) where K is the global stiffness matrix. The external virtual work terms in Eq. 6.10 involving body forces, surface tractions, and point loads can be trcated in the same way as in the potential-cnergy approach, by replacing q with yf. The summation of all the force terms over the elements then yields External virtual work = £"F (649) ‘The boundary conditions are considered using the ideas discussed in Chapter3.The stff- ness matrix K and the foree F are modified, resulting in the same set of equations as (6.41), Detailed calculations in the example that follows are provided for illustrating the steps involved. However, itis expected that the exercise problems at the end of the chap- ter will be solved using program AXISYM, which is provided. Example 6.2 InFig. £62, a long cylinder of inside diameter 80 mm and outside diameter 120 rim snugly fits in a hole over is fll length. The cylinder is then subjected to an internal pressure of 2 MPa, Usingwo elements on he 10smmlength shows ind the deplacments the nae LE a ae Eid ye | ea FIGURE £6,2Section 6.3 Finite Element Modeling: Triangular Element 189 Solution ‘Consider the following table: Connectivity Element 3 1 1 2 4 10 2 2 3 4 0 sees ‘We will use the unis of millimeters for length, newtoas for force, and megapascals fr stress and E. These units are consistent. On substituting E = 200 000 MPa and v = 0.3, we have 26x10) 118x100 115 x 10" 1S x10 269x108 OLAS x 10° ° 0 oxi 0 LISX 10 LAS x10 0269 x 10 {or both elements, det J ~ 200 mm* and A, = 100mm*, From Bq, 631, forces F, and F, are given by D- = 2514 2 ‘The B matrices relating element strains to nodal displacements are obtained first.For ele- (40 + 40+ 60) = 4667mm and 005 0s pe} © 0 -o1 0 0 o1 005 0100 00s ooomt 9 Q0o7! 0 oo For clement 2,F = §(40 + 60 + 60) = $3.33 mm and ~005 005 o 0 0 w-| ° 0 0 -O1 0 on *l 9-005 -01 00s 01 0 oows 0 00625 0.00825 ‘The element strest-displacement matrices are obtained by multiplying DB: 126115 0082 -115 143 0 049 2.69 0082 -269 0657 OL 077 ~0385 -077 0 00385, 0384 11S. 0191 ~145 0766 0 “17 0) 142-118 0072 11S 0 0647-269 0.072 269 0385-077 0385 0.77 0 0 0743 1.15 0.168 1.15,OO 190 Chapter Aye Sols Sbjcted to Asymmes Loading ‘The stifinoss matrices are obtsined by finding 27 A.B"DB for cach clement: Global dot = 1 2 3 4 7 a i 403-258-234 143-1932 13 Bas 137-789 193 ~0.565, 10) 230-024 016-113 789-1930 Syametric 2250 0.565; Global dof —+ 3 4 5 6 7 8 : 2.05 0-222 1.69 ~0.085 -1.69) 615 1.29 ~0645 -129 0 = 10) SI 346-2420 217 9.65 105 -9.01 Symmetric 262 0.281 9.01 Using the elimination approach, on ascembling the matrices with reference to the degrees of freedom 1 and3, we get - i= [ 4 -234]/a,] _ fosis 2m 435 Slo,f~ \ass sothat 2, = 0014 «107mm Q) = 00133 x 10% mm . Stress Calculations From the set of nodal displacements obtained above, the element nodal displacements qcan be found using the connectivity. Then, using stress-strain relation in Eq. 6.8 and strain-displacement relation in Eq. 6.24, we have o = DBq (650) where B is B, given in Eq. 6.25, evaluated at the centroid of the clement, We also note that gyi a principal stress. The two principal steesses a and corresponding t0 0.0 and z,. can be calculated using Mott's circle. Exaingle 63 Calculate the element stresses inthe problem discussed in Example 6.2. Solution We need to finda” = (a,,0.,1, ed in Example 6.2, 7a} for cach element. From the connectivity = (00140, 0, 00133, 0, a off x 402 = (0.01%, 0, 0, 0. 0, OF x 102Section 6.4 Problem Modeling and Boundery Conditions Using the product matrices DB" and qin the formola 191 of = DBg we get o! = [-166, ~582, 54, 284)" x 10? MPa oF = (-1693, -669, 0, -S4a]" x 107? MPa . Temperature Effects Uniform increase in temperature of AT introduces initial normal strains e, given as fo~[@AT, @AT, 0, eATT (651) ‘The stresses are given by o = Die — 4) (652) where ¢ is the total strain. ‘On substitution into the strain energy, this yields an additional term of ~¢"De, in the potential energy IT. Using the element strain-displacement relations in Eq. 6.24, we find that ae [ Der da = Sa'er7ABDy) 653) ‘The consideration of the temperature effect in the Galerkin approach is rather simple. The term en Bg (653) is replaced by €"(8). “The expression in parentheses gives element nodal load contributions. The vector {is the initial strain evaluated at the centroid, representing the average temperature rise of the element. We have 0° = 297 A,B"DE, (654) where O° = (61, Op, Os, 04, 05, 5)" (655) 6.4 PROBLEM MODELING AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS “We have scen that the axisymmetric problem simply reduces to consideration of the re- volving area. The boundary conditions need to be enforced on this area. @ independence arrests the rotation. Axisymmetry also implies that points lying on the z-axis remain ra- dially fixed, Let us now consider some typical problems with a view to modeling them, Cylinder Subjected to internal Pressure Figure 6.7 shows a hollow cylinder of length L subjected to an internal pressure. One end of the eylindrical pipe is attached to a rigid wall. In this, we need to model only the rec- angular region of the length L bound between r, and re. Nodes on the fixed end are constrained in the z and r directions. Stiffness and force modifications will be made for these nodes.