THREE BEHAVIOR OF FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS, EXTREME FUNCTION VALUES, AND APPROXIMATIONS 8.1 MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM PUNCTION VALUES {LLL Definition "The function Jie said to have a reletiee marimumwafee at «if there existe aa open in ontatning con which fis defined, such that f(e) > f(c) forall z in this interval. 4uL-2 Definition The function fis said to have a relate misimame valve at cif there exists an open inte containing oy 00 which fie defined, such that f(c) < f(z forall = in this interval. If the fasetion f hos either © selaixe maximum or a relative minimum value at hem {eat to have a relies entromem at 6 3.1.3 Theorem If f(z) exiss forall values of z in the open interval (a4), and if J has a zlative extremum cwhere ace <4, then if P(e) exists, /(e)=0. SA1A Definition If ¢ ism number in the domain of the funtion f, and if either #"(2)=0 or #0) dow fxs, then ¢ is called critical member of f ‘We conclude that a necemary (out sot sufiient) conditin for a foxction to have relative exttemum at is fore to bea critical number. 3.15 Definition The function f i said to have an absolute masimum value on on interoat if there Is ruber e inthe intereal such that f(c) > f(z) forall» in the interval. In such o case fe) the absolute masimum valve of J on the interval ‘3:46 Defnition The Lincten f is oaid to Save an abiolute minimum value on an interuat if there is number ¢in Che interval such that f(c)< f(z) forall = in the interval In such 2 case J(e) the aiwolute :isimum value of fon the interval “An adsolse coiremam ofa function f on an interval Tis either an absolute max value or an nbslute misimusn volte of f-an 1 (1 f has an abeclte extremum on T, then “Absolnte extrem rust ovtur ether al a tial number ef fot at an endpoint of Ti Not cloned interval ar 7 i» not eontienous on I, then f may aot have an absohte ext fon 1 To show that f has no absotte maximum on I, we show that for seme ¢ i Giine! ig f(e)= roo Him. fla) =a bat f(e)< 4 fm b where the Timits may be sed. To show that f has no absolute misimum on I, we show that for some c in 1 ei Jim J(=) = 20 or Jim fle) = but fle) >€ on 3.1 Rxtreme- If the fonetion fis consinuoes on the cloved interval [2,6], thes fas an ‘Value ‘Thontem maximum value and an absslute minimum value on [8 "The following steps can be used to Sind the ebsole exirema of f on (00) i continuous om [8] 1 Find each number ¢ in (08) such that #2) =O oF (6) does not exist 2 Fine the function value f(@) foreach number ¢ f step 1. 3 Pind the function valves f(a) ard (2). 4AThe largo of the values from steps 2 an 3 isthe absolute maximum value and smallest of the vals frm steps 2 and 3 isthe abeslote minimum valve of J on ‘loved interval 6) Include in step 1 any poists such as the break points of » defiaition in pieces, where might not exist. I is easer to evaluate f(c) than to prove that J") dose not exist3.1 MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM FUNCTION VALVES 161 3a 18, (a) plot the function and estimate the critical numbers. (ls) Calculate the eritical numbers. 2472 — Be; f'(e) = 82? + Me —5 = 2 — Ihe +8) ‘and = —5, Thus} and —5 are the critical aumbers of f. lez +1; oz) = 62" — 4216 = 2(52* 228) = 1004.4)(2—2) 4 and >= 2, Thus ~$, 2 ate the critical numbers of 9 (2) = Bal! — a9! = Ge 45(2—2), (0) doce not exist and 0 is in the domain of Thus D and 2 are the exitical numbers of 9. Ty gA/O_ 4,109 domain of f is (~30,+00)e Sie)! 29 > A plot of fis shown at the right. ort +42~3) - Se 3e £'(0) does not exist nnd 0 is in the domain of f, by Definition Disa critical number of J. If f"(2) = 0, then O=(72-4\e +1); } oor 6 FG) =0, #'{1) =D, and because $ and ~1 arein the domain of f, by Definition 21.4, 8 and —1 are critical numbers of f. y= pL = SL ay Neier 14) noe J) dened. The domain of Fis (alee #1 = Sha Se Hd) 1 (24 1)(2e~5) _ 2? 5244~ (25435) 2? pe yg (aor +4) ies aye (oF )=0 when -s?—2249=0)27422-9=0;2=-12. 0 1+ 10 ane ~1— s/f ate the erites! numbers of f that #'(z} is undefined when 2?— 52444 =0. However, the only solutions of this equation are 1 and 4, bers which are not in the domain of f, Therefore, neither 1 nor 4 is a critieal number of f- 2¢=0, c= £$.arenpt in the domain of f. Hence they will not be in the domain of f" but will not be 2 nie, 1") = ME aM OBIE Deh eae 2 nantes (¢) = Gan ayh 7 P@)=O when 258 + 18218 924 9= 0; 2 =H9+ 95). Theretore, 19+ 3%) and (9-3/5) are the critical numbers of f. )= (2-242 + 1 G2) = se — 2 e +1) + 2-2) 4-0) = @- 2+ 1)Gr—1) when £= 2, 2=—1, and ef Thun the eitical numbers of G are 2, =1, and 3. (64+ 2P@-27 © A plot of F is shown at the right. domain of F is (~00, +00). Because (2—r)? = (2—2)¢, F(a) = (2 45)%2—2)? tinting, we have Pq) = (245)°D (2 =2)? 4 (2—2)'D,(e 45) (= +5)(2\(2—2) + (e-2)*(3)(2 +5) fe +5 (e— 2Ce + 5Y2) + (2 -243)) = (+5) =2)52 +4) ») is defined at every real number. If F*(0) =, then either z = —5, ss in in the domain of F, we conelade that —5, 2, and —4 are the critical numbers of Fs $-14, (3) Calculate the critical numbers, Check by ploting (b) f5 and (¢) NDER(f() 2) ) = +113 + 34? + 152. f"(z) = do” + 530? 46824 13 = (2-45) (2 + Mle +3). G)=Owhen 2=—5, 2= —2, and 2 = ~3. Thus ~5, -} 3 are the ertical numbers of f a 7162. SELLAVIOR OF FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS, EXTREME FUNCTION VALUES, AND APPROXINATIONS Me49)—(24 9] =Ae-Nle+ Nie +3) 3. Thus 1y 1-9 ace the eriial mambors of f nf) = f(t) YP — 9-20). 1-2) and J"(2) do not exist and ~2 and 2 ae in the domain J F(@ =O when t =O. Thos ~2, 2, 0 are the critical numbes of j. 12, sw) =(wh-au+ 4)! >The demain off i (~20,-+20)- Plots of f and NDER(/) ate shoven below Sw) = Ku? — 38 44)? (80? — bu) - es (A344 = ten?) wo) -2yP* way ho—as “The factored form of the denominator w"—3u?+4 vas feand by tral and error usiag synthetic divs Because fw) ie nat defined at —1 and at 2, both —1 and 2 are enitical numbers of f. Beeause f"(0) = 0, ie alio a etic umber of J. 4254, 71s detined when J i defied and fe) = 0h (@-2)? P4420; £2y2 Hence the critical numbers of f are 2+ 2/3 and 2— V3. ARE, gy BEEBE DI APES AEST ated te Fd Hite) =0 when

2 Tyandso f(s) <1 on 1, and (2) =4, ten ithe ste maxim value off on 1. There nd sbsolice minim of fom Lbecase lin f(2)= out fie) <}on | pznandv aint ieame i Ise cel number of in. absolute aimam value of f on beolte maximam value of f 08 1 9) The grap the funtion ix prema the sight 4 ) 2) = ~Scon x. f"Gr)~ and fr isin x fore fre the eitical number of Gin Heine = $y2e 202, Sboolite minimum value of fon Tia “2 and f(s) = -3. zl absolite maximum value of fon Tis Oand f(0) =O WIFE I= F840) S@)=55h 5 Gand fe) Oost 2V85= 3 the absolate minimum value of fon fs 0 4 ‘Because im, f(z) =, ther is no absolate maximam valu off on eo fiz)S2 en and f(0) =2, ther the absoltte maximum _( \ ‘alos of f on Tis 2. Theres no absolite minimum value of Fon I beemuse lien f(2)=0 but f(e) > Von L i164 GENAVIOR OF FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS, EXTREME FUNCTION VALUES, AND APPROXINATIONS 5 He) == Bay “fos: Theefore hha no sbsol:e maximum value o (a) is never 0 4 thers are no ertical aurnbes of 20 the absdte minimum value ef boa Tis 3,2) > (@) Tie em 2,8 orn ha 3g e2) —Se(~2e) 3042") ot - Bam endpeint off and im (2) = a= "Thereore g has no absolute minimum value on (a) never Uae there aze ao exical numbers of 9 and g(2) < $a L. Therefore g has 29 PIU) doce not exit and 4 Sin P(e) is never 0, 10 4 isthe critical number. 70) =8, Pa) =1, FO) = 3 P has an abolute minimam value of ton T and F(t “lin, Fe) = bot Fe) <9 for al ete FickceF has no abeoate maximum valve on 1. 3. fa) =14—27h 1= (20, +00) Wedsie 12? 201-2 S28, and 4—z*<0if2 <2 ore >2, then at isc te Wee? s@efice ieee ie) {# iracece St ile>? te tap? Because f(-2) = —A and f*5(@2) = 4, then f'(=2) isnt defined Beene §1(2)= Band 7 (2) isnot defined, Also, {"(0) =0. Thus, the ‘teal numbers of fate ~2, 0, and 2, The abnolnte minimura value of jis 0 and is occurs at » = 2 and at = = ~2. Beemuse the values of f(2) can be arbizaily Isrge there is no abwolate maximum valve of f. Thee i relative saxtmum ‘ale of 4 which geurs at the extieal number = =0. 3. $0) = VIFF l= 09): de) =e SH docs nol exe bak fig not 1G) ene 0. $Theahealte minimum vale of gon Tis 2 ad 8) Hecate ig (e) = 8 and 2) 8 forall zn hip oo aah cin ai Cat +i) tet, x. {3 feeaaleal “lim, 7(2)=1l=0 ® 5, then f not continuous at = 1. Therefore f'(-1) i aot ‘toed and thus “tie cleal me of f. The graph of fon Lin shown at the cght, The able maximum value of fon I's and it occu at 2 = —L Because 4. (4) Wolds and /z) >0 on, there no abeoite minimum vale of fon3.1 MAXIMUM AND MINIMU3 FUNCTION VALUES 165, ego tee t= 88) . “Bim. fle) = =o there ie 1 « volte minimum valve of fon pee tunic marion niued Fen t2and f@)=57 i te)" {t HESS 4 » I re) eres: (05 2<1)+(231)-(@21)=Os2<1) + Fr bad Lasts fotontie onary ee cli ps wh bane, leven ts Be csc ee rae [ pblenn nied) Gna erey pot 0) —[z} T= (1,3) FU cow recrerearonn a oicouren wauro mt Beg Je) = or Denn Tig F10) Se) <1 eral eink eaaeeh ¢)= 22+ [22-1 1 = (1,2) Bie gap oh aan the fe ies} feta ase Gt ittee amet dan fa 2 lewhere. Tha th ete! Gikint band =. Deus line Aa) > 3}, th i abate mini value hin 1 atsolie matimun value af hor is and 42) 27 =m 8s, I= [-jrfk)~ one tan =~ O and Oita ‘es O eh ea sure, i, 9(2) = 400, 9 bas noabeolte pce bedate minimum vale oon is Land Me) ) =tan 25;1= [-Jfe] = r J He)= taal Fp, whic not dined, f 4 Beet jp Peter if) =i an Se don Ble i se miata ob. Bee eke secure anes) Se omee Haka roto daned d 2 de, feb notin the domain off. Than has ia mute Pua, J) 2 fide) = tn = V3. fc concnie tn the sheche usin value df "V5. 31-46, te abit exten ofthe fncin on the cased intr and ces by Ho fa)= 2* 82° 4 16 (0) I= [-40); (0) 1 2 fats nee Se een i cotinon on cater, fhe an sbcue mariner alae aod abit ita vile parson coke Ie) The cal outers of on (b) The ciel numberof fon{-3,] are 2 and ‘Fi-4) = 144, f(-2) = 0, (0) = 16 S(-8) = B, f(-2) =0, f@) = 6, £0) Be tose ncn van Bee sce ncn vale 10, theabece arimum vi fo 26166 BEHAVIOR OF FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS, EXTREME FUNCFION VALUES, AND APPROXIMATIONS 40. fe) = 24867416 (o) 1= [0/48 (W) I= (1.4) = © Fe) td Noe delat) tale be) i ‘al Becase fis continuos on each interval, f hap at abslite maxim value a and on sbcluto minum slaw on each '(2)=0 whee ==0, 2=—2, 2=2 a {@) The erieal rumba of fon (b) The eral sarabes of fon al 19,3] are Oana 2 sod? “| F(0)=16, F@2)=0, 1) (2) =0, 4) = 1k The sinlae maini valve fe Tn able nim valve oO: Ae Fp the ebcolutemnasimur value 25. the aksolute maximums value is 144, A. (0) =28nt, 1 Fon FG Because fis continuous on I, f has an absolute maximum value and an abeolute miniimem value ox I. Fp ta p= tes ted won Ct fr and fa 1) = The absolute minimus Yalu is ~2: the absolute maxinum values 2 49, #(2) = hee 2, Beemise lim, f'2)= so 0d im. ft 43. (u) =p th Becatse y » continuows on lg hes an beolate masimei velue and an absolute minimem valve ont Because y/(u) exists ererynhere on Tand g(x) is never 0, f has no critical numbers. absoluts extreme value 991. s(-1)= band g(2) =} «The absolte miaimum talue is ~1; the absolute maximum value is 44. fe) 2223 1-1-5] A plots shown af the right Spot mfets)-1 Ga Because f'(2) is defined and f‘(z) # 0 for all 2 in 1, there are no critical snumberso fin [and oo the absolute extrema off it oest atthe exd- point of [-5,2), Beene f(-8) =O a8d JG) = ~7. weconeude that = 0 inthe ataoate maxims valor of Jon Land isthe absolute minimum valee of 08 L 45. fiz) = (2+ 1), [21k Pe) =e ‘Because fis continonts on f bau an abso axiom value ad an abenute sini vue oa S'(-1) does not exist and -1 is in the domain of f: f(x) is never 0, Thas —1 is the only critical number. =I The sbclute minimus value; theabslste maximum vale is 46. g(z)=1 (2-399, 1 = [54h le) = He 3 8 ‘Becose js continuo ony fbn an cbt eit vale ada beste rabimam value 0 #'(3) does not exist and 3 the domain of f; {"(z) is never 0, Thus $ is the only critical number L(-3) = 8 £8) =$ fA) = 0 1 The sbelute minimum value is ~5; the absolute maximum value is tn Bxercies 47-52 lotto estniate the absolut, extrema ofthe feta onthe dosed interval, then us eal AL f(a) =#4524,12[-3-Ih fa) = 3845 icauce fis eoutinuoas on ,f bas an aoise maxim value and an absiute maim value 2 Pa) exists everywhere and (es never 0. Therefore, f has no etic numbers f{-3) = 18s) = 10 we alslate maim values 10. fe) The abeolute minimum waz is ~46;3:1 MAXIMUM AND MIND{UM FUNCTION VALUES 167 ef] A plot ia shown atthe right ‘1s continvows on 7, 9 has an absolute maximem value ard solve minimum value on S)=3s? Gr 9 = 8c? 2-3) exist everorhere. (2) =O when tie! mime of Tare 8 ad 1. ‘evaluate atthe critical number and al each endpoint of I ol) =20, 8) = 5. (8) = 76 absolle minimura valve is =5; the absolute maxicaun values 76 secs = (bred f(t) ne Ita ) Seat 6, The ertieal sumber of yon tis 0. sec($r) = 4¥3, 9(0)= 2,90 ‘absolute minimum value is 2 the absolute maximem value is 2/2. cos 2; = ede] FC 2 = ne tha iif )= Sooo =—8 f(fn) = doonhs = 9 SGe) is § which occu at jr, andthe absolute inimem value of fis ~3 whieh cecursat Ju (2-1)! 44,1 = (0,2): (2) = He - 177 (1) is not defined and f/(z) is never 9. “The eritieal number of f on 1 is 1. 40) =3, 0 1 (2) brolte minimum values 3; the absolute maximam value is. y= eth 1= 10,9 © A plot shown s the igh. ‘oe t) e+ aa = i ee ee Jute minimum value on I, Because f'(z) exists everywhere on I and fa} wee 0, howe cite nabs fO = (0) =-2 *) Be eae uasentemacnariawes I-46) ee he gto ibe ied ar 8) oserinite otiactnc l Min, dpseitecanre=(egecone f2 Choose <= JL in the definition of limit, The there exist « 6> 0 such that if mumber in 1=[f,2| such thatthe sum of the number and is ey Bethe mmr. Wecesk she extreme of fie) =2-+hs ss) = 1 al that doesnot contain 0. (=)=0 ven t=, 28=1, 241, bot only 2 = 2a 8, si) +} } (a) 2 = 1 minimioes the sum (b) x=} reaximizes [-1.1] such thatthe nurnber minut sare is () maxim 2 be the number, We sek the exrerm of j(z) =2 2% '(e) = tte f moon sey itera. fe) = when 2e =, = Pel fel (6) 2= 1 minimizes the éifersee. a solv the indicaed exerci of Beercises 1. 1B. A felé of length x mx encloned with 10 mw of fence. Ta wi fs of) = 120 2)o = 1902— 24 0-2 <1 alle) = 1002 “Tho arn is grentet when = = 00 end the fl is 60 m2 60 14. A garden of length = fie gecloned with 100 fb of fence. Its width is 41009) = 50-2 and ite B Me) = (00-2 = B02), 025 £50. ae) =W— =O when S22, Aoyed, aa) ees, = 0. The area greatest when = 25 and the garden 25 8x25 8 procal i (a) minimums (6) maximum. Jp Ji continuous aad 6) exits on (0) minimum, sand fe) int JQ) =4 1(1)=0 (a) 2 =F mnasitmizes the 1, A Geld of length 2 m parallel to veri enced with 240m of feces width in 4240 —2) mand Web 0226040. oe) = 120-200 when 22120. ado o, ‘The ares is greatest wien 2= 120 and the fd i 120 ms 60 on, 36. A gerd of inglh 1 paral to a house is enclosed with 106 ft of fence is width ta aren isos) =X100~2)r = 502-2? O< 2 < 100, wx) = 1850, (100) =0, The awa i greatest whin x= 50 and the pandaa oO W420 137, When sin. squares are cut fom the comtrs of 8 in by 18 in, sheet and the ides re turned up, the 4 V(s) in® where V(z) = uh = (8~22)(35~2a)e —4z9—462"4 1000, er 0-6/1) = J - ‘on {0,7} and F(0) 0) < 506 41(-1) = A +3 = bon (O,x] and (2) = bis the abvolute minimum value. ‘the area of the largest rectangle with two vertices on the z-axis and two on the parabola y = 9— 2? gus recree centage cise fie aS a iO). ‘The two on the parabola are (+2,9- 27). We wish to maximize the area A(z) = 22(9~2*) Se — 22%; Al(x) = 18-62". A’(z) = 0 when 62? =18, V3G land 2 = ~J3 €1. ACY3) = 2V(9— 3) = 12,73, Aa) = 0 j= fs"(k — 2) = ea? 18, 0 < rch; J"(2) = be Be = a(k-B Be amici ope cate Creston ake }) =0, #'Gk) = 0 and #2) exists on [0,4]. Hence 3 is the only critical number. £0) =0, 1G) = ZR, FQ) =0 J has an absoluse maximum value at 36, greatest detrease in bleod pressure occuts mben Zt ing of the drug is taken lon tn css ee ws ate « comes thes =n 4 ty lle ts ilies en oe ot ei oe op ort (ocak ey eeepc ame is continuous on {R,R] so f has an absolute maximum value on (JR, RI. [UIE ence eee VG@R) = A(R JR? 4) = Je, VER) = &(R-$R?— AR) = Aen, V(R) =0 > 4 V hasan absolute maximum value at $8. Boer an ls tne af igen en mai ne. oi mia i EH Ba sy ates cavemen (=) = ke(144? — 23) = k(14d?s - 2°), 0 < 2< 144 S'(2) = b{144? — 32| = 34(9-487— 2) ioe cc be tessa b tal a etae es nian hia (z)=0 when 2 = 448/3 and S'(z) exists on [0,144], so 48/4 is the critical nuraber. (0) =0, S(48/5) = 06,57 k, $148) 1S hasan abcolute mesimurs valve when 2 = 48) and Vit—2 = 44/6, ‘dimensions of the strongest beam are 48/8 = 83.14 em hy 48/8 ~ 117.58 em. Six) be the stiffs when its breadth is = em. Because 9 diagonal of the bean isa diareter aE the log, te {ta} cm, und for coms postive constant ky S(e) = ke( ct 2)879,0 leach side of the equilateral triagle 2 longs then (1032) is lek forthe suare. Hence each side the square tas length 11032). ‘The number of square fet ia th ares of the ecuilateal tangle 3 VGz! and the number of square eet in the aea ofthe equae is [400 ~ 2) Henee, i Ais the coal ‘tea ofthe triangle and the square then (a) = jie? + 00-327 Because 230 and 10-3220, we find the absolte maximum and minimam values of A on the Inverval 0, if. Dierenating, we ave fvie+4a0-32)(-3) ‘We note that A") i defined for all = FAG) =, we have = hVE2—(a0~32)-3) t= 4fiz+(10~32)-8) t=4ySe-30492 = VE 4 oe = 30 9-43 _ 3010 - 4/3) “Tay oi ‘We evaiunte A atthe entical number 1.88 and at he endpoints 0 ard 4 Alo) =#$ = 6.25, (Ls) = 2.72 A) = 385 ‘the absolute minimum and maximum ofA ae 2-72 and 6.25 reopcively. Ths the combed ate ofthe figures a9 unl os posible if the sie of to triangle is exactly 440 ~ 4/3) long. Hone, the wie 3 Decat co thot the piece that is beat ito an equlatral Giangle is FAY —4/3) & 3.69 T long. And to ‘he combines area as lange as possible, al ofthe wie shosld be used forthe square 4) Hoa) = 1.882 ANPLIGNTIONS WVOLVING AN ABSOLUTE EXTREMUMON a CLOSED INTERWAL 0 1580 9 <4 0 and C'(z)=0 when == cb4. For what ue of F wil the asolute minum value of C occur ata umber in the open interval (0,8)? ) More generally, et J(2) = Ve" F210), 2 € (Ot), u>9>0. the absolute minimum value of / surat a nurmber in the open interval (0), show tha: av < by/ad— {) Ith atuolote minimum value of C oceee i the intenval 0,2) the the rita mamber & mut be a that terra, that ia E> 4. 2) To locate the critical number, we Sind the detvatve, sett tozero snd alive fe = Hen 0 when BE me ue eV SET RY at a ay Pat ahd aA BO- Tio aa (a? 4 22) : tat PP xa ier 0) then the ei! munber must be int, that “the absolute minimum value of f occurs inthe ntercal 4s; the postive root muse fess tad Mocha Jin nt defied at 3. ‘Thue Jie dbeontnuows 00 (8) m2, f(a) ==} a= 1,b=2. fis net defined a § Te ft decontious on (1,2) 2. j{z) =3(2-47!), 93-455 F@)=%e-47" S04) = ig, SEA te) ‘Therefore, J ip net difeeruiable at 0 fis not differentiable on (~4,5). th seo=Gsth, Gosek (2 iteed s Fe=Le tesa By Theorem 2:34, (3) =2 and J',(0)=—2. Thus {0} does not exist nd se ffs not diferaniale on the pon interval (1.3). Hanes, condition {Gof the hypottesia of the mean-vlue theorem i not satis. The graph of Pemtctng]m shown et the right Not that there eno pot on the gra of at which the tangent lin to the graph is paral to, the ine trough the serpin ofthe grep 25, f(e)=at~2e9 42242; fle) = Ao 624s} Besnue fis a polynomial tuncéon, jis cmtinuous and diferentiable everywhere; 4(0) ‘hus follestherem Holds on [0,1 Hene, tere is some number c€ (01) seb tht #6) lent one eal oor ofthe equation 4° —Ga"-+4e—I'= Oi the open interval (01), an, (2) =29422 +4; fe) =302 42 Seeause fis polynomial fonction, [8 continous and differentiable evaywhee. Suppose f(@) 70) 20 Pau Rolle theo nl on ol), Heney thre Scone number e (a) uch that 6) = 0, i312 0, Bacau this is impose, j cannot have to real ook. B, f(a) =408 +30 30-2: Je) = 2a 4 90 49 1) 2 and f(1) ~8. Beeause J is continuous on Pt] and 0 is betweet ~2 and & f(a) = ¢ for Shomer x between Oand © Hence bs coot ef the equation. Now suppos that the oqstion has toot cal Bis rot rs Then f(r) =0. Ht -< ey colder the terval [fr] ard ifr 2, consider the inter TEuak In ether case fir) = f(z) =0 aud Ralle’'s theorem helds. Thteore eve is a ntinber between Sach that Pie) 20. But 72) i always greater thaa ef ental to 8, Hence ovr assumption ends ta ‘Galradiction, There, the euston cannot have another wt.33 ROLLE'S THEOREM AND THE MEAN-VALUE THEOREM 18% -mean-vale theoren to prove that if = >0, then cos > 1— Bs? Dove s—(1— fe) Then /'(2) = 2—sins, Become f is contioious ond dfferentibl thearem Rolls on [0,z}. Hence there isa number ¢€ (0,2) such tat Te) HO) =(2— OF) feos - (1-4) -' €>0, then sin ¢ 0, Therefere coon (fet) 0 cons 1}? con = ~(1~ Je) isan oven function the above inequality i alse tue i = <0 he mean-valiue theorem to prove that it > 0, then sin x > =~ s* f{2)=sin =~ (212), Thee f"(2)=con=— (1-42), Because fis continuons and difereniable here, the mean-value theorem holds en 0,e), Hence there fs a number e € (6.2) sach that, flz)~ [(0)=(2~0)f"e} fein 2 (2— $29] 0= eleose~(1-}-")] > 0, by Exar 28 ox ¢~(1 Je!) >0. Beeausez > 6 sinz—(2-He5)>0 peor shen Se (ovine) ins>e—{o sin 2 ~(2 19) inan odd fanston, the sboveinogoality i reversed f 2 <0. ‘ie ean-valie theotem to prove Rezaoul oltre. Inoqualty: > 0 and +> 1, where Fi rational, chen tre). Then s'(2)= (12) r= r[llb2y— =I], Deeauwe F is continuoos and the mean-valus theerem olds on [0,2]. Hence there sa number © € (0,2) such that Fe)" = (Fe) (042) (i4r9)—daerth +091} £0, then 1 +e > 1; because r > 1 then r—1> 0. ‘Therefore (1 +e)"~? > 1, Hence (ireyndgra}oe (s'> Lars H1<. 20, then -1.¢e< 0, 0146-1 and (1-40) < Lo that arf +7"! —1] >0 and the above ality i til ve. The inequality rain tae S70, The inequality ie evened if er the momvalveUmoren to pove hat if ¢ At) where iy whee 9 ad on weeny toto he aa I a fanetion is ether increasing on an interval or decreasing on an interral then iti aid to bbe menatonicon the interval Theorem Let. the function f be continuous on the elord interval (at) and differentiable on the open interval (05) it $(e)> 0 forte in (a8), then f te increasing on [0,8] (3) 7") <0 oral = in (a) ther J i deeeasing on (ext) Note that the hypottesis of ‘Poeorem’ 9.43 unay be sauisied even when f'(a)=0 and £1) =0 or whes { is not diferentiable at a or L. By letting points where /(2) aeto ot ndefined be code of subintervals, me haves (if £2) > Oat all but Bnitely mery pois of an interval I, then Fis ineveasing on f (i) 7) <0. al but Gately mary poists ofan interval I then f is decreasing on 1184 BERAVIOR OF FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS, EXTREND FONCTION VALUBS, AND APPROXIMATIONS cad Tint Lt th incon fbe continous a al pine ofthe open intel (a) canting te ma fe eat for cand uppooe tt Jot tal pointe of (0,6) ep poly a (i) (2) > 0 forall values of» in some open interval having ¢ as ite right endpoint, if /"@) <0 for all vahes of x n some open interval having ¢as is left endpoint, {f tas a relative maxinum ralue at (iy F(S) <0 for all values of e in some open interval having ¢ ass right endyoim, a if fe) > 0 for all values of ¢ in some open interval having ¢ as its left endpoint, {fara relative minimum salue 2b ¢ ‘The flowing steps mate se of the Frat derivative test to skeich the graph oft function J. 1. Find cach mumber at which J) is eer aero of undefined often by factoring J “Arenage the numbers in tneasing ode. 2, Use (hese numbers to partition the nurse line into open intervals. 5, For each interval (aumbes) detenine whether (2) i podtive or negative (eer ‘undetned). (2) will be pstive on an interval if the number ef negative factor ven, and aogative ifthe suber of nopaive factors ino 4. For each interval state whetaer 7 i ineasing or decreasing. 8: For each aunts, stove whether J han a maximo, = minimam or aciher, evaluate f(z), Determine if the graph of f hae a horisontal or vertical tangent line conne, ofa verueal rymptote, In step 5 we may need to we Definition $.1-() which states that 2 =e is vertical tam to the groph of f at P=(of(6) if both J" (c) and f"y(c) ae infinite. If m some of interval containing ¢, the curve lis on one side of the neemal line at P, then the grap i fo have a casp at P, Figures 5.4.34 and $4.2 ilustrateverbea! tangents in the later Bacup. Tatermedinte-Value Theorem for Derivatives, If f'(z) existe at euch point of closed inthe closed interval [ and kis a rumber steely beeen J'(e) and (6) then there exists a number ¢ in (6) that fle) =f. We do rat nssame that fis entinunus. See Esrcive 5. Exercises 3. Ip Brereions 1-18, (a) plot the graph, and determine () the relative extrema of fc) the values of x at which telatve extrema ones, (8) the intervals on which ft Snetesing, and (e) the inirvals on which fs der Contre by eglealus. Tf(a)= ata Me) = ted Set fe) =0 ane obttn the xa number 2 fe) | He Conelusion za = Ts decensing om (205) er | o {be a telative minimum valve tee + ia incoasng oP 4-3) 2 fle) = ta? S262 fe) =6e-2 Set f(s) =0 ane obtan the critical number}. te) | re) __| eoaaon =F =| Fis dewesig on = i o f has a relative minimum value hee + Fis inceasiog on +3)$2) 2827-201 (2) =0 Ger ifenl) =o) 25-4 5.4 INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS AND THE FIRST- DERIVATIVE TEST 185, (2)= 299244 152—5 Slt off neha the sight, We ind the derivative of and factor Ma) ~ 328184 15 = S(e— TV 5) {fle} = 0 wien o— 1 or #5, the crteal mombare of f a1 '. We comider the thre intervals #<1, 1<2-c5, and 2 >5 Ut duarmined by the eieal sume Uhest at shows Tn the fst row he table, The facor +1 ie O for = =1, negative for smaller value 2 sod postive fr lege vals of thn i own in the second row [the tate. The third tow shows Ue sxe ofthe feior 2~5. nthe throw, the sign of Js) i the tod ofthe sgn in rows 2 and 3 ‘sing Theorem 3.43 and the conelonion fr the etal number is loated a the critkal number and atone pat ofeach inte branch, ier | 0) | concion | + 7 is increasing on (25, —) + t & 0 ‘has relative maximum value 4 ena Sy ° i atv etre + | Fsteremingo 49) ‘The eonelusion far the intervals ‘ound using Theorem 2.4. (=) ® Ppa f(a P— me +e $42) = 0: ste— I)le—2) <0: 2 =O 2 = 1, 22 £2) Fig) | Concsion = T is decreasing (= Tr ris is decreasing on [1,2] Thasa relative minimum value Fis increasing ot (2,400) e+ Ns? 241) + ° ° £1) | Conelasion 7 Tis decreasing 8 (= —T 3 ° Phas. relative minienaen value + | pia tenening 0 [-1, +00) Fel eslitesest=b aD =D = c + + + = = “ = ° + F@) + 7 = 7 z fs fima fh fhee fi ee on(-2e,]] _maximira on{,8)_misimom on [5 co) has a relative minimum value186 BEHAVIOR OF FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS, EXTREME: FUNCTION VALUES, AND APPROXIMATIONS Set fe) =0: 2 eos be= Oe = da ot fe = ess = | 3 fe) | $2) nftas =. SHES Teresi OF [25 =F] 7 “4 relate misiwum vale /: ebee fncreasig 00 =] é sr 4 lative mation valve reese deceasag on (r2 8 f(a) =2 con3e, 2 €[-24. 24h fs) =~6 sin te —— Set f(z) =0: —6 sin 2e nes, oo a foc opierneei AMAA Roe pee WY YY pahredin | lative minimum value Ferien se corte Bade 2 Geter ccna die = |aeceasng on +38, Be patel increasing on (bx +36z,3r + en] =e 7 5 tative macimum valve il 1. The domain of fis (0,400) and f'(2) exists for all = in domain of f. ~L is notin the domain so theve are | merical numbers and no lative tions, ar 1) roy end 4 fis increasis 4 0. fe) =254 neh etn a pasa ferrets [7 3 ecaus:{'(2) > 0a8 every number in ite domain, Lis inrensing on (~2e,~2) and (2,420). ‘There are no relative extems, x Sia) =(1~ 2) +a) se) = 2 )(1 42) +31 +242? 4 Ama) +2}4)-2(14 2) +301 e)) = (1-2) +2241) a ae yil=wene et : Te} _| Concaion | K | {Liiesingon so | LI cetnerie ae [~ fs decreasing on 1] ‘fas aeative mim vale Fis'ncesing [1400)8.4 INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS AND THE EIRST- fe) = (2422-0? “A plot of the graph is shown at the ight SG) =e +2) e— 1+ 22 + 2)(e— 1) 22 +2Me— 1) +1le—1) +(e +2) Se 42Ke-1}@e+ 1) Tie critical nu a PRIVATIVE TEST 187 “Tie table ie filled in one row ata ime, P'(2) docs wot exist when 2 =(. The eitiel numbers of fare 1,0, snd 1 ret TRere-} e=jeret zr wea) v + + = + et = + baal 2 = = Q + + FE) z + ¢ = + fis fimo fis, fla fis Shan fin usin] decreasing telmive increming’ elaive decreasing lative increasing fon (20,~2) minimum on[-2)-f] maximum on (3 ]__minimum on [h-+00) fey | IC © fcpa4 Henow 70) oie) Ba) = 2-90", 72) =1 - 97 Su fa) =O: Pa, Pay Poa; e= 2 Conlin Ts ereasig 68 (=55 =I hae a telative masta vale t 0if => 0. J Increasing on (0,22), 51810380 (2) = fet Be = fee) 0 and (0) doesnot exist. The graph has a cusp at the origin. rte Fle) oven 0 + ‘Tfhas a inceasing ME decreasing TONE, incesing te) ° eA a Perse 19-32, compu () the elativeextema off, (0) the vals of zat which the nlative exten ce (6) the intervals on whic fi lsteang, aod (2) the intervals or whieh decreasing. Check by plotting, 19. fe) = 268 Oe JG) = 6s! — IB Bet fa) =0: bole a3 ie) Conclusion eat ‘Phu atelative maxim value a0 ocacd 4 is decreasing on 0,3) 2-3 Phas» relative minimum value Bee {is increasing on [8, +22)hows at the right. We fad the dvivative off and fate it ie 629 =Ke+ IYI) © when r= -1 or x = 9, the critical numbers of f are saad &. We conser the thre inurvals'r <1, lercd and £05 Are determined by the crtcal suber; tse am shown ie tac fey ofthe tae. The sign of each faclor ix show in the next two rows, In Mourth row, the sign of (2) ia the product uf the signe th tove 2 and Toe ceaclusion for the intervals is found vsing Theorem 4:43 and the conslisoa Tor “ Efe) in evaluated atthe eeical numbers aud at one pene increasing Teative decreasing altivenescang sees] asin aft 8] minimum en {6 =20) 0 iS increasing on [=5o, — 3 {has a relative maximum value 1s decreasisg on 2, ~ 1] ‘Phas arelative minimum value Sis tneeasing on (1,1) ‘has acelative maximum value Fis deceasing on (1,9 ‘1 has arelative misimun valve 98 increasing on [52 +e1s4 515, Ma? 0 = H(e 42)(2-2)¢2241) use 3+ 1 >0, the eitical numbers are ~2 and 2. The table is fled ia one row at a tine. 2 Pare? increasing dative —daweadlng on (5-9) rene Telatve _bereasing ‘maximum on [2,2] minimum on [2-406) w 5 7@.NS—1 ‘feat infinite brane,{100- BEHAVIOR OF FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS, EXTREME FUNCTION VALI, AND APPROXIMATIONS ta farthest se) 1-27 Sas") =0 Bgteo.- 8 "The domaia of ft («#6 0}, and f(a) exist for all x i its domain. ‘Ti ony crt nembris YP 8 126, 70 ocrevi - Fie decreasing o0 (003) avi |ivixis] 0 {kas lative minmorn vale vice + 4 sinereasing on [V3,428) w. fo)= d+ Alo: Bahown at he it. Note ht 0) nt Me) = 2d 251 GeengeD a a ‘Tae critical sumbers are and } The table file in one row aba tine. | red eecoe=0 Oee<} es} =>8 Bai = + + + + 7 get = = = = - o + poet + + + dueenterst_— + + + FO) + q = dem exist a + Fi/tas a) inerasing —_seatve Terkel Geaeating—ebotve — focganag on (coe-i)_ maximum asymptote on (Gf) minimum on 439) Fe) (fais 2 2 sQ)=4 te TR HW ‘Set f'(2) 6-32 ie ie Conclusion _ Fs increasing on 97] Yinas arative maximum valie ceasing on 2,3] Becaase 5— 2? 2 0 if: 1< V5, the demain af f % (-V8, V5). fe) = 2 4 yb 2728) =(6= 2-2) = = SE he crtieal numbers ate +e, "The table is filled in one row at te Values atthe endpoints re one-sided its, wos eer ene Teal Geereasingicloihe — Gocisacing lati decroning verti Tangent en fv/-e]_ minima on {-ee]_maximum on fevv}__ tangent Te) 0 2 @84 INCREASING AND DEOREASING FUNCTIONS AND THE FIRST-DERIVATIVE TEST 191 fa) =2—2(5— 29°; (2) = —212 — 41-49. (5) 20 or any value of 2. G4) doesnot exist and 4 isin the domain off. Therfore teu cetcal wanbe Conclusion is Tnereasing on (20) corsa’ exist] f has a telative mazimum value = | Fisdecrmasing on [ft0) Ba ae = Homa Fixe cd vncpncnls a Fiamsiesa ery ' Bek caer ae Jin #"(@)=-v0 ‘gro ine tothe graph of £5 vertical a the polut (1.2). Othe points on Ove gaph are (0) and (2). plot ofthe graph is shown a the rght. ) = fee te, [fe dk "e) = dove te tan te J) =0 ton te 26 4g <0 ot te =r, 2-0, 2= 1 "he secant function has pevio 2n, {has period Se. Thus we add Jim, where is —1 or 0. se dr tan te nce chet fer detitr | not aeiont Jeidivc cies + [parame eohalis 4 0 | # bas ntve masimmum vahue etliece chet hin 7 Ff indecreasing emdetHr | notdetind | not defined +Hece cde this - Fie doeresing 6 a2 S}rorte=feratnenk. Because the coweantfuncion bas peiod 2, {has peiod . Thos we add kx, wher ie any inte [re Me) | conta = ot defined [not dined | 7 has a vera nymeoe brezclpthe ~ | iedecresing sheets 3 0 [kos a rdative minimum value dethr + ' ° = fe) = doen't ext «+ doesntexiss 0 * ts vertical vertical relative ‘s Finfras a deceasing XT! inereming YSTESL sncrasing UNE decreasing 1B fle) =(04 9202)". J) = Het MeO + He e+ = Yat 1 P(e—2) nto = 2) + (2+ D) = e+ I @= 272-1) Set f'@) Ste 21 oH) and F2) donor eit ond and 2 ase inthe domain of J. The eit mumber of fate 1,1, and 2 A fle) is) | Conclusion y pent + | faowsingon Cal t Hdownot | {Jas relative waxizum va 0 [fama | arse wleret = F's deceasing on HI.) ° {Yes a relative minimum vale leze2 + lise ou not | {J inresing on [1-40 ° fai| {Seneca ss ves + In Exerciens 99-8, compute (a) the tative extrema of F, (6) the values of at which the rdative extrema (6) the intervals on which f is increasing, atd (@) the intervals on which fis decreasing, () Use (a}-(A) to se pet) tes-2 nega w= (BT lace ter senna oa fd wa oben Kiss, ((0) =0. Wince ~2 and O ave critical mbes of f £0) He) | Conclusion 7 ay oo ST 2 | 5 (docmvesta| 7 tararcatte mesma mine Se ee ree 1 0 | Phusarsaits mina rae tee ‘| Fi nceatg on Bs) te Eeesptajet® West msed= (Bog FESETO WG" E53 Fis LA Tae aru: a ai di ro ad ss Jey aca esa Fiafrne» deceasing, tte en‘S.INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS AND ‘THE FIRST-DERIVATIVE TEST 193 -1) and f'(2) do not exist, and /'(0) mar lt Se) - exon ext T isineressng on (6 —T eso rats ener elie 4 isdecreasing an 1,0) {has relative minimum value 7 i neresing om (0,2) soe a esative maximum value J is decreasing on (2.420) pen be fineen fi dfn’ on (0 1). Benue [i-}==P=8 and f,(-0)=549-8 Fs eontioe at 3. bene H=s41=6 ant 1,C1)= Via F=6 in contour at =I, We conde Taf continent on (7). Kow 2243) Meena ro-{a f-teeent WotcecT =oire artbcmors by Theor 3) = 20) ond f.(-8)=-1 10 J(-8) doesnot eis and the grap hata comer at = Sinilass, because (an1 and fy = 6/Vw=F 24/3 JC) oes not exist and the graph has a corner at == 1. The table ie filled Sn one row at atime that at z= 3 and z=—1 we compare values rales than siuiply signs, The information in Ube last rons is used to Sketch the graph shown at te ight Be-S s§ Sere bred Jere lee l lere? wi Tere? + @ = n + 0 eeeanterit — doeertait $0 we Ta [hase Ti Tissa finn [bass Pode fbwa lcrasng lative decrasingon[-f,~1) tative ereadng. relative cessing. vertical (-so-3) masiimuen go relative extremum —msnimun [-yf} maim [7,17] tangent yon = é © cFEE oon indie mcr Cg FERTIL aARENORAATNS aut test ee) ect a. He)=}-fimerDF t-rce cas fe) Vogt ten e-2-7itoxe J(1) and f' do not exist. Also, f'(—§ ‘The critical numbers of f are ocr f has a rdative minimum value 7 is increasing on [-9,—7) {hava rdalve wtnne vat Fi tecrning on f has a relative mir A is increasing on [—4,0] [hase ative ssi vale Ff is decreasing on [0,2] {bona slate minimum vals J is increasing on [2,+00) [4-497 Steck yy freed) tect oe roe (Cr to /O>Gern ws F(A) does not exist. Also f"(-8) =0, #"(-1) =0. seid menbarat Fass 2<-5 SEs -424D o ey 12) + 1 —— dossn'texist + 0 = ‘SF s/oasa increasing TUstive decreasing relative increasing AMV decreasing In Exercises 39-4, the figure shows the graph of the derivative of & funeton J coutinuows on R. Deven ‘he citi mambers of f,the intervals. on which J 8 (H) ineeasng,(e) dereesng, and (d) any teatve ext 90. (a) s(2)= 08-3, 1,8 Sa) =0a0 4, -2,0,3 0.(5" doesn't exist), 2 7" (b) 7(2)3 0 on (20,8), [2,8] Hie) 2 hen 4-3} (Os) Poston Coot ro) (6) 1(e) <0 6n {8,1} [8,+00) 0 on (=20)~4} [-2,0} [yto0) f"(=) S 0.0m [0,2] (@) selative maxims at 3. 3 ive maxima at ~2, 3 telative maximum at 0 relative minimutn at 1 relative minima at —4, 0 felative minimum at 2{A4 INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS AND THE FIRST-DERIVATIVE TEST 105 {F doran'v eis), “i, L (J =0) LJ" dosnt ehis -2,9,2 (f= 0) 0 (7 don’t exit), 2,8,5 (f"=0) Zi) 2002 (0,1) £(2)20 on [-2,0), [1,0) LG) 2 00n [-2,3], (5,420) G)So0n (coo) (te) fe on (355-2 [OE 22) $0 (~20)-2), (3.5) ‘elative maximum at 1 dative maximum at 0 relative maximum at 0 ‘lative linus at 0 ative minima at 2, Zelatve minimam at 2 [ican iletin point) (2s an infledion point) (0+ inflection point, vertical angest) Given that f is contiauoue on R, {(0) =0, f(4)=2, f(8)=0, f(2) >0 if e <4, and F(a) <0 # 2>4, etch a groph of f under the following additional hypothesis: FP iscontimvous aid (8) ig 1G) = 1, tm 2 Foe rouazs “Givin that J Is exntimnas oF R,J(0) “Blowing addition) hypothesis {fseotinuous a3 Lketeh @yraph of funder the a lim Sol # Mayita gi Be) s+? 4m PO) Because f has a rdative extremum at ( $02) = 6 10) 4 (2) = 05 de = 19, “Because (2,3) ison the raph af f F2)=% PeaQPebas su Lners196 SKHLAVIOR OF FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPUI, EXTREME FUNCTION VALUES, AND APPROXIMATIONS ibe + will have a elative maximum value 2). 48. Find ob, and o nich thatthe function defined by f(x Tat and the groph of y= J(2) will go through the pot ( bf) = darth is defined fr all 2. Therefore, « relative extremum of J must occur at point wl 2) =0. Because we are given that a lative masimume value oceus at x= 1, thee Wy=0 2a4d=0 ‘Becante 7 is the value of the fnetion a 1, chen f=7 abbtent “Because the geapk of y = (2) consains the point (2,2), then 1Q)=-2 feiBte=—2 Subtracting Ea. (2) from Bq (8) we obtain Bapb=o end evbiracting Ea, (2) ftom, Ha. (4) we get Cad. Therfore f(a) =-9e' + Se—2 and f'(2| = 8241 We) 1, then f has a vlative maximum at 2= 1 49. j(2)= 08° + bs? bez +d; fe) =30z?+ 2be +e Becaute f bas relative extrema at (1,2) and (2,8) and (1) and f"@2) ext, chew 9, Sobatitating in Ee, (1) and Fa. (2) we get b= 18 IS(L—=). Beeasse fe) >0 if 2 0 for 2>| Alo, or 2 alfcenly ner 8 (12) > Dand p— (p+ g)e> 0, Thu [changes gn fom 7" 9? 4 at derivative tert, hon slate minimum value at al number and ¢—1 & odd, This (1—2)?—!> 0 for #<1 and (1-2) and p—(9-+aje <0. Thus f° change sign fom ec the tera yf hat ae minima va a fe) Braue p and qe pit, fy ia eral number ané pj For # in (a) 2 (a2) ate postive For 2 <52o, p~(ptq)e> 0 and for 2> 52 p—(p-+q)e <0 Sof” changes 47 to 7H" at eee Hence by the ftv derivative tet, fas a rsative maximum vale ftom * Fey Hence by the fi a a are Sif f'(e) <0 forall x in (@b) then D[-f(2)] >0 for all = in (ab). Hy the fiat part of the proof, —F Increasing on [a 20 tha 1 decreasing on (a 152. Prove Thescem 3.44) © It fe) 20 then ~f'(e) > if (2) >0 then ~f"(2) <0. Thercbore =f satisfies the hypothesis of part THenee —f bas a ilative masimuma valve at ¢ and so f bas a relative minimum valve ate. 152, f(z) = 24, where ki an od poskive integer, f'(2) = ke**, Since k > 1 and k—1is an even integer, J" fever negative. Because f(z) ever changes sign, has no telatve extreme, 5A. Prove that if is increasing on [a8], 9 increasing on [f(2),f(8], then go fis inereasing on [a,b]. > Let a2, < 29 <6. Becaus: f ivinereasing on [0] thex flo) < f(z) < f(a) < $0) Breausr 9 is ine on [¥(@)./0)] then o((a}) gz) for 2; <3, in L. Laue gia doereaig on ) Bor any 2, and 2, in T such that 2 Czy then flay) < f(a). Beeause f(2) a positive on T we may divide HEY Te) aed pervect fin ney. (18 a 1) epi Ts ys Te ay Mile ean to 7boy 0,the graph of Fis concave upward at (ef(e): G) #7) <0, the anh of J concave demnwaed at (6,/()) ‘the following theerem may be sed iff") is zero or does not exis. 4.8.3 Theorem Seppose (c) exists and I san ope interval containing Uy Fa) > Ofor oll valu af 2 Fel, the graph of fis concave upward a (ce). Gi) FG) eo for all values of 2-2 in 1, the graph of fix concave downward i$) 3544 Definition The point (c,f{e)) iss point of infectios ofthe graph ofthe function f ifthe graph bas! angen! line there and ff the exis an open interral I containing ¢ such chat If = & I then either (i) 2) <0 ike < cand se) > 0 itz > 08 (il) "@) > its c, ‘ana iyi 72) oF 1/F(2) bas ielative axis oF minimum ate The infleth agent econes the enave and ir wen cose to i 125.5 Theorem Ifthe function f i difbtentiable on sore open inierval containing ¢, and if (cf(e) is int of indlection ofthe graph off, then ff") exis, fe) = 0 However, if f"(¢) =, ve cannot conclude tha: the graph off has a po ‘The folowing theretns ave unfal n shetshing = grape ‘Theorem If f(2) is covcave upward on the interval (9,8), then on (a8) the graph of f ies below chord joining (o,f) and (8 £0)) IT fle) is eaucave dowamard on the interval (6), then on (a) the graph of f ies the cherd joing (a /(0) and (0) ‘Theorem The grop of «subic polynomial i symmtrie with mepect to its point of inflection. of inflection at "The first of these theorems sugges thot we lightly draw the straight Tine comecting ts points of « curve and tien ws concavity to delermize Whether the eve bows under ot the chord The flowing steps may be ase to locete the points of iftection ofthe graph off. 1, Find #2) and 2). 2. Find all numbers efor which $"(e)=0 or fC) i pt defined. 2.1 the graph of J has a tangent lie, posibly verti, atthe point where = = and U[t(e) changes sign ast inerases through the value then the geaph of has ‘of infection nth point whare 2 = c. B51 Seeand- Let c be a citical numberof s fanecion f at which "(c) =, ard let "exis for all values Desivative Rest for zn seme ope inverval contaiaing ev Th i (c)exintn ‘slive Extra (8 /%2) <0, then f asa restive maximum value atc Gi) #77) 0, then J has a eeative minimum value ae ‘Suppor J'(@) — 0-1 the Fit noneero derivative ab « i of edd order, then « fea paint ection. Hr the fist nonsizo derivative at ¢ is of even order, then f his & lati lasimura ot tninimnm at aceonding ae that derivative f negative o” postive.135 CONCAVITY, POINTS OF INFLECTION, AND THE SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST 199 e035 joes 1-8, find any points of infection ofthe graph ofthe function. Delermize where the graph is concave ‘and where ie coneave downvtard, Check by petting the grap of J ard the inflectional tangents, S32 = I2e= 1; f(s) = Oe? +822, (a +3. Set aie Conesion Twaph is concave dowaward pint of infletion raph is concave upward 32? 122 = te(2—4); "x)= 6212 = (2-2). ‘oicave pointe! camcave dowward —inflecion st 2z(24). Set g(2) =O Conclaion rea ‘Eph is concave dowaward point of infetion ‘raph i concave upward 225 1), i2e(2 1). 23 Oat, fle) = 120? — 1 “The ctieal numbers for f" az ( and 1. A pt isshewn atthe right eel e=0 Oge 0, and the wep contave upward Bjn0 sf 2>0, the gi inceasing on the interval forte} ‘hee 9) =0 ke a eelative minimam value of 3, and because 1/0), the graph of g has a horizontal tangent line at tbe poist (0,0). Te graph is shown at the (2 Histol ne 6s rat icoOtres MINME)>Or fla) > 0ifz ><; P(2)>0ife>q fllz)>Oifz>e ‘£"2)<0ifz>e MM2)<02>c (b) FG) = 05 26. (a) He) 1) FO =O Pr>0ife>e (8) Fe) dee ext; 28. (a) I") (0) Fe) doesnt: Peyovisea Meo=k Leste Fa)svitzse — fepsitece — Ma)>0ite>e Seleouese Me) = 4x: ln, Pe) = 04 SMe) 05 tin, SH) = 201 P(e) 058 220 Me) S06204 SEMAYIOR OF FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS, EXTREME FUNCTION VALUES, AND APPROXIMATIONS. In Eserese 91-28, find the relative extema using the steond derivative test ard ehvich. Check by pleting 4g 4 Se The, f'(@) = 12 +02 +18 = 8 ~ Het) Lhasa selative maxin ‘elative mininum value oat 427 Ge! — 8s = Bee -9) ‘The eal numbers of g are and 3. We) eee — 122 -D) ‘Because g'() =O and g"(0) = —18-<0, by the secoud-derivative test g(0) = 27 Because (8) = 0 and g'(S) = 18 >0, by the scond-derivative test ot ina reative mininum value. ‘The geaph of gis shows at the right. Se —fa le) = A 248 se) = 1968 253. Sat gfe) = ate) ae) | sfle) | phase (da + B(2— Ys —& ° + ‘elative minimum value ° ° = lative maximum value 5 4 ° + ‘lative minitnum value +5 hohe fo 20; 0) =24-2et = Get; Me) 24H sa fe) =n 2=0, £V9 1 | fe) fhasa -v2 | Rv? ° ~ ‘elotve mamas value ° ° a Se belo vi | -avi | o + relative minimum value $e) = 12274. $0) 4-7 000 5 an inflection point. ss mele Bh se) = —teaste , de. : fe) re) Fhasa mea 7 = save asia alae ek | - ° + ssltive minimum value4.5 CONCAVITY, POITS OF INFLECTION, AND THE SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST 205, 2m te € (0,4) se) =Beote; ge) = Ws te : = Jr Weapnly the sconddenvaive et A =32-< 0, then o(fe)=2 ea relative maximum salu of f eG) = 32> 0, then ge) =~2 va reativeminimam value of, fa] 3h appears a the right. 4 A Weyer 2 eae grt Hg 2) (0) doesnot exist but 0 isnot in the domain ofA. i] W0(1) ~2 > 0, then Ad) = 8 ina rative minimum value of b : aT $e) = (043) +] 43)? =e 4 Ge 48) 2) =—Ke ty gers) +249 alee Feet) $2) =0: 2 a slative minimum vale of f ie grag of « funcion f for whlch /(2), (e)yand /%(x) exist end axe [positive for all 2 () negative for al f(z) > 0; the gray les above the = axin. Because f(2) < the graph ie below the z axa $2) >0, the fnction & always inceasiag. Because (2) <0, the funeton is always decreasing. J") > 0, the grog in concave upwacd, Tecaane Jc) <0, the grag is concave downwar gap has horizontal asyraptote, "The graph haw a horizontal anymptote the cosine function, fired (a) the relative extrema hy the secondlesivtive tat) the pints of incon; the Skpes of the infetional targenta (d) On_ sn interval of leagth 2 and containing the point of tion having the smallest positive abscia, plot the cosine and the infletional tangent, 2. (3) (2) = sin 2: f"(2) = ~eon 2. f (ex) =O where kis cay CB is an even integer then {"(kx) = —1,00 f basa relative um vale, If Eis ato fateger then f* (Es) = 1 of has a relative am value F(t §)=|=0 where ie any integer. Each such = gives a pint of f Because") change sien ) The inflectional engen has slope (E+ })2)= ~in(&+ )) whic i “Lith ineven and #1 It vo‘206: BEIAVIOR OF FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS, EXTRENE FUNCTION VALUES, AND APPROKIMATIONS Pe = ante +, J"(2) =2san 2sect2=2 tan 20 an*e $1) Tobers kis any integer each such = gives a point of infbction because /"(z) changes i (0, (b) The slog ofthe inectiosal tangent i fer) = 42. fa) — cot 25 f"(a) ~ cnet $62) = Desert (a) See f"(e) =: cots =O s= Je +t, where & is any integer, Ench such = gives a point of i Became J"G) changes sen. (bn +r) =0 [B) The slope ofthe indectional tangent is f"(j-+ bx) =—ese¥ +x) = eas f'(2) = eve wot 5 (a) = ene (2 ae 2) (Ge + Ex) —0 where & is any integer. rote then /*(2) = Ie f hae « eative minimam valve Ite inan odd inter and 2 = 2} Fr then f"(2) =—1'0 f asa reative maxinum value “44 Find the rlative extrema of the scant function by applying th second- derivative tet. b Let fle) ssee 2. Then fie) see ston = If (2) £0, then tan z= 0,50 2 = kr, where kis any inseger. file) see 2 tan esece ec a(2 tan! s+), Pinjancten{} fhemess tee ws cee baciasin ah wi OIE EN cama tn rice es Fug er aati Ht Ck se tr 7 See In Exercises 45-50, sketch che graph of the continuous function f through (¢,f(c}). (4.f(d)) (fle) ¢0ile< ds (z) itz co; f(z) < 0if Mxie (2) >0ifr>d e0ifz>d oF) =) igo gs Laon Gara iy 0ite>e itdczcqha)o0itere — Pa0% Me) >0ifzen sa <0 Jha) 01 ES (Ma) <0 ihe od Rececdpu)>0hesd — deeca fMa)ebihese ata wn, JC) doom exits) ME]=HME)=0 FC) se) =0; ay Fe) a Hla) =a MOO 1: $e) =0: Fis) <0 don't exist f"(e) = 0 C8) <0 Gi0fecsed S>owtr>a (e)rowz>e fis >dteoa fara fase es = ae + ba f(a) = 3ee* 4 Ybay f(x) = Baz +2 {is polynomial, 2) ant J"2) exit everywhere. If has poittofiatlection at (1,2) then (1) 2) =0, Gat is ‘and 62-4200. Solving thee two equations simultaneously, we gel (0) = ot +122-+ ce, dearmive 5, and c, 0 thal the graph off will hare pinto infetion at (1.2) to thatthe slope af the nfleconal tangent there wil be 2. Soppot your snawer graphical ie)= Sst $e eg fo) = oar. Fis polynomial. /"(@) and #"(2) exist everrwher, d (12) is poist on the graph, tnen fil) =P andso2=a+h-+e (2) raise (12) ia infetion potat, then Jl) =Oand 6 0=62428 (2) | 3} the slope ofthe tazuent at (1,2) is -2, thea f'(I) = -2 and so H a2 be @}) | 6 (2), (2) and (3 smaltancously. we fad a =4, =O. f(z) changes sige at 2=1,,then the kraph of f has 2 point of [ —s on when, jo) = 120! Oe i shown atthe sight TA plet of az! be! ter +d; (x) =Saz!4 2be +6; f"(e)= ae +28 {i polynomial, J/(2) and J"(2) exe eversuhere. Because J has a eelative extremum at (0,3), Beceum, the graph of J hen a point af inflection al (1,0, “Land f"(0) =0, Therefore a+b 4=0 and Ga +25=0, Solving theee equations ana bn jen 0, dnd, f(a) = a2 +e 4 12 + de + 6 determine the values of a, 6 and e so the graph off will havea paint Infection at (I,~1), have the etigin on it, and be spremetti with respect to the 7 axis ‘the graph conaigs the oigin, then /(0) =. Thus, ¢= 0, and fia) nas 462" ea" saz raph symmetric with reapel tg they ax and ae f(2) at et cz dz = ac! bx) + cx" — a, Dh} dae208 BEHAVIOR OF FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS, EXTREME FUNCTION VALUES, AND AP®ROXIMATIONS ‘This isan ideatity for all zit and only if} = O and d Wel=attes's f(a) =tar +205; Je) Because the graph contains the poat (1-1), then f( ater-l Because f is « pelynonial, (2) inileetin. Thus, °C) =0, and Teb2e=0 Seseating ies. (0) am ee) we 2 Therefore, Se) = $e and f"(0) = Bet B= Bee? -1) Because j"() ches sgn at 2 = 1, the the poph tJ tas a pont of nfetion when = 55. The numbers }/8 and -}/ ae etical auaber off and f*(e) = als? 4 1 > Because fo? +12 1 Hhet+ 112 Aux =-4V5,f"(e) 0 and f has a relative minimum valve, 56. Prove pati) ofthe soeond-derivative tet for lative extrem '>. We must prove that if/(e)=0 and /"()>0, then f hasa relative minimam value ate Brense fle) =0 and —frle)-<. t ollows from pat (}) that —J as a tdative maximum value at ‘Terese J bas» selative miizmom value atc St. The groph ofa function f has a pont of inflection at (c,f(e). Bocaue we requte a tangent line then J ma ‘be continuous at «The tangent may be vertical, 0 f¥ and J” need not exist at c, and Bence need nat centinwous ae. 98, J" (2) exists forall valuxs of 21m Igand at a mumber © int, f"e) =0 and "(exists and in not 0. 4") exo, then (c) exists 0 the graph hasa tangent line atc, Thus, 1. Thus, at cach point of inflation. We ate given thet (1,1) is a point 2, a=] nnd sbbeiuting int a, (1) given 6 end (=) haa the some signa =. Suppose ("(¢) <0, Thes ‘Suppose {*(c) > 0, Then Treo = jy HIE eg Pe = fin LO=LO, Teg some opm intra cong Hc ar we pe incre otanng © LoL) LHe—I)» gE) g muwer cdeote ose Weieinty and e eee concave downvard + increasing concave upwaed 0 aera pint af nfosion = Increasing Concave downward = lative marimar coneave downward = decreasing foneave downrard {for Exercse 21° for Exercise 21 "for Exerdse 22" for Exereae 22‘36 SKETCHING GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS AND "THEIR DERIVATIVES 215 Lisfhas a ph ifs a Lee) Snereasing ‘oncave dowiward 1 0 eativeraximum concave downward 0 if £0 and 0) Erb off seaacave upset eye by Thee 333- 28. Given f(2) =o? —r2-+ hy where ris aratonal number prove that (9) 10- 1, f basa teletive minimum value at 1 se fe sro- ES We note that 7 F@)=re~ fn) A wf (0) Ons es Men) co edae Ha) 0 and PI) 20, She esate tak relative ment value a {ifr cO ort > 1 tea (1) >C Beease (1) = and f*(1) > 0, bythe sxond derivative test relaive minimem value at 2. f(e)= 24302456) = 824 Se I) = be Ge (ey a ats 30> er all eit > 0, Torefoe f ie ncrsin: (F< the 116/00 J inh 0a>0 a that fae lative minum vale (To Fie) = 6+ 0. Thon f Salat minimum va Because J has xo other eral umber, J bas no otter relative extrema. ‘31, Sketch the graph of the astroid 29/9 + y* ‘The portion in the first quadrant is the graph of a func Chinn hi potion snd thn coil the graph by eset rope. > Theprapt i oymmetie wi cape tothe andy eso the ine Wont ote pany aes een ee er <7 Difleatintng wt rapes 0 # we obtain V3 2A Get) =a P 0 ‘hus yi negative ands the graph decrees fo the pit (1) tthe plat (10, Pesthermore spose co approaches 0 fom the ight and 0 thopeaph several angst (0 by apne as hszontaltngent (0), Difoatiting E,() with expe to = me na PPE 2) fe) een (asst) and har ne ative ats Phe y ie Jeg 202) 4 2) Because 7” in postive F< 2 <1 the graph in onenve upward in the fret quadrant3:7 LIMITS AVINEINITY 217 Ar wveniry Delton Let f be» function that is dette af every number in sme interred (4s). The ini of 10), a's nereatesvithoat bonis, oan Ai if for any €>0, hovever smal, thee exits « number N'>0 auch thet If #3; then Wre@)-1 0 and I f(s) = thes hin Plea) ie (8) ie) > 0 and ig fe} =e the fi leh) (6) i, e) <0 i 2) = 40 she i 1(2)42) (i) igo) <0 asdf 1 (0) imo) = a i, J) = 450 the i) 9) (0) ig oe) =U aig 6}= ve he i Le) (0 ig 06) = 406 the on TE. Soppoe tat fin fantion defn by 13=fs ‘here se) and (2) are polyoma ‘To fad she limit of f a8 z~ 400 ot a8 2s, ft vide both i) end a) bythe lighes power af = that cppacs i the fononinaion ine 34 ty uve Lies Totes 18 together with Ue ater lint tnoten tes fb Ha of {ican be sown that if an hae both polynomial fants tes () Wake age oy sen than he dep oh ten tin 9) N then fe) #8 band for some numb: N, if then f=) me GG) Hen, (2) (one +5)] = 0, ad for some number Noi 2 To apply Linit ‘Theorem 13 we divide the numerator and denominator by = s-$ 5-40) im, O~ lt ** tts wert Weddle noneater ane denominator by 2, Ts etm timo im basa ay Dividing the muresator snd denominator by 2, the highest power of = which appears, we have ed 3-3 ip 4 tin 0-200) 5(0) T+ ia 5+ tia THF be 22 $B 22 1 ah tim #2 =, 2 sr e42 iS47 LIMITS AT INFINITY 221 se the numeravor has the higher degee, we fst remove &fetor of the numerator. ‘Thes we divide the numerstor and denominator by 22 im +=$- lin, 2=—co (Thee B)) Bie cvide the numerator and denominator by 2 Grannies ne + =o, hen # CO and at = = or equivalently, = VF. (+4 _ Va 4h 3 Yen _ JE Bq. (1) wehave ¥* rs 3 0) vr z 8 Vd yo are AG ae ae ss aa [veri Frits Lia (WeFe—2) ee both em ave aint, we nna of VFE Perez 7 lin, (VFR ~2)= ip, VERE J ie ( Pasay VE tree 4 i ig ms pe ie TEE ie Decne 2 tn, tan #0 and 2 = VF ao tht [Fezas Ves, Sie = Spee Eg VO Vind e By Eavatiog (1) and (2) we have lim J = te “eae oni eT oa dVieF 12 VE-9 =1209, abHIAYIOR OF FUNCTIONS AND THEIR CRAPIS, EXTREME FUNCTION VALTES, AND APPROXIMATIONS a ee, faa, valine de et eer) tm Exercises 89-46 ind she he Yorzontal aud vexiesl sryrtoten and stetch the graph. Check by plowing 36. f(a) = BAY are > Became lin, Bes ses tip td = 2 or lim, 1) = The gosh Sonate Tl Map epi (22) oe = Bis a vertical aeymptote. «horizontal agympiote 36. ale) = 143, > Bocause A(x) —Mz), the graph is symmetric with resect to they axis. We sketch the graph for 2>0 tee srmmety (o compete the akerch, Base wo (3) na) = 14-244 sai ssa pant ntti ei positive numbers as 2 approaches 0, and 22+ 1 approaches 1 a8 # approaches 0, then Jim (2) im = ed ‘sa vetieal anyaptote y= Siva hoizontal asympAT LIMITS ATT INFINITY 223 ot =2 ica vertical asymptote 0,7= 0 herzontal asymptote. wm Gunction, the gph ic symmetric with rapa to ce) =o), the panto gst wth exp othe ya, We ach the paph br 20 Be cine cs wat Bema sz) $1 if z>2, we conclude (hat the line y =—1 isa horiaonlal asymptote. Because 4—2* the vertical esympiote. (And by ssmmeley z= 2) Sine 4 inthe downward direiion. Since (~=¥ approaches 0 through postive nurnbers as 2-2, then lis APO onli that the curve sppreaches the asympote fom the leftin the pmard diction. Beans (0) =0, Bos estar ie eign, We ue the soppy, seh, at apne Ue dene’ anh dew ip Oe) = tip by A Nadas ict. satin 80) = BR mage? G{G) san eves Fimetion, the graphic aymmetric with respect to they ais, or im, G(s) = tay 3. y= Bes horizontal asymptote y= 2's a horizontal asymptote Tae F(z) isan odd function, the graph isspmmetic with respec to the org.{204 HAVIOR OF FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPIS, EXTREME FUNCTION VALUES, AND AFPROXIMATIONS 2a 2s $8. Ke) = Gar fiamig Gee) Because fim. Az) =-4o00r lim _ Az) =~oo2 = fis a vertical asymptote an _ ene) faces) =e fa vial i —_. lim Me) is a horizantal as te eens ie Me)= an yeaa Oe alte ovzntal yet WMDs > Because h-1) = -h(2) the graph of hi symmetric with respect to the cxgin, Beeaase 27-9 > 0 if 21> then the domala af fis (os) U(8, +0) 1 tin tim, te Tera he TE sp ad Ns) # Lif #> 9. Renee; the fine y ~ La horizontal asymptote. By symssety, the ine evizonal scytapiote: Because 2? —0 if.z= 23, we test the lie 2=3 as a posible vetial asymp {hia by syemciy 2 =) Because «/7?=8 appreackesD through positive numbers as = — 3° then lim, 75 = + ‘Thereoe, the tne the right in the upwatd ditecsion. Because hz) 1s m0 deed 1 Jig the curve dom not approach laymplote fom the lef. We use the domain, symmetry, and the agymptoies to skerch the graph below ee Bxecise Exess 48 Exereis 4! 45, f(z) = iE Domain: (el121> V3) Vis a vertical agptow. Bacar eg fe) = oo. pee fe) tase = VF re aoe hem tim, AE ae 2a ip we VSP VED hg Fel tem (ip gto linet st) line IS ey Vero Jim, on im, aes D end eo y = Ae ia an ablique acympt Magarge PTE te Josue Pa) Deca J(cz) 2S). the raph is eile st the ya Hence y = ein ae am oe see 16.10) = pop hme = era esy oaie (9-8) UL 6 Fe) = eh EPA TT Home Coo Utd) f(z) =~20, 2 = 8 ib a vertical asrmptcte. co, = 2 ina vertical asrmptte or ,tim_f(e)=0, ‘Phe graph i ayamitsc wile tepect tothe Tine ‘a horizontal asymptote27 LIMES AT INERATTY 295 47-4, ind the agmptte of the wah off. Check by pbting the graph and the asymptois Sqpartitghyaet iste) 20 oF bevaune in, f(e) = oo #1 ls a veri amps Y= 241s an oblique asvmotcte. )=tooand tim _f(2) ijmpote, Because the degree ofthe numerator is Loc chan the ‘ofthe denominator, therein an obligee sxnptote, Dividing. se an 1)= 2-742, a) line y= 2-7 an obtgue spite Te exe ls above the ayn 90/248) > thal e's > At, and bow thenepmpte dfs eA. plot shown above Pahartseclyaststale) Tin, fle) = 450 ot bese ig 1) TRB 12) <0 or bcate tin (2) =0, 9 = +3} an obligne asymptote. 20 the line is a vertial asymptote ja Eafaetar lyn et tts) lim, fle)=-to0 er Beene im Je) 19) = ‘a vetical asynptote oF beenute 4 2is an ebliqe asymptote, im (2)= toon, 1) PRS fe) mt tree i a yee? «i Lu, f(=) = 0 ane im $2 isa vertical ptdte und the euve aporoaches the asyaptote in the pad diretien ftom the right an fom thelef, Because Patel set) zimtetl the degree ofthe numerator i one more than the deer of the den rae eT tie a vertical asymptote ~ 68 on oblique asymptote 2454 » the line =2+5 is at oblgue asymptote. ‘The curve lice above this asymptote if ita > jand blow Wit ec fA plot shown above, sett deo ttiale) “490 ot becanwe lm_ f(c) = noo, 2 = 0's a vertical aeymptote st y= 42 san clique asymptote ~ Sects) co or becaise lim Je) = #20) 0 a vertical asymptote, (or bremnse Tim, o(=) =O, y = 2 ie an oblige acymptote226 BENAVIOR OF FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS, EXTREME FUNCTIOX VALUES, AND APPROXIMATIONS I Bene ad, vate sac init Gm te gah fhe ection Jin the sete >) lin fle)=1(b) Jim fle)=0 © (2) lim J(@) = 400 © lim, Fee) @ inte (© “tim 2 (@) fife) =1 im © tigre otye- (0 info =3 () slim f@ @ linge (0) lim, =8 Alot he ran of fnaon J satisng he gen proper and wha domain Iim_ fla Bi fle) = +0 lim Jl) “im, =~ ie bare he) ~ 0g 10) = B88) — 01 9)~ 04 H2 60, tas f(a) =SEE4 Given c> 0 we sk a2 8-<0 sh that WeN then 2 N then een then [pty] <« eeitaaN then et >) sec then 2127 era>N then 2>441 otecy tim 2 Och that if > N thes f(2)< © Lia Je) (0) Fine Ae) oo: given any number N'>0 thee is « number M < such taat if 2c! given any mumber Nc thee iva number Mc sch that if 2 < M then f(z) 0 weselean NO ich that ifs When |p cease . Brease > ite cN thentst> (QJM hi holds itwe tke =)"87 LIMITS AT INFINITY 227 (at lim (eA) = 400 by showing that any NU there exists a > O such that C= > Mf then =*—4> ® at (1) equivaleat to fa > Mathes 2794-49) M0 then 2 > and we have itz >M then 2> Vion “This hold i we take M= 4 +N. Prove tat tin ((—2—27)= Mieing 6160) Given wun N&O we wed an M> Orch thet We>M then §—2-26-N Foe above holds if ve tale M= 6K, OP SKETCHING GRAPUS OF FUNCTIONS 1 thetch ofthe graph of» fonction J, proved a follows “4. Determine the domain of f BS vind any = d's intercepts. Vou need te uppoctimate in-rotaf ft) "5, Test or symmetry, The graph is symmetric with respect to the y avi iff 8 an even fanetion and with ‘expec: to the origin iff $8 an odd function. The gaph of wcabic polynomial i symmetric with respect to its point of infetion, “4 Check for agrmptates, I f(z) = a(e)/M2): fa r= alisa vertical asymptote if ha) =0 and a2) £0, by = bis torizontal anymptote lim (2) =8 ot ia f(2) =. ey =me-+06 an oblique aeympice If y and hate polpuomlals, the deyte of ¢ 3s ove mote than the ‘ogre of fh, and long division gives a quotient of iz-+ 5. Compute fz) and "(c).Factoring s wualy help 1: Detersine the crkial auenbes of f. Thee are the value of sin the doin off for which her J's) doesnot esto f(s) -0. 7 Tae the numbers of step 6, a8 well at mumbo at which f i at defined, ad the fit deivative to beate Inuervals where f ip metowing (P(2)>0) and decresing (f(s) <0) and relative maxima (whee Ghanges fom intasing to decreasing) and sini (wae changes om decreasing t ines). A table may be bepful elude ade nite at == «which dif from f(a. Soe xerce 16 A Determine thecal mtnbew of J, tha the vals of for which /"e) dor ot eit of") 9 Use the numbers of stop 6, as well as numbers at which fs no: defined, and the second denivative to ncate Intervals where the graph is concave upward (/"(2)> 0) and dowaward (J"(2) <0) and pointe inflection (were concavity change, provided the graph has atangeat line there}. A table may be Helpful 10, Bvaluae f(e) at each number determined jn steps 6 and 8 aed at one number in each interval where the ‘raph is unbounded. Join consecutive points where tls possbe (odo so without leaving the demain off. Bow the curve bow che chord in an interval where the graph i concave upward, and above the chord ‘shere it ie concave downoad[BEHAVIOR OF FUNCTIONS AND THER GRAPHS, EXTREME FUNCTION VALUES, AND APPROXDIATIONS “Jp Bxecises 1-24, ketch the graph of j by frst nding the flowing: the relative extrema of J; the posta ‘afection ofthe gaph ef f; the inervalt on which f is inereming and those on which f is decreasing, where [gaph i concave epwari; where its concave cownvard the slope of any aleetonal ‘angent; and the horiten ‘retical and oblique asymptot,if there are say. Ineoxporate this infermation into a table HOSP ESET 1") = te 922 465; Me) = a" —182 46 = He Yle-1) Se Je) = 2= 4 Fie) | 1) | Fe) Fisfeasn gre ifs a Tecreasing ——toncave upward relive minimim covenve upward increasing concave upward inerasing plat of nection increasing concave downward increasing point of inflection increasing concave upward a) Ste) =e? be dele —2) 0,2 ‘Jisjhesa graph isjhas 2 Tecrensing coneave apa Mationary point of section Geereasing concave downvard Geerensing ‘poi of inflection ~ ecrasing concave upward telative minimum concave upwasd inerasg concave opment 2 Qe mae I)(e—2) fMe)= 9222-2 se s"(2) 1a 055, 2252 Marat fe) | fC) | £0) | Soften ppep i o EP aceressing —eorenve upward ose |a | 4 | setaive minimam concave upwonl 3 |4 | inewaing coreave upward ore [060 |e | inerocing point of nection + |= | increasing Coneave downvard 1 | 0 |= | celts msiintiseoncave downward Sh = |= | deerasing concave downvard wo. | Tas |e | decrnsing point af nfetion I | | asemasing Concave upwasd csr |o |_| selaive winimum coreave upwart + [4 | ineasing coteave oprard 4 @)=8 4 +e . Pa)= tet 1+ Baa? +4) ‘hen by the factor honrem £-+1 «factor of f'(2) and (e+ 1Ne—2? “The ertial numbers of fate ~1 and 2. Se Table a f(a) = 122" — 242 = Bale ~2) ‘Phe critical numbers of fate 6 and 2, See Table b. Because [isa polyomial fanction, there are ro asymptoles, ‘There is no symmetry. A sketch sat the right.Fe) (gaphb/ | coscave point concaw poate eonenve ih aed inl dewamand inf pat Teh 1") os 1650 5 as! $242), <1) Set f(a) — 0s == 0. Sat Me) = 02 Ste) | Pe) | Condusion erasing, consnve upeaed — relative minimum concave upward ineressing conenve upward increasing: sot point of infection Ineessing concave upard He)=324 442 40045 pe Becanse =! 42+1= (243? 4]> 0, ¢= 018 the only critical number off. Hf =cO then fe) <0 andif x $0 then f'(2)>0 Thu fie decreasing on (20. inereasing on (0,420) and f has mative minmom value at O of 4. P(e) = Se + 2 412 = 16629 +e +f) =ee+ H+} 0 ‘Thus the raph off is concave upward everywhere and as ne point of infection Thee ace a0 asymptis or symmetry. f(-1) =I and f2) =9 Poi-(, est re-{E Wshro=f tpt i oe ios! r Set f(2) =0: 2=0. "(0 does uot exist because f"_(0) =2 and f*,(0) =4 ‘ (2) | fe) | se) | Fisshasa graph isfhas a q Fe ——[e] aeereasing tones upward 4 2=0 [0 [0 fame. | lative minimumeoncave upward F Oce + |£ | incteasing concave upward i 48 SUMMARY OF SKETCHING GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS 229280 BEHAVIOR OF FUNCTIONS AND THER GRAPHS, EXTREME FUNCTION VALUES, AXD APPROXIMATIONS fect i231 (2-0F fect We—a fe>1 Because f'_(2) = 4 (1) =0, then (1) =0. = | isthe only enticl aumber for f. See Table 3. maja fen, f2<1 rei(aemap eas. Berane f* (1) = f04(0 is the only ritieal mumiee ben 0) 20. for See Taleb, Ther are no asreipotes or smatetry. Te araph is at the right. ‘Table a (mexa zt oF > 7 4-1 6 + fe) + 7 + Tl Tnereaing on (->0, $0) h so.seiive sx at L Ste) a i) ‘Table b Fel zr Re) = ° 1260 ° + Se) ° + as a | deweead —infstion __upmasd__| to, s@a{e Kestrey fishes (F tashro-fartis 122? ifoce £ Se: /(@) = 30. Seb f"(e)= 06 2=0. The paphisoymmenic about the ova. HTP. LLL | fifi gagh afi 5 7<0 {eo ee era J reo fo ft [a | statonay paint otinfecton Sf ig + [+ | itsendny Sea par A wso-{e feshsre-[3" ech ro=fee feed Pv Se. '() = 0,226.80 f"(2)= 0 2=0.The mavhisermmetic abot the yaso| S(eh_| Fz) | Fe) | F isfhas ‘graph is/has a 5} +=0 ee ieentag ——taerapard ; 0 |e [a | Sass sic pit ot tnnton A tee + | ‘ eneave upwaed a3.8 SUMMARY OF SKETCHING GRAPUS OF FUNCTIONS 211 (se afeca, Hay af0-D fea o-2) tac S62 peer [ten HELE {1G ener 0) dos ne xe scaph e/a 2 oneare up stationar? Dein of inetion eetesing foncare dovnwar! +e J 8 an old fasetion the graph offi symmetric with expec he Be ao spp. HG) = Wee + 18s" = 182%" +1) SIC) het $302 = ahe(2=? 41) (2) = 0, then 2 = 0, and thus 0s he only ertical sunber of f. Bacawwe E )>0 its 0, then f in creasing on (0,400) and F Bae ne relative Because f(@)< 0 ifsc 0 and f"2)>0 ifs > 0 then the graph of J is downward if <0, concave upward ia > fy snd (00) potato The tangent line a that point isthe» ais because (0) = G22? = 84 1)'e~ 2? 420-2104 P(e 4 Me -2)8(e-2) 42041) y= Aet Ge) Lae) Fe 1) 00e— 14 (2+ Ie —2)52 4) (e+ Ile Me +8) +9214 )) Het 1Mils?—16e +1) s-svi., ssavi., BV 0.065, 2 2198 $Me) | Fiefhas a erapha/has Increasing cones downward ; stationny plat of infltion dl ineeasing Concave upvard x inerasne point of nBetion inceesig eave dovaward , relative maxim coneave downed eaeasing concave downward savaring point finftction ptt Me dsaeasng Concave upard feltive minima concave vba ingeasicg concave uprard i) =e 8 Lo) = Bele 49 4 Mo Pm ae 4 4) 30) = He)= He + A)ter +e 18), zaot-fo. sheet eazy aft YO) a2, 2x 2 =H VB) 182 Le) | $4) | $a) | Fafa raph infin + P= inerenaing toncave domnward © fo fo | stationary ein of infetion + | + | inerasing ‘neave upward tat |+ fo | inceasing point of infection of | eat ‘oncave dowawaré sa fo |- ive maximum concave doweiware STE demi exere domme 9 |= [0 | deceasing point of infection FT = |S |eceasing ——Comeave upmard 0 fo | | seative minim concave upward + [4 | increasing ‘omeave upward282 SBHAVIOR OF FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS, EXTREME FUNCTION VALUES, AND APPROXIMATIONS, 15 Jo-(e gy eeoes nya fett CECI pas tocecte io eee theres l" rere Fs aiscontnsous st Be Because tim f{e)= Lend lim | ty HO eto) ae , ST re | fimo anh nyhas zt" oceake [= [imeetng tase nad an ipertt iet 3 Jane Jane | Httiv mini, eo pint of fetion ye |B | ices" Satie domieara coos anced fee, herencd 1 teo-(ciaw tices le tees fe={ae fockes SL O)= focecr” Beaute Lip 2) = adn, (2) =I continuo a (0) oes not exbt x)= 0 and 1°) = ey Set fz) =0: "Theres ne value of z for which J"(2) = 0, Breas Ti f(a) =f = ITs verti weymptot, Besos Li 9 “GiE's4-1 in an eblique ayaptote The graph is symmetic with repel to (1,2) Si) | fe) | se) | fsfhasn __seapinfbas s__ = Siecaaing ——toneare dowd ° ‘ative maximum concave dowawart es Searing, coneave downward dae [ane | ane. ‘erties asymptote we | eccasing concave upward 4 |o | | a vlatve minimunoneare upward + | |fececasing concave upward fte)_| fe) | $e) | finfhasa __ sraph shana St | f= [incense concave upward oF fa fimcessitg Goin of inetion . imcessing concave dawneard 1 [dae | ene. | sehtive maxinum m0 point of ifecton 1 jump = freak + |e | eeaing concave wpa o ([F ineeasing point of Snetion + incessing Concave downward38 SUMMARY OF SKETCHING GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS 223 43400 f@)=1-— hy r= sede fe)=1- He rel= + VI0~6.16. f"(=) never 0. se=Ztha=ess4 gy se ((@)=0: Deer d,s y=2+3is an oblique asymptote... The graph is eymmetric with respect to (3,6). fe) | Fe) | FG) | fiaftas graph nfs zy increasing concave dewanand zor, [032 [0 | — | relative maximum concave downward acres = |= | decteaiag concave downward z=3 [dae |dae dae vertical asymptote Sesen | cecceasing concave upward eazy) | 1232 |0 | + | relative minimum concave upward net + | 4 |tocreaing | caueave upwerd ofa? = 1)—2e(e +) ge t f@) pe) = a= DI =) Set MG) =0: Tim, (2) “lag f(e)— ee = cod e=1 a verted asap Beste js even, the rh erotic wit epect othe ye Sle) | Fle) | $7) | Sinha sraphis/tass ee ad ane fase: [ane wool empile = | ielative maximum concave downward = | decreming — comeare downoad das. ertical asymptcte S| cecreming concave upward the axis a horioatal aymptote Hy the quotient rae, ai 202) ates toe ee Becaase f'2) <0 ¢ # 22, then fis decreasing on the intervals (-20,-2) (C43), and 420). Now Se) =—( 44)? fle) =e +4242 99+ -97 att 2 1414-0] Bafa? 439) ere ‘The only critical number of infletional tangent s (0) sespec to the rs. is 0, See the tale. The crgin is = point of inflecion and the slope of the 3 Because f is an odé function, the graph, shown above, is srmmerrie with2244 BEHAVIOR OF FUNCTIONS AND THIR GRAPHS, EXTREME FUNGTION VALUES, AND APPROXINATIONS aed ered esd tered > = > far) + + yeszt | — dosin + + + aye-2p | 7 —tomwernt Te) ae . = teaser wah] | comave _verial —camave pat of —oneave vetlel coeave | doeamart _anmpinteupmaoi—_infestion Pe ne eee a RAE = aa Tea eye SISA eG 2249 eo 29) up ‘ba hodzontal asymptote Ten od fanetion, the graph is symmetric with respect tothe xg He) _{(e) | fc) | tease ere inns a . =| decesing ——_—coveave downward , Wi 0 Gtenasing ait of ation 5 “| decreasing toneve sand + | eatve minimum coneave apart S| inerasing coseave spwacd SI © increasing point of ection = to 2 = ereing coveave dowavard © Gcerasing pot of alecton |% | decreasing cave dowamand =eedgreye +26) _ at aset _ s(st-3) =etolek f(z) = 1 Gap ea pte =e tetas erg Se J) $02 =0,4 VE Se ["(e) = 0:2 =O Beease im _f(2) = 400 and im, fle) = 490 sad 2 = 1 ae verinlanptotes, Because tim fe) = or Because, li (2) ‘xymptote, Because J is an odd function, the graph is symmetric with raped! tothe orig 1 | == jean oblique fe) [0) |) | Siefemes ach inn a incrasing ___coneave downward Telauve maximum coneave owarard decreasing concave dow enicl seytptate decreasing coneave spward Gecasing Coren downward vavteal myrniots decreasing coveave epwant telative minimum concave spwanl Inewasing—coveave pward35 SUMMARY OF SKETCHING GRAPHS OP FUNCTIONS 235 ar ea) Mes Me con Mes a%e— 1) ai aren eah Mea, (nae Np dles Khe ty Mer bee ble dere 1. f(z) is never 0. f(=1), f"(=1), £'Q), £2) do not exist ibe sinew nn pt he tin ae “Lip {Fe} 2} ~ inl 1/40 = 2/0)! 3] > iy OVA =/ foro", sagas 0-294 4 oP YRmK1 2079] =3-F=0 Listes ap fase Thea ose upward Palit nisin rea tena Seeckag awe upd lie tin covcwe epee imeeakg conte upmard ein nngrat pnt of neton iiceaiag "cave dowsward Because fia even fnetinthe graph i syumette with respec to they alae) (e*=aNG2)___-oe isd CaF Fae The ely citleal number is © See Tables. Now Tables ze ered eres “ie % $ = = = Mesa? , + + * * yes) + + + docabedit + Te @ = donee fi Gecieaing doe aot decreaeng 40) ik f= Se) = 1022 =9)-? Fhe) = 1-260? 926) (9A = -10(02 9) 7-42 6 2-04} = 20608 9) 43) = 3 ‘Thos /” has no ctial numas so there are 2 pola of iaection. See Table b, The graph is a the igh.